Beee QB

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
PART A - ELECTRICAL
UNIT I
DC CIRCUITS
1. Define voltage
Voltage is a representation of the electric potential energy per unit charge.
If a unit of electrical charge were placed in a location, the voltage
indicates the potential energy of it at that point. The SI unit of voltage is
the volt
2. Define Current
Electrical current is a measure of the amount of electrical charge
transferred per unit time. It represents the flow of electrons through a
conductive material. The SI unit of current is the ampere.
3. Define Power
Power is the time rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. In
calculus terms, power is the derivative of work with respect to time. The SI
unit of power is the watt
4. Define Energy
Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work. Energy exists
in several forms such as heat, kinetic or mechanical energy, light,
potential energy, electrical, or other forms. The SI unit of energy is the
joule.
5. Compare Current Vs Voltage
Current
Definition
Symbol
Unit
SI Unit
Voltage
Voltage, also called
Current is the rate at which electromotive force, is the
electric charge flows past a potential difference in charge
point in a circuit. In other
between two points in an
words, current is the rate of electrical field. In other words,
flow of electric charge.
voltage is the "energy per unit
charge.
I
V
A or amps or amperage
V or volts or voltage
1 ampere =1
1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb.
coulomb/second.
(V=W/C)
Measuring
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Instrument
Relationshi Current is the effect (voltage Voltage is the cause and current
p
being the cause). Current
is its effect. Voltage can exist
J.C.Vijayshree
Current
Voltage
cannot flow without Voltage. without current.
Field
created
A magnetic field
An electrostatic field
Current is the same through

In series
all components connected in
connection
series.
Current gets distributed over
In a parallel
components connected in
connection
parallel.
Voltage gets distributed over

components connected in series.
Voltages are the same across all
components connected in
parallel.
6. Compare Energy Vs Power
Definition
Unit
Energy
Power
Energy is the capacity to do
Power is the rate at which
work. Energy is power integrated work is done, or energy is
over time.
transmitted.
joules = watt-seconds
watt = joules/second
Common
W
symbol(s)
Example
7.
1-2-3-4--
I left a 60W light bulb on for 30 My car's battery can provide

days, which raised my electric
500 amps at 12 volts, which
bill by 43.2 kWh (kilowatt-hours). equals 6kW of power.
Classify the circuit parameters

Active or Passive
Linear or Non-linear
Unilateral or Bilateral
Lumped or Distributive
8. What are active elements?

Those circuit elements that supply energy to an energised circuit are
called active circit elements. Eg.: Voltage source, current source,etc.
9. What are passive elements?
Passive circuit elements, on the other hand, are those elements that use
up the energy supplied by the active sources and\or do not supply their
own
energy
to
the
circuit.
Eg.: Resistor, capacitor, inductor, etc.
10.
What are linear circuits?
A linear circuit is an electric circuit in which circuit parameters
(Resistance, inductance, capacitance, waveform, frequency etc) are
constant. In other words, a circuit whose parameters are not changed with
respect to Current and Voltage is called Linear Circuit.
J.C.Vijayshree
11.
State about non-linear circuits
A nonlinear circuit is an electric circuit whose parameters are varied with
respect to Current and Voltage. In other words, an electric circuit in which
circuit parameters (Resistance, inductance, capacitance, waveform,
frequency etc) is not constant, is called Non Linear Circuit.
12.
What are unilateral circuits?
In unilateral circuits, the property of circuit changes with the change of
direction of supply voltage or current. In other words, unilateral circuit
allows the current to flow only in one direction. Diode rectifier is the best
example of unilateral circuit.
13.
What are bi-lateral circuits?
In bilateral circuits, the property of circuit does not change with the
change of direction of supply voltage or current. In other words, bilateral
circuit allows the current to flow in both directions. Transmission line is
the best example of bilateral circuit.
14.
State about lumped elements
Physical dimensions of circuit are such that voltage across and current
through conductors connecting elements does not vary.
Current in two-terminal lumped circuit element does not vary
15.
State about distributive elements
Current varies along conductors and elements
Voltage across points along conductor or within element varies
16.
Define ohms law
The potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is

proportional to the current through it.
V=IxR
17.
State the Current Law
Kirchoffs Current Law or KCL, states that the total current or charge
entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the
node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as no charge is lost
within the node.
18.
State the Kirchoffs Voltage Law
Kirchoffs Voltage Law or KVL, states that in any closed loop network,
the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage
drops within the same loop which is also equal to zero.
J.C.Vijayshree
19.
Define circuit and path
Circuit a circuit is a closed loop conducting path in which an

electrical current flows.
Path a single line of connecting elements or sources.
20.
Define node and branch
Node a node is a junction, connection or terminal within a circuit

were two or more circuit elements are connected or joined together
giving a connection point between two or more branches. A node is
indicated by a dot.
Branch a branch is a single or group of components such as

resistors or a source which are connected between two nodes.
21.
Define loop and mesh
Loop a loop is a simple closed path in a circuit in which no circuit

element or node is encountered more than once.
Mesh a mesh is a single open loop that does not have a closed
path. There are no components inside a mesh.
22. State the procedure for using Kirchoffs Circuit Laws

1. Assume all voltages and resistances are given. ( If not label them
V1, V2, R1, R2, etc. )
2. Label each branch with a branch current. ( I1, I2, I3 etc. )
3. Find Kirchoffs first law equations for each node.
4. Find Kirchoffs second law equations for each of the independent
loops of the circuit.
5. Use Linear simultaneous equations as required to find the unknown
currents.
23. Resistance of an electric iron 50 .4.2A Current flows through
the resistance. Find the voltage between two points.
Solution:
Here, Resistance, R = 50 .
Current, I =4.2 A
J.C.Vijayshree
Voltage, V =?
From Ohms law,
V=IR
=4.250
= 210V
Ans: 210V.
24. Draw the representation for a T Network
24. Draw the representation for a Star Network
25. Draw the representation for a Pi Network.
J.C.Vijayshree
26. Draw the representation for a Delta Network.
27. Write the delta to star network transformations equations
J.C.Vijayshree
28. Write the star to delta network transformations equations
29. Write the basic procedure for solving Mesh Current Analysis
equations
1. Label all the internal loops with circulating currents. (I1, I2, IL etc)
2. Write the [ L x 1 ] column matrix [ V ] giving the sum of all voltage
sources in each loop.
3. Write the [ L x L ] matrix, [ R ] for all the resistances in the circuit as
follows;
i. R11 = the total resistance in the first loop.
ii. Rnn = the total resistance in the Nth loop.
iii. RJK = the resistance which directly joins loop J to Loop K.
4. Write the matrix or vector equation [V] = [R] x [I] where [I] is the
list of currents to be found.
J.C.Vijayshree
30 Write the procedure for Nodal Voltage Analysis

The basic procedure for solving Nodal Analysis equations is as follows:
1. Write down the current vectors, assuming currents into a node are
positive. ie, a (N x 1) matrices for N independent nodes.
2. Write the admittance matrix [Y] of the network where:
o
o
Y11 = the total admittance of the first node.

Y22 = the total admittance of the second node.
RJK = the total admittance joining node J to node K.
3. For a network with N independent nodes, [Y] will be an (N x N) matrix

and that Ynn will be positive and Yjk will be negative or zero value.
4. The voltage vector will be (N x L) and will list the N voltages to be
found.
31. A nine volt battery supplies power to a cordless curling iron with a resistance
of 18 ohms. How much current is flowing through the curling iron?
32. A resistance of 10 is placed across a 9 V battery. What current flows through the
battery?
J.C.Vijayshree
Using Ohms Law,

V = IR
9 = I (10)
I = 0.9 A
33.
a.
A resistor has a conductance of 0.100 S. What is its resistance?
R = 1/G = 1/0.100 = 10
b.
What voltage is needed to cause a 500 mA current to flow through the

circuit?
500 mA = 0.500 A
V = IR
V = 0.500(10) = 5 V
34. What is the overall resistance of a CD portable player if it is operated by

a 3 V battery and 0.75 A flow through its circuitry?
J.C.Vijayshree
V = IR
3 = 0.75(R)
R = 4.0
UNIT II
AC CIRCUITS
1. Define an AC Waveform:
An alternating function or AC Waveform on the other hand is defined as
one that varies in both magnitude and direction in more or less an even
manner with respect to time making it a Bi-directional waveform.
2. Define period of a waveform
The Period, (T) is the length of time in seconds that the waveform
takes to repeat itself from start to finish. This can also be called the
Periodic Time of the waveform for sine waves, or the Pulse Width for
square waves.
3. Define frequency of a waveform
The Frequency, () is the number of times the waveform repeats

itself within a one second time period. Frequency is the reciprocal of
the time period, ( = 1/T ) with the unit of frequency being the
Hertz, (Hz).
4. Define amplitude of a waveform
The Amplitude (A) is the magnitude or intensity of the signal

waveform measured in volts or amps.
5. List the Types of Periodic Waveform

Sine wave
Square wave
Triangular wave
Complex wave
J.C.Vijayshree
10
6. Write the Relationship Between Frequency and Periodic

Time
7. Define Average Value of an AC Waveform

The average or mean value of a continuous DC voltage will always be
equal to its maximum peak value as a DC voltage is constant. This
average value will only change if the duty cycle of the DC voltage
changes.
8. Define Average Value of a Non-sinusoidal Waveform
Where: n equals the actual number of mid-ordinates used.

9. Define Average Value of a sinusoidal Waveform
For a pure sinusoidal waveform this average or mean value will always be
equal to 0.637 x Vmax and this relationship also holds true for average
values of current.
10.
Define RMS Value of an AC Waveform
Where: n equals the number of mid-ordinates.

11.
Define Form Factor
Form Factor is the ratio between the average value and the RMS value and
is given as.
J.C.Vijayshree
11
For a pure sinusoidal waveform the Form Factor will always be equal to
1.11.
12.
Define Crest Factor
Crest Factor is the ratio between the R.M.S. value and the Peak
value of the waveform and is given as.
For a pure sinusoidal waveform the Crest Factor will always be equal to
1.414.
13.
State about the Element Impedance
The three basic passive components, R, L and C have very different phase
relationships to each other when connected to a sinusoidal AC supply. In a
pure ohmic resistor the voltage waveforms are in-phase with the
current. In a pure inductance the voltage waveform leads the current by
90o. In a pure capacitance the voltage waveform lags the current by 90o.
14.
Draw a Series RLC Circuit
15.
Draw the Individual Voltage Vectors for R,L & C
J.C.Vijayshree
12
16.
Give the Instantaneous Voltages for a Series RLC
Circuit
17.
Draw the Phasor Diagram for a Series RLC Circuit
18.
Give the Impedance of a Series RLC Circuit
J.C.Vijayshree
13
19.
Define Reactive power
We know that reactive loads such as inductors and capacitors dissipate zero
power, yet the fact that they drop voltage and draw current gives the deceptive
impression that they actually do dissipate power. This phantom power is called
reactive power, and it is measured in a unit called Volt-Amps-Reactive (VAR).
20.
Define Real power
The actual amount of power being used, or dissipated, in a circuit is called

true power, and it is measured in watts (symbolized by the capital letter P,
as always).
21.
Define apparent power
The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent

power, and it is the product of a circuit's voltage and current, without
reference to phase angle. Apparent power is measured in the unit of VoltAmps (VA) and is symbolized by the capital letter S.
22.
Write the Power equations relating the 3 powers
J.C.Vijayshree
14
23.
Calculate the three powers for a purely resistive load
24.
Calculate the three powers for a purely reactive load
25.
Calculate the three powers for a Resistive/reactive load
J.C.Vijayshree
15
26.
Draw the Power triangle
27.
Define Power factor
The power factor is equal to the real or true power P in watts (W) divided
by the apparent power |S| in volt-ampere (VA):
PF = P(W) / |S(VA)|
PF - power factor.
P - real power in watts (W).
|S| - apparent power - the magnitude of the complex power in voltamps
(VA).
28.
How to calculate power factor using apparent power
phase angle
For sinusuidal current, the power factor PF is equal to the absolute value
of the cosine of the apparent power phase angle (which is also is
impedance phase angle):
J.C.Vijayshree
16
PF = |cos |
PF is the power factor.
is the apprent power phase angle.
29.
How to relate real & apparent power in terms of power
factor?
The real power P in watts (W) is equal to the apparent power |S| in voltampere (VA) times the power factor PF:
P(W) = |S(VA)| PF = |S(VA)| |cos |
30.
What is the power factor for resistive load?
When the circuit has a resistive impedance load, the real power P is equal
to the apparent power |S| and the power factor PF is equal to 1:
PF(resistive load) = P / |S| = 1
30. How to relate reactive power & apparent power in terms of
phase angle
The reactive power Q in volt-amps reactive (VAR) is equal to the apparent
power |S| in volt-ampere (VA) times the sine of the phase angle :
Q(VAR) = |S(VA)| |sin |
31.
What ius a Three phase circuit ?
Three phase circuit is the polyphase system where three phases are
send together from the generator to the load. Each phase are having a
phase difference of 120, i.e 120 angle electrically. So from the total of
360, three phases are equally divided into 120 each.
32.
Draw the voltage wave form for a Three phase circuit ?
J.C.Vijayshree
17
33. Why Three Phase is preferred Over Single Phase?

In three phase system the net power from all the phases gives a
continuous power to the load.
The size or metal quantity of three phase devices is not having much
difference.
The three phase system will have higher efficiency compared to single
phase
33.
List the Connection Types In three phase circuit
In three phase circuit, connections can be given in two types:

1. Star connection
2. Delta connection
34.
Draw
the
Star
Connection
circuit
J.C.Vijayshree
18
In three phase
35.
Draw the Delta Connection
circuit
In three phase
36.
List the four different ways star and delta connection can be
arranged in In three phase circuit
1. Star-Star connection
2. Star-Delta connection
3. Delta-Star connection
4. Delta-Delta connection
J.C.Vijayshree
19
37.
List the Types of connection for Power measurement
(a)Star connection of loads

(b)Delta connection of loads.
38. Draw the Star connection of loads for Power measurement
38.
Write the expression for total power in Star connection of
loads for Power measurement
We get total power as V1I1+V2I2+V3I3.
39. Draw the delta connection of loads for Power measurement

J.C.Vijayshree
20
40.Write the expression for total power in delta connection of loads

for Power measurement
UNIT III
ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND POWER PLANTS
1. State about Faraday's laws of of electromagnetic induction
Faraday's laws of of electromagnetic induction explains the
relationship between electric circuit and magnetic field. This law is the
basic working principle of the most of the electrical motors, generators,
transformers, inductors etc.
2. Define Faraday's first law
J.C.Vijayshree
21
Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field an EMF gets

induced across the conductor (called as induced emf), and if the
conductor is a closed circuit then induced current flows through it.
3.
What are the methods to vary magnetic field ?

1. By moving magnet
2. By moving the coil
3. By rotating the coil relative to magnetic field
4. Define Faraday's second law:

Faraday's second law of electromagnetic induction states that, the
magnitude of induced emf is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages
with the coil. The flux linkages is the product of number of turns and the
flux associated with the coil.
5. State the Formula of Faraday's law
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, rate of
change of flux linkages is equal to the induced emf
So, E = N (d/dt)
(volts)
6. State the Phenomenon of Mutual Induction

Alternating current flowing in a coil produces alternating magnetic field
around it. When two or more coils are magnetically linked to each other,
then an alternating current flowing through one coil causes an induced
emf across the other linked coils. This phenomenon is called as mutual
induction.
7. Define Lenz's law
Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction states that, when an emf is
induced according to Faraday's law, the polarity (direction) of that induced
emf is such that it opposes the cause of its production.
Thus, considering Lenz's law
E = -N (d/dt) (volts)
The negative sign shows that, the direction of the induced emf and the
direction of change in magnetic fields have opposite signs.
J.C.Vijayshree
22
8. State about Flemings rule

Whenever a current carrying conductor comes under a magnetic field,
there will be force acting on the conductor and on the other hand, if a
conductor is forcefully brought under a magnetic field, there will be an
induced current in that conductor.
9. What is Directionality in Flemings rule?
'Directionally' means these rules do not show the magnitude but show the
direction of any of the three parameters (magnetic field, current, force) if
the direction of other two are known.
10.
State the Application of Flemings rule
Fleming Left Hand rule is mainly applicable for electric motor and
Fleming Right Hand rule is mainly applicable for electric generator.
11.
State Fleming Left Hand Rule
In the figure it is shown that, a portion of a conductor of length L placed

vertically in a uniform horizontal magnetic field strength H, produced by
two magnetic poles N and S. If i is the current flowing through this
conductor, the magnitude of the force acts on the conductor is, F = BiL
12.
State Fleming Right Hand Rule
J.C.Vijayshree
23
This rule states "Hold out the right hand with the first finger, second finger
and thumb at right angle to each other. If forefinger represents the
direction of the line of force, the thumb points in the direction of motion or
applied force, then second finger points in the direction of the induced
current.
13.
What is a DC motor?
A DC motor in simple words is a device that
current(electrical energy) into mechanical energy.
14.
Draw the Construction a DC motor?
15.
converts
direct
What is a Transformer?
A transformer basically is very simple static (or stationary) electromagnetic passive electrical device that works on the principle of Faradays
law of induction by converting electrical energy from one value to another.
16.
What is the use of
J.C.Vijayshree
24
Transformer?
Transformers are capable of either increasing or decreasing the voltage

and current levels of their supply, without modifying its frequency, or the
amount of Electrical Power being transferred from one winding to another
via the magnetic circuit.
17.
Draw the representation for a Single Phase Voltage
Transformer
18.
Draw the transformer symbols
19.
What is a Step-up transformer ?
When a transformer is used to increase the voltage on its

secondary winding with respect to the primary, it is called a Stepup transformer.
20.
What is a Step-down transformer ?
When it is used to decrease the voltage on the secondary winding

with respect to the primary it is called a Step-down transformer.
21.
What is a Impedance transformer ?
However, a third condition exists in which a transformer produces

the same voltage on its secondary as is applied to its primary
winding. In other words, its output is identical with respect to
voltage, current and power transferred. This type of transformer is
called an Impedance Transformer and is mainly used for
impedance matching or the isolation of adjoining electrical circuits.
J.C.Vijayshree
25
22.
How to achieve difference in voltage between the primary and
the secondary windings?
23.
Define Transformers Turns Ratio
24.
Give the expression for the transformer emf equation
Where:
- is the flux frequency in Hertz, = /2

- is the number of coil windings.
- is the flux density in webers
25.
Give the expression for the Electrical Power in a
Transformer
26. Define Transformer Efficiency
27.State the advantages of Single phase ac motors

The single phase motors are simple in construction, cheap in cost, reliable
and easy to repair and maintain.
28.Classify the single phase ac motors
The single phase ac motors are further classified as:
1. Single phase induction motors or asynchronous motors.
2. Single phase synchronous motors.
3. Commutator motors.
J.C.Vijayshree
26
29.
Define a Stator
As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction

motor. A single phase ac supply is given to the stator of
single phase induction motor.
30.
Define a
Rotor
The rotor is a rotating part of induction

motor. The rotor is connected to the
mechanical load through the shaft. The
rotor in single phase induction motor is
of squirrel cage rotor type.
31.State the Working Principle of Single Phase Induction Motor
When single phase ac supply is given to the stator winding of single phase
induction motor, the alternating current starts flowing through the stator
or main winding. This alternating current produces an alternating flux
called main flux. This main flux also links with the rotor conductors and
hence cut the rotor conductors.
32.List the Types of single phase induction motor
Depending upon the methods for making asynchronous motor as Self
Starting Motor, there are mainly four types of single phase induction
motor namely,
1. Split phase induction motor,
2. Capacitor start inductor motor,
3. Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor,
4. Shaded pole induction motor.
33.Compare between Single Phase and Three Phase Induction
Motors
o Single phase induction motors are simple in construction,
reliable and economical for small power rating as compared to
three phase induction motors.
o The electrical power factor of single phase induction motors is
low as compared to three phase induction motors.
J.C.Vijayshree
27
o For same size, the single phase induction motors develop

about 50% of the output as that of three phase induction
motors.
o The starting torque is also low for asynchronous motors.
o The efficiency of single phase induction motors is less as
compare it to the three phase induction motors.
34.Draw the schematic diagram of a Thermal power generation
plant
35.List the Functional Steps of a thermal power station

1) First the pulverized coal is burnt into the furnace of steam boiler.
2) High pressure steam is produced in the boiler.
3) This steam is then passed through the super heater, where it further
heated up.
4) This supper heated steam is then entered into a turbine at high speed.
5) In turbine this steam force rotates the turbine blades that means here
in the turbine the stored potential energy of the high pressured steam is
converted into mechanical energy.
J.C.Vijayshree
28
6) After rotating the turbine blades, the steam has lost its high pressure,
passes out of turbine blades and enters into a condenser.
7) In the condenser the cold water is circulated with help of pump which
condenses the low pressure wet steam.
8) This condensed water is then further supplied to low pressure water
heater where the low pressure steam increases the temperature of this
feed water, it is then again heated in a high pressure heater where the
high pressure of steam is used for heating.
9) The turbine in thermal power station acts as a prime mover of the
alternator.
36. Draw the Thermal Power Plant operation cycle
A typical Thermal Power Station Operates on a Cycle which is shown
below.
36.
Draw the Scheme of operation of a typical thermal
power station
37. What are the Thermal Power Plant Location deciding factors
J.C.Vijayshree
29
1) The electric power generation plant must be constructed at such a

place where the cost of land is quite reasonable.
2) The land should be such that the acquisition of private property must
be minimum.
3) A large quantity of cooling water is required for the condensers etc of
thermal power generation plant, hence the plant should preferably
situated beside big source of natural water source such as big river.
4) Availability of huge amount of fuel at reasonable cost is one of the
major criterion for choosing plant location.
5) The plant should be established on plane land.
6)The soil should be such that it should provide good and firm foundation
of plant and buildings.
7) The thermal power plant location should not be very nearer to dense
locality as there are smoke, noise steam, water vapors etc.
8) There must be ample scope of development of future demand.
9) Place for ash handling plant for thermal power station should also be
available very near by.
10) Very tall chimney of power station should not obstruct the traffics of
air ships.
38. List the Advantages of Thermal Power Station
1) Economical for low initial cost other than any generating plant.
2) Land required less than hydro power plant.
3) Since coal is main fuel & its cost is quite cheap than petrol/diesel so
generation cost is economical.
4) There are easier maintenance.
5) Thermal power plant can be installed in any location where
transportation & bulk of water are available.
39. List the Disadvantages of Thermal Power Station
1) The running cost for a thermal power station is comparatively high due
to fuel,maintenance etc.
J.C.Vijayshree
30
2) Large amount of smoke causes air pollution.The thermal power station

is responsible for Global warming.
3) The heated water that comes from thermal power plant has an adverse
effect on the lives in the water and disturbs the ecology.
4) Overall efficiency of thermal power plant is low like less 30%.
40. Draw the schematic diagram of Hydroelectric Power Plants
41.State the Working principle of Hydroelectric Power Plants

Hydro-electric power plant utilizes the potential energy of water stored in
a dam built across the river. The potential energy of the water is used to
run water turbine to which the electric generator is coupled. The
mechanical energy available at the shaft of the turbine is converted into
electrical
energy
by
means
of
the
generator.
42. Classify hydro-power plants
high head power plant.
medium head plant.
low head plant.
43.
State the Advantages of hydro-electric power plants
1. Water is a renewable source of energy. Water which is the operating

fluid, is neither consumed or converted into something else..
J.C.Vijayshree
31
2. Water is the cheapest source of energy because it exists as a free

gift of nature. The fuels needed for thermal, diesel and nuclear
plants are exhaustible and expensive.
3. There are no ash disposable problems as in case of thermal power
plant.
4. Hydro-plant does not pose the problem of air pollution as in the case
of thermal plant or radiation hazards as in the case of nuclear plant.
5. Variable loads do not affect the efficiency in the case of a hydroplant.
6. Life of hydro-plant is very long (1 or 2 centuries) compared with
thermal plant ( 3 to 4 decades). This is because the hydro-plants
operate at atmospheric temperature, whereas thermal plants
operate at very high temperature (about 500 to 800c).
7. Hydro plants provide additional benefits like irrigation, flood control,
fishery and recreation.
8. The water storage of hydro-plant can also be used for domestic
water supply.
9. Auxiliaries needed for the hydro-plant are less compared to thermal
plant of equal capacity.
10.
It requires less supervising staff.
11.
Maintenance cost is low.
44.State the Disadvantages of hydro-electric power plant:

1. Hydro-plants are generally situated away from the load centres.
Hence long transmission lines are required for delivery of power.
This increases the cost of transmission lines and also transmission
losses. But a thermal plant can be located near the load centre,
thereby the transmission cost and transmission losses are
considerably reduced.
2. The power produced by hydro-plant depends upon the quantity of
water which in turn is dependent upon the rainfall. The dry year
affects the hydro power generation considerably.
3. Initial cost of the plant is high.
4. Erection of hydro-plant (construction of dam) usually takes a long
period of time.
45.Define fuses
A fuse is made up of a piece of metal that melts when overheated; a
circuit breaker has an internal switch mechanism that is tripped by an
J.C.Vijayshree
32
unsafe surge of electricity. Fuses tend to be quicker to interrupt the flow of

power, but must be replaced after they melt, while circuit breakers can
usually simply be reset.
46. How Fuses Work?
When the electricity is flowing normally, the fuse permits the power to
pass unobstructed across its filament, between circuits. If an overload
occurs, the filament melts, stopping the flow of electricity.
47. How Circuit Breakers Work?
A circuit breaker works in one of two ways, with an electromagnet (or
solenoid) or a bi-metal strip. In either case, the basic design is the same:
when turned on, the breaker allows electrical current to pass from a
bottom to an upper terminal across the solenoid or strip. When the current
reaches unsafe levels, the magnetic force of the solenoid becomes so
strong that a metal lever within the switch mechanism is thrown, and the
current is broken.
48. State the Advantages of fuses
The fuse and circuit breaker both have advantages and disadvantages,
each of which can depend on the situation in which they are used. Fuses
are inexpensive and can be purchased from any hardware store. They also
tend to react very quickly to overloading, which means that they can offer
more protection to sensitive electronic devices. This quick reaction can be
a disadvantage, however, if the circuit is prone to surges that regularly
cause fuses to blow.
49. State the Disadvantages of fuses
Fuses must always be replaced once they are blown, which can be
challenging in a darkened room or if the appropriate replacement is not
immediately available. Another issue is that a do-it-yourselfer can
mistakenly select a fuse that has a voltage or current rating that is too
high for his needs, which can result in an overheated circuit. In addition,
there may be exposed electrical connections in a fuse box, which can pose
a danger to someone who does not follow the proper safety precautions.
50. State the
Advantages of Circuit breakers
Circuit breakers have many advantages, not the least of which is how
quickly they can be reset. It is usually clear which switch has tripped, and
it can be easily reset in most cases. For the average homeowner, it is also
safer because there is no question about choosing the right fuse rating
and all of the electrical connections are hidden in a breaker box.
51. State the Disadvantages of Circuit breakers
J.C.Vijayshree
33
A drawback to using a circuit breaker is that it is usually more expensive

to install and repair. A circuit breaker also typically does not react as
quickly as a fuse to surges in power, meaning that it is possible that
electronics connected to the circuit could be damaged by "let-through"
energy. It also is more sensitive to vibration and movement, which can
cause a switch to trip for reasons unrelated to an electricity overload.
52. State the Applications of fuses and circuit breakers
A fuse and circuit breaker are not interchangeable for all power
applications. For example, a fuse cannot be used in situations that require
a GFCI. Electricians are best qualified to determine whether a fuse or
circuit breaker system is better for a particular electrical installation or
upgrade.
PART B ELECTRONICS
UNIT IV
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
1. What is a PN Junction Diode
A PN Junction Diode is one of the simplest Semiconductor Devices around,
and which has the characteristic of passing current in only one direction
only.
2. Define Forward biasing of a PN Junction Diode
If a suitable positive voltage (forward bias) is applied between the two
ends of the PN junction, it can supply free electrons and holes with the
extra energy they require to cross the junction as the width of the
depletion layer around the PN junction is decreased.
3. Define Reverse biasing of a PN Junction Diode
By applying a negative voltage (reverse bias) results in the free charges
being pulled away from the junction resulting in the depletion layer width
being increased. This has the effect of increasing or decreasing the
effective resistance of the junction itself allowing or blocking current flow
through the diode.
4. Draw the PN Junction Diode Symbol
J.C.Vijayshree
34
5. Draw the PN diode I-V Characteristics.
6. Define zero bias in a PN diode

Zero Bias No external voltage potential is applied to the PN junction
diode.
7. Define Reverse bias in a PN diode
Reverse Bias The voltage potential is connected negative, (-ve) to the
P-type material and positive, (+ve) to the N-type material across the
diode which has the effect of Increasing the PN junction diodes width.
8. Define Forward bias in a PN diode
Forward Bias The voltage potential is connected positive, (+ve) to the
P-type material and negative, (-ve) to the N-type material across the
J.C.Vijayshree
35
diode which has the effect of Decreasing the PN junction diodes

width.
9. Draw the circuit for Half-wave rectifier without capacitor
filter
10.
c
Describe the Half Wave Rectifier Operation
The output is positive and significant during the positive half cycles of
input wave. At the same time output is zero or insignificant during
negative half cycles of input wave. This is called half wave
rectification.
11.
Describe the Working of a Half wave rectifier
The primary of the transformer is being connected to the ac supply mains.

The ac voltage across the secondary winding changes polarities after
every half cycle of input wave.
During the positive half-cycles of the input ac voltage the diode is forward
biased and therefore conducts current
During the negative half cycles of the input ac voltage the diode is reverse
biased and so does not conduct.
12.
List the Advantages of Half wave rectifier
Advantage of a half wave rectifier is only that its cheap, simple and easy
to construct. It is cheap because of the low number of components
involved. Simple because of the straight forwardness in circuit design.
J.C.Vijayshree
36
13. List the Disadvantages of Half wave rectifier

1. The output current in the load contains, in addition to dc component, ac
components of basic frequency equal to that of the input voltage
frequency. Ripple factor is high and an elaborate filtering is, therefore,
required to give steady dc output.
2. The power output and, therefore, rectification efficiency is quite low.
This is due to the fact that power is delivered only during one half cycle of
the input alternating voltage.
3. Transformer utilization factor is low.
4. DC saturation of transformer core resulting in magnetizing current and
hysteresis losses and generation of harmonics.
The DC output available from a half-wave rectifier is not satisfactory to
make a general power supply. However it can be used for some
applications like battery charging.
13.
Draw the circuit for Half Wave Rectifier with Capacitor
Filter
14.
Define Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
Peak Inverse Voltage is the maximum voltage that the rectifying diode has
to withstand, during the reverse biased period.
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) of half wave rectifier = VSMAX
15.
Give the expression for Peak Currents of Half Wave
Rectifier
Current flowing through the diode
IMAX = VSMAX/(RF + RL)
J.C.Vijayshree
37
16.
Give the expression for DC Output Current of Half Wave
Rectifier
DC Output Current of Half Wave Rectifier
Idc = VSMAX/ = VSMAX/ RL if RL >> RF
17.
Give the expression for DC Output Voltage of Half Wave
Rectifier
Dc value of voltage across the load is given by
Vdc = Idc RL = VSMAX/pi(RF + RL)X RL = VSMAX/{1+RF/RL }
If RL >> RF, Vdc = VSMAX/pi
18.
Give the expression for RMS value of current flowing
through diode in half wave rectifier
RMS value of current flowing through the diode is given as
19.
Give the expression for Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
of Output Voltage
RMS value of voltage across the load is given as
VLrms = Irms RL = VSMAX RL /2(RF + RL) = VSMAX/2{1+RF/RL }
If RL >> RF, VLrms = VSMAX/2
20.
Define Rectification Efficiency
Rectification efficiency is defined as the ratio between the output power to

the ac input power.
Efficiency, = DC power delivered to the load/AC input power from the
transformer = Pdc/Pac
21.
Define Ripple Factor
Ripple factor is in fact a measure of the remaining alternating components

in a filtered rectifier output. It is the ratio of the effective value of the ac
J.C.Vijayshree
38
components of voltage (or current) present in the output from the rectifier
to the dc component in output voltage (or current).
22.
Define Regulation
The variation of the output voltage as a function of dc load current is

called regulation. Percentage regulation is given as
% Regulation = {(Vno-load Vfull-load)/ Vfull-load}* 100
23.
Sttae the Uses of Half wave rectifier
Any rectifier is used to construct DC power supplies. The practical

application of any rectifier (be it half wave or full wave) is to be used as a
component in building DC power supplies.
24.
What is a Full Wave Rectifier ?
In a Full Wave Rectifier circuit two diodes are now used, one for each
half of the cycle producing an output during both half-cycles, twice that
for the half wave rectifier so it is 100% efficient.
25.
Draw the Full Wave Rectifier Circuit
26.
State the advantage of Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
The main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not require a
special centre tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The
single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge
network and the load to the other side as shown below.
27.
Draw the circuit for Diode Bridge Rectifier
J.C.Vijayshree
39
28.
Draw the circuit for Full-wave Rectifier with Smoothing
Capacitor
29.
How the Parameters should be selected for smoothing
capacitor of FWR?
Working Voltage, must be higher than the no-load output value of the
rectifier and its Capacitance Value, which determines the amount of ripple
that will appear superimposed on top of the DC voltage.
30.
Define Bridge Rectifier Ripple Voltage
Where: I is the DC load current in amps, is the frequency of the ripple or

twice the input frequency in Hertz, and C is the capacitance in Farads.
31.
State the Advantages of a full-wave bridge rectifier
J.C.Vijayshree
40
The main advantages of a full-wave bridge rectifier is that it has a smaller

AC ripple value for a given load and a smaller reservoir or smoothing
capacitor than an equivalent half-wave rectifier.
32.
What are Junction Transistors?
In this type of transistor any one type of semiconductors is sandwiched

between the other type of semiconductor. For example, an n - type can be
sandwiched between two p - type semiconductors or similarly one p - type
can be sandwiched between two n - type semiconductors. These are
called p - n - p and n - p - n transistors respectively.
33.
Define BJT
A bipolar junction transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device

consisting of two p-n junctions which is able to amplify or magnify a
signal. It is a current controlled device. The three terminals of the BJT are
the base, the collector and the emitter.
34.
Give the basic diagrams of the two types of bipolar junction
transistors
35.
J.C.Vijayshree
Draw the circuit of N-P-N Bipolar Junction Transistor
41
36.
Draw the circuit of P-N-P Bipolar Junction Transistor
37.
Why BJTs are called minority carrier devices?
Only a small part current flows due to majority carriers and most of the
current flows due to minority charge carriers in a BJT. Hence, they are
called as minority carrier devices.
38. What is two diode analogy of BJT
A p-n junction is represented by a diode. As a transistor has two p-n
junctions, it is equivalent to two diodes connected back to back. This is
called as the two diode analogy of the BJT.
38.
List the modes of operation of BJT
i) Common Base (CB) mode

ii) Common Emitter (CE) mode
iii) Common Collector (CC) mode
39.Draw the circuit of BJT in CB mode
40.Draw the circuit of BJT in CE mode

J.C.Vijayshree
42
41.Draw the circuit of BJT in CC mode
J.C.Vijayshree
43
42. Draw the Common Base Input Characteristics
42.
Draw the Common Base Output Characteristics
43.
J.C.Vijayshree
Draw the Common Emitter Input Characteristics
44
44.
Draw the Common Emitter Output characteristics
45.
State the Application of BJT
BJT's are used in discrete circuit designed due to availability of many

types, and obviously because of its high transconductane and output
resistance which is better than MOSFET. BJT's are suitable for high
frequency application also. Thats why they are used in radio frequency for
wireless systems. Another application of BJT can be stated as small signal
amplifier, metal proximity photocell, etc.
46.
Give the expression for Voltage drop in a BJT amplifier
J.C.Vijayshree
45
VO = - RLIC
VO gives the output voltage of the amplifier. There is a negative sign
because of the collector current gives a voltage drop across RL with
polarity opposite to the reference polarity.
47.
Give the expression for Voltage gain in a BJT amplifier
The voltage gain AV for the amplifier is given the ratio between the output
voltages VO to the input voltage Vi, so,
48.
Give the expression for Power gain in a BJT amplifier
power gain Ap of the transistor is the ratio between the output power and
the input power
49. Draw the Hartley oscillator tank circuit
Hartley Oscillator Tank Circuit

50. Give the expression for The frequency of oscillation of the Hartley
Oscillator
The frequency of oscillation of the Hartley Oscillator being given as.
J.C.Vijayshree
46
51. Draw the circuit of a RC Phase-Shift Network
52. Draw the Basic RC Oscillator Circuit
53. Give the expression for The frequency of oscillation of the RC

Oscillator
The frequency of oscillations produced by the RC oscillator is given as:
Where:
r is the Output Frequency in Hertz
R is the Resistance in Ohms
C is the Capacitance in Farads
N is the number of RC stages. (N = 3)
J.C.Vijayshree
47
54. List the types of JFET

JFETs are of two types, namely N-channel JFETs and P-channel JFETs.
55. Define the terminal Source of a JFET
The terminal through which the majority carriers enter the channel, is
called the source terminal S and the conventional current entering the
channel at S is designated as Ig.
56. Define the terminal Drain of a JFET
The terminal, througih which the majority carriers leave the channel, is
called the drain terminal D and the conventional current leaving the
channel at D is designated as ID.
57. Define the terminal Gate of a JFET
There are two internally connected heavily doped impurity regions formed
by alloying, by diffusion, or by any other method available to create two PN junctions. These impurity regions are called the gate G. A voltage V GS is
applied between the gate and source in the direction to reverse-bias the
P-N junction. Conventional current entering the channel at G is designated
as IG.
57. Define the terml Channel of a JFET
The region between the source and drain, sandwiched between the two
gates is called the channel and the majority carriers move from source to
drain through this channel.
58. Draw the polarity conventions of JFET
J.C.Vijayshree
48
59. Draw the circuit of JFET
60. Write about the two forms of MOSFETs

1. Depletion Type the transistor requires the Gate-Source voltage, (
VGS ) to switch the device OFF. The depletion mode MOSFET is
equivalent to a Normally Closed switch.
2. Enhancement Type
the transistor requires a Gate-Source
voltage, ( VGS ) to switch the device ON. The enhancement mode
MOSFET is equivalent to a Normally Open switch.
61. Draw the Basic MOSFET Structure
J.C.Vijayshree
49
UNIT V
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
1. Define Boolean algebra
Boolean Algebra is a system of mathematics based on logic that has its
own set of rules or laws which are used to define and reduce Boolean
expressions.
2. What are the Variables Used in Boolean algebra
The variables used in Boolean Algebra only have one of two possible
values, a logic 0 and a logic 1 but an expression can have an infinite
number of variables all labelled individually to represent inputs to the
expression
3. Define Annulment Law
A term ANDed with a 0 equals 0 or ORed with a 1 will equal 1.
A . 0 = 0,
A variable ANDed with 0 is always equal to 0.
A + 1 = 1,
A variable ORed with 1 is always equal to 1.
4. Define Identity Law

A term ORed with a 0 or ANDed with a 1 will always equal
that term.
A + 0 = A, A variable ORed with 0 is always equal to the
variable.
J.C.Vijayshree
50
A . 1 = A,
variable.
A variable ANDed with 1 is always equal to the
5. Define Indempotent Law

An input ANDed with itself or ORed with itself is equal to that input.
A + A = A,
variable.
A variable ORed with itself is always equal to the
A . A = A,
variable.
A variable ANDed with itself is always equal to the
6. Define Complement Law

A term ANDed with its complement equals 0 and a term ORed with
its complement equals 1.
A . A = 0,
equal to 0.
A + A = 1,
equal to 1.
A variable ANDed with its complement is always

A variable ORed with its complement is always
7. Define Commutative Law

The order of application of two separate terms is not important.
A . B = B . A, The order in which two variables are ANDed
makes no difference.
A + B = B + A, The order in which two variables are ORed
makes no difference.
8. Define Double Negation Law
A term that is inverted twice is equal to the original term.
A = A,
A double complement of a variable is always equal to
the variable.
9. Define De Morgans Theorem
There are two de Morgans rules or theorems,
Two separate terms NORed together is the same as the two
terms inverted (Complement) and ANDed for example, A+B = A.
B.
J.C.Vijayshree
51
Two separate terms NANDed together is the same as the two

terms inverted (Complement) and ORed for example, A.B = A
+B.
10.
Define Distributive Law
This law permits the multiplying or factoring out of an expression.
A(B + C) = A.B + A.C
(OR Distributive Law)
A + (B.C) = (A + B).(A + B)
11.
(AND Distributive Law)
Define Absorptive Law
This law enables a reduction in a complicated expression to a simpler

one by absorbing like terms.
12.
A + (A.B) = A
(OR Absorption Law)
A(A + B) = A
(AND Absorption Law)
Define Associative Law
This law allows the removal of brackets from an expression and

regrouping of the variables.
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C = A + B + C
A(B.C) = (A.B)C = A . B . C
13.
(OR Associate Law)
(AND Associate Law)
Define De Morgans Theorem 1
The left hand side (LHS) of this theorem represents a NAND gate
with input A and B where the right hand side (RHS) of the theorem
represents an OR gate with inverted inputs.
This OR gate is called as Bubbled OR.
14.
Draw the Diagramatic representation of De Morgans
Theorem 1
J.C.Vijayshree
52
15.
1
Provide the Verification table of De Morgans Theorem
Table showing verification of the De-Morgans's first theorem
16.
Define De Morgans Theorem 2
The LHS of this theorem represented a NOR gate with input A and B
whereas the RHS represented an AND gate with inverted inputs.
This AND gate is called as Bubbled AND.
17.
Draw the Diagramatic representation of De Morgans
Theorem 2
J.C.Vijayshree
53
18.
2
Provide the Verification table of De Morgans Theorem
Table showing verification of the De-Morgans's second theorem
19.
State about 2-input AND Gate
For a 2-input AND gate, the output Q is true if BOTH input A AND input B
are both true, giving the Boolean Expression of: ( Q = A and B ).
Symbol
Boolean Expression Q = A.B
Truth Table
A
B
Q
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
Read as A AND B gives Q
Note that the Boolean Expression for a two input AND gate can be written
as: A.B or just simply AB without the decimal point.
20.
State about 2-input OR (Inclusive OR) Gate
J.C.Vijayshree
54
For a 2-input OR gate, the output Q is true if EITHER input A OR input B

is true, giving the Boolean Expression of: ( Q = A or B ).
Symbol
Boolean Expression Q = A+B
21.
Truth Table
A
B
Q
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
Read as A OR B gives Q
State about NOT Gate
For a single input NOT gate, the output Q is ONLY true when the input is
NOT true, the output is the inverse or complement of the input giving
the Boolean Expression of: ( Q = NOT A ).
Symbol
Boolean Expression Q = NOT A or A
Truth Table
A
0
Q
1
Read as inversion of A gives

Q
The NAND and the NOR Gates are a combination of the AND and OR Gates
with that of a NOT Gate or inverter.
22.
State about 2-input NAND (Not AND) Gate
For a 2-input NAND gate, the output Q is true if BOTH input A and input B
are NOT true, giving the Boolean Expression of: ( Q = not(A and B) ).
Symbol
Boolean Expression Q = A .B
J.C.Vijayshree
Truth Table
A
B
Q
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
Read as A AND B gives NOTQ
55
23. State about 2-input NOR (Not OR) Gate

For a 2-input NOR gate, the output Q is true if BOTH input A and input B
are NOT true, giving the Boolean Expression of: ( Q = not(A or B) ).
Symbol
Truth Table
A
B
Q
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
Read as A OR B gives NOT-Q
Boolean Expression Q = A+B
As well as the standard logic gates there are also two special types of
logic gate function called an Exclusive-OR Gate and an Exclusive-NOR
Gate. The actions of both of these types of gates can be made using the
above standard gates however, as they are widely used functions, they
are now available in standard IC form and have been included here as
reference.
24. State about 2-input EX-OR (Exclusive OR) Gate
For a 2-input Ex-OR gate, the output Q is true if EITHER input A or if input
B is true, but NOT both giving the Boolean Expression of: ( Q = (A and NOT
B) or (NOT A and B) ).
Symbol
Boolean Expression Q = A
Truth Table
A
B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
Q
0
1
1
0
25. State about 2-input EX-NOR (Exclusive NOR) Gate

For a 2-input Ex-NOR gate, the output Q is true if BOTH input A and input
B are the same, either true or false, giving the Boolean Expression of: ( Q
= (A and B) or (NOT A and NOT B) ).
Symbol
Boolean Expression Q = A
J.C.Vijayshree
Truth Table
A
B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
B
56
Q
1
0
0
1
26.
Define a Flip flop
A flip flop is a binary storage device. It can store binary bit either 0 or 1. It
has two stable states HIGH and LOW i.e. 1 and 0. These devices are
mainly used in situations which require one or more of these
three.Operations, storage and sequencing.
27.
Draw the Circuit Diagram of Latch R-S Flip Flop
Figure : Latch R-S Flip Flop Using NAND and NOR Gates
28.
Give the Simple NAND R-S Flip Flop Truth Table

Table : Simple NAND R-S Flip
Flop Truth Table
S
indeterminate
Set (1)
Reset(0)
No Change
29. Give the Simple NOR R-S Flip Flop Truth Table
Table : NOR Gate R-S Flip Flop

Truth Table
J.C.Vijayshree
No Change
57
Table : NOR Gate R-S Flip Flop

Truth Table
S
Reset (0)
Set (1)
Indeterminate
30.Draw the Circuit Diagram of Clocked RS Flip Flop
31. Define D Flip Flop

A D type (Data or delay flip flop) has a single data input in addition to the
clock input.
32. Draw the Circuit Diagram of
D Flip Flop
33. Give the Truth Table of D Flip Flop

J.C.Vijayshree
58
Table : Truth table for D Flip Flop

S
Q(t + 1)
34. Give the Excitation table of
D Flip Flop
Table : Excitation table for D Flip

Flop
S
35. State about JK Flip Flop

One of the most useful and versatile flip flop is the JK flip flop the unique
features of a JK flip flop are:
1. If the J and K input are both at 1 and the clock pulse is applied, then
the output will change state, regardless of its previous condition.
2. If both J and K inputs are at 0 and the clock pulse is applied there
will be no change in the output. There is no indeterminate condition,
in the operation of JK flip flop i.e. it has no ambiguous state. The
circuit diagram for a JK flip flop is shown in Figure 4.
37.
J.C.Vijayshree
Draw the Circuit Diagram of JK Flip Flop
59
38.
39.
Give the Truth Table of JK Flip Flop

Table : The truth table for the JK flip flop
Initial Conditions
Inputs
(Pulsed)
Final Output
Q (t + 1)
Give the Excitation table of JK Flip Flop

Table : Excitation table for JK
Flip Flop
J.C.Vijayshree
No Change
0
60
Table : Excitation table for JK

Flip Flop
40.
Toggle
Define T Flip Flop
A method of avoiding the indeterminate state found in the working of RS

flip flop is to provide only one input ( the T input ) such, flip flop acts as a
toggle switch. Toggle means to change in the previous stage i.e. switch to
opposite state.
41.
Draw the Circuit Diagram of T Flip Flop
42.
Give the Truth Table of T Flip Flop

Table: Truth table for T Flip Flop
43.
Qn
Qn + 1
Give the Excitation table T Flip Flop

Table : Excitation table for T
Flip Flop
J.C.Vijayshree
Qn
61
44.
Draw the Schematic Diagram of Master Slave Flip
Flop
Figure : Master Slave JK Flip Flop

45.
State the Characteristics of combinational circuits
The output of combinational circuit at any instant of time, depends

only on the levels present at input terminals.
The combinational circuit do not use any memory. The previous

state of input does not have any effect on the present state of the
circuit.
A combinational circuit can have a n number of inputs and m

number of outputs.
46.
Draw the Block diagram of combinational circuit
47. Define a Half Adder

Half adder is a combinational logic circuit with two input and two output.
The half adder circuit is designed to add two single bit binary number A
and B. It is the basic building block for addition of two single bit numbers.
This circuit has two outputs carry and sum.
48.Draw the Block diagram of a Half Adder
J.C.Vijayshree
62
49.
Give the Truth Table of a Half Adder
50.
Draw the Circuit Diagram of a Half Adder
51. Define Full Adder

Full adder is developed to overcome the drawback of Half Adder circuit. It
can add two one-bit numbers A and B, and carry c. The full adder is a
three input and two output combinational circuit.
51.
Draw the Block diagram of Full Adder
52.
Give the Truth Table of Full Adder
J.C.Vijayshree
63
53 Draw the Circuit Diagram of Full Adder
54. Define Half Subtractors

Half subtractor is a combination circuit with two inputs and two outputs
(difference and borrow). It produces the difference between the two binary
bits at the input and also produces a output (Borrow) to indicate if a 1 has
been borrowed. In the subtraction (A-B), A is called as Minuend bit and B is
called as Subtrahend bit.
55. Give the Truth Table of Half Subtractors
J.C.Vijayshree
64
56. Draw the Circuit Diagram of Half Subtractors
57. Describe about Full Subtractors

The disadvantage of a half subtractor is overcome by full subtractor. The
full subtractor is a combinational circuit with three inputs A,B,C and two
output D and C'. A is the minuend, B is subtrahend, C is the borrow
produced by the previous stage, D is the difference output and C' is the
borrow output.
58. Give the Truth Table of Full Subtractors
59. Draw the Circuit Diagram of Full Subtractors

J.C.Vijayshree
65
60. What are Sequential Logic circuits ?

The output state of a sequential logic circuit is a function of the
following three states, the present input, the past input and/or the
past output.
Sequential Logic circuits remember these conditions and stay fixed in their
current state until the next clock signal changes one of the states, giving
sequential logic circuits Memory.
61. Draw the Sequential Logic Representation
62. Describe about Ripple Counter

A ripple counter is an asynchronous counter where only the first flip-flop is
clocked by an external clock. All subsequent flip-flops are clocked by the
output of the preceding flip-flop. Asynchronous counters are also called
J.C.Vijayshree
66
ripple-counters because of the way the clock pulse ripples it way through
the flip-flops.
63. Define Mod of a Ripple Counter

The MOD of the ripple counter or asynchronous counter is 2n if n flip-flops
are used. For a 4-bit counter, the range of the count is 0000 to 1111 (2 41).
64. What are Count up / Count down timers?
A counter may count up or count down or count up and down depending
on the input control. The count sequence usually repeats itself. When
counting up, the count sequence goes from 0000, 0001, 0010, ... 1110 ,
1111 , 0000, 0001, ... etc. When counting down the count sequence goes
in the opposite manner: 1111, 1110, ... 0010, 0001, 0000, 1111, 1110, ...
etc.
The complement of the count sequence counts in reverse direction. If the
uncomplemented output counts up, the complemented output counts
down. If the uncomplemented output counts down, the complemented
output counts up.
65. What are Asynchronous / Synchronous counters?
Asynchronous counters are slower than synchronous counters because of
the delay in the transmission of the pulses from flip-flop to flip-flop. With a
synchronous circuit, all the bits in the count change synchronously with
the assertion of the clock.
66.Describe about Shift Register
The Shift Register is another type of sequential logic circuit that can be
used for the storage or the transfer of data in the form of binary numbers.
This sequential device loads the data present on its inputs and then
moves or shifts it to its output once every clock cycle, hence the name
shift register.
67. Describe the Construction of Shift Register
A shift register basically consists of several single bit D-Type Data
Latches, one for each data bit, either a logic 0 or a 1, connected
together in a serial type daisy-chain arrangement so that the output from
one data latch becomes the input of the next latch and so on.
68. Describe the of shifting in Shift Register
J.C.Vijayshree
67
Data bits may be fed in or out of a shift register serially, that is one after
the other from either the left or the right direction, or all together at the
same time in a parallel configuration.
69. State the Usage of Shift Register
Shift Registers are used for data storage or for the movement of data and
are therefore commonly used inside calculators or computers to store data
such as two binary numbers before they are added together, or to convert
the data from either a serial to parallel or parallel to serial format. The
individual data latches that make up a single shift register are all driven
by a common clock ( Clk ) signal making them synchronous devices.
70. List the Modes of operation of Shift Register
Serial-in to Parallel-out (SIPO)
Serial-in to Serial-out (SISO)
Parallel-in to Serial-out (PISO)
Parallel-in to Parallel-out (PIPO)
UNIT VI
COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
1. Draw the Model of communication system
2. Define Source
An information source. Presumably a person who creates a
message.
3. Define Message
The message, which is both sent by the information source and
received by the destination.
J.C.Vijayshree
68
4. What is a Transmitter ?
A transmitter. For Shannon's immediate purpose a telephone
instrument that captures an audio signal, converts it into an
electronic signal, and amplifies it for transmission through the
telephone network.
5. What is a Signal ?
The signal, which flows through a channel. There may be multiple
parallel signals, as is the case in face-to-face interaction where
sound and gesture involve different signal systems that depend on
different channels and modes of transmission.
6. What is a Channel ?
A carrier or channel, which is represented by the small unlabeled
box in the middle of the model. The most commonly used channels
include air, light, electricity, radio waves, paper, and postal systems.
Note that there may be multiple channels associated with the
multiple layers of transmission, as described above.
6. Define Noise
Noise, in the form of secondary signals that obscure or confuse the
signal carried. 7. What is a Receiver ?
A receiver. In Shannon's conception, the receiving telephone
instrument. In face to face communication a set of ears (sound)
and eyes (gesture). In television, several layers of receiver,
including an antenna and a television set.
8. What is a Destination?
A destination. Presumably a person who consumes and
processes the message.
9. Define communication
Communications is the field of study concerned with the transmission of
information through various means. It can also be defined as technology
employed in transmitting messages. It can also be defined as the intertransmitting the content of data (speech, signals, pulses etc.) from one
node to another.
10.
Define communication system
A communication system is a combination of processes and the hardware

used to accomplish the transfer of the Information (communication).
J.C.Vijayshree
69
Communication system consists of Analog and Digital communication.

11.
Define analog communication
Analog communication is a communication method of conveying voice,

data, image, signal or video information using a continuous signal which
varies in amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion to that of
a variable.
12.
Define digital communication
Digital communications is the physical transfer of data (a digital bit

stream) over a point-to-point or point-to-multi point transmission medium.
Examples of such media are copper wires, optical fibers, wireless
communication media, and storage media.
13. What are the advantages of digital communication?
a). It is fast and easier.
b). No paper is wasted.
c). The messages can be stored in the device for longer times, without
being damaged, unlike paper files that easily get damages or attacked by
insects.
d). Digital communication can be done over large distances through
internet and other things.
e). It is comparatively cheaper and the work which requires a lot of people
can be done simply by one person as folders and other such facilities can
be maintained.
f). It removes semantic barriers because the written data can be easily
chaned to different languages using software.
g). It provides facilities like video conferencing which save a lot of time,
money and effort.
14. What are the disadvantages of digital communication?
a). It is unreliable as the messages cannot be recognised by signatures.
Though software can be developed for this, yet the softwares can be
easily hacked.
b). Sometimes, the quickness of digital communication is harmful as
messages can be sent with the click of a mouse. The person oes not think
and sends the message at an impulse.
J.C.Vijayshree
70
c). Digital Communication has completely ignored the human touch. A

personal touch cannot be established because all the computers will have
the same font!
d). The establishment of Digital Communication causes degradation of the
environment in some cases. "Electronic waste" is an example. The vibes
given out by the telephone and cell phone towers are so strong that they
can kill small birds. Infact the common sparrow has vanished due to so
many towers coming up as the vibrations hit them on the head.
e). Digital Communication has made the whole wordl to be an "office." The
people carry their work to places where they are supposed to relax. The
whole world has been made into an office. Even in the office, digital
communication causes problems because personal messages can come
on your cell phone, internet, etc.
f). Many people misuse the efficiency of Digital Communicatio.
15. Define Telecommunication
Data or telecommunications is the process of the electronically sending
and receiving messages between two points. In communications, both
analog and digital signals move data over communication channels.
16. What are the Types of communication?
The two main types of communication through the internet connection is
Wired and Wireless.
17. State about Wired communication
Wired transmission media for data travel is still widely used. A twisted
pair wire is a copper cable used for telephone and data communications.
The twisted pair wire or a basic telephone connection is cheap, but the
speed does not work well enough to carry vidoes, voice notes, and data at
the same time. Other wired communication methods are a coaxial cable,
a copper wire surrounded by a layer of braided wire. This wire transfers
data at rates of 10 Mbps.
18. State about Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication is often more popular these days. Wireless
communication is used in our everyday lives not only by internet
connection but through the use of radio, microwaves, satellites, and even
devices such as bluetooth.
19. Draw the
Block diagram of Microwave communication
systems
J.C.Vijayshree
71
20. What are Microwave?

Microwave refer to high frequencies (above 300MHz) and short wave
lengths, at the microwave components depends on the changing electro
magnetic fields instead of current in the conductor or voltage across the 2
points a microwave propagated through the line of sight , there fore it is
necessary to install repeater station at about 50km interval.
22.
State the Uses of microwave
Microwave signal are used for communication over long distance

continental or intercontinental. Microwave is the communication link
which make the communication possible.
23.
What is a Natural satellite?
Moon is a natural satellite of earth. However we are not interested in the
natural satellites. We want to learn something different about the artificial
(man made) satellites.
24.
What is an Artificial satellite?
An artificial satellite orbits or revolves around the earth in exactly the
same manner as electrons revolve around the nucleus of an atom. The
path in which satellites move are call as orbits. The orbits are of different
types such as synchronous orbits, polar orbits and inclined orbits, out of
which the synchronous or geostationary orbit is used by the geostationary
satellites. The geostationary satellites take exactly 24 hours to complete
one revolution around the earth, therefore they appear to be stationary.
25.
List the Types of satellites
The satellites can be used for variety of purposes. Depending on the type
of application, the satellites are classified into the following categories:
J.C.Vijayshree
72
1.Communication Satellites
2.Remote sensing Satellites
3.Weather Satellites
4.Scientific Satellites
26. Draw the Block Diagram of a Satellite Communication System
27. Draw the Block diagram of optical fiber transmitter
29.
What is optical fiber communication system?
In the optical fiber a modulated beam of light are used to carry the
information on the principle of total internal reflection.
30. Draw the block diagram of Optical Fiber Receiver
J.C.Vijayshree
73
31.State the Merits of Optical Fiber System

1. when high freq signal are propagated through convention coaxial
cable ,it loss half of its power only after a few hundred meters
where as the optical fiber loss the sauce amount of power in 15km
or more .Thus repeater will be required at very long distance.
2. The T/N rate is possible on optical fiber is 10GB/sec while in coaxial
cable is 1GB/sec.
3. Because of very small size and light in weight and large Flexibility, it
produces a number of advantages over cupper wires at the
installation time.
4. As the fiber optic has no electrical conductivity, there fore
Grounding and protection are not necessary.
5. Using optical fiber the transmission loss is very low.
32. State the Demerits of Optical Fiber System
1. The joining of fiber optics cables need greater care because if the
Joining is not correct; a lot of attenuation will produce in high Wave
length.
2. As the fiber optics have no electrical conductivity, there fore
additional Copper cable is not used with optical fiber to provide
power supply to the repeaters.
3. The installation cost is very high as compare to the other types of
T/N lines.
4. The big and base disadvantage of optical fiber is its cost, means its
cost is slightly more expansive than copper cable. However its cast
is falling day by day. When it comes down in price, then the fiber will
be the choice of everyone for network/communication cabling.
33. Draw the Block diagram of cellular mobile communication
systems
J.C.Vijayshree
74
34. State about the GSM System

Global System for Mobile Communications is the standard for mobile
telephone systems in the world. In GSM, the signaling and speech
channels are digital, therefore GSM is considered a 2G (Second
Generation) system. This helps wide-spread implementation of data
communication applications. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM
network These are macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells.
35. Stae about Macro cells
Macro cells are cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast
above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is
under average roof top level.
36. State about Pico cells
Pico cells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen metres.
These are mainly used in indoors applications.
37. State about Femto cells
Femto cells are cells designed for use in residential or small business
environments and connect to the service providers network via a
broadband internet connection.
39.
State about Umbrella cells
Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill
in gaps in coverage between those cells.Horizontal radius of the cell varies
depending on the antenna height, antenna gain and propagation
conditions. Maximum distance the GSM supports is 35 kilometers. Most 2G
J.C.Vijayshree
75
GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands while 3G GSM
in the 2100 MHz frequency band.
40. What are Computer Networks?
Computer networks are bunch of interconnected PC or computers that
facilitate the exchange of data or some other purposeful work. Computer
networks can be classified into different types based on their scale of
operation.
40.
State about Personal Area Network
A personal area network, or PAN, is a computer network organized

around an individual person within a single building. This could be inside a
small office or residence. A typical PAN would include one or more
computers, telephones, peripheral devices, video game consoles and
other personal entertainment devices.
41.
State about Local Area Network
A local area network, or LAN, consists of a computer network at a

single site, typically an individual office building. A LAN is very useful for
sharing resources, such as data storage and printers. LANs can be built
with relatively inexpensive hardware, such as hubs,
42.
State about Metropolitan Area Network
A metropolitan area network, or MAN, consists of a computer network

across an entire city, college campus or small region. A MAN is larger than
a LAN, which is typically limited to a single building or site. Depending on
the configuration, this type of network can cover an area from several
miles to tens of miles. A MAN is often used to connect several LANs
together to form a bigger network. When this type of network is
specifically designed for a college campus, it is sometimes referred to as a
campus area network, or CAN.
43.
State about Wide Area Network
A wide area network, or WAN, occupies a very large area, such as an

entire country or the entire world. A WAN can contain multiple smaller
networks, such as LANs or MANs. The Internet is the best-known example
of a public WAN.
44.
Define Circuit Switching
In circuit switching network dedicated channel has to be established

before the call is made between users. The channel is reserved between
the users till the connection is active.
J.C.Vijayshree
76
45.
Draw a circuit switched network
46.
Define Packet Switching
In packet switching network unlike CS network, it is not required to

establish the connection initially. The connection/channel is available to
use by many users. But when capacity or number of users increases then
it will lead to congestion in the network. Packet switched networks are
mainly used for data and voice applications requiring non-real time
scenarios.
47.
Draw a packet switched network
48.
Define datagram
In datagram, each packet is treated independently. Packets can take up

any practical route. Packets may arrive out of order and may go
missing.
49.
Define virtual circuits
In virtual circuit, preplanned route is established before any packets are

transmitted. The handshake is established using call request and call
accept messages. Here each packet contains virtual circuit identifier
(VCI) instead of the destination address. In this type, routing decisions
for each packet are not needed.
50.
J.C.Vijayshree
Compare between CS vs. PS networks

77
Circuit Switching
Packet
Packet
Switching(Virtual
Switching(Datagram
Circuit type)
type)
No Dedicated path
No Dedicated path
Dedicated path
Path is established
Route is established Route is established for entire
for
entire
for each packet
conversation
conversation
packet
transmission call setup delay as well as
Call setup delay
delay
packet transmission delay
Overload may block call
Overload may block Overload
increases
setup and increases packet
call setup
packet delay
delay
Fixed bandwidth
Dynamic bandwidth
Dynamic bandwidth
No
overhead
bits overhead bits in each
overhead bits in each packet
after call setup
packet
51.
Define ISDN
ISDN [I*SD'N] n. 1. Integrated Services Digital Network. 2. A digital

telephone service that provides fast, accurate data transmission over
existing copper telephone wiring. 3. The way fast way to go online.
52.
What are B and D channels of ISDN?
B-channel
The Bearer ("B") channel is a 64 kbps channel which can be used for
voice, video, data, or multimedia calls. B-channels can be
aggregated together for even higher bandwidth applications.
D-channel
The Delta ("D") channel can be either a 16 kbps or 64 kbps channel
used primarily for communications (or "signaling") between
switching equipment in the ISDN network and the ISDN equipment
at your site.
53.
Define Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
BRI is the ISDN service most people use to connect to the Internet.
An ISDN BRI connection supports two 64 kbps B-channels and one 16 kbps
D-channel over a standard phone line. BRI is often called "2B+D" referring
to its two B-channels and one D-channel. The D-channel on a BRI line can
even support low-speed (9.6 kbps) X.25 data, however, this is not a very
popular application in the United States.
54.
Define Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
J.C.Vijayshree
78
ISDN PRI service is used primarily by large organizations with

intensive communications needs. An ISDN PRI connection supports 23 64
kbps B-channels and one 64 kbps D-channel (or 23B+D) over a high speed
DS1 (or T-1) circuit. The European PRI configuration is slightly different,
supporting 30B+D.
55.
State the Uses of ISDN
ISDN offers the speed and quality that previously was only available to
people who bought expensive, point-to-point digital leased lines.
Combined with its flexibility as a dial-up service, ISDN has become the
service of choice for many communications applications. Popular ISDN
applications include:
Internet access
Telecommuting/remote access to corporate computing
Video conferencing
Small and home office data networking
56.
State the ISDN Benefits
Even faster
By combining your two B-channels you have access to up to 128
kbps -- more than four times as fast as a 28.8 kbps modem on a
standard phone line. And ISDN's digital technology assures you the
cleanest connection to the Internet so you won't be slowed down by
re-transmissions because of old analog technology.
More efficient and economical

ISDN brings increased capabilities, reduced costs and improved
productivity to organizations both large and small. When you're
looking for something on the Internet, you can get there faster. You
can be more productive because you aren't waiting as long to get to
that next website or download that large file.
J.C.Vijayshree
79

Beee QB

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Beee QB

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Current is the same through

Voltage gets distributed over

6. Compare Energy Vs Power

I left a 60W light bulb on for 30 My car's battery can provide

Classify the circuit parameters

8. What are active elements?

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

What are bi-lateral circuits?

Define ohms law

The potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is

State the Current Law

State the Kirchoffs Voltage Law

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Define circuit and path

Circuit a circuit is a closed loop conducting path in which an

Define node and branch

Node a node is a junction, connection or terminal within a circuit

Branch a branch is a single or group of components such as

Define loop and mesh

Loop a loop is a simple closed path in a circuit in which no circuit

22. State the procedure for using Kirchoffs Circuit Laws

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

24. Draw the representation for a Star Network

25. Draw the representation for a Pi Network.

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

26. Draw the representation for a Delta Network.

27. Write the delta to star network transformations equations

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

28. Write the star to delta network transformations equations

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

30 Write the procedure for Nodal Voltage Analysis

Y11 = the total admittance of the first node.

RJK = the total admittance joining node J to node K.

3. For a network with N independent nodes, [Y] will be an (N x N) matrix

of 18 ohms. How much current is flowing through the curling iron?

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Using Ohms Law,

A resistor has a conductance of 0.100 S. What is its resistance?

What voltage is needed to cause a 500 mA current to flow through the

34. What is the overall resistance of a CD portable player if it is operated by

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

3. Define frequency of a waveform

The Frequency, () is the number of times the waveform repeats

4. Define amplitude of a waveform

The Amplitude (A) is the magnitude or intensity of the signal

5. List the Types of Periodic Waveform

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

6. Write the Relationship Between Frequency and Periodic

7. Define Average Value of an AC Waveform

Where: n equals the actual number of mid-ordinates used.

Define RMS Value of an AC Waveform

Where: n equals the number of mid-ordinates.

Define Form Factor

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Define Crest Factor

State about the Element Impedance

Draw a Series RLC Circuit

Draw the Individual Voltage Vectors for R,L & C

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Draw the Phasor Diagram for a Series RLC Circuit

Give the Impedance of a Series RLC Circuit