FARMAKOEPIDEMIOLOGI

Qualitative Research
Approaches
Prih Sarnianto

If we knew what we were

doing, it wouldnt be called
research, would it?
Albert Einstein

Metode Riset, definisi

Study design:
A study design is a specific plan or
protocol for conducting the study,
which allows the investigator to
translate the conceptual hypothesis
into an operational one.
>> Kualitatif kalimat, kalimat, kalimat
>> Kuantitatif angka, angka, angka

Study Design, tipe

>> Qualitative disebut juga interpretive research
>> Quantitative
Experimental ada intervensi
Observational tidak ada intervensi

Study Design, perbandingan

Asumsi dasar
Qualitative
Based on the notion of
constructivism, which
assumes multiple realities
that are socially
constructed through
individual and collective
perceptions or views of
the same situation.

Quantitative

Based upon the idea of

logical positivism, that is,
there is a singular reality
with stable, social facts
that are separate from the
feelings and beliefs of
individuals.

Study Design, perbandingan

Tujuan dasar
Qualitative
Concern is with the
understanding of the
social phenomenon from
the participants
perspectives. This
requires, to some degree,
researcher participation.

Quantitative

Seeks to establish
relationships and explain
causes of changes in
measured variables. That
is, the goal of science is to
explain and predict.

Study Design, perbandingan

Metode dan Proses
Qualitative

Quantitative

Use of emergent design

utilizing constant
comparison and revision.

The scientific method, also

known as a priori or preestablished design.

Study Design, perbandingan

Ciri khas studi
Qualitative

Quantitative

Use of ethnography, which

helps readers understand
the multiple perspectives
of the situation by the
persons studied.
Subjectivity in data
analysis and interpretation
is acknowledged.

Experimental or
correlational designs are
used to reduce error, bias
and the influence of
extraneous variables-control of bias is through
design.

Study Design, perbandingan

Peran peneliti
Qualitative

Quantitative

Immersion in situation
and the phenomenon
being studied.

Detachment from study in

order to avoid bias.

Konteks
Qualitative

Quantitative

Generalizations are
contextually-bound.

Context-free
generalizations

Study Design, perbandingan

Presisi
Qualitative

Quantitative

Provided by detailed
description of
phenomenon.

Obtained through the use

of measurement and
statistics.

Verifikasi
Qualitative

Quantitative

Extension of
understandings by others.

Results replicated by
others.

Study Design, perbandingan

Explanation
Qualitative

Quantitative

Summary through
narrativeimportance is
placed on reducing
complex realities to
simple explanations.

Traditionally, parsimonious
explanations were sought,
but this may be changing
due to technology.

Study Design, perbandingan

Logical reasoning
Qualitative

Quantitative

INDUCTIVEanyone have
an example?

DEDUCTIVEWhats the
classic example?

Conditional conclusions
Qualitative

Quantitative

Tentative summary
interpretations.

Statements of statistical
probability.

Study Design, perbandingan

Dengan demikian.
Qualitative

Quantitative

Understanding
Interview/observation
Discovering frameworks
Textual [words words words]
Theory generating
Quality of informant is more
important than sample size
Subjective
Embedded knowledge
Models of analysis: Fidelity to
text or words of interviewees

Prediction
Survey/questionnaires
Existing frameworks
Numerical [numbers numbers]
Theory testing [experimental]
Sample size is the core issue in
reliability of data
Objective
Public
Model of analysis: Parametric,
non-parametric

Qualitative research, teknik

Direct or participant observation [field notes]
Interviews or focus group discussions [FGDs]
with key informants
Video or text and image analysis [documents,
media data]
Skills
Surveys
Observing
User testing
Conversing
Participating
Interpreting

Qualitative research, teknik

Participant observation >> overt, tak boleh covert
>>> Gains insight into understanding cultural patterns
to determine whats necessary and needed in
encouraging people to access Puskesmas
[complementary to interviews]

Interviews or FGDs with stakeholders

>>> Explores how people seek treatment for their
sick family members.
>>> Gains insight into the meaning of Puskesmas for
people for getting healthcare.

Qualitative research, teknik

Data analysis
>>> Themes arising from data would provide insight
into current healthcare seeking issues and see
what is important to people in certain region.

Survey
>>> Useful for verifying
results on a larger scale.

User testing
>>> Useful for triangulating
results.

Rigor in qualitative
research

Dependability
Credibility
Transferability
Confirmability

Qualitative research, data

Collecting data
>>> Primary tools are observations and interviews,
but can also include personal and official
documents, photographs, recordings, drawings,
e-mails, and informal conversations
>>> Multiple data source are normative
>>> The researcher records descriptive as well as
reflective notes about what one has seen, heard,
experienced, and thought about a during an
observation session.

Qualitative research, data

Regarding field notes
>>
>>
>>
>>

>>
>>
>>
>>
.

Put aside assumptions, experience context first

See phenomena through participants perspective
Write up notes immediately following an observation
Detail is critical: include date, site, time, and topic on
every set of field notes; leave wide margins for writing
impressions; use only one side of a page of paper;
draw diagram of site [if necessary].
List key words first, then outline ones observations
Keep the descriptive and reflective sections separate
Use memos to record hunches, questions, and insights
after each observation
Number the lines or paragraphs for easy access

Qualitative research, data

Regarding interviews
>> The purpose is to explore and to probe the interviewees
responses in order to gather in-depth data
>> The interviewer inquires into the interviewees attitudes,
interests, feelings, concerns, and values as these relate to
the context being studied
>> Meaning is jointly constructed between the interviewer
and the interviewee; meaning is not just a construction
on the part of the interviewee
>> Be alert for openings in responses to probe more deeply,
starting with mundane questions and gradually easing
into more sensitive and more complex questions
>> Interview data collection techniques include taking notes
during the interview, writing notes after the interview, or
tape recording and transcribing the interview [the
transcript is a verbatim]
.

Qualitative research, data

Interview dos and donts
>> Do listen and talk less
>> Do follow up on what is not clear and probe more deeply
into what is revealed
>> Dont use leading questions; do use open-ended
questions [probes]
>> Dont interrupt; do wait
>> Do keep interviewee[s] focused
>> Do ask for concrete details
>> Do tolerate silence and space between interviewees
responses; do allow the interviewee time to think
>> Dont judgmental about or react to interviewees
opinions, views, or beliefs.
>> Dont engage in debate with an interviewee
>> Do record everything the interviewee says and note
impressions of interviewees nonverbal behavior.

Qualitative research, data criteria

Credibility or plausibility
>> To demonstrate that the study was conducted in
such a manner as to ensure that the subject was
accurately identified and described
Transferability
>> To demonstrate that the results of the study are
generalizable to others in the original research
context or to contexts beyond the original study
Including a method section
>> To provide an in-depth description of the
processes and methods used in the study

Qualitative research, data analysis

Constant comparison method
>> Compares new evidence to prior evidence to
identify similarities and differences between
observations
Negative case and discrepant data method
>> The search for contradictory, variant, or
disconfirming data within the body of data
collected that provides an alternative perspective
on an emerging category or pattern
Analytic induction
>> A process concerned with developing and testing
a theory in order to generalize a studys findings

Qualitative research, report

>> Provide a setting where the data were
collected
>> Identify characters who provide
information
>> Describe the social action in which the
characters are engaged
>> Offers an interpretation of what the social
action means to the characters
>> Offers an interpretation of what the social
action means to the characters

Qualitative research, plus-minus

Focus on the whole of the human experience and the
meanings ascribed to them by participants
They provide the researcher with deep insights that
would not be possible using quantitative methods
The major strength of qualitative work is the validity
of the data it produces
Participants true reality is likely to be reflected
Major limitation is its perceived lack of objectivity
and generalizability
Researchers become the research tools and may lack
objectivity

THANK YOU!
prih1488@gmail.com