The Conflicts of Oakley Farrel in Silence Novel (2012) by

Natasha Preston
Proposal

By:
Sella Safitri
B Class
13-530-0149

English Education Department

Faculity of Teacher Training and Education
University of PGRI Adi Buana
Surabaya

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Problem
A work of literature is an experience. This experience is fictional, and it happened in a
virtual, separate world. But yet it is rooted to ours, and by living in that world, by
experiencing it, we learn through experience about truth. We all fall in love when reading
a love story, and we learn about love through experience. When we read an elegy we
learn about losing a loved one. The point is, reading literature is living an experience and
that experience can help us better understand the truth about humanity, nature, and the
world. This truth is not static, and it is not definite. Each reader may take away a different
truth as we all tend to interpret real experiences differently. But the fact remains that we
all learn something and that something changes us.
So, a work of literature is a species of truth, and that truth is a dynamic experience. As
George R. R. Martin says in his novel: A reader lives a thousand lives before he dies,
[]. The man who never reads lives only one. (Martin, 745)
Literature achieves that goal by simulation. Literature is mental and philosophical
experiment, as we imagine ourselves in situation we havent been before. We are caught
up in discussion we havent had before. We experience emotions we havent experienced.
We listen to people whom we havent listened to.
Literature does have its own independent world, but that world also reflects our world
and teaches many things to usand it does so through bringing voices, to giving life to
philosophies and ideologies. That is why we read literature.
In psychological aspect, literature is the product of authors mind subconsciously then
it will be created in the form of sentences consciously called literature. In psychological
phenomenology, literature and psychology cannot be separated. Literature reflects
psychological phase of author. The author will get an identity of his literature through
emotion he controlled during the process of writing a novel. Emotion power that
encourages strong feeling showed in the form of love, anxiety, and happiness. Emotion
will be showed in the novel by the author in using and structuring sentences. In the other
hand, the power of emotion will create degree of readers impression after reading novel.
In psychology of literature, an expert of psychology named Sigmund Freud declared a
theory called psychoanalysis theory. Sigmund Freud was a first psychoanalyst who
revealed that author suffered neurosis in creating a literary work. Neurosis is a kind
monomania making an author feels depressed because authors idea, perception and

imagination must be implemented in the form of literary work. Psychoanalysis confirms

that literature is an expression of authors psychological condition.
In detail, Alwisol (2007:15) writes that Freuds psychoanalysis explained that
psychological condition has 3 phases of consciousness that are conscious, preconscious,
and unconscious. Conscious is a condition experienced by human in a certain time. It is
included perception, memory, and feeling. The position of preconscious is between
conscious and unconscious. It is called available memory in which is consist of
experiences had left by awareness. These experiences can appear in conscious condition.
It also can turn up in the form of dream, fantasy, misspoken, and self defense mechanism.
While, unconscious is a deep psychological condition of human mind. It is very important
in influencing human behavior consisted of impulse, drive, and traumatic expression.
Natasha Preston has a lot of stories waiting to be published on Wattpad. Out of all her
stories only nine of them have been published. The books that have been published on
Amazon are: Silence; Broken Silence; Player, Bumps and Cocktails Sausages; The
Cellar; Second Chance; Save Me; Our Chance; Awake; and With the Band.
Natasha Preston has a good way in delivering moral value by representing Oakley as
the main character in Silence. This is the case of how Natasha has a good capability as the
author psychologically creates Oakley to be the main character. She also uses the first
person to be her way in telling the story to the reader. She tells the story from Oakleys
and Coles point of views.
Natasha tells us about psychological conflicts experienced by Oakley the main
character. Oakley had to struggle in living her life by never say one word in order to keep
everyone happy.
In this case, the researcher chooses the novel entitled Silence because the main
character created by the author is a good inspiration to all of us. Oakley had to keep
silence because of something she had experienced since she was kid. Everyone think that
she was just loved making a scene to get attention. But that was not the case. If she spoke
a word, everyone she loved will get sad. Then she got together with her best friend Cole.
Cole was the one who support her through everything. However she could pull through
her problems and try to be happy. As a researcher, I will use psychoanalysis theory by
Sigmund Freud s I explained before to analyze Oakleys psychological conflict as the
main character of Silence.
B. The Statement of the Problem
From the background above I have analyzed, the researcher focuses the research
problems that are:
1) What the psychological conflicts that are faced by Oakley Farrel?

2) How does Oakley Farrel overcome her psychological conflicts?

C. The Purpose of the Study
Based on the research questions above, the purpose of the research is as the following:
1) To describe the psychological conflicts that is faced by Oakley Farrel.
2) To explain how Oakley Farrel overcomes her psychological conflicts.
D. The Significance of the Study
The researcher has some expectations on conducting this research. Hopefully, this
research gives good contribution for other parties. There are two added significances:
1) This research will enrich thoughts about literature development. Therefore, other
people will appreciate literature especially psychology of literature aspect.
2) This research will give influence for me as a researcher, the next researcher and for
English Department students. For me as a researcher, this research hopefully can
enrich my knowledge by learning psychological conflicts from Silence novel I have
analyzed. Then, the researcher also hopes that this research finding will help the next
researcher in conducting research in the same aspect. In addition, this research will
help English Department students to enrich knowledge about psychology of literature.
E. The Scope and Limitation of the Study
To make the study more detail and focus, the researcher analyzes one novel entitled
Silence. Furthermore, the psychological conflict of the main character in this novel
becomes the main focus.
F. The Definition of Key Terms
1. Novel: A word derived from the Italian novello, meaning a small new thing: a
modest enough etymology for the novel, quantitatively the most substantial genre of
literature. (A novella is a prose fiction between a short story and a novel in length:
that is, about seventy to a hundred pages. A novel, like an epic or a prizefighter, has to
have a certain mass to qualify for the title.) Competing meanings of the word novel
also survived: in the Renaissance, novel means news; and it also signifies
something innovative and inventive. The novel promises us news of the world, and
advertises itself as a new thing under the literary sun. (Mikics, 2007: 209)
2. Silence: A novel written by Natasha Preston.
3. Psychology: The study of all aspects of the mind and its functioning. It includes, for
example, the study of perception, memory, and thinking and of the working of
complex psychophysical skills such as driving or operating machinery. (Milton &
Polmear, 2004: vi)
4. Psychoanalysis: One of the original and most intensive forms of psychotherapy and
has given rise to the less intensive practice of psychoanalytic psychotherapy in its
various forms. (Milton & Polmear, 2004: vi)
5. Characters: The characters in your fiction are people. Human beings. (Card, 1988: 4)

6. Main character: The general character whose play and he or she has central roles as in
a story.
7. Conflict: The tension in a situation between characters, or the actual opposition of
characters (usually in drama and fiction but also in narrative poetry). (Cuddon, 2013:
152)
8. Psychological conflict: conflict happened between the actor and her/himself.
G. The Hypothesis
1) The psychological conflicts that are faced by Oakley Farrel is she cant talk to other
people about her problem.
2) Oakley Farrel overcomes her psychological conflicts by start to talk about her
problem instead of staying silence.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Theories
1. Literary Work: Novel
The term Novel comes from Italia Novella, and Germany Novelle, while from
Greek is novellus. Novel is a fiction prose narrative of book length, typically
representing character and action with some degree of realism. Abrams (1999:190)
defines a novel as follows:
The term novel is now applied to great variety of writings that has
in common only the attribute of being extended works of fiction written in
prose. As an extended narrative, the novel is distinguished from short story
and from the work of middle length called novelette; its magnitude permits
a greater variety of characters, greater complication of plot (or
plots),ampler development of milieu, and more sustained exploration of
character and motives than do the shorter, more concentrated modes.

While, novelette comes from England has the same definition with novella
that is written, fictional, prose narrative normally longer than a short story but shorter
than a novel. A novella generally features fewer conflicts than a novel, yet more
complicated ones than a short story. The conflicts also have more time to develop
than in short stories. They have endings that are located at the brink of change.
Unlike novels, they are usually not divided into chapters, and are often intended to be
read at the single sitting.
The fiction of literary work is in the form of short story and novel. Novel as
fiction literary works presents a world consist of ideal model in a life, imaginative
life built based on the event, plot, actor, point of view, place, etc, in which those are
narrative life.
1) The position of actor or actress in a novel
The actor or actress, in a literary work, is the main substance must be
presented in performing events in a story. The existence of actor or actress in a
literary work related to the process of creating conflict. In this case, the actor or
actress has the important position in making conflict in fiction story. Sayuti
(2000: 68) states the actor or actress in a literary work is given a soul by the
author so that an actor or actress has lifelikeness. Hence, actor or actress in a
short story will behave like human behave in real life. The ability of the author in
making the actor or actress is very important.
Every actor or actress has different characteristic. Wiyatmi (2006: 30) explains
that if human being in the real life has the three aspects, those are physiological
aspect, sociological aspect, and psychological aspect, it will also happen to the
actor in a story. Physiological aspect related to the physic like age, gender, the
condition of the body physically in which those are related to the physical
appearance. Later, sociological aspect involves the character of society such as
social status, profession, position, education level, social activity, religion, etc.
While, psychological aspect covers physical background like mental, desire,
personal feeling, intelligence, etc.
Based on the involvement to the whole story, fiction actor or actress can be
defined into two, the main actor or actress and the additional actor or actress.
Sayuti (2000:76) asserts that the position of the main actor or actress will
determine the whole plot of the story. Whereas, the additional actor or actress is
performed only if there is relevance to the main actor or actress directly or
indirectly. In other hand, based on the character, there will be simple character or

flat characters, and round characters. Flat actor or actress will be performed by
the author based on one aspect only, so that it cannot represent the personality of
the actor perfectly. Otherwise, the round character is a character performed by the
author completely seen from all of life aspects.
The way in which the author describes the characters in a fiction story can be
directly or indirectly. Direct description which the author uses can be called
analytic method. This is the way in which the author only tells to the reader
directly the characters in the story. Indirect description also can be used by the
author in expressing the actors or actress. The author shows the characters by
performing how the actors or behave requiring the reader to interpret by
him/herself the characters have been created. It also can be called dramatic
method.
2) The conflicts occur in a novel
Conflict is a part of a story coming from a life. Therefore, the reader
emotionally will be able to be easy in involving her/himself into the story. The
activity of reading done by the reader will be more meaningful if the reader
deeply can catch the message and connect it to the life around.
The event in a literary work will be related to the conflict. Sayuti (2000: 4243) divides conflict into three kinds. The first, psychological conflict which is
showing how the actors effort fights her/himself in order to solve and determine
what will the actor do next. The second is sociological conflict happened between
an actor and the people in a society where she or he lives. This conflict appears
because of actors attitude to the social environment concerning the problems
occurring in society. The third is element conflict. It is one of conflict in which
the actor cannot make the best use of fifth of nature around him/her. The
disharmony happened to human toward the nature will turn the conflict up.
Nurgiyantoro (2005:124) explains that three kinds of conflicts above can be
categorized into two kinds, external conflict and internal conflict. External
conflict is the conflict experienced by an actor to something out of her/himself.
Hence, the external conflict will be two category, social conflict and element
conflict. Internal conflict happened between the actor and her/himself. So, the
psychological conflict will be included in internal conflict. Those conflicts can be
occurred in the same time.
a. Psychological Conflict
Psychological conflict has the same meaning with internal conflict.
Psychological conflict can be experienced by everyone in this life. It appears

when someone faces problems, and then he is confused to decide the best
choices among many choices. Psychological conflict also happened when
someone does not have strong principle in his life. Therefore, there is
indecision for him in fulfilling his desire and other peoples desire. Efendi
and Praja (1993: 73-75) states that Psychological conflict can be divided into
four that are approach-approach conflict, approach-avoidance conflict,
avoidance-avoidance conflict, and double approach avoidance conflict.
Approach-approach conflict is the first kind of psychological conflict.
Efendi and Praja (1993:73) state that Aproach-approach conflicts appear
when someone has two positive motives. Those two motives are benefit and
please so that it will make someone is confused to choose one of them. For
example, a student goes to school or meets her friend,
While Approach-avoidance conflict is a psychological conflict
happened when there are two motives, positive and negative motive occur in
the same time. Efendi and Praja (1993: 73) explain that positive motive gives
the happiness while the negative motive gives the sadness. For example:
someone get good job in a remote area. Getting a good job is positive motive,
while remote area is negative motive.
The third is Avoidance-avoidance conflict. Efendi and Praja (1993: 74)
describes that avoidance-avoidance-conflict occur when there are two
negative motives happened in the same time. Someone will be confused in
facing this condition. Avoiding the first motive means that the second motive
will be chosen. For example: a criminal who has just arrested by the police is
forced to reveal the secret of his gang. It can threaten his friends. However, if
he does not do it, he will be punished by the police.
Double approach-avoidance conflict occurs when someone feel the
situation has positive and negative motives. Then, Efendi and Praja (1993:
75) explain that both two motives have the same strong. For example: a
university student must continue his study or get married with someone
whom he does not love. Someones wish to fulfill the parents desire is
positive motive, while break the parents desire is negative motive.
b. Sociological Conflict
Sociological conflict is the second type of conflict. During the story in
a novel, sociological conflict often occurred between two people. Sayuti
(2000: 42-43) defines conflict happened between an actor and the people in
society where she or he lives.

In addition, sociological conflict places actors to be two, protagonist

and antagonist character. In a novel, protagonist and antagonist character
often be performed as two people having sociological conflict.
c. Element Conflict
Element conflict is the third kind of conflict. Sayuti (2000: 43) defines
that element conflict happened when actor cannot make the best use of fifth
of nature around him/her. The disharmony happened to human toward the
nature will turn the conflict up. A character is up against nature, and that
whats keeping them from their goal. There is no person standing in the
protagonist way, it is the world itself.
3) Ending of the conflict
It doesn't seem fair, but an ineffective ending can invalidate, for a reader, an
otherwise fine story. If the ending is bad, the whole story can become a letdown,
even though the opening was involving and the middle was entirely satisfying
while they were happening.
As readers, we generally don't notice parts of a story as separate things. We
consider the apple we're eating as a unit without stopping to analyze the texture
and taste of each individual bite. We're enjoyers and appreciators, not judicious,
objective critics. We either like the story-apple, or we don't.
The more we liked the first few bites, the opening and the middle, the more
disappointed and angry we'll be if the ending falls flat. If the last bite of the apple
makes us notice that half a worm remains, we're not going to say to ourselves,
"Well, the first three bites were nice." We're going to toss away the apple in
disgust and remember the worm.
It probably isn't fair. But it's true. (Dibell, 1988: 130)
2. Psychology in Literature
Psychology can be defined as a science of physic. The definitions of
psychology come from many experts stating that there is a relation between behavior
and psychological human. So that psychology can be explained as the science focuses
on human behavior as the psychological representation of human soul. In this modern
time, Minderop, (2010:53) states that literary works such as novel, poem and play are
full of psychology aspect as psychological phenomenology coming from the author. It
can be said that psychological condition is thought by the author can influence the
literary work in which the author produces.
Literary work is creative work coming from the process of thought in
delivering ideas, experiences, feeling or theories. Hardjana, (1981:10) argues that
literary work is the form of someones feeling related to the life aspects. Through

literary work, it can reflect human condition in a society. In addition, with the depth of
authors mind, he can describe the characteristics of society reflected in a literary
work. However, literary works cant be always able to describe the psychological
aspect of a society. An authors imagination is very important in producing a literary
work. Clearly, literary work is a combination between the real life and imagination.
Wellek and Warren (1989) explain that psychology of literature can be used to
analyze some studies. For the first, psychology of literature may be used to investigate
the author as a human being. Secondly, study of creative process in creating literature
is also can be consideration as a research of psychology of literature. Some theories of
psychology can be used to analyze the characters in a literary work. And the last, the
reader can be the subject of the study to conduct research about the impact of
literature toward the reader.
Freud as psychologist states a famous theory about unconscious mind in
psychology aspect. For Freud, human behavior is influenced by unconscious mind
contains encouragements to be fulfilled. Then, Freuds theory about psychology of
human mind is known as Psychoanalysis.
In psychoanalysis theory, Freud states that in a human personality, there are
three important systems: Id, Ego and Superego. These three systems become a
harmonic structure. The cooperation between id, ego and superego creates an
individual who behaves balanced with the environment.
However, Hall (1959: 28) explains that if id, ego, and superego cant work
unbalanced, an individual is adaptable. Each personality system has its mechanism,
function, and character. However, they will work together in a unity system, so that
they cannot be separated. This is the way how the personality system has a big
position to determine human behavior. Human behavior is the product of personality
system interaction. The researcher explains about personality system as following:
1. Id
George (2010; 34) defines Id is a basic nerve system of human producing
encouragement to fill the human needs, called passion. It is innate personality
system. In Germany language, Id is Triebe. It can be translated into English means
libidinal and other desires. Id works by basing on pleasure principle; trying to get
pleasure and avoiding the pain. Pleasure principle has two process of works;
reflex actions and primary process.
2. Ego
Ego has the function to balance Id and Superego. It adapts someones
condition with the reality. Ego operates on reality principle in which it delays

privilege and prevents new suspense. This reality principle works based on
secondary process. It is a process of thinking logically by planning and testing
weather the plan can be done to fulfill Id. While, the process of testing is called
reality testing; doing the plan after thinking logically as a decision of secondary
process.
3. Superego
Abrams (1999: 250) clarifies Superego as the internalization of standards of
morality and property based on idealistic principle. Idealistic principle has two
parts; conscience and ego-ideal. The implementation of conscience is that
violations will be punished in accordance with the wrongdoing. In the other hand,
a child which does a good behavior will be gotten price, this is called ego-ideal.
3. The Structure of Human Mind
In details, Alwisol (2007:15) writes psychoanalysis is defined as a
psychological condition which has three phases of consciousness; conscious,
preconscious and conscious. Those three phases of conscious can be called the
structure of human mind. The writer will explain as the following:
a. Conscious
Conscious is a condition experienced by human in a certain time. It is
included perception, memory and feeling. The contents of conscious are a result
b.

of process of sorting settled by cue-external.

Preconscious
The position of preconscious is between conscious and unconscious. It is
called available memory in which is consist of experiences had left by awareness.
These experiences can appear in conscious condition. It also can turn up in the

c.

form of dream, fantasy, misspoken, and self defense mechanism.

Unconscious
Unconscious is a deep psychological condition of human mind. It is very
important in influencing human behavior consisted of impulse, drive, and
traumatic experience. Freud convinces that unconscious mind is a controller of

whole human behavior forever.

4. Ego Defense Mechanism
Ego has a function to balance between id and superego. When there is
psychological conflict happened, ego will try to defense himself to reduce anxiety.
Minderop (2010: 29) states that Freud asserts there are some ways for ego to face the
psychological conflict named Ego Defense Mechanism.
a. Repression
Repression is a process of pulling impulse and anxiety into unconscious
mind. It is done because anxiety can force ego defense that will built guilty

feeling. Repression as basic defense mechanism happened when memory, feeling,

in this case, called id which build anxiety is repressed from conscious into
unconscious by ego. For example: a teenager who has desire to have a sex must
repress it because religion forbid it. He avoids this feeling as the form of his
observance to his religion.
b. Projection
Projection is a mechanism which changes neurotic anxiety into reality. It
places unacceptable impulse in someone self onto someone else. For example
when someone says He hates me, it is the form of a replacement from I hate
him. Projection is done to hide someones anxiety as a self defense mechanism.
c. Reaction-Formation
Reaction-formation is built by someone as the process of taking the opposite
belief because the true belief causes anxiety. This mechanism has purpose to hide
feeling causing anxiety. It can be observed from someones compulsive behavior,
from the positive into negative behavior or vice versa. For example: when a girl
hates her friend, she will hide this feeling by pretending herself to be a kind girl.
She will say, I love him as the form of replacement, I hate him. It can be
explained that someone will say above to hide her feeling to avoid anxiety.
d. Displacement
Displacement is a process of taking out impulses on a less threatening target.
For example: an official employee who has just reprimanded by his boss in his
office will reprimand his children. It is done as a displacement of his bad feeling.
If he shows up his dislike to the real target, it will force himself.
e. Denial
It is a kind of self defense mechanism in which someone stand on his
defensive. It is done because he is afraid of being failed. It has a purpose to avoid
new situation considered a dangerous situation for someone self.
f. Regression
Regression can be explained as a process in which someone returns to a
previous stage. It is done by someone to get a help or a protection to face his
problem. For example: a wife who has just quarreled with his husband goes home
to her parents house. In his case, she shows up her behavior as a daughter who
asks protection from her parent.
g. Rationalization
Rationalization is a process of supplying a logical or rational reason as
opposed to the real reason. It happened when someone is failed to fulfill his
desire. For example: a student who gets a bad score of his examination will
explain to his friend that it because he did not study yet.

h. Sublimation
Sublimation is a process of acting out unacceptable impulse in a socially
acceptable way. This is a positive way to sublimate negative impulsive toward
positive way. For example: someone who has an aggressive impulsive will
sublimate it toward a career as a boxer.
i. Identification
Identification is a process of self defense mechanism to strengthen selfesteem by adapting someone else personality. For example: students identify
themselves like their teacher by wearing or behaving like their teacher.
5. The Biography of Natasha Preston
Natasha Preston was born in England and have live in small towns and villages
out in the countryside ever since. At school she drifted through, achieving average
grades. She fell into administration and receptionist jobs, thinking that she couldnt
really do anything else. In 2010 she stumbled into writing completely by accident.
She was searching the app store and came across Wattpad, an amateur writing site.
For the first few months she just read, but then decided to type some of the ideas she
had floating around her head. She is so glad she did because she absolutely loves
writing. Writing gave her an escape, and Wattpad gave her the self-confidence she
lacked.
6. The Synopsis of Silence
For eleven years, Oakley Farrel has been silent. At the age of five, she stopped
talking, and no one seems to know why. Refusing to communicate beyond a few
physical actions, Oakley remains in her own little world.
Bullied at school, she has just one friend, Cole Benson. Cole stands by her,
refusing to believe that she is not perfect they way she is. Over the years, they have
developed their own version of a normal friendship. However, will it still work as
they start to grow even closer?
When Oakley is forced to face someone from her past, can she hold her secret in
any longer?
Silence is a bittersweet story depicting how a young girl tries hard to conceal a
life-changing secret in order to keep her family together, while giving up something
everyone wants so badly to hear again: her voice.
I went into this story completely open minded. From the title, you could tell that
something terrible happened to Oakley and she'd stopped speaking because of it. I had
no idea she was "ordered" not to speak by someone in her life, someone she trusted.
But when that started to come out as I read, I wanted to rip the guy apart for her. I was
so sad for her and really wanted her to tell someone, especially Cole.

Honestly, I think Oakley was really strong. I mean, she went through bullying and
constantly having her mother try to fix her instead of just coming out and say what
happened. It takes a lot of strength for someone to hang on as long as she did. But I
think that was partly due to the love and support of the charming Cole.
Cole was so sweet and protective. When he heard Oakley's voice for the first time,
I believed his emotions in that moment. And even more when she confessed to him
about what had happened to her. Like, the way he reacted, it was utterly real. The
words, the description, everything felt real.
I guess by now you've realized that I liked the story. It's not the average sweet and
fluffy you read, it conveys a heavy topic. And I think more people should read this
book because this stuff happens in society, more often than we'd like to hear. It's very
much a realistic fiction. I think the author did a good job writing it. The only reason
that kept it from getting five stars is the ending. I felt like the entire story was written
well and on a nice, steady pace, but when it got to the ending, it was so abrupt. That's
my only issue with Silence. Otherwise, it's a good story depicting a sweet young love
in spite of the pain. And that goes to show that no matter what you're going through,
love will always prevail.
B. The Theoretical Framework
In analyzing the novel, the researcher uses expressive critism and applies the
psychoanalysis theory, especially related to Id, Ego and Superego that introduced by
Sigmund Freud. The theory will be used to analyze the conflict which appears in Oakley
Farrel in Silence.
Expressive critism regard the work primarily in relation to the author
himself. It defines poetry as an expression, or overflow, or utterance of
feelings, or as the product of the poets imagination operating in his
perceptions, thoughts, and feelings; it tends to judge the work by its sincerity,
or genuineness, or adequacy to the poets individual vision or state of mind: it
often looks the work for evidences of the particular temperament and
experiences of the author who, consciously or unconsciously has revealed
himself in it (Abrams, 1971: 37)
Because the object of this study is also to analyze the main characters conflict,
this research uses psychological theory. The psychological theory will be analyzed in
detail using Freudian psychoanalysis that is discovered by Sigmund Freud in the
early 1900s.
According to Feldman, Freud describes that human personality is drawn of a
floating iceberg. To Freud, there are two basic elements of personality. They are
conscious and unconscious. Because unconscious is a part of personality which a
person doesnt aware, much of human personality is dominated by unconscious. The

component of personality in unconscious mind is the Id (2002:93). Then, Feldman

also describes that the components of personality in conscious mind are Ego and
Superego.

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHOD
A. Research Method and Design
By employing qualitative study, the researcher got the data in the form of qualitative
data. Zoltan Dornyei states that qualitative research works with a wide range of data
including recorded interviews, various types of texts (for example, field notes, journal and
diary entries, documents) and images (photos or videos). Qualitative research is
concerned with subjective opinions, experiences and feelings of individuals and thus the
explicit goal of research is to explore the participants views of the situation being
studied.
Then, this research can be categorized as library research. It is a research in which the
way of collecting data taken from a variety of literatures. Literatures meant here are not
only the books, but also materials taken from journal, magazines, newspapers, internet,
etc.

The research design in this study can be described as an arrangement condition for
collecting and analyzing data which are taken from Silence novel originally written by
Natasha Preston. By using objective approach, the researcher analyzed the psychological
conflict. It could be described that psychological conflict was belong to intrinsic element
of novel. Therefore, objective approach was the appropriate approach to analyze. In
addition, psychoanalysis theory was used to analyze the research formulations.
B. Data and Source of Data
Data in a research are used to solve the problems have been determined before.
Hornby (2010:295) defines Data is defined as any information or facts that is used in
deciding and discussing something. In this research, the data are in the forms of
sentences; specifically are characters statement dialogues and descriptions given by the
author of the novel. The data in this research were taken from the novel Silence by
Natasha Preston published by Smashwords in England. It contained 128 pages in 39
chapters. This novel can be called as the primary source.
To support the primary source above, the researcher also needed others data called
secondary source which assist in the process of analyzing the primary data. Therefore, the
researcher got much information taken from textbooks, such as literature theory,
dictionary, theory values and other sources taken from internet which discuss more about
psychology study.
C. Data Collection
Data collection methods can be defined as the process and the way of conducting
research. In this study, the researcher took the data from the novel Silence. The data
here are in the form of words. In collecting the data, the writer used the documentation
method and taking notes techniques. Arikunto (2002:206) states Documentation is the
act of looking for data which concern with matters such as note, book, newspaper,
magazine, transcript, and agenda. Then, the second technique is taking note. Hornby
(2010: 1004) defines that it is the action of pay attention to something and be sure to
remember it.
In collecting data, the writer used following steps:
1. Reading Silenece novel repeatedly.
2. Understanding the content of the novel.
3. Finding out the data related to research problems.
4. Writing down the significance notes in the novel Silence.
5. Organizing data into several parts based on their classifications.
D. Data Analysis
The final activity in qualitative research are analyzing and interpreting the data
collected and presenting the result. Ary (2005:465) states that data analysis is the process
whereby researchers systematically search and arrange the data in order to increase their

understanding of the data and to enable them to present what they learned to others.
Therefore, there are many steps to be conducted by the researcher to analyze the data. By
basing on the psychological approach, the researcher read carefully to find out the
psychology aspects are in the paragraphs. Conflicts became the main attention to be
concerned.
The following is the process of data analysis chronologically:
1. Reading Silence novel repeatedly
2. Exploring and describing the data.
3. Concluding data analysis in order to answer the statement of the research problems.
4. Interpreting the data based on the psychological approach and psychoanalysis theory.
5. Extracting the resolution of the psychological conflicts.
E. Verification of Data
To verify the trustworthiness of the data, theoretical triangulation, credibility and
dependability were used in this study. Those are explained as the following:
1. Theoretical Triangulation
In this study, the researcher used theoretical adequacy to check the trustworthiness
of the data. The researcher made predictions based in the theory. A theory of
psychology of literature named psychoanalysis theory was used to test the predictions.
2. Credibility
Credibility in a library research is used to prove the compatibility between the
data taken by the researcher and the reality. In this library research, the researcher
3.

reread the novel to convince the data with the research questions.
Dependability
To avoid mistakes in conducting research, the researcher must consult some steps
to the other experts. This step has purpose to make the research finding can be
answerable and dependable scientifically. In this research, the advisor of researcher
audited the whole steps of research to ensure dependability of the data. The researcher
also shares this research to the other researcher.

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