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, but is analytic in
. For
The question arises as to whether it might be possible to generalize the Taylor series method to
functions analytic in an ring
.
Perhaps we can represent these functions with a series that employs negative powers of z in
some way as we did with
. As you will see shortly, we can indeed. We begin by
defining a series that allows for negative powers of z.
Definition Laurent Series: Let
infinite series
. The doubly
,
provided the series on the right-hand side of this equation converge.
as
,
rather than using the expression above
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. At
Definition: Given
,
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where for
, the coefficients
are given by
and
Remark. What happens to the Laurent series if f(z) is analytic in the disk
? If we look at
the equations we see that the coefficient for the positive power
equals
by
using Cauchy's integral formula for derivatives. Hence, the series iinvolving the positive powers
of
is actually the Taylor series for f(z). The Cauchy-Goursat theorem shows us that the
coefficients for the negative powers of
equal zero. In this case, therefore, there are no
negative powers involved, and the Laurent series reduces to the Taylor series.
The theorem beow delineates two important aspects of the Laurent series.
Theorem (Uniqueness and differentiation of Laurent Series). Suppose that
the ring
, and has the Laurent series representation
for all
is analytic in
(i) If
for all
, then
for all n.
(In other words, the Laurent series for f(z) in a given ring is unique.)
(ii) For all
of its Laurent series.
The uniqueness of the Laurent series is an important property because the coefficients in the
Laurent expansion of a function are seldom found by using Equation (7-23). The following
examples illustrate some methods for finding Laurent series coefficients.
Example. Find three different Laurent series representations for the function
involving powers of z.
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valid for
which is a Laurent series that reduces to a Maclaurin series.
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, and thus we
In the ring
valid for
Finally, in the region
valid for
Example Find the Laurent series representation for
z.
,
then we can write
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is