Rev3 Solutions Problems Chapter5

Chapter 5
5.1
A message signal s (t ) is shown in Figure P5.1. Sketch the FM and PM waveforms

if the carrier frequency is 50 Hz, k f = 30 Hz/V and k p = 10 radians/V.
Figure P5.1
s (t )
1
0
t (msec)
s(t), x(t)
Solution:
t (msec)
1
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s(t), x(t)
t (msec)
5.2 An angle-modulated signal is described by
(t )

x(t ) = 100 cos 2 105 t + 0.01cos(4 103 t ) .

i ( t )
a. Write an expression for the instantaneous frequency of x(t ) .

Solution:
The instantaneous frequency of the angle-modulated signal is given by

5
3
1 di (t ) 1 d 2 10 t + 0.01cos(4 10 t )
fi (t ) =
=
2 dt
2
dt
5
3
3
= 10 0.01 2 10 sin(4 10 t )
= 105 20sin(4 103 t )

By comparing with (5.16), we conclude that f max = 20 Hz.
b. If x(t ) is an FM signal, what is the message signal sn (t ) ?
2
Solution:
If x(t ) is an FM signal, the excess phase (t ) is given by

t
(t ) = 2 f max sn (t )dt = 0.01cos(4 103 t )
Taking the derivative of both sides yields

2f max sn (t ) = 40 sin(4 103 t )
Therefore, the normalized message signal is sn (t ) = sin(4 103 t )
c. If x(t ) is a PM signal, what is the message signal sn (t ) ?
Solution:
If x(t ) is a PM signal, the excess phase (t ) is given by
(t ) = max sn (t ) = 0.01cos(4 103 t )

Therefore, the normalized message signal is sn (t ) = cos(4 103 t )
5.3 An angle-modulated signal is given by
x(t ) = 10 cos 2 106 t + 2sin(4 103 t ) .

(t )
a. Determine the peak phase deviation.

Solution:
The excess phase (t ) is
(t ) = max sn (t ) = 2sin(4 103 t )

Therefore, the peak phase deviation is
max = 2 radians
b. Determine the peak frequency deviation.
3
Solution:
6
3
1 di (t ) 1 d 2 10 t + 2sin(4 10 t )
fi (t ) =
=
2 dt
2
dt
6
3
3
= 10 + 4 10 cos(4 10 t )
By comparing with (5.16), we conclude that f max = 4 103 Hz.

c. Calculate the average power in the modulated signal x(t ) .
Solution:
The power in the angle-modulated signal x (t ) is

Ac2 102
Px =
=
= 50 W
2
2
c. Is this a frequency- or phase-modulated signal?
Solution:
The angle-modulated signal x(t ) can be interpreted as either a PM or an FM

signal. It is a PM signal with the peak phase deviation max = 2 radians and the
normalized message signal sn (t ) = sin(4 103 t ) . It is a FM signal with the peak
frequency deviation f max = 4 103 and the normalized message
signal sn (t ) = cos(4 103 t ) .
5.4 Consider an FM signal generated by modulating a 10 MHz carrier with a 1 kHz
sinusoidal waveform such that peak frequency deviation is 2.5 kHz.
a. Determine the bandwidth of the modulated signal.
Solution:
BT = 2(f max + f m )
Substituting f m = 1 kHz and f max = 2.5 kHz , we obtain
BT = 2(2.5 + 1) = 7 kHz
b. If the modulating signal amplitude is doubled, determine the bandwidth of the
modulated signal.
4
Solution:
Doubling the amplitude doubles the peak frequency deviation f max . Therefore,
f max = 5 kHz
Substituting yields
BT = 2(5 + 1) = 12 kHz
c. Determine the bandwidth of the modulated signal if the modulating signal
frequency is doubled.
Solution:
Now f m = 2 kHz and f max = 2.5 kHz . Substituting

BT = 2(2.5 + 2) = 9 kHz
d. Determine the bandwidth of the modulated signal if both the amplitude and
frequency of the modulating signal are doubled.
Solution:
Now f m = 2 kHz and f max = 5 kHz . Substituting

BT = 2(5 + 2) = 14 kHz
5.5 Let the modulating signal be s (t ) = 10 cos(2 300t ) + 25cos(2 600t )
a. Write an expression for the FM waveform xFM (t ) when Ac = 100, f c = 5 MHz,
and k f = 200 Hz/V .
Solution:
t
xFM (t ) = Ac cos 2f c t + 2 f max sn ( )d
In the present case, max s (t ) = 35 . Therefore,
sn (t ) =
1
[10 cos(2 300t ) + 25cos(2 600t )]
35
5
f max = k f max s (t ) = 200 35 = 7 103
Substituting
2 7 103
xFM (t ) = 100 cos 10 106 t +
35
[10 cos(2 300 ) + 25cos(2 600 )]d
2 7 103 10
25
sin(2 300t ) +
sin(2 600t )
= 100 cos 10 106 t +
35
2 600
2 300
20
25
= 100 cos 10 106 t + sin(2 300t ) + sin(2 600t )

3
3
b. Determine maximum frequency deviation f max , maximum phase

deviation max , and deviation ratio D of the modulated signal.
f max = 7 103 Hz
The maximum phase deviation max is the maximum value of the angle
(t ) =
20
25
sin(2 300t ) + sin(2 600t ) , which equals 15 radians.
3
3
Deviation ratio D =
f max 7 103 70
=
=
B
600
6
c. Determine bandwidth of the modulated signal.

BT = 2(f max + B) = 2(7 103 + 600) = 15.2 kHz
5.6 Consider a PM signal generated by modulating a 10 MHz carrier with a 1 kHz
sinusoidal waveform with peak phase deviation of 1 radian.
a. Write an expression for the PM signal and determine its Carson bandwidth.
Solution:
The PM signal is
xPM (t ) = Ac cos 2 107 t + cos(2 103 t )

For a sinusoidal modulating signal with = max = 1 kHz , the bandwidth of an
6
angle-modulated signal is given by

BT = 2(max + 1) f m = 2(1 + 1) 1 = 4 kHz
b. Plot the spectrum of the PM signal.
Solution:
Consider a PM signal with maximum phase deviation produced by a

sinusoidal modulating signal. That is,
xPM (t ) = Ac cos [ 2f c t + cos(2f mt ) ]
The PM signal can be expressed as
xPM (t ) = Ac Re e j 2 fct e j cos(2 fmt )
( m)
The function e
is periodic with period 1/ fm, and therefore it can be
expanded in a complex Fourier series:
j cos 2 f t
j cos ( 2 f m t )
Ce
n =
j 2 nf m t
where
Cn = f m
1/ f m
j cos ( 2 f m t ) j 2 nf m t
dt =
1
2
e j ( cos z nz ) dz
Substituting cos ( z ) = sin z + , we obtain

2
1
Cn =
2

j sin z + nz
2
dz
Making change of variable z +
Cn =
1
2
5 /2
/2
j sin y ny +
2
dy = e
= y yields
jn
2
e j ( sin y ny ) dy = e
jn
2
Jn ( )
Since the integrand is periodic function of y with period 2, the limits of

integral can be changed to any period of length 2 to obtain
7
Cn = e
jn
2
j ( sin y ny )
dy = e
jn
2
Jn ( )
The PM signal can, therefore, be expressed as

n
j n 2 f m t +
j 2 f c t
2
xPM (t ) = Re Ac e
J n ( )e
n =
= Ac J n ( ) cos 2 ( f c + nf m ) t +
2
n =
In the present case, the PM signal is given by

xPM (t ) = Ac
n =
(1) cos 2 (107 + n 103 ) t +

2
The spectrum of the PM signal is displayed in the Figure.

PM Spectrum for Ac = 1,
fm(kHz) = 1
& Max phase deviation = 1
Magnitude
spectrum
Magnitude
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Frequency(kHz)
10
f f c ( kHz )
c. Determine the normalized average power in the PM signal.

Solution:
The power in the PM signal x(t ) is

Px =
Ac2
2
d. Calculate the percentage of the total power at the carrier frequency.

Solution:
8
Ac2 2
The average power in the component at the carrier frequency is
J 0 ( )
2
where = max for a PM signal. For = max = 1, J 0 (1) = 0.765 . Therefore,
percentage of the average power at the carrier frequency = 58.5%.
e. Repeat parts (a) and (d), if the amplitude of the modulating signal is doubled.
Solution:
If the amplitude of the modulating signal is doubled, the peak phase deviation is
also doubled. That is, = max = 2 . Therefore, the PM signal becomes
n
,
xPM (t ) = Ac cos 2 106 t + 2 cos(2 103 t ) +
2
and the bandwidth of the signal is given by

BT = 2(max + 1) f m = 2(2 + 1) 1 = 6 kHz
The spectrum of the PM signal is shown below.

PM Spectrum for Ac = 1,
fm(kHz) = 1
& Max phase deviation = 2
Magnitude
spectrum
Magnitude
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Frequency(kHz)
10
f f c ( kHz )
For = 2, J 0 (2) = 0.224 . The percentage of the average power at the carrier
frequency = J 02 (2) = ( 0.224 ) = 0.0502 or 5.02% .
2
5.7 A single-tone modulated FM signal is given by

xFM (t ) = 10 cos 2 106 t + 4sin(4 103 t )
9
a. Plot the spectrum of the FM signal.

Solution:
The FM signal can be expressed as
xFM (t ) = 10 J n (4) cos 2 (106 + 2n 103 ) t

n =
FM Spectrum for A c = 1,
fm(kHz) = 2
& beta = 4
0.5
Magnitude
spectrum
Magnitude
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Frequency(kHz)
10
f f c ( kHz )
b. Determine Carsons bandwidth of the FM signal.

Solution:
= 4, f m = 2 103 Hz
BT = 2( + 1) f m = 2(4 + 1) 2 103 = 20 103 Hz
c. Determine the normalized average power of the FM signal.

Solution:
The normalized average power of the FM signal x(t ) is

102
Px =
= 50 W
2
d. Calculate the percentage of the total power at the carrier frequency. How does
the magnitude of power contained in the carrier frequency component changes
if the amplitude of the modulating signal is doubled?
10
Solution:
The average power in the component at the carrier frequency is

Ac2 2
J 0 ( )
2
For = 4, J 0 (4) = 0.3971 . Therefore, percentage of the average power at the

carrier frequency = 15.77%.
If the amplitude of the modulating signal is doubled, = 8 and J 0 (8) = 0.1717 .
Therefore, percentage of the average power at the carrier frequency = 2.95%.
5.8
The message signal s (t ) modulates a carrier at 1 MHz to produce an anglemodulated signal. s (t ) is periodic waveform with period To as shown in Figure
P5.2. Assuming Am = 1 and To = 1 sec , determine
Figure P5.2
s (t )
Am
To
To
2
To
4
Am
To
4
To
2
To
a. Determine the 97% bandwidth of the message signal.

Solution:
The Fourier series coefficients are given by

C0 = 0 because x (t ) is an odd function.
11
Cn =
1
x(t )e j 2 nfot dt
To To
1
=
To
To /4
j 2 nf o t
To /2
je j 2 nfot
=
To 2 nf o
1
dt +
To
To /4
To /4
4t j 2 nfot
1
e
dt +
T
To
To / 4 o
je j 2 nfot
+
To 2 nf o
T /2
o
To /2
4
+ 2
To
T /4
o
To /2
e j 2 nfot dt
To /4
To / 4
jT te j 2 nfot T 2 e j 2 nfot
+ o
o
2
T
nf
2
(To 2 nf o ) To /4
o
o
je+ j n je+ j n /2 je j n je j n / 2
=
2 n 2 n
2 n
2 n
jT 2 j n /2 + j n /2
To2
j n / 2
j n /2
e
e
+e
+
o (e
)
(
)
2
( 2 n )
8 n
j
n
n
n
cos ( n ) cos
=
+ cos
+ sinc
n
2
2
2
+
4
To2
j
n
n
( 1) + sinc , n = 1, 2,......
n
2
Using the procedure illustrated in Example 2.27, the 97% bandwidth of the
10
signal is calculated as B = .
To
b. Calculate the bandwidth of an FM signal with k f = 100 Hz/V .
Solution:
The peak frequency deviation, f max , of the FM signal is given from (5.15) by
f max = k f max s (t ) = 100 1 = 100 Hz
BT = 2(f max + B) = 2(100 + 10) = 220 Hz

c. Determine the bandwidth of an PM signal with k p = / 2 .
Solution:
The peak phase deviation, max , of the PM signal is given from (5.9) by
max = k p max s (t ) = / 2
12
BT = 2(max + 1) B = 2( / 2 + 1)10 = 51.41 Hz

d. Calculate the bandwidth of an FM signal with k f = 1000 Hz/V .
Solution:
f max = k f max s (t ) = 1000 1 = 1000 Hz
BT = 2(f max + B) = 2(1000 + 10) = 2020 Hz

e. How do answers to parts (a) (c) change for the case where
Am = 2 and To = 1 msec .
Solution:
For To = 1 msec , the message bandwidth B = 10 kHz

For Am = 2 , f max = 200 , BT = 2(f max + B) = 2(200 + 10000) = 20.4 kHz
For Am = 2 , max = and BT = 2(max + 1) B = 2( + 1)10000 = 82.83 kHz
f. How do answers to parts (a) (c) change for the case where
Am = 1 and To = 0.5 msec .
Solution:
For To = 0.5 msec , the message bandwidth B = 20 kHz

For Am = 1 , f max = 100 , BT = 2(f max + B) = 2(100 + 20000) = 40.2 kHz
For Am = 1 , max = / 2 , BT = 2(max + 1) B = 2( / 2 + 1)20000 = 102.83 kHz
5.9
A 1 MHz carrier is frequency-modulated by a single tone of frequency 2 kHz,

resulting in the peak frequency deviation of 10 kHz.
a. What is the bandwidth occupied by the modulated signal? Plot the spectrum of
the FM signal (only sidebands in the Carsons bandwidth).
Solution:
f max = 10 kHz, B = f m = 2 kHz
13
BT = 2(f max + B) = 2(10 + 2) = 24 kHz
f max 10
=
=5
2
fm
The spectrum of the FM signal contains 2( +1) = 12 sidebands within the

Carsons bandwidth of 24 kHz.
FM Spectrum for Ac = 1,
fm(kHz) = 2
& beta = 5
0.5
Magnitude
spectrum
Magnitude
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-10
-5
0
Frequency(kHz)
10
f f c ( kHz )
b. If the amplitude of the modulating sinusoidal signal is increased by a factor of 3

and its frequency is decreased to 1 kHz, how is the bandwidth of the modulated
signal modified? Plot the spectrum of the FM signal.
Solution:
If the amplitude of the modulating sinusoidal signal is increased by a factor of

3, the peak FM deviation is increased by a factor of 3 to f max = 30 kHz .
f max = 30 kHz, B = f m = 1 kHz
BT = 2(f max + B) = 2(30 + 1) = 62 kHz
f max 30
=
= 30
1
fm
The spectrum of the FM signal contains 2( +1) = 62 sidebands within the

14
fm(kHz) = 1
& beta = 30
0.5
Magnitude
spectrum
Magnitude
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-30
-20
-10
0
Frequency(kHz)
10
20
30
f f c ( kHz )
c. Repeat part (b) with frequency of the modulating sinusoidal signal increased to
3 kHz.
Solution:
f max = 30 kHz, B = f m = 3kHz

BT = 2(f max + B) = 2(30 + 3) = 66 kHz
f
30
= max =
= 10
3
fm
The spectrum of the FM signal contains 2(10 + 1) = 22 sidebands within the
fm(kHz) = 3
& beta = 10
0.5
Magnitude
spectrum
Magnitude
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Frequency(kHz)
20
30
f f c ( kHz )
5.10 Consider the parallel RLC tuned circuit in Figure P5.3 used as a slope detector.
15
Figure P5.3 Parallel resonant circuit
I ( j )
X ( j )
V ( j )
a. Show that the transfer function of the tuned circuit is given by

H ( j ) =
jo / Q
V ( j )
= 2
Comment:
X ( j ) o 2 + jo / Q
where
o =
Q=
1
1
, 3dB =
RC
LC
o
C
=R
L
3dB
Solution:
+ jC
I = V ( j )
j L
+ jC + V ( j )
X ( j ) = RI + V ( j ) = RV ( j )
j L
= V ( j )
+ RjC + 1
j L
The transfer function H ( j ) of the parallel RLC tuned circuit can be expressed
as
H ( j ) =
V ( j )
1/ R
=
X ( j ) 1
1
j L + jC + R
16
Substituting o =
1
C
, we obtain
,Q = R
L
LC
jo2 L
R
=
=
H ( j ) =
2
j L
j L 2
2
jo
o 2 +
1 LC +
1 2 +
R o
R
R
j L
R
j L
R
jo
R
L
C
2
jo
2
o +
R
jo / Q
2 + jo / Q
2
o
b. Determine appropriate values for R, L and C for o = 2 106 and Q = 20 .

Solution:
We choose C = 0.01 F and L = 0.1 mH so that

f o = 106 =
1
3
0.1 10 0.01 106
Next we calculate R using Q = 20 .

20 = R
C
0.01 106
400 = R 2
= R 2104
3
L
0.1 10
R = 400 104 = 2000 ohms
c. Plot the magnitude frequency response of the parallel RLC tuned circuit from
940 kHz to 1 MHz. Select the discriminator center frequency, discriminator
constant K FD , and permissible peak frequency deviation for the input signal.
Solution:
The frequency response H ( j ) of the tuned circuit from 940 kHz to 1 MHz is
plotted in the Figure. We choose the discriminator center frequency as 970 kHz.
The discriminator constant K FD is now calculated from the figure as
K FD =
0.7778 0.5222
0.2556
=
= 12.78 V/Hz
6
( 0.98 0.96 ) 10 0.02 106
17
The determination of permissible peak frequency deviation is subject to the

amount of acceptable distortion in the demodulated signal. From the amplitude
vs frequency characteristic above, we observe that f max = 20 kHz is a good
choice.
Frequency Response of Parallel Resonant Circuit
1
0.9
|H(j
)|
Magnitude
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
940
950
960
970
Frequency(kHz)
980
990
1000
5.11 Delay-line FM discriminator Consider the FM signal

xFM (t ) = Ac cos[2f c t + (t )]
t
where (t ) = 2 f max sn (t )dt . We use the FM demodulation scheme illustrated in
Figure P5.4. The input FM signal is passed through a delay line that produces a
delay of / 2 radians at the carrier frequency f c . That is, 2 f c td = / 2 . The
output of delay-line is subtracted from the incoming FM signal, and the resulting
difference signal is envelope detected. Let
y (t ) = xFM (t ) xFM (t td )
Assume (t ) (t td ) 1 .
Figure P5.4
xFM (t ) Delay t = 1
d
y (t )
4 fc
Envelope
detector
yD (t )
18
a. Show that the envelope of y (t ) is given by

(t ) (t td )
v(t ) = 2 Ac sin +
2
4
Solution:
y (t ) = xFM (t ) xFM (t td )
= Ac cos [ 2f c t + (t ) ] Ac cos [ 2f c (t td ) + (t td )]
(t ) + (t td )
(t ) (t td )
2 Ac sin f c td +
y (t ) = sin 2f ct f ctd +
2
2
Hig-frequency term
Low-frequency envelope
The first term on the right-hand side is modulating signal dependent carrier
term. The second-term is modulating signal dependent low-frequency
envelope. Since (t ) (t td ) 1 , the argument of the second term exhibits
. This implies that envelope always remains positive

4
to assure proper detection.
small variations around
The envelope detector tracks the envelope of y (t ) which is given by
(t ) (t td )
v(t ) = 2 Ac sin f c td +
(t ) (t td )
= 2 Ac sin +
2
4
b. Show that the envelope detector output can be expressed as

yD (t ) =
1
2
1 d 1
1 + 2 dt td = 2 [1 + f max td sn (t ) ]
Solution:
(t ) (t td )
v(t ) = 2 Ac sin +
2
4

(t ) (t td )
(t ) (t td )
= 2 Ac sin cos
+ cos sin
2
2
4
4
(t ) (t td )
(t ) (t td )
= 2 Ac cos
+ sin
2
2
19
Since (t ) (t td ) 1 , the output of the envelope detector can be

approximated as
(t ) (t td )
yD (t ) = 2 Ac 1 +
1 d (t )
td
= 2 Ac 1 +
2 dt
Now
d (t )
=
dt
t
d 2 f max sn (t )dt
= 2 f max sn (t )
dt
Substituting
(t ) (t td )
yD (t ) = 2 Ac 1 +
(*)
= 2 Ac [1 + f max td sn (t ) ]
c. Calculate the output yD (t ) for a single-tone modulated FM signal

xFM (t ) = Ac cos[2f c t + sin 2f mt ] . Assume f c f m so that f mtd 1 .
Solution:
For a single-tone modulating signal

t
(t ) = 2 f max sn (t )dt = sin 2f mt
Taking the derivative of both sides

2 f max sn (t ) = 2 f m cos ( 2f mt ) sn (t ) = cos ( 2f mt )
Substituting into equation (*), we obtain

yD (t ) = 2 Ac [1 + f max td sn (t ) ] = 2 Ac 1 + f max td cos ( 2 f mt )
5.12
A superheterodyne FM receiver operates in the frequency range of 88-108 MHz.

Assuming that an IF of 10.7 MHz is selected, determine the range of variation of
20
the local oscillator frequency f LO . Does the range of image frequencies fall
outside of the 88-108 MHz band?
Solution:
We will assume high-side injection. So the LO frequency is f LO = f c + f IF . The
range of LO frequencies is obtained as [88 + 10.7 , 108 + 10.7 ] = [98.7 , 118.7 ] .

The image frequencies are located at fimage = f c + 2 f IF . So the range of image
frequencies is obtained as [88 + 21.4 , 108 + 21.4] = [109.4 , 129.4] . Image
frequencies fall outside the signal band.
5.13
A first-order PLL has phase detector characteristic shown in Figure P5.5. Assume
that the phase detector output voltage swing is 1.5 V. Determine
a. Phase detector gain constant
Solution:
Phase detector gain constant K PD =
V/radians
b. Hold-in range of the PLL.

Solution:
The magnitude of the hold-in range H is calculated by finding the frequency

offset of the input that causes a phase error of /2 radians. The phase detector
output voltage swing is 1.5 V for this range of phase error variation. We can
obtain the PLL hold-in range by multiplying the change in phase detector voltage
by KVCO F (0) . Since F (0) = 1 for a first-order PLL, H is given by
H = 3KVCO
Figure P5.5
e (t )
Phase error e
21
5.14 A first-order PLL is operating in phase lock when a frequency step is applied.
Assume that the loop gain K = 500 . Assume K PD = 0.8V/radians
a. Determine the steady-state phase error, in degrees, for
= 100 , 200 , and 800 .
Solution:
For a first-order PLL, the steady-state phase-error due to frequency-step is

given by
e ( ) =
e ( )
100
200
800
0.2
0.4
1.6
b. Plot the control voltage in each case. What is the steady-state control voltage
after the initial transients have died?
Solution:
The control voltage e (t ) is given from (5.110) as
e (t ) =
K PD
1 e K t
K
1.4
1.2
1
Freq. offset = 100*pi
ve(t)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.5
1.5
2.5
t(sec)
3.5
4.5
5
-3
x 10
22
e ( )
100
200
800
0.16
0.32
1.28
c. What is the 3-dB bandwidth of the loop in each case? Comment on the tradeoff
between the noise performance of the first-order PLL versus its steady-state
phase error in part(a).
Solution:
The 3-dB bandwidth of the PLL is K = 500 (1/sec). The shortcoming of the
first-order PLL is that steady-state phase error e () is inversely proportional
to the loop gain K. Larger the loop gain, smaller the steady-state phase error
e () . However, the larger loop gain implies larger loop bandwidth and more
output noise.
5.15 Consider two-pole, second-order PLL with loop filter F ( s ) =
1
.
1 + s 1
a. Derive closed-loop transfer function of the PLL in the standard form.

Solution:
The open-loop transfer function G ( s ) for the loop is given by

G ( s) =
K
s (1 + s 1 )
We can now write the closed-loop transfer function H ( s ) as
H (s) =
K
s (1 + s 1 ) 1 +
s (1 + s 1 )
K / 1
s
s 2 + + K / 1
We can express H ( s ) in the standard form as

H (s) =
n2
s 2 + 2sn + n2
where
23
n =
1
2 K 1
b. Determine and compare the 3-dB bandwidth and noise equivalent bandwidth BN
of the PLL.
Solution:
H ( j ) =
n2
n2 2 + 2 jn
H ( j ) =
n4
2
n
) + ( 2 )
2
Now
H ( j3dB ) =
n4
2
n
2
3dB
) + ( 2 )
2
3dB
1
2
Solving for 3dB, we have
2
1 2 +
(1 2 )
3dB = n 1 2 2 +
B3dB
= n
2
1 2 2
BN = H ( f ) df =
0
1/2
+ 1
1/2
+ 1
n4
2
n
2 ) + 4 2n2 2
2
df
n4
df
4
2 2 2
2
4
0 ( 2 f ) + 8 n f ( 2 1) + n
=
=
n
8
24
B3dB n
=
2
BN
2
1 2 +
(1 2 )
8
=
2
2
1 2 +
(1 2 )
8
It can be shown that
2
B3dB < BN .
+ 1
n
1/2
1/2
+ 1
2
1 2 +
(1 2 )
2
1/2
+ 1
< 1 for > 0. Therefore,
5.16 A frequency step of is applied to the second-order PLL with loop active PI
loop filter analyzed in Section 5.5.4.
a. Derive an expression for the control voltage applied to the VCO. What is the
steady-state control voltage after the initial transients have died?
Solution:
The closed-loop transfer function H ( s ) the second-order PLL with loop active
PI loop filter is given by
H (s) =
out ( s )
2sn + n2
= 2
in ( s ) s + 2 sn + n2
The control voltage e (t ) in s-domain is now obtained as

Ve ( s ) =
sin 2 sn + n2
sout ( s )
=
K VCO
K VCO s 2 + 2 sn + n2
For a step change f in frequency, in ( s ) =
Ve ( s ) =
2f 2 sn + n2
sK VCO s + 2 sn + n2
2
. Substituting yields
s2
The control voltage e (t ) is now obtained by taking the inverse Laplace transform as
e (t ) =
2f
K VCO
ent
1 e nt cos( 1 2 nt ) +
sin( 1 2 nt ) u (t ), < 1
1 2
25
Therefore, the steady-state control voltage after the initial transients have died is
given by
lim e (t ) =
t
2f
K VCO
The above result can also be derived by applying the final value theorem of the
Laplace transform.
b. Calculate the peak phase error for the step frequency change .
Solution:
The phase error e (t ) , for the step frequency change , is given from (5.130)
as
e (t ) =
e nt 1
sin
n 1 2
1 2 n t , < 1
The peak phase error p is obtained by setting
p =
d e (t )
= 0 and solving to give
dt
tan 1 /
where
= 1 2 /
5.17 Consider the second-order PLL with an active PI loop filter. A single tone
modulated FM signal with maximum frequency deviation f max is applied to the
PLL, where the frequency of the modulating signal is f m .
a. Calculate the magnitude of the phase error.
Solution:
For the second-order active PI loop, the phase error in the s-domain is given
from (5.124) as
26
in ( s ) s 2
e ( s ) = 2
s + 2 sn + n2
The magnitude of the phase error in the frequency domain can be expressed as
e ( j ) =
in ( j ) 2
2
n
+ 4 2n2 2
For an FM signal with maximum frequency deviation f max caused by a

sinusoidal tone of frequency m , the maximum phase deviation from (5.26) is
f max max
=
m
fm
The magnitude of the PLL phase error in tracking the FM signal with the phase
deviation is now obtained as
e ( j ) =
2
n
+ 4 2n2 2
b. For fixed f max , calculate the value of modulating signal frequency f m for
which the peak phase error occurs. What is the corresponding value of the peak
phase error?
Solution:
The phase error at = m = 2 f m is given by

e ( jm ) =
m2
2
n
2 2
m
+ 4 2n2m2
For fixed f max , we calculate
d e ( jm )
d m
occurs for m = n . Substituting yields
2
n2
2 n
1
+
4
2
m2
m
= 0 . We find that the maximum error
27
max 1
n 2
p = max e ( jm ) =
f
m
c. Calculate the parameters of PLL ( K , 1 , 2 ) for a FM signal with

f max = 75 kHz and f m = 15 kHz . The PLL uses the phase detector with
characteristic in Figure P5.5. Assume = 0.707 , and 1 = 2 .
Solution:
The PLL must demodulate the signal with uniform gain and stay within the
linear portion of the phase detector characteristic. To assure uniform gain, we
choose
n > m = 15 kHz
In order that the PLL operates within the linear portion of the phase detector
characteristic, the peak phase error p < / 2 . That is,
max 1
<
n 2 2
p =
or
75
<
fn 2 2
or
fn >
2 75
= 33.76 kHz
Therefore, we choose f n = 34 kHz . Now from Table 5.4, we obtain parameters

of the second-order PLL with an active PI loop filter as follows:
n =
2n
2
and =
2 =
Also, n =
2
2
2
= 6.62 sec
2 34 103
2 K
. Assuming 2 = 1 ,
2 1
K = 2 n = 2 0.707 2 34 103 = 3.02 105 (1/ sec)
28

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Chapter 5

A message signal s (t ) is shown in Figure P5.1. Sketch the FM and PM waveforms

a. Write an expression for the instantaneous frequency of x(t ) .

The instantaneous frequency of the angle-modulated signal is given by

= 105 20sin(4 103 t )

If x(t ) is an FM signal, the excess phase (t ) is given by

(t ) = 2 f max sn (t )dt = 0.01cos(4 103 t )

Taking the derivative of both sides yields

If x(t ) is a PM signal, the excess phase (t ) is given by

(t ) = max sn (t ) = 0.01cos(4 103 t )

x(t ) = 10 cos 2 106 t + 2sin(4 103 t ) .

a. Determine the peak phase deviation.

The excess phase (t ) is

(t ) = max sn (t ) = 2sin(4 103 t )

By comparing with (5.16), we conclude that f max = 4 103 Hz.

The power in the angle-modulated signal x (t ) is

The angle-modulated signal x(t ) can be interpreted as either a PM or an FM

Now f m = 2 kHz and f max = 2.5 kHz . Substituting

Now f m = 2 kHz and f max = 5 kHz . Substituting

xFM (t ) = Ac cos 2f c t + 2 f max sn ( )d

In the present case, max s (t ) = 35 . Therefore,

f max = k f max s (t ) = 200 35 = 7 103

[10 cos(2 300 ) + 25cos(2 600 )]d

= 100 cos 10 106 t + sin(2 300t ) + sin(2 600t )

b. Determine maximum frequency deviation f max , maximum phase

c. Determine bandwidth of the modulated signal.

xPM (t ) = Ac cos 2 107 t + cos(2 103 t )

angle-modulated signal is given by

Consider a PM signal with maximum phase deviation produced by a

The PM signal can be expressed as

xPM (t ) = Ac Re e j 2 fct e j cos(2 fmt )

Substituting cos ( z ) = sin z + , we obtain

Making change of variable z +

Since the integrand is periodic function of y with period 2, the limits of

The PM signal can, therefore, be expressed as

In the present case, the PM signal is given by

(1) cos 2 (107 + n 103 ) t +

The spectrum of the PM signal is displayed in the Figure.

& Max phase deviation = 1

c. Determine the normalized average power in the PM signal.

The power in the PM signal x(t ) is

d. Calculate the percentage of the total power at the carrier frequency.

and the bandwidth of the signal is given by

The spectrum of the PM signal is shown below.

& Max phase deviation = 2

5.7 A single-tone modulated FM signal is given by

a. Plot the spectrum of the FM signal.

The FM signal can be expressed as

xFM (t ) = 10 J n (4) cos 2 (106 + 2n 103 ) t

b. Determine Carsons bandwidth of the FM signal.

c. Determine the normalized average power of the FM signal.

The normalized average power of the FM signal x(t ) is

The average power in the component at the carrier frequency is

For = 4, J 0 (4) = 0.3971 . Therefore, percentage of the average power at the

a. Determine the 97% bandwidth of the message signal.

The Fourier series coefficients are given by

BT = 2(f max + B) = 2(100 + 10) = 220 Hz

BT = 2(max + 1) B = 2( / 2 + 1)10 = 51.41 Hz

BT = 2(f max + B) = 2(1000 + 10) = 2020 Hz

For To = 1 msec , the message bandwidth B = 10 kHz

For To = 0.5 msec , the message bandwidth B = 20 kHz

A 1 MHz carrier is frequency-modulated by a single tone of frequency 2 kHz,

f max = 10 kHz, B = f m = 2 kHz

BT = 2(f max + B) = 2(10 + 2) = 24 kHz

Since (t ) (t td ) 1 , the output of the envelope detector can be