Definition of Resistor

A resistor offers resistance to the flow of current . The resistance is the mea
sure of opposition to the flow of current in a resistor. More resistance means
more opposition to current . The unit of resistance is ohm and it is represent
ed as O. When one volt potential difference is applied across a resistor and for
that one ampere of current flows through it, the resistance of the resistor i
s said to be one O. Resistor is one of the most essential passive elements in el
ectrical and electronics engineering.
Resistor
It is some time required to introduce electrical resistance in different circuit
to limit the current through it. Resistor is an element of circuit which does t
he same. Such as series connected resistor limits the current flowing through
the light emitting diode (LED). In addition to that resistors serve many other p
urposes in electrical and electronic applications.

The most essential requirement of a resistor is that its value of electrical res
istance should not vary with temperature for a wide range. That means resistance
variation with temperature must be as minimal as possible for a wide range of t
emperature. In other word the temperature coefficient of resistance of must be m
inimum for the materials by which a resistor is made of.
High Frequency Effects on Resistor
The effective resistance value of a resistor ma

y be changed when it is subjected to alternating voltage. Not only that the valu
e of resistance va
ries with variation of frequency of supply voltage. This change of resistance w
ith frequency is called Boella effect. Act
vResistor color code
The resistance of the resistor and its tolerance are marked on the resistor with
color code bands that denotes the resistance value.
There are 3 types of color codes:
4 bands: digit, digit , multiplier, tolerance.
5 bands: digit, digit, digit , multiplier, tolerance.
6 bands: digit, digit, digit , multiplier, tolerance, temperature coefficient.
Resistance calculation of 4 bands resistor
R = (10digit1 + digit2) multiplier
Resistance calculation of 5 or 6 bands resistor
R = (100digit1 + 10digit2+digit3) multiplier
Resistor types
Variable resistor
Variable resistor has an adjustable resistance (2 termin
als)
Potentiometer Potentiometer has an adjustable resistance (3 terminals)
Photo-resistor Reduces resistance when exposed to light
Power resistor Power resistor is used for high power circuits and has large dim
ensions.
Surface mount
(SMT/SMD) resistor
SMT/SMD resistors have small dimensions. The resistors are surface mounted on th

e printed circuit board (PCB), this method is fast and requires small board area
.
Resistor network
Resistor network is a chip that contains several resisto
rs with similar or different values.
Carbon resistor
Chip resistor
Metal-oxide resistor
Ceramic resistor
Pull-up resistor
In digital circuits, pull-up resistor is a regular resistor that is connected to
the high voltage supply (e.g +5V or +12V) and sets the input or output level of
a device to '1'.
The pull-up resistor set the level to '1' when the input / output is disconnecte
d. When the input / output is connected, the level is determined by the device a
nd overrides the pull-up resistor.
Pull-down resistor
In digital circuits, pull-down resistor is a regular resistor that is connectedu
ally it is not practically possible to make an ideal resistor. Practically it ma
y have some inductor and capacitance in addition to its resistance. Therefore,
the value of impedanc

e of the resistor may vary with frequency. That is why a resistor is referred to
be used within its useful frequency range. Useful frequency range is defined as
the highest frequency limit beyond which the impedance of the resistor crosses
its tolerance value.
Definition of Resistor
A resistor offers resistance to the flow of current . The resistance is the mea
sure of opposition to the flow of current in a resistor. More resistance means
more opposition to current . The unit of resistance is ohm and it is represent
ed as O. When one volt potential difference is applied across a resistor and for
that one ampere of current flows through it, the resistance of the resistor i
s said to be one O. Resistor is one of the most essential passive elements in el
ectrical and electronics engineering.
Resistor
It is some time required to introduce electrical resistance in different circuit
to limit the current through it. Resistor is an element of circuit which does t
he same. Such as series connected resistor limits the current flowing through
the light emitting diode (LED). In addition to that resistors serve many other p
urposes in electrical and electronic applications.

The most essential requirement of a resistor is that its value of electrical res
istance should not vary with temperature for a wide range. That means resistance
variation with temperature must be as minimal as possible for a wide range of t
emperature. In other word the temperature coefficient of resistance of must be m
inimum for the materials by which a resistor is made of.
High Frequency Effects on Resistor

The effective resistance value of a resistor may be changed when i

The resistance R in ohms (O) of a resistor is equal to the resistivity ? in ohmmeters (Om) times the resistor's length l in meters (m) divided by the resistor's
cross sectional area A in square meters (m2):
R=\rho \times \frac{l}{A}t is subjected to alternating voltage. Not only that th
e value of resistance varies with variation of frequency of supply voltage. Thi
s change of resistance with frequency is called Boella effect. Actually it is no
t practically possible to make an ideal resistor. Practically it may have some i
nductor and capacitance in addition to its resistance. Therefore, the value of
impedance of the resistor may vary with frequency. That is why a resistor is ref
erred to be used within its useful frequency range. Useful frequency range is de
fined as the highest frequency limit beyond which the impedance of the resistor
crosses its tolerance value.