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SECTION: TITLE
TCE.M6-EL-700-6621
SHEET i OF iii
DESIGN GUIDE
FOR
GENERATOR SYSTEM FAULT CALCULATION
FLOPPY NO
FILE NAME
REV.NO
: TCE.M6-EL-CD-DOC-003
: M6-700-6621.DOC
R0
ISSUE
INITIALS
SIGN
PPD.BY
BHR/BS
Sd/-
CKD.BY
HDM
Sd/-
APP.BY
PKS
Sd/-
DATE
INITIALS
SIGN
INITIALS
SIGN
INITIALS
SIGN
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1992.03.30
FORM NO. 020R2
SECTION:REV SHT
SHEET ii OF iii
REVISION
REV. NO.
DATE
DESCRIPTION
ISSUE
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FORM NO. 120 R1
SECTION:CONTENTS
TCE.M6-EL-700-6621
CONTENT
SR.NO.
TITLE
SHEET NO.
1.0
SCOPE
2.0
ABBREVIATIONS USED
3.0
REFERENCE DIAGRAM
4.0
DATA
5.0
PROCEDURE
6.0
DISCUSSION
7.0
REFERENCE
8.0
9.0
GENERATOR MANUFACTURER
10.0
ISSUE
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FORM NO. 120 R1
SECTION:WRITE-UP
SHEET 1 OF 19
1.0
SCOPE
1.1
The scope of this design guide is to provide a detailed method to calculate the fault
currents when a 3 phase fault occurs at any point in the following sections of the
power plant electrical network.
a)
b)
The unit auxiliary transformer section consisting of tap off section of the
busduct upto the unit auxiliary transformer.
1.2
The fault currents calculated would be required to assign the rating of the
equipment operating in the electrical network indicated above such as Extra High
Voltage Circuit Breaker, Bus Duct and Generator Circuit Breaker (if provided)
2.0
ABBREVIATIONS USED
GT
:
UAT :
EHVCB:
GCB :
SEB :
pu
:
Generator Transformer
Unit Auxiliary Transformer
Extra High Voltage Circuit Breaker
Generator Circuit Breaker
State Electricity Board
Per Unit
3.0
REFERENCE DIAGRAM
3.1
4.0
DATA
To calculate the fault currents, the ratings/data of the following equipment/system
are required.
4.1
GRID : Following details/data of the grid to which the generator is connected are
required.
i)
ii)
iii)
SECTION:WRITE-UP
SHEET 2 OF 19
4.2
Generator
4.2.1
The data required from the generator manufacturer to carryout the fault calculations
are listed in Annexure-2.
4.2.2
4.3
Generator Transformer
4.3.1
The resistance of the transformer shall be found using the full load copper losses in
case the values of the resistances are not directly available.
4.3.2
4.4
Bus Ducts
4.4.1
The values of resistance and reactance of the busduct are very small quantities of
the order of micro ohms. Hence these parameters need not be considered for
calculation.
5.0
PROCEDURE
5.1
5.2
The base MVA and base kV shall preferably be taken as the rated MVA and rated
kV of the generator.
5.3
5.4
5.5
SECTION:WRITE-UP
SHEET 3 OF 19
P.U. Impedance on any other MVA and kV can be converted to the P.U. Impedance
on base MVA & base kV as follows:
Zpu (New)
Zpu (Old)
Zpu (new)
=
=
Zpu (old) x
6.0
DISCUSSION
6.1
6.2
While specifying the rating of the equipment operating in the electrical network
considered in this design guide such as GCB and EHVCB, etc., the results obtained
from the calculations shall be indicated in the data sheet-A of the relevant
specification.
7.0
REFERENCES
7.1
The general theory of electrical machines- Adkins B. Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1962.
7.2
ANSI/IEEE Std. C.37.5-1979 IEEE Guide for calculation of fault currents for
application of AC High Voltage Circuit Breakers rated on a total current basis.
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
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SECTION:
ANNEXURE-2
SHEET 5 OF 19
ANNEXURE-2
DATA REQUIRED FROM THE GENERATOR MANUFACTURER
Sl.No. Machine Parameters
Symbol
Unit
1.
kV
2.
Rated MVA
MVA
MVA
3.
cos
4.
Amps
5.
Frequency
Hz
6.
Ra
ohms
7.
Xd
p.u.
8.
Xd
p.u.
9.
Xd
p.u.
10.
p.u.
11.
p.u.
12.
Sec
13.
Td
Sec
14.
Ta
Sec
15.
Tq
Sec
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FORM NO. 120 R1
SECTION:
ANNEXURE-3
SHEET 6 OF 19
ANNEXURE-3
SAMPLE CALCULATION
1.0
This section outlines the detailed procedure for calculation of fault current in the
generator-generator transformer, UAT tap off section. Reference to the figure in
Annexure-1 shall be made.
The calculations are split into 5 parts.
1.1
Part-1 : Calculates 3 phase fault currents at any point between the generator and
generator transformer when generator alone is contributing to the fault.
1.2
Part-2 : Calculates 3 phase fault current at any point between GT and EHVCB
when grid/generator is contributing to the fault when the value of 3 phase
symmetrical fault current is known.
1.3
Part-3 : Calculates the 3 phase fault currents at the point considered in part 1 when
grid alone is feeding the fault.
1.4
Part-4 : Calculates the 3 phase fault currents on the UAT tap off part of the busduct
when both the grid and generator are feeding the fault.
1.5
Part-5 : Gives a summary of sizing the equipment performing in this section of the
electrical network considered.
2.0
2.1
For conservation fault estimation, the saturated value of the reactances are
considered.
2.2
2.3
The switching angle A defines the point in the AC cycle at which the short circuit
occurs. The fault current at = 00 for unloaded generator case gives the maximum
DC component & = 900 gives the zero DC component. Hence = 00 is assumed.
The power angle is the angle between E the generated voltage and Vt the terminal
voltage of the generator is equal to zero since the value of E and Vt are same for
unloaded generator.
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SECTION:
ANNEXURE-3
SHEET 7 OF 19
2.4
The fault current fed from generator will be maximum when the value of and
are nearly equal. This is applicable for loaded as well as unloaded cases prior to
occurrence of the fault. For engineering applications the value of fault current
under generator unloaded conditions is adequate.
2.5
The calculations are done using general theory of electrical machines which is
based on a general machine concept. This is required to incorporate the finite effect
of saliency present in the turbo-generators which takes into consideration the
differences between the values of direct and quadrature axis reactances and time
constants and thus give accurate results.
2.6
The generator circuit breaker shall be sized such that the maximum values of the
symmetrical short circuit current, DC component shall be taken from part 1 and part
3 of the calculation.
2.7
Equivalent system (grid) X/R ratio at typical locations (for quick approximations)
are given below.
Type of Circuit
X/R
1.
40-60
2.
30-50
3.
30-50
4.
15-40
5.
15 or less
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FORM NO. 120 R1
SECTION:
ANNEXURE-3
SHEET 8 OF 19
General Calculations
Base kV
=
21 kV
Base MVA =
659 MVA
Base Impedance =
(Base kV)2
(21)2
------------- = ------- = 0.669
Base MVA 659
Following table furnish the parameters of generator, generator transformer and grid.
Refer Annexure-2 for details required for generator.
a)
GENERATOR
Sl.
No.
Parameter
Actual Value
P.U. Value
P.U Value
with tolerance
1.
Vt = Terminal Voltage
21.0 kV
1.0
1.05
2.
MVA
659
1.0
1.0
3.
Rated Current
18,118A
1.0
1.0
4.
Power factor
0.85
5.
Rated frequency
50 Hz
6.
Xd
2.16
1.728
7.
Xq
2.16
1.728
8.
Xd
0.271
0.2168
9.
Xd
0.193
0.1544
10.
Xq
0.212
0.1696
11.
Ra at 750 C
0.00176 ohms
0.00263
0.00263
12
Td
0.98 sec
13.
Td
0.03 sec
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FORM NO. 120 R1
SECTION:
ANNEXURE-3
SHEET 9 OF 19
14.
Tq
0.075 sec
15.
Ta
0.2 sec
SR.
No.
Parameter
b)
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
1.
Actual Value
P.U. Value
P.U
Value
with tolerance
HV Volts (LL)
400 kV
2.
LV Volts
21 kV
3.
MVA
630 MVA
4.
Impedance, Zt
15%
0.1569
0.1412
5.
Resistance, Rt
0.005 ohms
0.0075
0.0075
6.
Inductance, Xt
0.141
c)
GRID
1.
Voltage level
400 kV
2.
Fault current
40 kA
3.
Fault MVA
27712 MVA
4.
Grid X/R
40
Notes:
a)
b)
c)
d)
SECTION:
ANNEXURE-3
SHEET 10 OF 19
659
Grid fault impedance in pu = ------------ = 0.02378 pu
27712
PART-1
Vt peak
(2)1/2 x Vt 00
(2)1/2 x 1.05 00
= 1.4849 pu
2 XdXq
Factor, Xm = --------------- =
(Xd + Xq)
2 x 0.1544 x 0.1696
------------------------- =
(0.1544 + 0.1696)
0.1616 pu
2 XdXq
= --------------- =
(Xq - Xd)
2 x 0.1544 x 0.1696
------------------------- =
(0.1696 - 0.1544)
3.4456 pu
Factor, Xn
2ft
= 00
& = 00
The steady state value of the voltage before short circuit can be analysed to be made up of
2 components namely Direct and Quadrature axes.
The direct axis component Vd
= (2)1/2 Vt sin
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SECTION:
ANNEXURE-3
SHEET 11 OF 19
Equation 1 :
Ia1 = [ Vq/xd +(Vq/Xd Vq/Xd) e- t/Td + (Vq/Xd Vq/Xd) e t/Td] cos (t +)
- Vq/Xm e-t/Ta cos - Vq/Xn e-t/Ta cos (2t + )
Equation 2 :
Ia2 = - [ Vd/xq +(Vd/Xq Vd/Xq) e- t/Tq ] sin (2t +)
+ Vd/Xm e-t/Ta sin - Vd/Xn e-t/Ta sin (2t + )
The total fault current in phase a : Ia = Ia1 + I a2
The equation 2 reduces to zero since Vd = 0
Equation 1 consists of 3 parts
Part a :
Iac1 = [ Vq/xd +(Vq/Xd Vq/Xd) e- t/Td + (Vq/Xd Vq/Xd) e t/Td] cos (wt +)
is called the AC fundamental
Part-b :
Iac2 = (- Vq/Xn) e-t/Ta cos (2wt + )
is called the second harmonic component
Part c :
Idc = (- Vq/Xm) e-t/Ta cos
is called the DC component of the fault current.
Total AC component of the fault current = (Part a + Part b) pu
Total symmetrical Iac (rms) = (Iac1 + Iac2) / 2 pu
Iac peak = Iac x 2 pu
% DC component = (Idc /Iac peak) x 100
Total Iac asymmetrical
SECTION:
ANNEXURE-3
SHEET 12 OF 19
=
=
=
- 6.8669 pu
0.3192 pu
6.80699 pu
Iac1 + Iac2
Symm Iac rms = --------------------- = 4.6299 pu
2
(Iacrms2 + Idc2)1/2
Iactual
I base x I pu
8.23 pu
18118 x 4.6299
83.88 kA
18118 x 8.23
149.11 kA
Idc
18118 x 6.80699
123.33 kA
% DC
123.33 x 100
= ----------------------- 2 x 83.88
103.97%
A computer package SMS is available which calculates the fault currents which have been
computed above manually.
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SECTION:
ANNEXURE-3
SHEET 13 OF 19
PART-2
a)
Grid Feed
The symmetrical fault current fed from the
400 kV grid Iacgrms =
40 kA
40
Iacg (peak)
40 x 2
X/R
56.57 kA
0.127 sec
2FL / R
L
40
Time constant , = ------ = ----------R
2 x 50
t = EHVCB opening time
Idc
= 60 milliseconds
Idc
=
35.27 kA
Idc x 100
% DC component = -------------- =
Iacg (peak)
35.27
-------- x 100 = 62.35%
56.57
53.33 kA
Generator Feed
The generator feed to the fault current when a fault occurs after EHVCB can be
computed by using equation 1 referred in part A of the calculations. However the
value of reactances such as Xd, Xd, Xd, Xq, Xq etc. get modified as Xd + Xt,
Xd + Xt, Xd+Xt, Xq+Xt, Xq+Xt etc. respectively where Xt is the GT reactance.
The armature time constant Ta which is approximately equal to Ld/Ra becomes
(Ld + Lt)/(Ra + Rt)
where Ld = Xd/ 2f and Lt = Xt / 2f
Substituting the values in equation 1 we get,
ISSUE
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FORM NO. 120 R1
SECTION:
ANNEXURE-3
Iac rms=
2.833 x 18118 =
51.33 kA
Idc
2.569 x 18118 =
46.545 kA
SHEET 14 OF 19
% DC component
4.2325 x 100
= -------------------- 2 x 4.67
64.08%
Comparing grid feed and generator feed for the fault considered, we find that the
grid feed is much larger than the generator feed because of the impedance of the
GT. Hence EHVCB should be sized to perform for grid feed.
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SECTION:
ANNEXURE-3
SHEET 15 OF 19
PART 3
The fault current fed from grid alone when a 3 phase fault occurs anywhere
between the generator and generator transformer LV bushing is calculated in this
section.
400 kV
The grid impedance = ---------------=
5.774 ohms
3 x 40
Zg =
5.744 ohms
40
+
Zg2
X2
- Xg2
(5.774)2
= ----------------(1600 + 1)
0.020824 ohms
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SECTION:
ANNEXURE-3
SHEET 16 OF 19
= 0.1412 p.u.
Fault MVA
Base MVA
= -------------------Fault impedance
630
= ---------- = 3847.79 MVA
0.16393
Similarly Lt
3847 .79
= ------------ =
3 x 21
105.79 kA
149.605 kA
0.1408
= ------------2 x x 50
0.00051
= ------------ = 0.06726 secs
0.00758
60 x 10-3 sec
Idc
(Igpeak) x e-t/C
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FORM NO. 120 R1
Idc
Idcg
61.3 kA on 21 kV side
% DC component =
SECTION:
ANNEXURE-3
SHEET 17 OF 19
61.3
---------- x 100
149.605
41%
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SECTION:
ANNEXURE-3
SHEET 18 OF 19
PART-4
This part calculates the fault currents on the UAT tap off portion of the busduct.
The total fault current will be equal to the sum of the fault currents fed from the
generator and the grid.
Hence the total fault current will be equal to the sum of the fault currents calculated
in Part 1 and Part 3.
Total Iac symm
149.11 + 122.27
Total Idc
= 271.36 kA
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SECTION:
ANNEXURE-3
SHEET 19 OF 19
PART-5
SUMMARY OF SIZING EQUIPMENT PERFORMING IN THE SECTION
OF THE NETWORK UNDER CONSIDERATION
1. GCB : Symmetrical Breaking Capacity
106 x 2.55
162.62 kA
= 271 kA
GCB shall be sized for the above values of the short circuit current. The generator
circuit breaker as per IEEE C 37.013 1989 meeting the above rating shall be
specified.
2. EHVCB:
40 kA
% DC component
63%
54 kA
= 40 x 2.55
= 102 kA
3. BUSDUCT
a)
b)
=
=
Portion of the busduct from UAT tapoff point till UAT HV terminals.
This portion of the bus duct is susceptible to fault currents fed from both generator
and EHV grid.
Hence short time current = 84 kA + 106 kA = 190 kA for 1 sec.
Momentary rating
=
190 x 2.55
= 485 kA (Peak)
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FORM NO. 120 R1