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study
guide
Exercise
Physiology:
Understanding
the
Athlete
Within
Key concepts
There are several energy dependent processes involved in muscle contraction and
this energy is provided directly by ATP
ATP levels within skeletal muscle are relatively low and their rate of utilization is
directly related to exercise intensity
ATP is generated within metabolic pathways (energy systems) that involve both
substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation
The motor unit comprises the -motoneuron and all the muscle fibres that it
innervates the nerve has a major influence on the characteristics of the muscle
fibres via its firing frequency and released trophic factors
Human skeletal muscles are composed of two main types of motor units/muscle
fibres type I (slow) and type II (fast), that differ in their contractile, biochemical and
morphological characteristics
Motor units are recruited in proportion to the force/intensity of contraction and from
smallest (slow) to largest (fast) Hennemans size principle
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Neuromuscular transmission
ATP/CP
Anaerobic glycolysis
Oxidative phosphorylation
o
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Properties*
IIa
IIx
Alternative names
MHCI
MHC2A
MHC2X
80
30
Force/power output
++
+++
Endurance capacity
+++
++
30-35
10-20
Mitochondrial density
+++
++
4.2
4.0
3.2
5310
6000
5600
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The muscle fibre type distribution differs between athletes specialized for
strength/power and endurance sports this reflects the interaction between genetic and
environmental (mainly training) factors.
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Stimuli
Signalling
microRNAs.
Reduced CHO oxidation and lactate production and increased fat oxidation during
exercise
Recently, there has been renewed interest in the potential of high intensity training
(sprint training) to elicit many of these adaptations with a considerably smaller time
investment.
Muscle adaptations to resistance training:
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Abbreviations
AdipoR1
adiponectin receptor 1
ADP
adenosine diphosphate
Akt
AMP
adenosine monophosphate
AMPK
AS160
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
BDNF
CaMKII
calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II
CAT
carnitine acyltranferase
CoA
co-enzyme A
CP (PCr)
CPT
carnitine palmitoyltransferase
Cr
creatine
CSA
cross-sectional area
CXCL-1
EMG
electromyogram
ETC
FABPc
FGF
FoxO
FSR
FT
G-1-P
glucose-1-phosphate
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glucose-6-phosphate
GEF
GLP-1
glucagon-like peptide-1
GLUT4
glucose transporter 4
Gly
glycogen
HAT
histone acetyltranferase
HDAC5
IGF-1
IL
interleukin
IM
IMTG
intramyocellular triglyceride
IRS
LAT1
LIF
MAPK
MEF2A
MHCI
MHCII
mTOR
MVC
MyoD
NAD
NADH
NFAT
OM
p38MAPK
PAS
periodic acid-Schiff
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PI3K
phosphatydilinositide-3 kinase
PM
plasma membrane
PPAR
ROS
SIRT
sirtuin
SR
sarcoplasmic reticulum
ST
TCA
tricarboxylic acid
TG
triglyceride/triacylglycerol
TnC
troponin C
UCP-1
uncoupling protein 1
Image credits
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cells with person embedded into image - Image courtesy of Prof. David Costill
7.
Graph- track event - Image courtesy of Prof. David Costill; data from D.L. Costill et al. J. Appl.
Physiol. 40: 149-154, 1976
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