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Fall, 2011
Equation Sheet
F2 on 1 =
c
G
NA
kB
e
0
0
g
1 q1 q2 (r1 r2 )
40 |r1 r2 |3
; Eplane =
r
20
for plate
0 capacitor
A
A
Q = CV ; C = 0 K =
d
d
2
Q
2
Ucap = 12 CV = 12
C
Uind = 12 LI 2
L
V = IR
R=
A
P = IV
P = I 2R
1
20
Q
E=
=
0 A
1 dQ (r r )
40 |r r |3
E = V
V
V
V
= i
+ j
+k
x
y
z
V f Vi =
f
E dl
1 Q
dQ
1
; dV =
40 r
40 |r r |
1
uelec = 12 0 E 2 , umag =
B2
20
V=
Work =
R = mv /(qB)
A B =
F dl
E dA =
Q
0
d
dt
E dl =
u du
=
a2 + u 2
a2 + u 2
du
1
= tan1
a2 + u 2
a
v=
T /
u
a
ln a2 + u
1
2
(T =tension)
v = (347.4 m/s)
T /300
v = f = /k
= 2f
k = 2/
T = 1/f
(T =period)
P = 12 A2 2 v
1
C
RC time constant = RC
LR time constant = L/R
Q(t) for RLC circuit
Q0 exp(Rt/2L) cos t
2 =
= sin cos
1
R2
LC
4L2
cos sin
E dA
u du
=
a2 + u 2
XR = R, XL = L, XC =
solenoid B = 0 nI
solenoid L = 0 N 2 A/l
C = 2r
C = d
A = r2
A = 4r2
V = 43 r3
circumference of circle
circumference of circle
area of circle
surface area of sphere
volume of sphere
du
= ln u + a2 + u2
2
2
a +u
)
2
long wire: B =
eective = 1 + 2
= cos
B dA
d
B dl = 0 I + 0 0
dt
sin(
0 I
2R
center loop: B = 0 I/2R
dQ
I=
I = neAvd
dt
Vs
Ns
Is
Np
=
,
=
Vp
Np
Ip
Ns
m =
1
0
=B
= IA
B dA = 0
F = qv B; dF = Idl B
0 Idl (r r )
dB =
4
|r r |3
1
1
1
=
+
eective
1
2
circ. orbit
j
k
Ay Az
By Bz
i
Ax
Bx
6.626 1034 J s
1.055 1034 J s
9.11 1031 kg
1.6726 1027 kg
1.6749 1027 kg
1.6605 1027 kg
8.99 109 N m2 /C2
h
h
= h/2
me
mp
mn
u
k
Eline =
F = qE
dE (at r) =
Plancks constant
Plancks constant/(2)
electron rest mass
proton rest mass
neutron rest mass
atomic mass unit
1/(40 )
ab
a+b
sin a + sin b = 2 cos
sin
2
2
du
u
=
(a2 + u2 )3/2
a2 a2 + u 2
du
= ln u
u
2
cos2 d =
0
2D
1 2D
= 2
2
x
v t2
1
S=
(E B)
0
c = 1/ 0 0
c 2
S=
=
B0
0
E0 B0
Erms Brms
=
=
20
0
= h/p
1
2
1
un+1
n+1
du
1
= ln(a + bu)
a + bu
b
1
du = eau
a
ln u du = u ln u u
1
cE02
2 0
un du =
u du
1
=
(a2 + u2 )3/2
a2 + u 2
au
ax2 + bx + c = 0
b b2 4ac
x=
2a
EBv
xp >
h
sin2 d =
0
KE = p2 /(2M )
(plane wave)
p=
hk
(
h = h/2)
ei = cos + i sin
E=
h = hf
(de Broglie)
2 2
h
= i
h
2M x2
t
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-2
q1
q2
x3=0
x1
x2
We can work this problem without using vectors by thinking it through. Since q2 and q3 have opposite sign, the force
on q3 exerted by q2 is attractive (towards the right). If the
total force on q3 is to be zero, the force exerted by q1 must
be repulsive (toward the left). Thus q1 and q3 must have the
same sign, and q1 must be positive.
We can find the magnitude of q1 by equating the magnitude of the forces on q3 exerted by q1 and q2 :
1 |q1 q3 |
1 |q2 q3 |
=
2
40 x1
40 x22
Cancelling like terms on both sides of the equation, we find
2
2
x1
1.0 cm
|q2 | =
(3 nC) = 0.148 nC.
|q1 | =
x2
4.5 cm
We already concluded that q1 was positive.
A more general way to solve this problem is to use the
vector expressions for the Coulomb force. We want
0 = F1 on 3 + F2 on 3 ,
where
0=
1 q2 q3 (r3 r1 )
1 q1 q3 (r3 r1 )
+
.
40 |r3 r1 |3
40 |r3 r2 |3
e2
1
40 mp d2
2
1.602 1019 C
= 9 10 N m /C
(1.67 1026 kg) d2
q2
q1
0
(d x)2
q2
q2
dx
=
=
2
x
q1
x
q1
Q1 = -4.0 nC
(0.6, 0.8)
(0.9, 0.4)
Q2 = +6.0 nC
(0.6, 0.0)
x
d
1 + q2 /q1
x = 0.412 m.
Note that instead of taking the square root and solving
a linear equation for x, one could also set up a quadratic
equation. One must identify the correct root of the quadratic
equation, but the result is the same.
1 Q (r r )
40 |r r |3
i
+ j
40
13
(.6)3
13
m2
nC
1
14.3 i + 3.2 j
=
40
m2
= 128.3 i + 28.77 j N/C
1
E=
40
1
E=
40
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-3
dQ = ds
= ad
d
x
1 dQ (r r )
40 |r r |3
and
|r r | = a.
Q
.
a
so we get
E=
Q
4 2 0 a2
(0i + 2j) =
Q
2 2 0 a2
j.
21-87 A proton with the mass m is projected into a uniform electric field that points vertically upward and has magnitude E. The initial velocity of the proton has a magnitude
v0 and is directed at an angle below the horizontal. (a)
Find the maximum distance hmax that the proton descends
vertically below its initial elevation. You can ignore gravitational forces. (b) After what horizontal distance d does the
proton return to its original elevation? (c) Find the numerical value of hmax if E = 520 N/C, v0 = 5.00 104 m/s, and
= 35.0 . (d) Find the numerical value of d if E = 520 N/C,
v0 = 5.00 104 m/s, and = 35.0 .
Because the proton is a charged particle (charge e), when
it enters a region of uniform electric field, it experiences a
constant force according to the relationship F = eE. In
previous physics classes, you have studied how a constant
force influences the motion of an object. In particular, recall
that Newtons Second Law tells us how force and acceleration
are related through the equation F = ma. Combining these
two equations allows us to calculate the acceleration:
a=
eE
.
m
mv02 sin2
.
2eE
2v0 sin
.
a
Substitute this expression into x = x0 + vx0 t, use our expression for a, and set x0 = 0 to get
x2 =
y direction
y = y0 + vy 0 t + 12 at2
vy = vy 0 + at
2
+ 2ay
vy2 = vy0
1
a
,
20 d d2 + a2
and are the same distance from the point P . Thus, we can
adapt the formula above to the charge and spatial orientation
of each wire by putting in the correct direction for each field.
Recalling that = Q/L and a = L/2, we find
E=
1
1 Q
p
40 d d2 + (L/2)2
2 106 C
1
p
0.6m
(0.6 m)2 + (0.6 m)2
(d) Since the electron has a negative charge, the force will
be directed opposite (180 ) from the electric field. Counterclockwise from the +y axis, = 315 .
21-104 A thin disk with a circular hole at its center,
called an annulus, has inner radius R1 and outer radius
R2 . The disk has a uniform positive surface charge density on its surface. (a) Determine the total electric charge
on the annulus. (b) The annulus lies in the yz -plane,
with its center at the origin. For an arbitrary point on
the x -axis (the axis of the annulus), find the magnitude
of the electric field E. Consider points above the annulus in the figure. (c) Find the direction of the electric
field E. Consider points above the annulus in the figure.
R22 R12
Qx
1
40 (x2 + a2 )3/2
Z
x R2
r dr
i x 1
E = i
=
20 R1 (x2 + r2 )3/2
20
x2 + r2 R1
1
1
q
q
= i
20
2
2
1 + (R1 /x)
1 + (R2 /x)
Note that the integral used here is on the table of integrals
on the equation sheet. Mastering Physics is only asking for
the magnitude of the electric field here, so enter
1
1
q
q
20
2
2
1 + (R1 /x)
1 + (R2 /x)
(c) Here we select the direction of the electric field that was
found in part (b), the positive x -direction.
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-4
q2
Sa
q1
Sb
Sc
Note that the rs cancel; the ux is independent of the radius of the cylinder. We can also use Gauss law to do the
calculation and obtain the same expression.
=
q2
6.00 109 C
= 678 NC1 m2 .
=
0
8.85 1012 C2 Nm 2
E =
l
Qenc
=
= 375, 700 Nm2 /C
0
0
l
Qenclosed
=
= 614, 000 Nm2 /C
0
0
1
,
20 r
C
m
V =
Qencl
4r2 0
4(9.48
102
3.3 107 C
m)2 (8.854 1012 C2 /(Nm2 ))
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-5
4.41x dy dz = 4.41xL2
(a) Find the electric flux through each of the six cube faces
S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 . (b) Find the total electric charge inside
the cube.
Qencl
0
R
(a) The electric flux is defined as = E dA. Because
dA is always perpendicular to the surface, we only need the
component of the field that is normal to the surface of interest. (The dot product of dA with the parallel component
of the field will be zero.) For each of the six surfaces, it will
work out that the component normal to the surface is constant, so the surface integral will just be the constant value
of the normal component times the surface area L2 .
For surface S1 , there is no component of the electric field
normal to the surface (in the y direction j), so the electric
flux 1 = 0.
For surface S2 , the component of the electric field normal
3.29z dx dy = 3.29zL2 .
qtot = +5.80 nC
Gaussian
Surface
qcenter
-7.10 nC
(a) The insulated point in the center of the cavity will induce an opposite charge on the inner surface of the conductor. The induced charge will have the same magnitude as
the center charge, qinner = +7.10 nC. We can prove this by
placing a Gaussian surface within the conductor that encompasses the entire cavity and point charge. Inside the
conductor E = 0, and therefor Qencl = qcenter + qinner = 0.
(b) The total charge qtot on the conductor is a constant and
does not change, but we must find how it is divided between
the inner and the outer surface.
qtot = qinner + qouter = qouter = qtot qinner
qouter = 5.80 nC 7.10 nC = 1.30 nC
3.29z dx dy = 3.29zL2
q1 q3
q2 q3
1 q1 q2
(
+
+
)
=
40 r12
r13
r23
For part (a) we are given rf , and we need to solve Eq. (1)
for vf . The result is
vf = 15.5 m/s.
For part (b), we know that when q2 is closest to q1 , the KE
reaches its minimum value of zero, so we must set vf = 0 in
Eq. (1) and solve for rf . The result is
rf = 0.295 m.
23-79 Electric charge is distributed uniformly along a thin
rod of length a, with total charge Q. Take the potential to
be zero at infinity. (a) Find the potential at the point P ,
a distance x to the right of the rod. (b) Find the potential
at the point R, a distance y above the right-hand end of
the rod. (c) In part a, what does your result reduce to as x
becomes much larger than a? (d) In part b, what does your
result reduce to as y becomes much larger than a?
and
U=
1
q1 q2
,
40 |r1 r2 |
1 q1 q2
= 0.689841 J.
40 ri
1 q1 q2
.
40 rf
1 q1 q2
= 0.689841 J.
40 rf
V =
dV =
1 Q
40 a
dx
1 Q x+a
=
ln
x x
40 a
x
dV =
1 Q dx
40 a (x x )
dV =
(1)
a
a2 + y 2 + a
y2 + a
a
.
ln
ln 1 +
ln
y
y
y
y
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-6
1
q1 q2
,
40 |r1 r2 |
q1 q3
q2 q3
q1 q2
1
+
+
=
40 |0 .21 m| |0 .11 m| |.21 m .11 m|
= 3.53 107 J
q1 q3
q2 q3
q1 q2
1
=0
+
+
Utotal =
40 .21 m
x
(.21 m x)
We can save ourselves some trouble by eliminating several
overall factors that wont affect the solution x. Since all the
terms have exactly the same units, we can drop the conversion factors to SI units and write distances in cm and charges
in nC. The result is
(4.1)(2.9) (4.1)(2.1) (2.9)(2.1)
+
+
=0
21
x
(21 x)
Multiply through by x(21 x) to get a quadratic equation:
= K2 + U2
m 2
(v v12 ).
2q 2
20 V
d
= ln 1 +
r0
d
20 V
=1+
exp
r0
20 V
1 = 2.74 cm
d = r0 exp
y = 2BC/A2 .
Q
1
40 x2 + a2
dr
=
=
[ln (r0 + d) ln r0 ]
20 r=r0
r
20
ln 1 +
=
20
r0
dV =
1
dQ
.
40 x2 + r2
Because electric potential is a scalar quantity, we can integrate dV without keeping track of vectors. First, we must
determine dQ in terms of known quantities. It is equal to
the surface charge density times the surface area dA of the
thin ring,
dQ = dA = 2rdr,
where dA is the product of the length (circumference) 2r
and width dr of the ring of radius r.
Now it is possible to do the integration
Z
Z R
Z R
1
2r dr
r dr
V = dV =
=
2
2
40 0
2
x +r
x2 + r2
0 0
The integral is on the equation sheet:
Z
p
udu
= a2 + u2 .
2
2
a +u
Evaluating it at the limits results in
i
hp 2
x + R2 x .
V =
20
(b) The x component of the electric field is equal to V /x:
1
V
1 2
2 2
=
2x 1
x +R
x
20 2
x
.
=
1
2
20
x + R2
Notice that as R , this result reduces to the field of an
infinite sheet.
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-7
2
V
300 V
12 C
1
1
= 2 8.85 10
u = 2 0
d
N m2
.003 m
= 4.43 10
(a) The reciprocal of the equivalent capacitance for capacitors in series is the sum of the reciprocals of each capacitor.
The equivalent capacitance for capacitors in parallel is the
sum of each capacitor. Using these rules we can break down
the circuit by combining each capacitor until we are left with
a single equivalent capacitance. C3 and C4 are in series so
we can find the equivalent capacitance:
1
1
C3 C4
1
=
+
= C3,4 =
.
C3,4
C3
C4
C3 + C4
Substituting, we find C3,4 = 2.4 F. Next we combine this
with C2 . The capacitors are in parallel so we find:
C2,3,4 = C2 + C3,4 = 7.2 F.
Finally, we combine C1 , C2,3,4 , and C5 which are in series.
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
.
Ceq
C1
C2,3,4
C5
We find Ceq = 2.63 F.
J/m .
4 V
12
Q = C0 Ed = 5.0010
F 3.0010
(.0015 m)
m
= 2.25 1010 C = 225 pC
Charge
610 C
400 C
200 C
200 C
610 C
Potential Difference
73 V
84 V
42 V
42 V
73 V
24-61
Three capacitors having capacitances of
8.0 F, 8.3 F, and 4.1 F are connected in series across a
40 V potential difference. (a) What is the charge on the
4.1 F capacitor? (b) What is the total energy stored in
all three capacitors? (c) The capacitors are disconnected
from the potential difference without allowing them to
discharge. They are then reconnected in parallel with each
other, with the positively charged plates connected together.
What is the voltage across each capacitor in the parallel
combination? (d) What is the total energy now stored in
the capacitors?
3 8.2 105 C
3Q
Qtot
=
=
= 12 V
V =
Ceff
C1 + C2 + C3
(8.0 + 8.3 + 4.1) F
One could determine the charges on each capacitor with this
result, using Qi = Ci V .
(d) As in part (b), the total energy stored in all the capacitors can be found by adding up the energies on each capacitor. This time use the form of the equation that involves
the voltage and the capacitance:
Ucap = 21 C1 V 2 + 12 C2 V 2 + 21 C3 V 2 =
1
2
K=
V0
41
=
= 3.57 V
V
11.5
(b) The total energy stored in all the capacitors can be found
by adding up the energies on each capacitor. Use the form of
the equation that involves the charge and the capacitance:
1
Q2
Q2
Q2
1
1
Ucap = 12
+ 12
+ 21
= 21 Q2
+
+
C1
C2
C3
C1
C2
C3
2
5
8.2 10 C
Q2
= 12
= 12
= 1.6 mJ
Ceff
2.04 106 F
Note one gets the same answer using the form Ucap = 21 CV 2 ,
with Ceff and V = 40 V.
(c) When the capacitors are disconnected from the serial circuit, the charge on each one remains the same (+Q). When
they are reconnected in parallel, the total charge (3Q) is free
to move around on the three positive plates shown in the diagram. After the charges equilibrate, the potential difference
Va Vb must be the same across every one of the capacitors.
(2/3) C0
(1/3) KC0
Ceff = 23 C0 + 31 KC0
Therefore the measured voltage will be
V =
Q
=
Ceff
2
3 C0
C0 V0
=
+ 31 KC0
2
3
V0
3V0
= 22.1 V
=
1
K +2
+ 3K
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-8
25-44 If a 75 W bulb (75 W are dissipated when connected across 120V) is connected across a 220 V potential
difference (as is used in Europe), how much power does it
dissipate?
(a) The power dissipation P and potential difference V
across the bulb are variables, but the resistance R across the
light bulb is a physical constant whether you are in America
or Europe. From the equation sheet we know that P = IV
and V = IR. We can combine these formulas to eliminate
the current I, which we dont know, and get a relation between power, voltage, and resistance:
P = IV =
V2
V2
V
V =
R=
.
R
R
P
(120 V)2
= 192 .
75 W
We can then use this resistance to solve for the power dissipated when the bulb is connected to the new potential
difference:
P =
V2
(220 V)2
=
= 252 W.
R
192
V
14 kV
V
=
=
= 1.167 A.
Rtot
Rint + Rperson
2 k + 10 k
14 kV
V
Rperson =
10 k = 13.99 M.
0.001 A
0.001 A
Rperson
Rint
Power supply
I2 = I1 + I3
9 I1 2I1 4I2 = 0
8 2I3 1 4I2 = 0
(b) Determine the currents by explicit solution of the equations. You must show your work.
Rearrange loop 1 and loop 2 equations:
loop 1:
loop 2:
3I1 + 4I2 = 9
4I2 + 2I3 = 7
Thus,
Req = 0.842 .
(b,c,d) The voltage is the same across parallel resistors,
therefore V = IR I = V /R. Thus,
V
I1 =
= 16.3 A;
R1
V
I2 =
= 8.97 A;
R2
V
I3 =
= 5.65 A.
R3
(e) The current from the battery is the sum of the currents
through each resistor:
Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 = 30.9 A
One could also use the equivalent resistance,
Itotal = V /Req = 26 V/(0.842 ) = 30.9 A.
(f,g,h) The voltage is the same across resistors in parallel.
V1 = V2 = V3 = 26.0 V
(i,j,k) Any formulation of P = V I = I 2 R = V 2 /R will work,
P1 = 423 W,
P2 = 233 W,
P3 = 147 W.
(l) P = V 2 /R. Since the voltage is the same across all the
resistors, the power is greatest in the smallest resistor.
OE 41-1 For this problem, you must write and then solve
the loop and node equations needed to find the currents I1 ,
I2 , and I3 shown in the figure. (a) In the circuit shown in the
figure, what is the value of the current I1 ? Remember that
I1 may be positive or negative. (b) What is the value of the
current I2 ? Remember that I2 may be positive or negative.
(c) What is the value of the current I3 ? Remember that I3
may be positive or negative.
I1
I3
9V
8V
I2
1V
3I1 + 4I2 = 9
2I1 + 6I2 = 7
(1)
(2)
Multiply (1) by 2 and (2) by 3; add and solve for I2 . Substitute back for I1 then I3 . Results are
I1 = 1.0 A,
I2 = 1.5 A,
I3 = 0.5 A
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-9
(a) For this part we can ignore the battery with the switch,
since the switch is open and there will be no current through
it. So lets draw the circuit that we are concerned with,
showing also the currents in each branch and the loops we
will use to write Kirchhoffs equations:
25 V
= 0.50 A
50
V
15 V
=
= 0.30 A.
R
50
I1 = I2 + I3
E (20 )I1 (75 )I2 = 0
I1 = I2 + 0.3
I2 = I1 + 1.60 A.
I2 =
Left loop :
E 20I1 75I2 = 0
Right loop : E 20I1 24 = 0
E = 36.4 V,
I2 = 0.32 A.
(b) The circuit is different for this part and is shown below.
Conveniently, to find the new current in the ammeter, we
only need to consider the one loop shown.
I1 = I2 1.60 A = .4375 A
Substituting the currents found above into the right loop
equations gives
0 = 15.0 (.4375 A) + E 48.0 (1.1625 A)
E = 15.0 (.4375 A) + 48.0 (1.1625 A) = 49.24 V.
(b) The polarity of the battery as shown is correct, because
the E we calculated was positive. If the calculated E had
been negative, it would imply that the assumed polarity in
the drawing was incorrect.
q(t) = Qf 1 et/RC ,
dq
Qf t/RC
=
e
= I0 et/RC
dt
RC
q(t) (C)
0
2.73 104
4.49 104
6.35 104
7.68 104
i(t) (A)
6.74 105
4.35 105
2.80 105
1.16 105
1.00 108
(a) We know that after a long time the circuit will approach
a steady state where the charge on the capacitor will be
simply given by
Q = CE.
Substituting C = 5.90 F and E = 28.0 V we find the charge
on the capacitor after a long time will be Q = 165.2 C.
(b) We know that the resistance R is part of the time constant in the function q(t). We found q(t) by solving the
differential equation obtained from Kirchoffs loop equation.
t
q(t) = CE(1 e RC )
Since we know q(t = 3 s) we can rearrange this equation to
solve for R.
1
t
R=
q
C ln(1 CE
)
We insert our value for q(t = 3 s) = 110 C and find the
resistance R = 464 .
(c) We want to find at what time t will the charge on the
capacitor be 99% of its final value which we found in part (a).
In other words we want to solve for t when q = 0.99 CE.
We rearrange our equation for q(t) to get:
t = RC ln(1
q
).
CE
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-10
The magnetic force on a charged particle moving in a magnetic field is given by the equation
F = qv B
Since, in this case, F, v, and B are mutually perpendicular,
the magnitude of F is simply given by F = qvB, with the
direction determined by the right hand rule.
(a) We need to apply the right hand rule to see if the direction of the force is consistent with a positive charge or a
negative charge. Imagine you are seated so that north is in
front of you. The other directions are then determined: east
is to the right, south is behind you, and west is to the left.
So northward velocity means the particle is moving forward.
Point the fingers of your right hand straight forward. The
magnetic field is upward, so curl the fingers of your right
hand upward. In order to do this, your palm must be facing
upward. Then, the thumb of your right hand is pointing to
the right (eastward). Eastward is the direction the particle
is deflected. Thus, the particle must have a positive charge.
Here is a diagram:
N
v
j j = 0
Then
i
= 5.97 104 N k
Using Newtons second law, we can find the acceleration of
the particle:
2
3.34 1027 kg 8.594 105 m/s
mv
V =
=
2q
2 (1.60 1019 C)
|V | = 7709 V = 7.71 kV
27-25 An electron in the beam of a TV picture tube is accelerated by a potential difference of 1.95 kV. Then it passes
through a region of transverse magnetic field, where it moves
in a circular arc with a radius of 0.179 m. What is the magnitude of the field?
From problem 27-24, we know that B = mv/(eR), but we
have to find v for an electron accelerated through a potential
difference of V = 1950 volts. By definition, the electron
gains an energy 1950 eV. Assuming the electron starts from
rest, we have
2
1
2 mv
mv
qB
6.90 10 m
R
=
= 2.52 108 s = 25.2 ns
t=
v
8.594 105 m/s
(c) This type of problem can be solved by conservation of
energy. See example 23.7 in the textbook for a reminder.
The particles gain in kinetic energy is equal to its loss in
potential energy. In this case, the particle starts from rest.
mv
= 8.32 104 m.
eR
2r
2me v
2me
=
=
.
v
eBv
eB
2me vk
= 1.69 104 m = 169 m
eB
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-12
N
B
W
E
Fmag
mgR
= 819 V.
LB
27-74 A wire 28.0 cm long lies along the z axis and carries a current of 8.60 A in the +z direction. The magnetic eld is uniform and has components Bx = 0.200 T,
By = 0.968 T, and Bz = 0.327 T. Find the x, y, and
z components of the magnetic force on the wire, and the
magnitude of that force.
The force on the wire is given by
r=
a+b
= 0.13 m.
2(5.3 1011 m)
= 1.5 1016 s
2.2 106 m/s
1.602 1019 C
= 1.1 mA
1.5 1016 s
F = IL B = ILk
i = j,
We can work out the cross products using k
k j = i, and k k = 0. We get
F = IL Byi + Bxj Fx = 2.33 T, Fy = 0.482 T
F = Fx2 + Fy2 + 02 = 2.38 T
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-13
28-12 Two parallel wires are 5.00 cm apart and carry currents in opposite directions, as shown in the figure. Find
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at point
P due to two 1.50-mm segments of wire that are opposite
each other and each 8.00 cm from P .
28-18 Two long, straight wires, one above the other, are
separated by a distance 2a and are parallel to the x axis. Let
the +y axis be in the plane of the wires in the direction from
the lower wire to the upper wire. Each wire carries current
I in the +x direction. Find B, the net magnetic field of the
two wires at the following points in the plane of the wires:
(a) midway between the wires, (b) at a distance a above the
upper wire, and (c) at a distance a below the lower wire.
(b)
I
dl
2a
(a)
I
r-r'
dl
r-r'
(c)
0 Idl (r r )
,
3
4
|r r |
dBtop
dBbottom
= 8.79 108 T
(24.0)(0.0015)(0.080)(2.5/8.0)
= 107
0.083
7
= 1.76 10 T.
0 I
,
2R
where R is the perpendicular distance to the wire. The direction of the field is given by the right hand rule. For the
present problem, we must add the vector contributions to
the field from each wire at each point (a), (b), and (c). The
distances will be multiples of a.
(a) At point (a), midway between the wires, the field from
the top wire is 0 I/(2a) into the page, and the field from
the bottom wire is 0 I/(2a) out of the page. The vector
sum is zero.
B=0
(b) At point (b), a distance a above the top wire, the field
from the top wire is 0 I/(2a) out of the page, and the field
from the bottom wire is 0 I/(23a) out of the page. The
sum is
20 I
1
0 I 1
=
+
(out of the page).
B=
2 a 3a
3a
In terms of vector components,
B=
20 I
k.
3a
20 I
3a
20 I
k.
3a
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-14
Cancelling Magnetic Field Four very long, currentcarrying wires in the same plane intersect to form a square
with side lengths of 39.0 cm, as shown in the figure. The currents running through the wires are 8.0 A, 20.0 A, 10.0 A,
and I. Find the magnitude and direction of the current I
that will make the magnetic field at the center of the square
equal to zero.
vector sum of the fields can only be zero on the line between
the wires.
The magnitude of the field B a distance R from a long wire
with current I is B = 0 I/(2R). The vector field will be
zero at a point on the line between the wires a distance x
from the left wire and L x from the right wire, where the
magnitudes of the fields are equal. Then
0 I2
I1
I2
0 I1
=
=
=
2x
2(L x)
x
Lx
Solving this equation and substituting values leads to
I1
23
x=
38 cm = 8.7 cm
L=
I1 + I2
23 + 78
MasteringPhysics asks for the distance from the 78 A wire
in the direction of the 23 A wire, which is L x = 29.3 cm
in our notation.
(b) Panel (b) of the diagram is similar to panel (a); it shows
the two wires and the fields when the currents are in opposite
directions. In this case the vector sum of the fields can only
be zero on the line connecting the wires, but outside the
wires. We consider first a distance x to the left of I1 ; in this
case the condition is
0 I2
I1
I2
0 I1
=
=
=
2x
2(L + x)
x
L+x
0
(10 + I 8 + 20)
2d
(a)
L
x
I1
x
I2
I1
I2
(a) Panel (a) of the diagram shows the two wires end on
when the currents are in the same direction. L is the distance
between the wires. The magnetic field lines due to each wire
separately are shown by the concentric circles (dashed for I1 ,
solid for I2 ). The direction of the field follows from the right
hand rule and is shown at selected points by an arrow next
to each circle. By looking at the directions of the two fields
in various locations, its easy to see that for case (a), the
I1
23
x=
38 cm = 15.9 cm
L=
I2 I1
78 23
MasteringPhysics asks for the distance from the 78 A wire
in the direction of the 23 A wire, which is L + x = 53.9 cm
in our notation.
What about a point to the right of I2 in panel (b)? We can
set up the equation; a point a distance x to the right of I2
would be x + L from I1 . Then
I1
I2
I2
L
=
= x =
x
L+x
I1 I2
This solution wont work in our case. I2 > I1 , so x < 0,
which contradicts our initial assumption that x is a positive
distance. Therefore there are no other solutions.
Comparing the two solutions we have obtained for part (b),
one can see that a general way of writing the solution is
I<
L,
x=
I> I<
where I< (I> ) is the lesser (greater) of I1 and I2 . The point
where the field is zero is outside the two currents, a distance
x from the wire with the smaller current.
Fleft = I1 aB = I1 a
Fright
1
1
0 I1 I2 a
Fleft Fright =
2
d a/2 d + a/2
0 I1 I2
a2
=
2
2 d a2 /4
(b) The magnitude of the magnetic moment of the loop is
the current times the area, or
2
= I1 a .
We can write the net force in terms of as
Fleft Fright =
I2
0
2 d2 a2 /4
B1
I2
0.027
2 F d
= 0.5107 4.10 105
= 7.91 A
I2 =
0 L I1
0.7
In general, the currents must flow in the opposite direction.
28-27 The wires in a household lamp cord are typically
d = 2.5 mm apart center to center and carry equal currents
in opposite directions. (a) If the cord carries current to a 100
watt light bulb connected across a 120 V potential difference,
what force per meter does each wire of the cord exert on the
other? (Model the lamp cord as a very long straight wire.)
(b) Is the force attractive or repulsive? (c) Is this force large
enough so it should be considered in the design of lamp cord?
Since P = IV , the current in each wire is I = P/V =
100 W/120 V = 0.833 A.
(a) The force per unit length is given by the formula derived
in problem 28-26, with both currents equal:
F
0 I 2
(0.833)2
=
= 2 107
= 5.56 105 N/m
L
2 d
0.0025
(b) The force will be repulsive.
(c) No. The force is small compared to the gravitational
force. If we guess that a meter of wire weighs a few ounces,
say 0.1 kg, then
2
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-15
28-32 A solid conductor with radius a is supported by insulating disks on the axis of a conducting tube with inner
radius b and outer radius c. The central conductor and tube
carry equal currents I in opposite directions. The currents
are distributed uniformly over the cross sections of each conductor. (a) Derive an expression for the magnitude of the
magnetic field at points outside the central, solid conductor,
but inside the tube (a < r < b). (b) Derive an expression
for the magnitude of the magnetic field at points outside the
tube (r > c).
0 Ia2
.
2(x2 + a2 )3/2
N=
I
0 I
= 2 107
2r
r
turns
2.00 102 T
B
= 1180
=
.
Wb
7
0 Imax
m
(4 10 Am )(13.5 A)
B dl = 0 Iencl ,
B dl = 0
(b)
Iencl = I1
B dl = 5.03 106 T m.
(c)
Iencl = I2 I1
B dl = 3.14 106 T m.
(d)
Iencl = I2 + I3 I1
B dl = 5.78 106 T m.
(a) In the center of the windings, the strength of the magnetic field can be found using the formula derived in the class
lecture:
B = 0 nI
This is the same formula used for a solenoid; a toroid is
basically a rolled up solenoid. n is the number of turns per
unit length along the toroid. To calculate n, we use the
number of turns divided by the circumference of the toroid:
n=
B = 0
585
0.16
585
0.655 = 9.58 104 T
0.16
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-16
F =
Using SI units,
2rB
2 0.25 1.94
=
= 2021.
0 N I
(4 107 ) 500 2.4
I
The magnetic field due to the wire has magnitude
B=
0 I
2r
and direction (from the rh rule) out of the page at the location of the electron as shown. The force on the electron is
given by
F = qv B = ev B.
= 1.07 1019 N
The magnetic field exerts a force in the same direction as
the current.
28-55 Two identical circular, wire loops 35.0 cm in diameter each carry a current of 2.30 A in the same direction.
These loops are parallel to each other and are 22.0 cm apart.
Line ab is normal to the plane of the loops and passes through
their centers. A proton is fired at 2750 m/s perpendicular
to line ab from a point midway between the centers of the
loops. Find the magnitude of the magnetic force these loops
exert on the proton just after it is fired.
This problem involves the magnetic force on a moving
charged particle, F = qv B. The trick is to find the magnetic field at the position of the particle due to the two loops.
The particle is located on line ab. From the description of
the loops, we know that line ab is on the axis of both loops.
Section 28-5 in the textbook shows how to calculate the magnetic field along the axis of a loop. In particular, for a loop
of radius a, carrying a current I, the magnetic field along the
axis a distance x from the loop is given by equation 28.15:
B=
0 Ia2
2 (x2 + a2 )
3/2
The direction of the magnetic field is along the axis as determined by the right hand rule. Notice that the direction
of the force is the same regardless of which side of the loop
is particle is located at.
Since the particle is located equidistant from the two loops,
and because the loops carry the same current in the same
direction, each loop contributes the same magnitude and direction of magnetic field. The total magnetic field is thus
twice the magnetic field due to a single loop.
We only need to find the magnitude of the force, F =
qvB sin = qvB sin 90 = qvB, since the direction of v is
perpendicular to the loop axis, and the direction of B is
along the loop axis.
!
0 Ia2
0 Ia2
F = qv 2
= qv
3/2
3/2
2 (x2 + a2 )
(x2 + a2 )
2
4 107 T m/A (2.30 A) (.175 m)
3/2
2
2
(.110 m) + (.175 m)
= 4.42 1021 N
ev0 I
2r
(a) Two parallel wires with currents running in opposite directions exert a repulsive force on one another. Using the
formula for the magnetic field at a distance r from a long
wire, B = 0 I/(2r), and the force F on a length L of wire
from a magnetic field B perpendicular to the wire, F = ILB,
one can find the force per unit length on one wire due to the
current in the other:
0 II
F
=
.
L
2r
Viewing a wire end-on allows us to construct a free body
diagram involving the gravitational force, tension, and the
magnetic force.
F =
d
.
= |E|
E =
dt
t
2
f i 0 i
=
= i = r B
|E| =
t
t
t
t
2
(0.14 m) 1.8 T
=
= 55 V.
0.002 s
(b) The direction of the induced current I is obtained using
Lenzs Law. The direction of I must oppose the change
in flux. Originally, the flux was determined by the field B
pointing up (as one looks down on the loop). When the
loop is removed from the field, the induced current will be
in the direction that will restore an upward pointing field.
Therefore the current is counterclockwise.
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-17
0 i(t)
2r
(c)
0 i(t)
L dr
2r
d = B dA =
(d) Integrate
=
d =
0 i(t)L
2
dr
0 i(t)L b
=
ln
r
2
a
(e)
d
0 L di b
|E| =
=
ln
dt
2 dt a
(f)
(2 10
36
)(0.24 m)(9.6) ln
12
= 5.06 107 V
B(x) = B 0 + bx
+X
v
d
.
dt
dB
= N BA sin t
dt
(a) The current will flow from the positive terminal of the
battery when S is closed. Thus, the current flowing in coil
A will produce a magnetic field inside coil A pointing to
the right (and also to the right inside coil B). When S is
then opened, the current will stop flowing and the magnetic
field it produces will decrease. Lenzs Law says that the E
induced in the coil B will oppose the change in magnetic flux
by causing current that will create an additional magnetic
field to the right. Thus, by the right hand rule the current
in coil B will flow from a to b.
(b) When S is closed, coil A produces a magnetic field inside
the coils pointing to the right. As coil B is brought closer to
A, the magnetic field inside coil B becomes stronger, so the
flux becomes larger. The E induced in coil B will oppose the
change in magnetic flux by causing current that will create
additional magnetic field to the left. By the right hand rule,
the current in coil B will flow from b to a.
(c) If the resistance in R is decreased, the relation I = V /R
tells us that the current will increase, since the battery voltage V does not change. When the current through coil A
increases, the magnetic field directed to the right will also
increase. The E induced in coil B will oppose the change in
magnetic flux by causing current that will create additional
magnetic field to the left. By the right hand rule, the current
in coil B will flow from b to a. [This argument is exactly the
same as the one used in part (b)].
The flux at any time is the area of the loop times the magnitude of the magnetic field B, and we let L be the length
of the bar. In a time t the area of the circuit will increase
by Lx, where x and t are related to the speed of the
bar by v = x/t.
(a) The emf is given by
E = /t = BLx/t = BLv
= 0.755 T 1.60 m 4.5 m/s = 5.44 V
(b) Pulling the rod increases the flux by adding magnetic
field directed into the page. By Lenz Law, the induced
current must then produce a magnetic field inside the loop
directed out of the page. The current must therefore be
counterclockwise.
(c) By Ohms Law,
E = IR I = 5.44 V/26.0 = 0.21 A
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-18
30-7 At the instant when the current in an inductor is increasing at a rate of 6.45 102 A/s, the magnitude of the
self-induced emf is 1.65 102 V. (a) What is the inductance of the inductor? (b) If the inductor is a solenoid with
405 turns, what is the average magnetic flux through each
turn when the current is 0.715 A?
(a) In the class lecture we applied Faradays Law to a
B
solenoid with N turns. The self-induced emf is E = N d
dt ,
and we defined the self-inductance L by
E = L
di
dt
L=
(b) For this part we must notice that since the flux through
one loop of a solenoid of length l is given by
B = BA = 0
N
B
N2
A = N 0 A = N
.
l
l
i
B
,
i
B =
E iR
6 V (0.5 A 8 )
di
=
=
= 0.8 A/s.
dt
L
2.5 H
(c) Using the general solution for the loop equation, we have
6V
E
i=
1 e(R/L)t =
1 e(8/2.5 H)0.25 s
R
8
= 0.413 A.
(d) The general solution shows that as t , the exponential term vanishes. Then
i=
di
E iR
di
= 0 =
=
.
dt
dt
L
E
6V
=
= 0.75 A.
R
8
N
iA,
l
1
2
=
.
T
LC
(a) When the current has reached its final value I0 , the energy stored in the inductor is given by
U0 = 21 LI02 = 12 L
E
R
2 UR
L
1
2
1
2(0.260 J)(120 )2 2
= 255 V.
(0.115 H)
1
p
=
=
2
2 LC
2 (0.086 H)(1.25 109 F)
= 1.54 104 Hz
(b) When the switches are changed, the inductor will release
the energy stored in the magnetic field, and this will lead to
a current that decays exponentially with time constant L/R
(see page 1044 of the text.) The current is given by
i(t) = I0 exp(Rt/L),
L
0.115 H
ln 2 =
ln 2 = 0.332 ms.
2R
2 (120 )
U (t ) = 21 L[i(t )]2
2
= 12 LImax
sin2 (2f t )
= 7.03 103 J
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-19
29-34 A dielectric of permittivity 3.3 1011 F/m completely fills the volume between two capacitor plates. For t >
0 the electric flux through the dielectric is (7800 V m/s3 )t3 .
The dielectric is ideal and nonmagnetic; the conduction current in the dielectric is zero. At what time does the displacement current in the dielectric equal 23 A?
29-51 As a new electrical engineer for the local power company, you are assigned the project of designing a generator
of sinusoidal ac voltage with a maximum voltage of 120 V.
Besides plenty of wire, you have two strong magnets that
can produce a constant uniform magnetic field of 1.8 T over
a square area with a length of 10.4 cm on a side when the
magnets are separated by a distance of 12.1 cm. The basic
design should consist of a square coil turning in the uniform
magnetic field. To have an acceptable coil resistance, the
coil can have at most 450 loops.
d
3 3
3 d t
(7800 V m/s )t = (7800 V m/s )
iD =
dt
dt
= (7800 V m/s3 )(3)t2
Solving this for time:
s
iD
t=
(7800 V m/s3 )(3)
s
23 106
= 5.5 s
=
3.3 1011 (7800 V m/s3 )(3)
dB
= N BA sin(t)
dt
120 V
E
= 13.7 rad/sec
=
N BA
450 1.8 .1042
= 130.8 rpm
sec 1 min 2 rad
November 4, 2011
1 = 2 LC
1
=
.
LC
1
(4.80 103 )(3.70 106 )
V = ZI
VR = RI
28.0 V
V
=
= 0.134 A = 134 mA.
Z
210
14.4V
VL
= arctan
= 30.8 .
VR
24.0V
(f) From the phasor diagram above it is clear that the power
supply voltage V leads the current. (Remember the current
is in phase with VR ).
(g) The diagram is shown above.
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-20
2.93 V
V
=
= 14.2 103 A
Z
207
(c) Now,
XL XC = (410 rad/s) (0.408 H)
1
(410 rad/s) (4.99 F)
= 322
I=
V
=q
Z
2.93 V
2
(207 ) + (322 )
= 7.66 103 A
November 4, 2011
74.0
R
=
= 0.617
Z
120
LI
12 V
Vrms
=
= 2.73 A
R
4.4
RI = 182 I
V2
R
= -50.3o
V
R=
I
= 348 I
C
(a) From the diagram we see that
tan(50.3 ) =
LI 348I
L 348
=
.
182I
182
(120 V)2
V2
=
= 440
P
32.7 W
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-22
2.
K20-11 A wave travels with speed 180 m/s. Its wave number is 1.40 rad/m. What is its wavelength? What is its
frequency?
K20-52 Earthquakes are essentially sound waves traveling through the earth. They are called seismic waves.
Because the earth is solid, it can support both longitudinal and transverse seismic waves. These travel at dierent
speeds. The speed of longitudinal waves, called P waves,
is 8000 m/s. Transverse waves, called S waves, travel at a
slower 4500 m/s. A seismograph records the two waves from
a distant earthquake. If the S wave arrives 2.0 min after
the P wave, how far away was the earthquake? You can assume that the waves travel in straight lines, although actual
seismic waves follow more complex routes.
Let d be the distance from the epicenter of the earthquake
to the detector. Then the travel time for the P wave is
tP = d/vP and the travel time for the S wave is tS = d/vS .
Then tS tP = t is the delay time for the S wave, and
d
d
= t
vS
vP
1
1
d
= t
vS
vP
vP v S
= t
d
vS vP
vS v P
t
d=
vP v S
Substituting numbers (2.0 min = 120 s) gives
d=
4500 8000
120 = 1230 km.
8000 4500
D(x, t) = A sin(kx + t + ).
From the graph, = 2.0 m, and f = 5.0 Hz is given. Hence
v = f = 10 m/s.
We already know the graph is at t = 0. At x = 0, the
amplitude is abut 0.5. Since the maximum amplitude on the
graph is 1, we have
1 .0029
(.0015)2 (2 110)2 (88.1) = 0.183 W.
2 .75
1
= .0458 W = 4.58 102 W.
4
742 rad/s
=
= 118 Hz
2
2
2
2
=
= 0.90 m.
k
6.98 rad/m
742 rad/s
=
= 106 m/s.
k
6.98 rad/m
3.38 103 kg
mass
=
= 2.504 103 kg/m.
length
1.35 m
so
T = v 2 = (2.504 103 kg/m)(106.3 m/s)2 = 28.3 N
(g) The average power transmitted by the wave is given by:
1 2 2
1
1
A v = A2 2 T / =
T A2 2
2
2
2
1
=
(2.50 103 )(28.3) (2.33 103 )2 (742)2
2
= 0.39 W
P =
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-23
so v (4.0 m/s)T.
YF 16-75 The sound source for a ships sonar system operates at a frequency f = 23.0 kHz. The speed of sound in
water (assumed to be uniform at 20 C) is 1482 m/s. What
is the wavelength of the waves emitted by the source?
We know the velocity of a wave is given by:
v = f
We know the frequency of the speed of sound as it propagates
through water so we can determine the wavelength emitted.
=
1482 ms
v
=
= 0.0644 m
f
23000 Hz
fbeat = v
= 344 m/s
a
b
6.50 cm 6.51 cm
= 8.0Hz
D
v2
t.
(4.0 m/s)T. T
2
v
D(4.0 m/s)
343 m/s
vair
= 572 Hz
=
air
0.6 m
Substituting numbers,
T = (1.10 103 kg/m)(2 0.3 m 572 Hz)2 = 130 N.
volume density
(d2 /4)L
d2
mass
=
=
=
.
L
L
L
4
2L
2L
Ld
(0.440 kg)(9.80 m/s2 )
1
=
(0.5 m)(0.000215 m)
21400 kg/m3
= 74.5 Hz.
Any positive integer multiple of this frequency is a vibrational frequency of the wire.
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-24
16-70 Two identical loudspeakers driven by the same amplier are located at points A and B, 2.00 m apart. The
frequency is 784 Hz and the speed of sound in air is 344
m/s. A small microphone is moved out from point B along
a line perpendicular to the line connecting A and B (line BC
in the gure). At what distances from B will there be (a) destructive interference and (b) constructive interference? (c)
If the frequency is made low enough, there will be no positions along line BC at which destructive interference occurs.
How low must the frequency be for this to be the case?
A
LA
2.0 m
343 m/s
v
=
= 172 Hz
2.0 m
v
343 m/s
=
= 86 Hz
4.0 m
LB = x
344 m/s
v
=
= 0.439 m.
f
784 s1
x2 + 4 = x2 + (2n + 1)x + (n + 12 )2 2
x=
4 (n + 12 )2 2
2(n + 12 )
fmin =
344 m/s
v
=
= 86 Hz.
4m
2
= 1.74 102 m1 .
= j. Enter 0, 1, 0.
(d) The direction is i (k) = (i k)
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-25
32-15 We can reasonably model a 60 W incandescent lightbulb as a sphere 5.2 cm in diameter. Typically, only about
5% of the energy goes to visible light; the rest goes largely
to nonvisible infrared radiation. a) What is the visible light
intensity at the surface of the bulb? b) What is the amplitude of the electric field at this surface, for a sinusoidal
wave with this intensity? c) What is the amplitude of the
magnetic field at this surface, for a sinusoidal wave with this
intensity?
(a) The intensity of light is given by the power per unit area,
so the visible light intensity Ivis at the surface of the light
bulb is the power due to visible light divided by the surface
area of the light bulb:
Ivis =
Pvis
0.05Ptot
(0.05)(60.0)
=
=
= 353 W/m2 .
A
4(d/2)2
4(0.026)2
2S
2Ivis
E0 =
=
= 516 V/m.
0 c
0 c
(c) The amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields are
related by
B0 =
E0
= 1.7 T.
c
c
20 S
S = 12 B02 = B0 =
.
0
c
2S
2 1082.
=
= 903 V/m
E0 =
0 c
0 c
(b) One can find the amplitude of the magnetic field in a
similar manner, using another relation from the equation
sheet:
0
1
2S
c
2
S =
B0 = B0 =
= 3.01 106 T.
2 0
c
One could also use B = E/c.
(c) The energy density associated with the electric field is
uelec = 12 0 E 2 .
However, this expression gives the instantaneous energy density at the time when the electric field magnitude is E. To
find the average energy density associated with the electric field, you must use the time-averaged value of E 2 . Because the electric field is sinusoidal, E(t) = E0 cos(t) and
E(t)2 = E02 cos2 (t). The time average of cos2 t = 21 , so
huelec i = 12 0 hE 2 i = 41 0 E02 = 1.80 106 J/m3
(d) Similarily, the average density associated with the magnetic field is
1 2
1
hB 2 i =
B = 1.80 106 J/m3 .
humag i =
20
40 0
Note that the average energy in the electric field is the same
as the average energy in the magnetic field.
(e) To find the total energy contained in a 1.00 m length of
the beam, use the total (average) energy density multiplied
by the volume of that length. The total energy density is
hutot i = huelec i + humag i = 3.60 106 J/m3
The volume of a 1.00 m length of beam is
V = r2 L = .0012 1.0 = 3.14 106 m3 ,
and the total energy is
hutot iV = 1.13 1011 J.
December 2, 2011
32-18 A sinusoidal electromagnetic wave from a radio station passes perpendicularly through an open window that
has area of 0.500 m2 . At the window, the electric field of the
wave has an rms value 2.60 102 V/m. How much energy
does this wave carry through the window during a 30.0 s
commercial?
The Poynting vector gives the energy per unit area per unit
time carried by the electromagnetic wave. To get the energy
carried through the window in 30 s, we just multiply the
magnitude S of the time-averaged Poynting vector by the
area of the window and then by the length of the time interval. (Since the wave propagates perpendicular
to the win
dow, the surface integral over the window is S dA = SA.)
The fact that we get a negative result means that the image
is inverted. Mastering Physics only asks for the size of the
image in this part, so enter the absolute value of the result.
(c) The image is inverted.
(d) The fact that we got a positive result in part (a) means
that the image is in front of the mirror and it is a real image.
(This image could be focussed on a screen.)
(e) Here is the ray diagram for this situation:
S = 12 0 cE02 .
Since we are given Erms , it is convenient to
replace the peak
amplitude E0 by Erms , using Erms = E0 / 2. The result is
2
.
S = 0 cErms
E = SAt
= 0 cErms
At
12
= (8.85 10 )(3.00 108 )(0.026)2 (0.500)(30.0)
= 2.69 105 J.
and
m=
hi
di
=
ho
do
R
22.0 cm
=
= 11.0 cm
2
2
di
31.2 cm
= 0.550 cm
= 1.01 cm
do
17.0 cm
YF 34-8 An object is a distance of 25.0 cm from the CENTER of a silvered spherical glass Christmas tree ornament
which has a diameter of 5.70 cm. (a) What is the position of
its image? Use the mirror equation to answer this question,
but draw a ray diagram and bring it with you to recitation.
Hint: be careful to determine do (the distance to the SURFACE of the mirror) correctly. (b) What is the magnification
of its image?
YF 34-14 A spherical, concave, shaving mirror has a radius of curvature of 32.5 cm. (a) What is the magnification
of a persons face when it is a distance do = 11.6 cm from
the center of the mirror? (b) What is the distance di to
the image? (c) Is the image real or virtual? Use the mirror
equation to answer this question, but draw a ray diagram
and bring it with you to recitation.
=
di
f
do
16.25 11.6
40.5
The image is 40.5 cm behind the mirror.
(a) The magnification is
m=
di
40.5
=
= 3.49.
do
11.6
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-26
lens
do
di
do + di = L
= 0.7
=
f
R1 R2
13
18.57 cm
The value of f determined can be substituted into the lens
equation:
1
1
1
=
+
f
do
di
600 cm
L
=
= 7.41 cm.
|m| + 1
80 + 1
f=
1
1
18.57
1
25
= 72.2 cm
do =
72.2
di
=
= 2.89
do
25.0
=
f
13
18.57 cm
The value of 1/f is exactly the same as we had before. All
the results are the same.
|m|
80
do =
7.41 cm = 7.32 cm
|m| + 1
80 + 1
sin(plas )
sin(47.8 )
= (3.00 108 )
sin(air )
sin(61.3 )
December 2, 2011
ray 2
do
di
ray 3
=
do
f
di
47 16.5
25.4 cm
The ray diagram shows the relative positions of the image
and object. (We drew the image and object on the left, since
that is the way weve usually done it in clsss.)
(b) We determine the size of the object from the magnification m = di /do :
hi = mho = ho =
m=
di
8.69
=
= 0.0223
do
390
ray 1
hi
8.00 mm
=
= 12.3 mm
m
(16.5/25.4)
(c) From the ray diagram and since m > 0, the image is
upright.
(d) The image and object are on the same side of the lens.
= do = 7.03 cm
do
f
di
12 cm 17 cm
(b) The size of the object is related to the size of the image
by the magnification, hi = mho , where m is given by
m=
di
17 cm
0.8 cm
=
= 2.42 ho =
= 0.331 cm.
do
7.03 cm
m
lens
ho
hi
do
di
(a) Use the Lens Equation with do = 390 cm and f = 8.5 cm:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
=
=
=
=
do
di
f
di
f
do
8.5 390
8.69 cm
The distance di from the film to the lens is 8.69 cm.
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-27
R/2
c c
A
The gure above shows the rays that produce the the inner
radius of the halo. A ray leaves from the point source at O,
is totally internally reected (at the critical angle c ) at A,
and then reaches the inner radius of the halo at point B. We
can relate c to the index of refraction n of the glass using
nair
1
= .
n
n
Using the geometry shown in the picture we see that we can
determine c using
( )
R
R/2
1
= c = tan
tan c =
t
2t
sin c =
1
= 1.75.
sin c
1
R/2
= n = 1 + (2t/R)2 .
= sin c =
n
(R/2)2 + t2
1 = 90 28 + 12 = 74 .
The angle between the normal and the other refracted ray is
2 = 1 + 8.5 = 82.5
Now we can write Snells Law for these situations as
nred sin 62 = nair sin 74
where nred (nblue ) is the index for the red (blue) light. We
arent told the exact colors, but we expect the light that is
bent less (more) will be more to the red (blue) end of the
spectrum. Now, letting nair = 1 be the index in air, we solve
for each index:
sin(74 )
nair sin(1 )
=
= 1.09
sin(62 )
sin(62 )
nair sin(2 )
sin(82.5 )
=
=
= 1.12
sin(62 )
sin(62 )
nred =
nblue
December 8, 2011
(a) In a two lens system, the image from the rst lens, serves
as the object of the second lens. The location of the image
formed by the rst lens can be found using do = 5 cm, f =
15 cm, and solving the lens equation for di .
1
1
1
=
+
f
do
di
Then di = 3.75. That means it the image is be 3.75 cm
to the left of the lens, on the same side as object. It is an
upright, virtual image. We know that it is upright because
the magnication is a positive number. We know that it
is virtual because di is a negative number. A ray diagram
conrms this.
5.00 mm = 75 mm
hi = m1 m2 ho =
5
15.75
Mastering Physics wants height (absolute value of hi ) in
units of cm, so enter 7.5.
(e) The nal image is inverted, because the total magnication is negative, and the ray diagram conrms this.
(1)
(2)
We can set the expressions for 1/f given by Eqs. (1) and (2)
equal to each other and use the quadratic equation to solve
for do :
1
1
1
1
+
=
+
do
30.0 cm
do + 4.00 cm 22.0 cm
0 = d2o + 4do 330
do = 16.3 cm.
The quadratic equation for do has two roots, but do must
be positive because the object is on the side of the lens from
which the light comes. Therefore we used the plus sign in
the quadratic formula to ensure do > 0. Now do and the
original di can be used to solve for the focal length f :
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
f = 10.6 cm.
f
do
di
16.3 cm 30.0 cm
35-8 Youngs experiment is performed with light from excited helium atoms ( = 502 nm). Fringes are measured
carefully on a screen 1.20 m away from the double slit, and
the center of the twentieth fringe (not counting the central
bright fringe) is found to be 10.6 mm from the center of the
central bright fringe. What is the separation of the two slits?
x0
L
= (m + 12 ) = x0 =
,
L
2d
The width of the central interference maximum will be double the distance from the bright central spot to the rst dark
spot, which is 2x0 = 8.0 mm.
(b) The width of the rst order bright fringe will be the
distance between the rst and second dark spots. We already
know the position of the rst dark spot. All we must do now
is calculate the position of the next dark spot (at x1 , for
m = 1) and nd the dierence (x1 x0 ):
d sin d
3L
x1
= (1 + 12 ) = x1 =
,
L
2d
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Solution to HW-28
33-31 Unpolarized light of intensity 26.0 W/cm2 is incident on two polarizing lters. The axis of the rst lter is at
an angle of 24.8 counterclockwise from the vertical (viewed
in the direction the light is traveling) and the axis of the
second lter is at 65.0 counterclockwise from the vertical.
What is the intensity of the light after it has passed through
the second polarizer?
When the unpolarized light (intensity I0 ) passes through the
rst polarizer, its intensity decreases by half and it will be
polarized in the same direction as the axis of the rst polarizer. Therefore the intensity after the rst polarizer is I1
= I0 /2 = 13 W/cm2 . The light is now polarized, so when
it passes through the second polarizer its intensity decreases
by another factor of cos2 , according to Malus Law:
I2 = I1 cos2 (),
where I2 is the intensity after the second polarizer, and is
the angle between the polarization of the light and the axis
of the polarizer. Since the axis of the rst polarizer is at
24.8 , and the axis of the second polarizer is at 65.0 in the
same direction, the angle between them is the dierence, or
40.2 . Then
I2 = (13 W/cm2 ) cos2 (40.2 ) = 7.58 W/cm2 .
34-58 Saturn is viewed through the Lick Observatory refracting telescope (objective focal length 18 m). If the diameter of the image of Saturn produced by the objective is
1.7 mm, what angle does Saturn subtend from when viewed
from earth?
We now have all the relationships needed to answer the question. We can nd by using the right triangle formed by
the center of the objective lens, the base of the image, and
the tip of the image.
hi
1.7 mm
=
= 9.44 105
fo
18 m
(
)
= tan1 9.44 105 = 9.44 105 rad
tan =
Note that we could have used the small angle approximation, tan . Mastering Physics is expecting an answer in
degrees and to two signicant gures, so we enter 5.4 103 .
35-21 Coherent light with wavelength 450 nm passes
through narrow slits with a separation of 0.350 mm. At a
distance from the slits which is large compared to their separation, what is the phase dierence (in radians) in the light
from the two slits at an angle of 22.6 from the centerline?
Since the light source is coherent, the light that is emitted
from each slit is in phase with each other. When the light
waves arrive at the same point far from the slits, they will
be out of phase by an amount proportional to the dierence
in their path lengths, (r2 r1 ). We call the phase dierence
between these arriving waves . For instance, when the path
dierence is one wavelength, one wave has gone through one
complete cycle more than the other, and = 2 radians.
When the path dierence is /2, = radians, and so on.
We can express this proportionality in the equation
= 2
r2 r1
If the point where the waves meet is far from the slits in
comparison to their separation d, the path dierence is given
by r2 r1 = d sin where is the angle measured from the
centerline. Combining these equations gives
=
2d
2 (0.350 mm)
sin =
sin 22.6 = 1878 rad
450 nm
m
m
n
m
m
n
=
=
=
n= .
a
d
3a
a
3a
3
December 9, 2011
vsound
344 m/s
=
= 0.2752 m.
f
1250 Hz
for m = 1
for m = 2
for m = 3
= sin1
m
3 700 nm
=
= 2281.4 nm
sin
sin 67.0
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Know how to account for the energy stored in the capacitor or lost in the resistor of an RC circuit.
What is current?
What is an electron volt?
What is the dielectric constant? What happens to the
capacitance and electric eld if an insulator with dielectric constant K is placed between the capacitor plates?
Be able to use the right hand rule to get the direction
of magnetic elds or of cross products. Know how to
evaluate cross products.
In a magnetic eld: What is the force on a moving
charged particle? What is the force on a current? How
does a charged particle move in a magnetic eld? How
does a velocity selector work?
What are the total force and torque on a current loop?
What is the magnetic moment?
Physics 21
Fall, 2010
1
Hour Exam #1
3
Recitation Time
Total
Recitation Leader
Name:
October 6, 2010
This exam is closed notes and closed book. You must show enough work on each problem to convince the grader
you understand how to solve the problem. Make it easy for the grader to identify your nal answers to each question
or part of a question. You may use a calculator, but show every number that you use to get numerical
results. The penalty for arithmetic errors is small if the grader can tell what you intended to do.
Give units for all nal answers. There is an equation sheet on the last page. All problems count 20 points.
(b) (3 pts.) Determine the currents I1 , I2 , and I3
(including the correct sign) by explicit solution of
the equations you determined in part (a). You
must show your work.
I3
I1
21 V
3
7
2
11 V
Problem 2. Two parallel plate capacitors are connected to a battery and a resistor as shown in the circuit. For the rst capacitor, C1 = 1.24 nF; for the
other, C2 = 3.72 nF. The voltage of the battery is
V0 = 12 volts, and the resistance R = 3500 .
S
(a)
V0
C1
Q1
Q2
C2
V0
R
(b)
C1
C2
Problem 3. For this problem you are to nd the electric eld at the point P on the y axis due to the charge
distribution on the x axis. A total charge of 3Q is uniformly spread out from x = b to x = +2b.
P = (0,y,0)
dQ
-b
x'
2b
(d) (7 pts.) Integrate to nd ONLY THE y COMPONENT of the electric eld E at the point P
due to the rod. Your answer should be in terms
of Q, b, and y.
z
Q (v = v0 k)
y
q x
q
q
q
q
Physics 21
Fall, 2010
Equation Sheet
F2 on 1 =
c
G
NA
kB
e
0
0
g
1 q1 q2 (r1 r2 )
40 |r1 r2 |3
; Eplane =
r
20
for plate
0 capacitor
A
A
Q = CV ; C = 0 K =
d
d
2
Q
2
Ucap = 12 CV = 12
C
Uind = 12 LI 2
L
V = IR
R=
A
P = IV
P = I 2R
1
20
Q
E=
=
0 A
1 dQ (r r )
40 |r r |3
E = V
V
V
V
= i
+ j
+k
x
y
z
V f Vi =
f
E dl
1 Q
dQ
1
; dV =
40 r
40 |r r |
1
uelec = 12 0 E 2 , umag =
B2
20
V=
Work =
R = mv /(qB)
A B =
F dl
E dA =
Q
0
d
dt
E dl =
u du
=
a2 + u 2
a2 + u 2
du
1
= tan1
a2 + u 2
a
v=
T /
u
a
ln a2 + u
1
2
(T =tension)
v = (347.4 m/s)
T /300
v = f = /k
= 2f
k = 2/
T = 1/f
(T =period)
P = 12 A2 2 v
1
C
RC time constant = RC
LR time constant = L/R
Q(t) for RLC circuit
Q0 exp(Rt/2L) cos t
2 =
= sin cos
1
R2
LC
4L2
cos sin
E dA
u du
=
a2 + u 2
XR = R, XL = L, XC =
solenoid B = 0 nI
solenoid L = 0 N 2 A/l
C = 2r
C = d
A = r2
A = 4r2
V = 43 r3
circumference of circle
circumference of circle
area of circle
surface area of sphere
volume of sphere
du
= ln u + a2 + u2
2
2
a +u
)
2
long wire: B =
eective = 1 + 2
= cos
B dA
d
B dl = 0 I + 0 0
dt
sin(
0 I
2R
center loop: B = 0 I/2R
dQ
I=
I = neAvd
dt
Vs
Ns
Is
Np
=
,
=
Vp
Np
Ip
Ns
m =
1
0
=B
= IA
B dA = 0
F = qv B; dF = Idl B
0 Idl (r r )
dB =
4
|r r |3
1
1
1
=
+
eective
1
2
circ. orbit
j
k
Ay Az
By Bz
i
Ax
Bx
6.626 1034 J s
1.055 1034 J s
9.11 1031 kg
1.6726 1027 kg
1.6749 1027 kg
1.6605 1027 kg
8.99 109 N m2 /C2
h
h
= h/2
me
mp
mn
u
k
Eline =
F = qE
dE (at r) =
Plancks constant
Plancks constant/(2)
electron rest mass
proton rest mass
neutron rest mass
atomic mass unit
1/(40 )
ab
a+b
sin a + sin b = 2 cos
sin
2
2
du
u
=
(a2 + u2 )3/2
a2 a2 + u 2
du
= ln u
u
2
cos2 d =
0
2D
1 2D
= 2
2
x
v t2
1
S=
(E B)
0
c = 1/ 0 0
c 2
S=
=
B0
0
E0 B0
Erms Brms
=
=
20
0
= h/p
1
2
1
un+1
n+1
du
1
= ln(a + bu)
a + bu
b
1
du = eau
a
ln u du = u ln u u
1
cE02
2 0
un du =
u du
1
=
(a2 + u2 )3/2
a2 + u 2
au
ax2 + bx + c = 0
b b2 4ac
x=
2a
EBv
xp >
h
sin2 d =
0
KE = p2 /(2M )
(plane wave)
p=
hk
(
h = h/2)
ei = cos + i sin
E=
h = hf
(de Broglie)
2 2
h
= i
h
2M x2
t
Physics 21
Fall, 2010
I3
I1
loop 1
b
loop 2
21 V
3
7
2
11 V
loop 3
Problem 2. Two parallel plate capacitors are connected to a battery and a resistor as shown in the circuit. For the rst capacitor, C1 = 1.24 nF; for the
other, C2 = 3.72 nF. The voltage of the battery is
V0 = 12 volts, and the resistance R = 3500 .
S
(a)
V0
C1
Q1
Q2
C2
V0
R
(b)
C1
C2
Problem 3. For this problem you are to nd the electric eld at the point P on the y axis due to the charge
distribution on the x axis. A total charge of 3Q is uniformly spread out from x = b to x = +2b.
P = (0,y,0)
r - r'
dQ
-b
x'
2b
(d) (7 pts.) Integrate to nd ONLY THE y COMPONENT of the electric eld E at the point P
due to the rod. Your answer should be in terms
of Q, b, and y.
R/2
z
Q (v = v0 k)
y
b
q x
q
q
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
(b) (3 pts.) Determine the currents I1 , I2 , and I3 (including the correct sign) by explicit solution, by
hand, of the equations you determined in part (a).
You must show your work.
a
8V
7
loop 1
I3
I1
2
12 V
6
loop 2
r
q
rcav
(a) (2 pts.) What is the equivalent (or eective) capacitance of the three capacitors shown?
(b) (12 pts.) Assume the circuit has been connected
for a very long time. Find the charge on each
capacitor and the potential dierence across each
capacitor. Identify the charges as Q1 , Q2 , and
Q3 , and the potential dierences as V1 , V2 , and
V3 . Explain carefully the steps you take to determine your answer.
(c) (6 pts.) Suppose it takes the capacitors 15 s after
the battery is connected to become 99% charged.
What is R?
Problem 4. For this problem you are to nd the electric eld at the point P on the x axis due to the charge
distribution on the y axis. A total charge of Q is uniformly spread out on a thin wire of length L. The lower
end of the wire is at the origin.
y
charge Q
length L
dQ
(0,y',0)
r'
r
P = (x,0,0)
(d) (7 pts.) Integrate to nd ONLY THE y COMPONENT of the electric eld E at the point P
due to the wire. Your answer should be in terms
of Q, L, x, and physical constants.
y
x
+z out of page
(c) (5 pts.) How much time does it take for the particle to make one revolution?
(d) (5 pts.) Through what potential dierence would
the particle have to be accelerated from rest to
acquire the speed it has?
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Second Hour Exam: There will be an exam on Wednesday, November 9, 2011 at 4:10 pm. The exam will be closed
book and closed notes. Any physical constants and integrals
you need will be given on the exam. The equation sheet
posted on the course web site will be included on the exam.
Here are the room assignments:
Chandler Ullman 248
Packard 466
Packard 416
paramag-
November 3, 2011
Physics 21
Fall, 2010
1
Recitation Time
Hour Exam #2
3
Total
Recitation Leader
Name:
November 10, 2010
This exam is closed notes and closed book. You must show enough work on each problem to convince the grader
you understand how to solve the problem. You may use a calculator, but show every number that you use
to get numerical results. The penalty for arithmetic errors is small if the grader can tell what you
intended to do. Give units for all nal answers. There is an equation sheet on the last page. All problems count
20 points.
Problem 1. For the following circuit:
Problem 3. A metal bar moves to the left with constant speed v = 8.00 m/s through a uniform magnetic
eld of magnitude B = 1.5 T as shown in the diagram.
The distance between the rails is 0.5 m. The only resistance in the circuit may be taken to be the resistance
R = 24 shown.
(b) (3 pts.) Give the equation that relates the current i shown on the diagram and the charge q on
the capacitor. (i gives the direction of positive
current ow just after the switch is closed.)
(c) (6 pts.) Write the loop equation for this circuit
and convert it to a dierential equation for the
charge on the capacitor, q(t). Verify that the solution to the dierential equation is
q(t) = Q0 cos t.
(d) (4 pts.) Calculate the value of for this circuit.
Physics 21
Fall, 2010
Equation Sheet
F2 on 1 =
c
G
NA
kB
e
0
0
g
1 q1 q2 (r1 r2 )
40 |r1 r2 |3
; Eplane =
r
20
for plate
0 capacitor
A
A
Q = CV ; C = 0 K =
d
d
2
Q
2
Ucap = 12 CV = 12
C
Uind = 12 LI 2
L
V = IR
R=
A
P = IV
P = I 2R
1
20
Q
E=
=
0 A
1 dQ (r r )
40 |r r |3
E = V
V
V
V
= i
+ j
+k
x
y
z
V f Vi =
f
E dl
1 Q
dQ
1
; dV =
40 r
40 |r r |
1
uelec = 12 0 E 2 , umag =
B2
20
V=
Work =
R = mv /(qB)
A B =
F dl
E dA =
Q
0
d
dt
E dl =
u du
=
a2 + u 2
a2 + u 2
du
1
= tan1
a2 + u 2
a
v=
T /
u
a
ln a2 + u
1
2
(T =tension)
v = (347.4 m/s)
T /300
v = f = /k
= 2f
k = 2/
T = 1/f
(T =period)
P = 12 A2 2 v
1
C
RC time constant = RC
LR time constant = L/R
Q(t) for RLC circuit
Q0 exp(Rt/2L) cos t
2 =
= sin cos
1
R2
LC
4L2
cos sin
E dA
u du
=
a2 + u 2
XR = R, XL = L, XC =
solenoid B = 0 nI
solenoid L = 0 N 2 A/l
C = 2r
C = d
A = r2
A = 4r2
V = 43 r3
circumference of circle
circumference of circle
area of circle
surface area of sphere
volume of sphere
du
= ln u + a2 + u2
2
2
a +u
)
2
long wire: B =
eective = 1 + 2
= cos
B dA
d
B dl = 0 I + 0 0
dt
sin(
0 I
2R
center loop: B = 0 I/2R
dQ
I=
I = neAvd
dt
Vs
Ns
Is
Np
=
,
=
Vp
Np
Ip
Ns
m =
1
0
=B
= IA
B dA = 0
F = qv B; dF = Idl B
0 Idl (r r )
dB =
4
|r r |3
1
1
1
=
+
eective
1
2
circ. orbit
j
k
Ay Az
By Bz
i
Ax
Bx
6.626 1034 J s
1.055 1034 J s
9.11 1031 kg
1.6726 1027 kg
1.6749 1027 kg
1.6605 1027 kg
8.99 109 N m2 /C2
h
h
= h/2
me
mp
mn
u
k
Eline =
F = qE
dE (at r) =
Plancks constant
Plancks constant/(2)
electron rest mass
proton rest mass
neutron rest mass
atomic mass unit
1/(40 )
ab
a+b
sin a + sin b = 2 cos
sin
2
2
du
u
=
(a2 + u2 )3/2
a2 a2 + u 2
du
= ln u
u
2
cos2 d =
0
2D
1 2D
= 2
2
x
v t2
1
S=
(E B)
0
c = 1/ 0 0
c 2
S=
=
B0
0
E0 B0
Erms Brms
=
=
20
0
= h/p
1
2
1
un+1
n+1
du
1
= ln(a + bu)
a + bu
b
1
du = eau
a
ln u du = u ln u u
1
cE02
2 0
un du =
u du
1
=
(a2 + u2 )3/2
a2 + u 2
au
ax2 + bx + c = 0
b b2 4ac
x=
2a
EBv
xp >
h
sin2 d =
0
KE = p2 /(2M )
(plane wave)
p=
hk
(
h = h/2)
ei = cos + i sin
E=
h = hf
(de Broglie)
2 2
h
= i
h
2M x2
t
Physics 21
Fall, 2010
If you want to discuss the grading, you must speak with the grader by Dec. 8.
1: Beels 2: Jones 3: Faust 4: Beels 5: Glueckstein
Problem 1. For the following circuit:
Problem 3. A metal bar moves to the left with constant speed v = 8.00 m/s through a uniform magnetic
eld of magnitude B = 1.5 T as shown in the diagram.
The distance between the rails is 0.5 m. The only resistance in the circuit may be taken to be the resistance
R = 24 shown.
(b) (3 pts.) Give the equation that relates the current i shown on the diagram and the charge q on
the capacitor. (i gives the direction of positive
current ow just after the switch is closed.)
(c) (6 pts.) Write the loop equation for this circuit
and convert it to a dierential equation for the
charge on the capacitor, q(t). Verify that the solution to the dierential equation is
q(t) = Q0 cos t.
(d) (4 pts.) Calculate the value of for this circuit.
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Know the sign conventions for converging and diverging lenses. Know how to use the lensmakers equation,
including the sign conventions for the radii of curvature.
How can you describe the path of a light ray using the
principle of least time?
Why is the case of parallel light rays important for a
lens or mirror?
December 9, 2011
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Some of these questions on optics have been adapted from questions on the Physics 21 nal given at the end of
the spring semester of 2004. Try to work them using only the equation sheet and the notes on optics that will be
provided with the nal.
Problem 1. Consider the polarizers in this problem
as perfect. After passing through the rst polarizer,
the electric eld of a light wave is (in SI units)
E = E0 cos[6.0 1015 t 2.0 107 x]j,
with E0 = 2.0 104 V/m.
60O
z
L
(a) What is the angular separation between the central fringe and the next bright fringe?
(b) What is the spacing (in meters) between the bright
fringes if the screen is L = 3.0 m from the slits?
z
i
E(z, t) = E0 cos 2 5.0 10 t
6.0 107
z
14
j
B(z, t) = B0 cos 2 5.0 10 t
6.0 107
14
Physics 21
Fall, 2011
Some of these questions on optics have been adapted from questions on the Physics 21 nal given at the end of
the spring semester of 2004. Try to work them using only the equation sheet and the notes on optics that will be
provided with the nal.
Problem 1. Consider the polarizers in this problem
as perfect. After passing through the rst polarizer,
the electric eld of a light wave is (in SI units)
E0
L
(a) What is the angular separation between the central fringe and the next bright fringe?
The angular splitting (in radians) is given by
60
E1
E2
30O
600 109
=
= 0.003
d
2 104
=
=
=
di
f
do
6 14
4.2
So the image is 4.2 cm in front of the lens. The
height is
hi =
4.2
2 = 0.6 cm
14
(b) Determine the location and the height of the image using a ray diagram.
z
i
E(z, t) = E0 cos 2 5.0 10 t
6.0 107
z
14
j
B(z, t) = B0 cos 2 5.0 10 t
6.0 107
14
1
object
F
image
2
3
550 109 m
= 1.22
= 7.46 107 rad
D
0.9 m