Science Notebook

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Science
Level Blue
Consultant
Douglas Fisher, Ph.D.
About the Consultant
Copyright by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material
contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students,
teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Science Level Blue. Any other
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Douglas Fisher, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Teacher

Education at San Diego State University. He is the recipient of an
International Reading Association Celebrate Literacy Award as well
as a Christa McAuliffe award for Excellence in Teacher Education. He
has published numerous articles on reading and literacy, differentiated
instruction, and curriculum design as well as books, such as Improving
Adolescent Literacy: Strategies at Work and Responsive Curriculum Design
in Secondary Schools: Meeting the Diverse Needs of Students. He has taught
a variety of courses in SDSUs teacher-credentialing program as well as
graduate-level courses on English language development and literacy.
He also has taught classes in English, writing, and literacy development
to secondary school students.
Note-Taking Tips ........................................ v

Using Your Science Notebook ............... vi
Chapter 1 The Nature of Science
Chapter Preview ....................................... 1
1-1............................................................... 2
1-2............................................................... 5
1-3............................................................... 8
Wrap-Up ................................................. 12
Chapter 2 Traits and How

They Change
Chapter Preview ..................................... 13
2-1............................................................. 14
2-2............................................................. 17
2-3............................................................. 20
Wrap-Up ................................................. 24
Chapter 3 Interactions of
Human Systems
Chapter Preview ..................................... 25
3-1............................................................. 26
3-2............................................................. 29
Wrap-Up ................................................. 32
Chapter 4 Interactions of Life
Chapter Preview ..................................... 33
4-1............................................................. 34
4-2............................................................. 37
4-3............................................................. 40
Wrap-Up ................................................. 44
Chapter 5 The Nonliving Environment
Chapter Preview ..................................... 45
5-1............................................................. 46
5-2............................................................. 49
5-3............................................................. 52
Wrap-Up ................................................. 56
Chapter 6 Ecosystems
Chapter Preview ..................................... 57
6-1............................................................. 58
6-2............................................................. 61
6-3............................................................. 64
Wrap-Up ................................................. 68
Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics

Chapter Preview ..................................... 69
7-1............................................................. 70
7-2............................................................. 73
7-3............................................................. 76
Wrap-Up ................................................. 80
Chapter 8 Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Chapter Preview ..................................... 81
8-1............................................................. 82
8-2............................................................. 85
8-3............................................................. 88
Wrap-Up ................................................. 92
Chapter 9 Clues to Earths Past
Chapter Preview ..................................... 93
9-1............................................................. 94
9-2............................................................. 97
9-3........................................................... 100
Wrap-Up ............................................... 104
Chapter 10 Geologic Time
Chapter Preview ................................... 105
10-1 ........................................................ 106
10-2 ........................................................ 109
10-3 ........................................................ 112
Wrap-Up ............................................... 116
Chapter 11 The Sun-Earth-Moon
System
Chapter Preview ................................... 117
11-1 ........................................................ 118
11-2 ........................................................ 121
11-3 ........................................................ 124
Wrap-Up ............................................... 128
Chapter 12 The Solar System
Chapter Preview ................................... 129
12-1 ........................................................ 130
12-2 ........................................................ 133
12-3 ........................................................ 136
12-4 ........................................................ 139
Wrap-Up ............................................... 142
Science Level Blue
iii
Chapter 19 Force and Newtons Laws

Chapter Preview ................................... 205
19-1 ........................................................ 206
19-2 ........................................................ 209
19-3 ........................................................ 212
Wrap-Up ............................................... 216
Chapter 14 Inside the Atom

Chapter Preview ................................... 157
14-1 ........................................................ 158
14-2 ........................................................ 161
Wrap-Up ............................................... 164
Chapter 20 Work and Simple Machines

Chapter Preview ................................... 217
20-1 ........................................................ 218
20-2 ........................................................ 221
20-3 ........................................................ 224
Wrap-Up ............................................... 228
Chapter 15 The Periodic Table

Chapter Preview ................................... 165
15-1 ........................................................ 166
15-2 ........................................................ 169
15-3 ........................................................ 173
Wrap-Up ............................................... 176
Chapter 21 Thermal Energy

Chapter Preview ................................... 229
21-1 ........................................................ 230
21-2 ........................................................ 233
21-3 ........................................................ 236
Wrap-Up ............................................... 240
Chapter 16 Atomic Structure and

Chemical Bonds
Chapter Preview ................................... 177
16-1 ........................................................ 178
16-2 ........................................................ 181
Wrap-Up ............................................... 184
Chapter 22 Electricity
Chapter Preview ................................... 241
22-1 ........................................................ 242
22-2 ........................................................ 245
22-3 ........................................................ 248
Wrap-Up ............................................... 252
Chapter 17 Chemical Reactions

Chapter Preview ................................... 185
17-1 ........................................................ 186
17-2 ........................................................ 189
Wrap-Up ............................................... 192
Chapter 23 Magnetism
Chapter Preview ................................... 253
23-1 ........................................................ 254
23-2 ........................................................ 257
Wrap-Up ............................................... 260
Chapter 18 Motion and Momentum

Chapter Preview ................................... 193
18-1 ........................................................ 194
18-2 ........................................................ 197
18-3 ........................................................ 200
Wrap-Up ............................................... 204
Chapter 24 Waves, Sound, and Light

Chapter Preview ................................... 261
24-1 ........................................................ 262
24-2 ........................................................ 265
24-3 ........................................................ 268
Wrap-Up ............................................... 272
Academic Vocabulary ............................ 273
iv
Science Level Blue
Chapter 13 Stars and Galaxies

Chapter Preview ................................... 143
13-1 ........................................................ 144
13-2 ........................................................ 147
13-3 ........................................................ 150
13-4 ........................................................ 153
Wrap-Up ............................................... 156
Note-Taking Tips
Your notes are a reminder of what you learned in class. Taking good
notes can help you succeed in science. These tips will help you take
better notes.
Be an active listener. Listen for important concepts. Pay attention
to words, examples, and/or diagrams your teacher emphasizes.
Write your notes as clearly and concisely as possible. The following
symbols and abbreviations may be helpful in your note-taking.
Word or
Phrase
Symbol or
Abbreviation
Word or
Phrase
Symbol or
Abbreviation
for example
e.g.
and
such as
i.e.
approximately
with
w/
therefore
without
w/o
versus
vs
Use a symbol such as a star () or an asterisk (*) to emphasis

important concepts. Place a question mark (?) next to anything that
you do not understand.
Ask questions and participate in class discussion.
Draw and label pictures or diagrams to help clarify a concept.
Note-Taking Donts
Dont write every word. Concentrate on the main ideas and concepts.
Dont use someone elses notesthey may not make sense.
Dont doodle. It distracts you from listening actively.
Dont lose focus or you will become lost in your note-taking.
Science Level Blue
Using Your Science Notebook

Name
This note-taking guide is designed to

help you succeed in learning science
content. Each chapter includes:
Date
Motion and Momentum

Before You Read
Preview the chapter and section titles and the section headings. Complete the
two columns of the chart by listing at least two ideas in each column.
K
What I know
W
What I want to find out
Language-Based Activities
Activities cover the content
in your science book including
vocabulary, writing, note-taking,
and problem solving.
Accept all reasonable

responses.
Science Journal
Describe how your motion changed as you moved from your schools entrance to
your classroom.
Anticipation Guide/KWL Charts

Think about what you already know
before beginning a lesson and
identify what you would like
achieve: to gain, accomplish, attain, reach
to learn from reading. adjacent: near, close, or adjoining
Student responses will vary, but should include concepts of distance, speed,
velocity, and maybe elevation, as they move up stairs, around corners, or
between peers.
approach: to come near

collapse: to fall together or inward
communicate: to make known or
give information
Science Journal
Write about what
you know.
Motion and Momentum
Name
193
community: a group of organisms that

live together in the same place
enormous: having great size

factor: any of the circumstances or
conditions that bring about a result
fundamental: serving as an original or
generating source; primary
hypothesis: a reasonable guess that can
be tested and is based on what is known
and what is observed
complex: made up of different parts

connected in a way that is hard
to understand
interact: to act upon one another
component: part of a machine or system
interval: space or time between events
constant: not changing; continuing
investigate: to search into something in

order to learn the facts
internal: having to do with the inside
(continued)
Calculating
Acceleration
I found this information
on page
.
consume: to eat
Analyze the acceleration graph below. Label the parts of the graph
showing zero acceleration, positive acceleration, and negative
acceleration.
SE, p. 532
RE, p. 274
Speed v. Time
8
7
Zero acceleration
Speed (m/s)
6
5
Negative
acceleration
4
3
Positive
acceleration
contract: to make or become shorter

or smaller
controversy: argument or debate
convert: to change from one form into
another form
core: center; a central part of something
cycle: a repeating sequence of events
device: tool or instrument designed for
a particular purpose
Writing Activities
1
0
These activities help you think
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (s)
about what youre learning
Summarize how you can identify each type of acceleration on an
acceleration graph. Complete the sentences.
and make connections
to
A line for positive acceleration slopes
.
your life.
A line for negative acceleration slopes
.
emerge: to come out; to appear
Date
Section 2 Acceleration
displace: to take the place of or remove

from the usual or proper place
diverse: not all the same; varied
domain: region with the same physical
feature
eliminate: to get rid of
isolate: to separate from others

maintain: to continue
mature: to become fully developed
or ripe
method: particular procedure, technique,
or way to do something
model: a tool used to help visualize
something that cannot be directly
observed
nuclear: of or relating to the atomic
nucleus
occur: to take place or happen; to be found
or appear
output: useful power delivered by a circuit
or device
overall: including everything; total
Science Level Blue
up from left to right
down from left to right
A line for zero acceleration
is horizontal
Vocabulary Development
A jogger runs around a circular track. She starts at a Vocabulary
speed
words help you to better
of 2 m/s, then speeds up to 6 m/s. She runs at that speed for 20 minutes, and then
comes to a stop. Describe her acceleration. Is it ever zero?
understand your science lessons. Learning
the Academic Glossary can help you score
higher on standardized tests.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Her acceleration is positive as she speeds up, and negative as she slows down. Her
acceleration is never zero, because she is always changing direction as she moves
around the circle of the track.
Motion and Momentum
vi
Academic Vocabulary
Science Level Blue
199
273
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Name
Date
Section 3 Momentum
(continued)
Mass and Inertia

on page
.
SE, p. 533
RE, p. 276
Greater
mass
Less
mass
Momentum
Chapter Wrap-Up
This brings the information together
for you. Revisiting what you thought
at the beginning of the chapter provides
another opportunity for you to discuss
what you have learned.
Label the arrow below to show the relationship between mass

and inertia.
Has
more
inertia
Has
less
inertia
List two factors that affect an objects momentum.

on page
.
1.
SE, p. 534
RE, pp. 276277
2.
affect
momentum
Summarize the calculation of momentum in words on the

lines below.
The momentum of an object is calculated by multiplying
its mass in kilograms by its velocity in meters per second.
Name
Provide students with
sample momentum
problems to help them
become acquainted
with the calculations
and units.
momentum
(in kg m/s)
mass
(in kg)
velocity
Date
Motion and Momentum
Complete the equation used to calculate momentum.

(in m/s)
Chapter Wrap-Up
Review the ideas you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out any
incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in the
third column.
Analyze the equation above and rewrite it using symbols. Use the
letter p to represent momentum.
K
What I know
p mv
W
L
What I learned
Accept all reasonable
responses.
Summarize the law of conservation of momentum in your own

Note-Taking
Based on
words using two balls that collide as an example.
the
Cornell
Two-Column
Format
on page
.
Practice effective note-taking through
the use of graphic organizers, Motion
outlines,
and Momentum 201
and written summaries.
Conservation
of Momentum
After two balls collide, the total momentum is the same as before
SE, p. 535
RE, p. 277
the collision.
Review
Review the information you included in your Foldable.
Study your Science Notebook on this chapter.
Review daily homework assignments.

Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.
Name
Date
Acceleration
and Motion
Review the Self Check at the end of each section.
(continued)
Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
Review Checklist
S
I After This
helps
you
assess
reading thislist
chapter,
identify three
things that
you have what
learned about motion and momentum.
you have learned and prepare
for your chapter tests.
UMMARIZE
Distinguish the three ways that an object can accelerate. Complete

the concept map.
Accept all reasonable responses.
Acceleration
includes
SE, pp. 528529

RE, pp. 272273
measures how velocity changes over time. 3. Momentum equals an objects mass times
its velocity.
1. speeding up
2. slowing down
3. changing
204
direction
Calculating
Acceleration
on page
.
SE, p. 530
RE, p. 273
Have students who
are good in math
partner with students
who are less skilled
to work several examples of acceleration
calculations.

on page
.
Motion and Momentum
Complete the mathematical equation to calculate acceleration for

objects moving in a straight line.
Acceleration Equation
final speed
acceleration
(in m/s2)
(in m/s) initial speed (in m/s)

time (in s)
Analyze the equation above to rewrite it using symbols.

a
(s f s i )
t
Compare and contrast positive and negative acceleration by

completing the chart.
SE, p. 531
RE, p. 274
Types of Acceleration
Positive
198
1. Motion must be measured by comparing it with a reference point. 2. Acceleration

on page
.
Negative
Change in
speed
increase
decrease
Relationship of
initial speed to
final speed
Initial speed is
less than final
speed.
Initial speed is
greater than final
speed.
Study the definitions of vocabulary words.
Use this checklist to help you study.
Graphic Organizers
A variety of visual organizers help you
to analyze and summarize information
and remember content.
Motion and Momentum
Science Level Blue
vii
Name
Date
The Nature of Science

Before You Read
Preview the chapter title, section titles, and section headings. List at least two ideas
for each section in each column.
K
What I know
W
Science Journal
Describe the most interesting science activity youve ever done. Identify as many parts
of the scientific process used in the activity as you can.
Name
Date

Section 1 What is science?
Skim the headings in Section 1. Write three questions that come
to mind from reading these headings. Look for answers to each
question as you read the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define observation to show its scientific meaning.
observation
New
Vocabulary Use each key term in a sentence to show it scientific meaning.
scientist
technology
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define investigate.
investigate
science
Name
Date
Science in
Society
on page
.
(continued)
Identify three ways scientists find answers about the natural world.
1.
2.
3.
Using Science
Every Day
Compare ways that people seek answers to questions in daily life

with ways that scientists seek answers to their questions.

on page
.
Using Prior
Knowledge
on page
.
Sequence the steps that scientists take to form theories.
Scientists use
about what will happen in investigations.
Scientists form
been well-tested.
to make predictions
when predictions have
Name
Date
Using Science
and Technology
on page
.
(continued)
Identify five information resource materials.

1.
4.
2.
5.
3.
on page
.
Complete the graphic organizer to identify scientific skills.
Communication
in Science
on page
.
Summarize seven kinds of information you should record in a

science journal.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
CONNECT IT
Describe a news item you have heard or read about scientific

methods being used in society.
Skills that
Scientists Use
Name
Date

Section 2 Doing Science
Predict three things that might be discussed in Section 2 as you
skim the title and headings.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define experiment to show its scientific meaning.
experiment
New
Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to each definition.
sample to which the independent variable is not applied
answers scientific questions through observation

represents something that is too big, too small, too dangerous,
too time consuming, or too expensive to observe directly
testing a hypothesis by using carefully controlled steps
variable that stays the same during an experiment
factor that is being measured during an experiment
variable that is changed during an experiment
prediction or statement that can be tested
ways, or steps to follow, to solve problems
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define method to show its scientific meaning.
method
Name
Date
Solving Problems
on page
.
(continued)
Complete the concept map about the 2 types of research used to

solve problems.
Types of Research
Descriptive research
used to solve
problems by

on page
.
Describe each part of descriptive research listed below.

1. Research objective:
2. Research design:
3. Bias:
Equipment,
Materials,
and Models
on page
.
Identify six reasons scientists often use models rather than direct
observation. Identify the reasons beneath the correct heading.
Models are used to study
things that are . . .
Models are used to study

things that happen . . .
Descriptive
Research
used to solve
problems by
Name
Date
Data and
Draw
Conclusions
(continued)
Skim the information in the Data and Draw Conclusions sections.

Then complete each statement to summarize the main ideas.
1. Data can be recorded and organized by using

on page
.
2. When drawing conclusions about data, you decide
3. After an investigation ends, scientists often
Experimental
Research Design

on page
.
Sequence the steps involved in experimental research design.

1. Form a(n)
2. Plan and perform a(n)
One variable, called the

Measure the change in the
sure the rest of the variables are
3.
4.
CONNECT IT
, is changed.
and make
.
the experiment
to make sure results are valid.
the results.
How might sharing your research results with others help you?
Name
Date

Section 3 Science and Technology
Scan the section. Use the checklist below.
Read all of the section headings.
Read all of the bold words.
Look at all the charts, graphs, and pictures.
Think about what you already know about science, technology,
and engineering.
Write two facts about science, technology, and engineering.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Define computer.
New
Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define the following term.
information technology
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define communicate.
communicate
computer
Name
Date
Scientific
Discoveries
(continued)
Summarize how scientific discoveries influence your daily life.

Include examples.

on page
.

on page
.
Complete the graphic organizer to describe technology.
Example: compact discs
Example:
methods and
techniques
Technology
includes
Example: hydraulic tools make
construction work easier
and faster
Example:
social-technical
systems
Name
Date
ScienceThe
Product of Many
on page
.
(continued)
Complete the chart about scientists.

Engineers
What are some
specific jobs done
by scientists?
What are some

fields in which
scientists work?
Explain how computers have changed how modern scientists work.

on page
.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Identify a problem that you encounter in your everyday life.

Explain how you think it could be helped by technology.
10
Looking to the
Future
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Suppose you are going to interview a scientist. Prepare five interview questions about the
scientists work, equipment, and methods.
Interview Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11
Name
Date
Chapter Wrap-Up
Review the ideas you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out
any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in
the third column. How do your ideas now compare with those you provided at the
beginning of the chapter?
K
What I know
W
L
What I learned

S UMMARIZE I T
learned about science.
12
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have
Review
Name
Date
Traits and How They Change

Before You Read
Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements.
1. Write an A if you agree with the statement.
2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
Before You
Read

Traits result from coded information in DNA.
The different forms of a gene are called alleles.
The chance that an organism will inherit a
certain trait cannot be predicted.
Mutation is the process by which changes to
DNA form new alleles.
Science Journal
List two traits that a dog inherits and two traits that are determined by the
dogs environment.
13
Name
Date

Section 1 Traits and the Environment
Scan the What Youll Learn statements for Section 1 of your book.
Identify three topics that will be discussed.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary
Define variation using your book or a dictionary.
variation
New
Vocabulary
Use your book or a dictionary to define the vocabulary terms.
gene
genotype
phenotype
Academic
Vocabulary
Use a dictionary to define structure to show its scientific

meaning.
structure
14
trait
Name
Date
What are traits?

on page
.
(continued)
Organize information about traits by completing the blanks in

the paragraph.
Traits are
that an organism has. Two examples
of traits are
and
You have
of traits. Information for traits is found
on
on page
.
material called
in cells.
Summarize some characteristics of DNA by completing the

graphic organizer below.
DNA
Contains information
needed to produce a

on page
.
Exists as
Has segments of the
in cells with a
DNA
on
a chromosome called
Compare genotype and phenotype by completing the Venn

diagram with at least 5 facts.
Genotype
Phenotype
Both
15
Name
Date
Effects of the
Environment
(continued)
Summarize how the environment affects phenotypes by

supplying examples of external and internal influences.

on page
.
External
How tree leaves grow depends on the

they receive and the
Internal
at which they grow.
Human brain cells need
to
normally.
Model one example of how the environment can affect appearance

by drawing the example in the box below. Label parts of your
drawing to identify what part of the organism is affected.
Explain how some species benefit from organisms ability to change

sex, or gender.
CONNECT IT
16
Summarize some features of your own phenotype.

on page
.
Name
Date

Section 2 Genetics
Scan the headings in Section 2 of your book. Identify three topics
that will be discussed.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define cloning using your book or a dictionary.
cloning
New
Vocabulary Read the definitions below. Write the correct vocabulary term
on the blank to the left of each definition.
model that is used to predict the possible offspring of crosses

between different organisms of known genotypes
different form of a gene
study of heredity that developed into a science
type of allele that shows its effect on the phenotype only
when two of them are present in the genotype
type of allele that shows its effect on the phenotype whenever
it is present in the genotype
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define proportion to show its scientific
meaning.
proportion
17
Name
Date
Section 2 Genetics
Science of
Genetics
on page
.
(continued)
Evaluate why the study of genetics is important by writing

three key concepts.
1.
2.
3.

on page
.
Complete the paragraph about genes and alleles.

Each
in an individual is determined by at least

factors called
different forms called

on page
.
18
. Each gene has

.
Model the different combinations of alleles possible in sex cells of

a parent cell with alleles AaBbCc. Select either a lowercase letter
or a capital letter from each column for each row. Find all eight
different combinations. The first one has been done for you.
Aa
Bb
Cc
Beginning with
Mendel
Name
Date
Section 2 Genetics

on page
.
(continued)
Summarize Mendels principles and laws of heredity in the

chart below.
Mendels Principles and Laws of Heredity
Principle
or Law
What the principle or law

says or means
Only one form of a trait shows, even when both
alleles are present.
Segregation
Independent
Assortment
Predicting
Genetic
Outcomes
Model how a Punnett square shows the outcomes for whether

offspring will be male or female.
Female (XX)

on page
.
X
Male (XY)
Y
CONNECT IT
Use a Punnett square

to predict the possible genotype outcomes
for the height of plants. Cross one plant that
is tall (Tt) with one plant that is short (tt).
Show each outcome by writing the correct
letters in the square. State the predicted
percentage for each possible genotype.
19
Name
Date

Section 3 Environmental Impact over Time
Skim Section 3 of your book. Write three questions that come to
mind. Look for answers to your questions as you read the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define environment using your book or a dictionary.
environment
New
Vocabulary Write a paragraph using these two vocabulary terms.
Write a paragraph that contains these three vocabulary terms.

mutation
adaptive radiation
extinction
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define isolate to show its scientific meaning.
isolate
20
evolution
natural selection
Name
Date
(continued)
Survival and the

Environment
Compare nonliving and living influences that affect the survival

of species. List at least ten influences.

on page
.
Influences That Affect Survival

Nonliving Influences
Living Influences
Describe the hypothesis of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

about environmental influences on species.
Darwin and Wallace hypothesized that
Species and the

Environment
Summarize information about the theory of evolution through

natural selection.

on page
.
Darwin and Wallace
Proposed:
Concluded:
21
Name
Date

on page
.
(continued)
Compare ways in which species change by writing about each in

the chart below.
Changes to Species
Cause of
Change
Description
Mutation
Selective
Breeding

on page
.
Identify two reasons for extinction.

1. Habitats are
2.
.
are introduced that
or
existing species.
CONNECT IT
A new road is planned near a national park. The new road is

needed to handle the large numbers of people who visit the park each year. Before
building the road, the planners have to complete an environmental study. Predict how
a road will impact the species in the area.
22
Adaptive
Radiation
Name
Date
Tie It Together
All of the members of a rare species of spider live only on a small island. The spider has
no predators on the island. During a hurricane, birds that feed on spiders are blown onto
the island.
Predict whether the spider species can become extinct. Give reasons for your prediction.
Predict what would happen to the rest of the food chain on the island if the spider
becomes extinct.
23
Name
Date

Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete
the table below. Compare your previous answers with these.
After You
Read
Traits result from coded information in DNA.

The different forms of a gene are called alleles.
The chance that an organism will inherit a
certain trait cannot be predicted.
Mutation is the process by which changes to
DNA form new alleles.

S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three important ideas in
the chapter.
24
Review
Name
Date
Interactions of Human Systems

Before You Read
Before you read the chapter, think about what you know about the topic. List three
things that you already know about human body systems in the first column. Then
list three things that you would like to learn about human body systems in the
second column.
K
What I know
W
Science Journal
Write a paragraph describing why it is important for the members of a sports team,
orchestra, or another group to work together.
25
Name
Date

Section 1 The Human Organism
Scan the headings in Section 1 of your book. Identify three topics
that will be discussed.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define matter using your book or a dictionary.
matter
New
to the left of each definition.
inorganic substance that is involved in many of the bodys

chemical reactions
carbon-containing compound found in living things
group of similar cells that do the same type of work
group of organs that work together to do a job
smallest functional unit in an organism
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define complex to show its scientific
meaning.
complex
26
structure made of different kinds of tissue that work together
Name
Date
Chemical Basis
of Life
(continued)
Create a graphic organizer to describe matter.

on page
.

on page
.
Identify the minerals in a meal with a whole wheat bun, spinach

salad, and chili that contains beef, kidney beans, lentils, and peas.
in the whole wheat bun:
in the spinach salad:
in the chili:

on page
.
Complete the chart to identify four groups of organic compounds.

1. Name of Compound:
Function:
Function:
Function:
Function:
27
Name
Date
CellsLiving
Factories
(continued)
Model a human body cell by drawing and labeling the cells

structures in the space below.

on page
.
Sequence the levels of organization of the body, starting with the

smallest level. Give an example of each.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
S YNTHESIZE I T
28
Explain why it is important to eat a healthy, well-balanced diet.

on page
.
Name
Date

Section 2 How Your Body Works
Skim Section 2 of your book. Write three questions that come
to mind.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define energy using your book or a dictionary.
energy
New
to the left of each definition.
passing of food molecules through the villi and into the
bloodstream
protein that helps the body carry out chemical reactions

series of chemical processes in which oxygen combines with
food molecules and energy is released
process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment
breakdown of foods into smaller and simpler molecules that can
be used by the body
process by which the body reduces the effect of a change to
maintain normal conditions
small fingerlike projections that line the small intestine
thin-walled sacs in the lungs where oxygen enters and carbon
dioxide leaves the bloodstream
removal of waste materials
Academic
Vocabulary Define eliminate to show its scientific meaning.
eliminate
29
Name
Date
Body System
Connections and
Feeding Cells
(continued)
Model the digestive system by drawing and labeling the systems

structures. Then underline the label of the structure that
contains villi.

on page
.
Analyze why the small intestine is well suited for the absorption of
food into the circulatory system. List three reasons.
1.
2.
3.
30

on page
.
Name
Date
Energy for
the Body
on page
.
Interdependence
of Body Systems
Summarize how the respiratory system and the circulatory

system work together in the lungs. Draw a diagram to show how
they work.
Compare negative feedback and positive feedback by completing

the graphic organizer below.

on page
.
(continued)
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Function:
Function:
Examples:
Examples:
1.
1.
2.
2.
CONNECT IT
A home heating and cooling system turns on every time the

temperature on the thermostat varies from 70. Which type of feedback is this? How
is this similar to what happens in the human body?
31
Name
Date

Chapter Wrap-Up
third column.
K
What I know
W
L
What I learned

S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three main ideas you

learned that you did not know before.
32
Review
Name
Date
Interactions of Life
Before You Read
Before You
Read
The community includes the top part of Earths crust, water that
covers Earths surface, and Earths atmosphere.
In nature, most competition occurs between individuals of the
same species.
Plants and microscopic organisms can move from place to place.
Living organisms do not need a constant supply of energy.
Science Journal
Describe how a familiar bird, insect, or other animal depends on other organisms.
33
Name
Date
Section 1 Living Earth
Skim through Section 1 of your book. Read the headings and look
at the figures. Write three questions that come to mind.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define adaptation using your book or a dictionary.
adaptation
New
Vocabulary Define each new vocabulary term using your book.
ecology
population
community
habitat
Academic
Vocabulary Define community using a dictionary.
community
34
biosphere
Name
The Biosphere
Date
(continued)
Complete this chart to identify three parts of the biosphere.

on page
.

on page
.
Parts of the Biosphere
Contrast the organisms found in different environments as you

complete the concept map. Provide examples of both plants
and animals.
Environments
Organisms
Desert
Tropical
Rain Forest
Arctic

on page
.
Analyze the amount of solar energy that makes Earth the only
planet known to support life. Explain why other planets are not
suitable for life.
35
Name
Date
Ecosystems
on page
.
(continued)
Organize the parts of a prairie ecosystem. List three living organisms

and three nonliving parts of the ecosystem.
Prairie Ecosystem
Populations
on page
.
Sequence the four levels of organization of living organisms from

smallest to largest. Then write an example of each one.
community
organism
ecosystem
population
Smallest
S YNTHESIZE I T
Nonliving Parts
Largest
Write about your own life. Use the terms habitat, community,
population, and ecosystem to describe your every day interactions.
36
Living Organisms
Name
Date
Section 2 Populations
Predict Read the headings in Section 2. Predict three topics that
you think will be discussed in this section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define natural selection using your book or a dictionary.
Then use it in a sentence to show its scientific meaning.
natural selection
New
Vocabulary Create an original sentence using each vocabulary term to show its
scientific meaning.
limiting factor
carrying capacity
Academic
Vocabulary Define resource using a dictionary. Then write a sentence related
to the topic of Section 2 using the term.
resource
37
Name
Date
Competition
on page
.
(continued)
Complete the chart below to identify how competing for certain

limited resources can affect population growth.
Limited
Resource
Population Size
on page
.
Why It Limits Population Growth
Compare the two ways of measuring populations by filling in the

graphic organizer below.
Measuring Populations
Methods
include
Definitions

on page
.
Contrast carrying capacity and biotic potential. Then identify

one factor that can limit each.
What It Is
Carrying
capacity
Biotic
potential
38
Limiting Factor
Name
Date
Changes in
Populations
(continued)
Compare the effect of differing birth rates and death rates on

population growth as you complete the chart below.

on page
.
Population Growth
Birth Rate Compared
to Death Rate
Change in Population
much higher
slightly higher
lower
on page
.
Evaluate the effects of exponential growth on a population.

leads to
Size of
Population increases
leads to
Summarize the environmental effects of the exponential growth of

a population.
S YNTHESIZE I T
A field is crowded with mice. A new group of mice migrate

into the field. Describe how the crowded conditions could affect the mice.
39
Name
Date
Section 3 Interactions Within Communities
Scan the What Youll Learn statements for Section 3. Rewrite each
statement as a question. As you read the section, try to answer
your questions.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define social behavior using your book or a dictionary.
social behavior
New
Vocabulary Label each definition with the correct vocabulary term.
an organism that cannot make its own energy-rich molecules

any close relationship between species
an organisms role in its environment
Academic
Vocabulary Define consume. Then use it in a scientific sentence.
consume
40
an organism that can use an outside energy source like the Sun
to make energy-rich molecules
Name
Date
Obtaining Energy
on page
.
(continued)
Compare and contrast producers and consumers by describing

the processes by which each group gets the energy it needs.
Producers gain energy from
processes that producers

use to make food
Consumers gain energy from
different types of consumers
Herbivores
eat
Decomposers
consume
Carnivores
eat
Symbiotic
Relationships
on page
.
Omnivores
eat
Classify examples of symbiosis by completing the chart below.

Type of
Symbiosis
Who Benefits?
Example
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
41
Name
Date
Niches
on page
.
(continued)
Organize important points about niches by creating an outline of

your reading.
I. A niche is
A. how it obtains food

B.
C.
D.
E.
II. Special adaptations that
can be part of a niche.
B. Example:
S YNTHESIZE I T
Draw and label organisms that are in your food chain. Include
at least three organisms. Then show how each of these organisms can get the energy
it needs.
42
A. Example:
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Observation
Observe the behaviors of a species of animal (for example, squirrels in a park) for at least
15 minutes. Use the chart below to take notes on your observations.
Species:
Date and time of observation:
Number of individuals observed:
Interactions within species:
Food sources observed:
Habitat:
Special adaptations of species:
Interactions observed with other species:
43
Name
Date
Chapter Wrap-Up
After You
Read
The community includes the top part of Earths crust, water that
covers Earths surface, and Earths atmosphere.
In nature, most competition occurs between individuals of the
same species.
Plants and microscopic organisms can move from place to place.
Living organisms do not need a constant supply of energy.
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about interactions among living organisms.
44
Name
Date
The Nonliving Environment

Before You Read
Preview the chapter title, the section titles, and the section headings. List at least
two ideas for each section in each column.
K
What I know
W
Science Journal
List all the nonliving things that you might see in a picture of a beach, in order of
importance. Explain your reasoning for the order you choose.
45
Name
Date

Section 1 Abiotic Factors
Preview the What Youll Learn statements for Section 1. Rewrite
each statement into a question.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define environment to show its scientific meaning.
environment
New
Vocabulary Define the following terms to show their scientific meanings.
abiotic
atmosphere
soil
climate
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define fundamental as an adjective.
fundamental
46
biotic
Name
Date
Environmental
Factors
(continued)
Classify seven environmental factors as biotic or abiotic.

Factors needed for life

on page
.
Biotic
Abiotic
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Air
on page
.
Compare and contrast how gases are used during photosynthesis

and respiration.
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Gas used
Gas released
Purpose
Water and Soil

on page
.
Summarize how organisms use water and soil. Complete the

sentences.
Most organisms are
such as
percent water. Processes

,
, and
need water to occur. Environments with plenty of water usually

have
of organisms than
environments with little water. Organisms also need

,
.
, and
all live in soil. The type of soil influences the

types of
that can grow in a region.

47
Name
Date
Sunlight
on page
.
Temperature
on page
.
(continued)
Label the diagram to show the flow of energy through living things.
Label consumers, producers, and sunlight.
Analyze how latitude and elevation affect temperature.

Latitude:
Elevation:

on page
.
Sequence steps to explain the rain shadow effect.

1. Moist air is forced upward by a mountain.
2.
3.
4.
CONNECT IT
Describe the climate of your community. Identify its latitude,

elevation, temperature, and precipitation characteristics.
48
Climate
Name
Date

Section 2 Cycles in Nature
Skim the headings and illustrations in Section 2. List three kinds of
cycles you will learn about in the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define biosphere to show its scientific meaning.
biosphere
New
Vocabulary Read the definitions below. Write the correct vocabulary term on
the blank to the left.
model describing how carbon molecules move between the living
and the nonliving world
process that takes place when a gas changes to a liquid

process in which some types of bacteria in the soil change nitrogen
gas into a form of nitrogen that plants can use
process that takes place when a liquid changes to a gas
model describing how water moves from Earths surface to the
atmosphere and back again through evaporation, condensation,
and precipitation
model describing how nitrogen moves from the atmosphere to the
soil, to living organisms, and then back to the atmosphere
Academic
Vocabulary Define model as it is used in the definitions above. Use a
dictionary to help you.
model
49
Name
Date
The Cycles of
Matter
(continued)
Summarize the importance of cycles to life on Earth.

on page
.

on page
.
The Nitrogen
Cycle
Model the water cycle in a drawing.

Label phases of the cycle including evaporation, transpiration,
condensation, and precipitation.
Label the sources and forms the water takes.
Use arrows to show the direction in which water is moving at
each part of the cycle.
Identify the three ways that nitrogen is made available to plants.

on page
.
Plants use nitrogen

compounds to build cells.
50
The Water Cycle
Name
Date

on page
.
(continued)
Describe how harvesting removes soil nitrogen and how fertilizer

and nitrogen-fixing crops can increase the amount of nitrogen in soil.
Harvesting:
Fertilizer:
Nitrogen-fixing crops:
The Carbon Cycle

on page
.
Model the carbon cycle. Identify the role of each item shown in the
cycle. Draw arrows showing the flow of carbon through the system.
Producers (Plants and algae)
Air
.
Consumers
Burning wood and fossil fuels
.
.
CONNECT IT
Choose an organism. Explain its role in the water, nitrogen, and
carbon cycles.
51
Name
Date

Section 3 Energy Flow
Skim Section 3 of your book. Read the headings and look at the
illustrations. Write three questions that come to mind.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define energy to show its scientific meaning.
energy
New
food web
energy pyramid
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to locate the scientific meaning of convert.
Write a sentence using that scientific meaning.
convert
52
chemosynthesis
Name
Date
Converting
Energy
on page
.
(continued)
Compare and contrast photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.

Complete the Venn diagram with at least seven points of
information from your book.
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
Both
Energy Transfer
on page
.
Create an example of a food chain.

Include and label a producer, a herbivore, and a carnivore or
omnivore that eats the herbivore.
Use arrows to show the transfer of energy.
53
Name
Date
(continued)

on page
.
Synthesize information about food webs. Draw arrows to show

the energy transfers in the food web shown.
rattlesnake
eagle
weasel
mouse
squirrel
Energy Pyramids
on page
.
Sequence the levels of an energy pyramid.

Label each level as containing carnivores, herbivores, or
producers.
Label each level with the percentage of total energy that is
available at that level.
%
%
%
S YNTHESIZE I T
Describe the flow of matter and energy in a food chain made

up of grasses, mice, and hawks, and what might happen to the food chain if a fire
destroyed much of the grass.
54
plants
Name
Date
Tie It Together
A developer wants to build homes on land near your community and wants to know how
the environment will affect the people who live in the homes, and how the homes will
affect the environment.
Prepare an environmental study for the developer, including information about
the abiotic factors in the area that could affect the people in the home
how the new homes might affect natural cycles and food webs in the area
Use paragraphs and/or pictures to help you explain your points.
55
Name
Date

Chapter Wrap-Up
any incorrect information in the first column, then complete the chart by filling
in the third column. How do your ideas compare with those you provided at the
beginning of the chapter?
K
What I know
W
L
What I learned

S UMMARIZE I T
56
Write three things that you learned while studying this chapter.
Review
Name
Date
Ecosystems
Before You Read
Think about the terms and descriptions below. Infer which term most closely matches the
description and write it on the line.
biome
ecosystem
estuary
intertidal zone
community of living organisms interacting with each other and their

physical environment
part of the shoreline that is under water at high tide and exposed to
the air at low tide
a large geographic area with an interactive environmental community
and similar climate
extremely fertile area where a river meets an ocean; contains a mixture
of freshwater and saltwater and serves as a nursery for many species
Science Journal
What traits might plants on a burning hillside have that enable them to survive
and reproduce?
Ecosystems
57
Name
Date
Ecosystems
Section 1 How Ecosystems Change
Skim through Section 1 of your text. Write three things that might
be discussed in this section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary
Define the following key term using your book or a dictionary.
ecosystem
New
Vocabulary Define these terms using your book or a dictionary.
pioneer species
succession
Academic
Vocabulary Define process using a dictionary.
process
58
Ecosystems
climax community
Name
Date
Ecological
Succession
(continued)
Sequence the steps in the succession of a lawn to a climax

community. The first one has been completed for you.

on page
.
Succession of a Lawn to Climax Community

1. The grass would get longer.
2.
3.
4.
5.

on page
.
Organize the information from your book to compare primary

succession with secondary succession.
Primary Succession
Secondary Succession
Lava from a volcano
Fire consumes a forest
Land
consists
of
Starts
with
break down
rock and decay, adding
Soil contains
.
Animals
and wind
carry
Plants
add
Wildlife
Ecosystems
59
Name
Date

on page
.
(continued)
Complete the graphic organizer to better understand the

characteristics of a climax community.
A
climax
community
is
is

on page
.
Identify the three main characteristics of a forest climax community.

1.
2.
3.
CONNECT IT
Use the information you have learned about succession to

predict the growth of a community in a flooded river basin. Hypothesize whether
the succession would be primary succession or secondary succession. Support your
answer with facts from your book.
60
Ecosystems
has
reached
Name
Date
Ecosystems
Section 2 Biomes
Analyze Look at the world map of the seven major land biomes in
your book. Infer two factors you think scientists might use to classify
biomes of the world.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Use the word climate in a scientific sentence.
climate
New
Vocabulary Read the definitions below. Write the key terms on the blanks in
the left column.
most biologically diverse biome

ideal biome for growing crops and raising cattle and
sheep
biome usually having four distinct seasons
cold, dry, treeless biome with a short growing season and
permafrost
biome with thin soil where organisms are adapted to survive
extreme conditions
biome containing cone-bearing evergreen trees and dense forests
Academic
Vocabulary Define mature as a verb using a dictionary.
mature
Ecosystems
61
Name
Date
Section 2 Biomes
(continued)
Major Biomes
on page
.
Complete the comparison chart using the world map of

seven biomes.
Physical
Description
Tundra
Average
Temperature
Precipitation
Location
Plant and
Animal Life
Plants:
less than
25 cm per
year
Animals:
Plants:
temperature
range: 54C
to 21C
Animals:
Temperate
Deciduous
Forest
eastern US,
Europe,
parts of Asia
and Africa
Plants:
Animals:
Temperate
Rain
Forest
dense forest
with a variety
of plants and
animals
Plants:
Animals:
62
Ecosystems
Taiga
Name
Date
Section 2 Biomes
(continued)
Physical
Description
Average
Temperature
Precipitation
Location
Tropical
Rain
Forest
Plant and
Animal Life
4 zones of
plant and
animal life
Plants:
Animals:
Desert
Grasslands
mild to hot
western
US and
S. America,
Africa, parts
of Australia
and Asia
Plants:
prairies
N. America,
steppes
Asia,
savannas
Africa,
pampas
S. America
Plants:
Animals:
Animals:
CONNECT IT
Analyze the information you recorded about biomes. Compare

and contrast the tundra with the desert.
Ecosystems
63
Name
Date
Ecosystems
Section 3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Read the What Youll Learn objectives of Section 3. Write
questions that come to mind from reading these statements.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define the key term using your book or a dictionary.
aquatic
coral reef
wetland
Academic
Vocabulary Define promote.
promote
Freshwater
Ecosystems
on page
.
Organize the four important factors that determine how well a

species can survive in an aquatic environment.
1.
2.
3.
4.
64
Ecosystems
New
Vocabulary Define these words using your book or a dictionary.
Name
Date
Freshwater
Ecosystems
on page
.
(continued)
Compare fast-moving streams with slower-moving streams as you

complete the sentences below about freshwater environments.
Fast-moving Streams
Currents quickly
.
As water tumbles, air
These streams have clearer
and higher
.
Slow-moving Streams
Water moves slowly and debris
These environments have higher

plant
, more
, and organisms
.

on page
.
Classify each statement as a characteristic of pond ecosystems,

lake ecosystems, or both. Mark P for pond, L for lake, or B for
both ecosystems.
more plants than flowing water environments
deeper water and colder water temperatures
larger body of water
plankton floating near the surface
ecosystem high in nutrients
small, shallow body of water
lower light levels at depth limit types of organisms
plant growth limited to shallow water near shore
water hardly moves
Ecosystems
65
Name
Date
Freshwater
Ecosystems
(continued)
Organize information about wetlands in the concept map.

on page
.
also
known
as
source of products
such as
Wetlands
located between
and
filled with
animals
may include
Saltwater
Ecosystems
Complete the outline about saltwater ecosystems.

I. Coral Reef ecosystems are

on page
.
A. reefs formed by
B. damaged by
II. Seashores
A. affected by
and
B. intertidal zone organisms must adapt to

, and
III. Estuaries
A. contain
B. are important for
66
Ecosystems
,
changes
and
well-adapted to
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Interactions within Ecosystems
Select one of the ecosystems discussed in this chapter. You might choose a tundra ecosystem,
a rain forest ecosystem, a coral reef ecosystem, or one of the other ecosystems. Take notes
about your ecosystem on the lines below. Then, draw a picture of your ecosystem with its
animal and plant inhabitants. Show any interactions that you described in your picture.
My ecosystem is a/an
.
Interactions between organisms
include these:
It includes these plants:
It includes these animals:

Interactions between organisms and
the environment include these:
Its environment includes these

conditions:
Sketch of My Ecosystem
Ecosystems
67
Name
Date
Ecosystems
Chapter Wrap-Up
Think about the terms and descriptions below. Write the term that most closely
matches the description on the line in front of the description. Compare your
previous responses with these.
biome
ecosystem
estuary
intertidal zone
community of living organisms interacting with each other and their

physical environment
part of the shoreline that is under water at high tide and exposed to
the air at low tide
a large geographic area with an interactive environmental community
and similar climate
extremely fertile area where a river meets an ocean; contains a mixture
of freshwater and saltwater and serves as a nursery for many species
Review

S UMMARIZE I T
learned about ecosystems.
68
Ecosystems
Name
Date
Plate Tectonics
Before You Read
Before You
Read
Plate Tectonics
Fossil evidence provides support for the idea
that continents have moved over time.
New seafloor is continuously forming while
old seafloor is being destroyed.
Earths crust is broken into sections called
plates.
Rock flows deep inside Earth.
Science Journal
Pretend youre a journalist with an audience that assumes the continents have never
moved. Write about the kinds of evidence youll need to convince people otherwise.
Plate Tectonics
69
Name
Date
Plate Tectonics
Section 1 Continental Drift
Skim through Section 1 of your book. Write three questions that
come to mind from reading the headings and examining the
illustrations.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define continent to show its scientific meaning.
New
Vocabulary Use your book to define the following terms. Then write an
original sentence using each term.
continental drift
Pangaea
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define controversy.
controversy
70
Plate Tectonics
continent
Name
Date
Evidence for
Continental Drift
(continued)
Summarize Alfred Wegeners hypothesis about Earths continents.

on page
.

on page
.
Create a graphic organizer to identify the three types of clues that

are evidence for continental drift.

on page
.
Analyze the clue in the left column below. Then describe how
Alfred Wegener would have explained it in the right column.
Clue
Wegeners Response
Fossils of Mesosaurus
found in South America
and Africa
Fossil plant found in
five continents,
including Antarctica
Fossils of warm
weather plants found
on Arctic island
Glacial deposits found
in Africa, India, and
Australia
Plate Tectonics
71
Name
Date
How could
continents drift?
on page
.
Model what the continents may have looked like 250 million
years ago.
Summarize Wegeners explanations of how and why continental

drift occurs.
Wegeners explanation for continental drift
How:
Why:
E VALUATE I T
Do you think it was reasonable for scientists initially to reject

the hypothesis of continental drift? Explain your response.
72
Plate Tectonics

on page
.
(continued)
Name
Date
Plate Tectonics
Section 2 Seafloor Spreading
Predict three things that might be discussed in Section 2 after
reading its headings.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define seafloor. Then use the word in a sentence.
seafloor
New
Vocabulary Use your book to define seafloor spreading. Then use the term
in a sentence.
seafloor spreading
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define interval. Then use the word in a
sentence about magnetic clues to seafloor spreading.
interval
Plate Tectonics
73
Name
Date
Mapping the
Ocean Floor
(continued)
Summarize how sound waves are used to map the seafloor.

on page
.
Model the process of seafloor spreading by drawing a cross section

of a mid-ocean ridge and the magma below it. Use arrows to
indicate the directions of motion.
Sequence steps describing seafloor spreading.

Hot, less dense material below Earths crust rises toward the surface
at a mid-ocean ridge.
The less dense material flows

.
As the seafloor spreads apart, magma is

.
74
Plate Tectonics

on page
.
Name
Date
Evidence for
Spreading
on page
.
(continued)
Label the diagram below to identify evidence for seafloor

spreading. Add arrows to show the direction of spreading, and
indicate where older rock and newer rock occur.
Center of Ridge

on page
.
Model the polarity of Earths magnetic field today.

Draw a sphere to represent
Earth.
Label the north pole and
south pole.
Draw arrows indicating the
direction in which magnetic
lines of force enter and
leave Earth.
Summarize how reversals in the direction of Earths magnetic

field have provided evidence of seafloor spreading.
At times, the
that pass
through Earth have
Earths magnetic field are recorded in

along
of
that forms
. Scientists can detect

that are
to mid-ocean
ridges. This occurs on
Plate Tectonics
75
Name
Date
Plate Tectonics
Section 3 Theory of Plate Tectonics
Scan the headings and illustrations in Section 3. List four features
caused by plate tectonics.
1.
3.
2.
4.
Review
Vocabulary Define the review terms to show their scientific meanings.
converge
diverge
transform
New
Vocabulary Use your book to define the following terms.
plate tectonics
lithosphere
asthenosphere
convection current
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define rigid.
rigid
76
Plate Tectonics
plate
Name
Date
Plate Tectonics
on page
.
(continued)
Complete the following outline on the theory of plate tectonics.

I. A new theory
A. In the 1960s, a new theory called
developed.
B. Earths
was
and part of the
are broken into sections called

slowly.
, that move
II. Details about the theory

A. The layer of Earth that is broken into sections is called
the
B. The
is the plasticlike layer below the

.
C. The rigid plates move over the
Plate Boundaries
on page
.
Compare and contrast the different plate boundaries by defining

them side by side. Draw the plates of the world. Identify plate
motion by using arrows.
Divergent
Convergent
Transform
Plate Tectonics
77
Name
Date
Causes of Plate
Tectonics
(continued)
Label the convection currents depicted below with heating, rising,

cooling, and sinking.

on page
.

on page
.
Organize information to describe features caused by plate

tectonics. Fill in the chart below.
Feature
Description
Rift valley
Folded and
faulted
mountains
Strike-slip
faults
Testing for
Plate Tectonics
on page
.
78
Plate Tectonics
Summarize how the Satellite Laser Ranging System measures

plate movement.
Features Caused
by Plate
Tectonics
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Synthesize It
Your book has a picture showing how continents may have drifted. It shows their positions
250 million years ago, 125 million years ago, and at the present. Work with a partner to
trace the paths that the continents have taken. Then extend their paths forward in time
to project where they may be 125 million years from now. Draw a map in the space below,
showing your prediction.
Plate Tectonics
79
Name
Date
Plate Tectonics
Chapter Wrap-Up
Plate Tectonics
After You
Read
Fossil evidence provides support for the idea

that continents have moved over time.
New seafloor is continuously forming while
old seafloor is being destroyed.
Earths crust is broken into sections called
plates.
Rock flows deep inside Earth.
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about plate tectonics.
80
Plate Tectonics
Name
Date
Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Before You Read
Preview the chapter title, the section titles, and the section headings. Complete
the first two columns of the chart by listing at least two ideas for each section
in each column.
K
What I know
W
What I want to learn
Science Journal
Are earthquakes and volcanoes completely unrelated, or could there be a possible
connection? Propose several ideas that might explain what causes these events.
81
Name
Date

Section 1 Earthquakes
Scan the headings in Section 1 and write three questions you have
about earthquakes.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Write six original sentences with at least two vocabulary terms in
energy
New
Vocabulary
each. Include the review, new, and academic vocabulary items.

Underline the vocabulary terms that you use. Words may be used
more than once. Use all of the words.
earthquake
fault
focus
epicenter
seismograph
magnitude
tsunami
seismic safe
Academic
Vocabulary
collapse
82
seismic wave
Name
What causes
earthquakes?
on page
.
Date
(continued)
Model the direction of motion in the three types of faults below.

Use arrows to indicate direction of force and direction of
movement. Label the arrows.
Normal Fault
Reverse Fault
Strike-slip Fault
Making Waves
on page
.
Compare primary, secondary, and surface seismic waves by

completing the chart below. Put an X in the column of the type
of wave that causes the most damage.
Seismic Waves
Primary
Secondary
Surface
Most damage
Relative
speed
Motion
Where they
travel
83
Name
Date
Learning from
Earthquakes
on page
.
How strong are

earthquakes?
(continued)
Model how an earthquakes epicenter is located. The stars in the

diagram indicate seismograph stations. The circles show their
distance from the epicenter. Mark the epicenter with an X, and use
arrows to show the directions in which seismic waves travel.
Compare the Richter scale and the Mercalli scale in the chart.
Comparing Earthquake Scales

on page
.
Earthquake
Safety
on page
.
Richter
Organize information by listing two things that individuals can do

and two things that cities can do to prepare for earthquakes.
Individuals
1.
2.
Cities
1.
2.
84
Mercalli
Name
Date

Section 2 Volcanoes
Predict what youll learn in this section by reading the What
Youll Learn statements. Rewrite each statement as a question.
Use these questions as a guide to the content of Section 2.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define plate to show its scientific meaning.
plate
New
Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term from your book next to each
definition.
cone-shaped hill or mountain formed when hot magma, solids,
and gases erupt onto Earths surface
molten rock flowing onto Earths surface
large, broad volcano with gently sloping sides that is formed by
the build up of basaltic layers
relatively small volcano formed by moderate to explosive
eruptions of tephra
steep-sided volcano formed from alternating layers of tephra
and lava
Academic
Vocabulary Read the sentence below. Use a dictionary to determine how
the term factor is being used.
Different factors affect volcanic eruptions.
In this sentence, the word factor means:
factor
85
Name
Date
Section 2 Volcanoes
How do volcanoes
form?
on page
.
(continued)
Sequence the events that result in volcanic eruptions where plates

collide by filling in the blanks below.
1. An older, denser plate
dense plate.
a less
2. Rock in and above the sinking plate

3.
form.
4. The magma
Forms of
Volcanoes
to form
Analyze the way silica content helps determine how a volcano

erupts to complete the following chart.

on page
.
How the composition of magma affects eruptions

High silica
Low silica
Eruption

on page
.
Model the 3 types of volcanoes by drawing a cross-section of each

in the boxes on this page and the next. To the right of each drawing,
write a caption that includes
how this type of volcano forms
what this type of volcano is made of
Shield volcano
86
Consistency
and flow
Name
Section 2 Volcanoes
Date
(continued)
Cinder cone volcano
Composite volcano

on page
.
Describe a fissure eruption, and give an example.
CONNECT IT
What type of volcano do you think appears most in the news?

Why? Identify any real-life volcanoes you have heard about.
87
Name
Date

Section 3 Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Plate Tectonics
Skim Section 3. Predict three things that you will learn.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define asthenosphere, then use a dictionary to break down the
word into its two parts and give the meaning of each part.
asthenosphere
asthenes:
sphere:
New
Vocabulary Find the definitions of rift and hot spot in your book. Then
rift
Definition:
Sentence:
hot spot
Definition:
Sentence:
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define occur.
occur
88
locate another sentence in the section that uses these terms and
write it in the space below.
Name
Date
Earths Moving
Plates
(continued)

on page
.
Model the plates of Earths lithosphere that contribute to

earthquake and volcanic activity in North America. Draw a simple
map of North America and its plate and the boundaries with the
plates that surround it. Label the plates.
Where Volcanoes
Form
Organize information about where volcanoes form by completing

the concept map.

on page
.
Volcanoes
form
at
form
at
form
at
89
Name
Date
Moving Plates
Cause
Earthquakes
on page
.
(continued)
Identify three places where earthquakes frequently occur.

1.
2.
3.
Model what drives Earths plates.

In the diagram below, label Earths core and mantle.
Draw three convection currents. Use arrows to show the
direction of flow.
Show a convergent boundary between two currents and
a divergent boundary between two currents.
S YNTHESIZE I T
In your own words, explain how seismic waves help scientists

learn about Earths layers.
90

on page
.
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Summarize
Create a concept map or other diagram to connect concepts you have learned about
volcanoes and earthquakes. Include information about
why they occur
how they affect humans
how scientists measure and observe them
what scientists know about them.
91
Name
Date

Chapter Wrap-Up
Review the ideas that you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out
any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in the
third column.
K
What I know
W
What I want to learn
L
What I learned
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about earthquakes and volcanoes.
92
Name
Date
Clues to Earths Past

Before You Read
Before You
Read

The footprint of a dinosaur is considered
a fossil.
Scientists use fossils to learn what an
environment was like long ago.
The oldest rock layer is always the one
found on top.
Scientists can determine the age of
some rocks.
Science Journal
List three fossils that you would expect to find a million years from now in the place
you live today.
93
Name
Date

Section 1 Fossils
Skim Section 1 of your book. Read the headings and examine the
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define paleontologist to show its scientific meaning.
paleontologist
New
Vocabulary Define the following terms to show their scientific meaning.
carbon film
cast
index fossils
Academic
Vocabulary Define emerge to show its scientific meaning.
emerge
94
permineralized
remains
Name
Section 1 Fossils
Date
(continued)
Formation of
Fossils
Complete the chart to describe the two conditions that improve the
chances of fossil formation. Give an example of each.

on page
.
Types of
Preservation
Condition
Example
Create a concept web to summarize the types of preservation.

on page
.

on page
.
Sequence the steps involved in the making of the cast of a shell.
Sediment
buries shell.
Mold results.
Cast results.
95
Name
Section 1 Fossils
Date
(continued)
Index Fossils
on page
.
Summarize the three characteristics of index fossils.

1.
2.
3.
Analyze why index fossils are more useful to paleontologists than
many other fossils.

on page
.
CONNECT IT
Organize the kinds of information about ancient environments that

scientists can learn from fossils. Complete the graphic organizer.
Information about environment
revealed by fossils
You find a fossil shell in a layer of rock. It appears to be a clam.

What type of rock must the rock layer be? What type of environment would the
animal have lived in?
96
Fossils and
Ancient
Environments
Name
Date

Section 2 Relative Ages of Rocks
Scan the list below to preview Section 2 of your book.
Read all section headings.
Read all bold words.
Look at all of the pictures.
Think about what you already know about rock.
Write three facts you discovered about the relative ages of rocks as
you scanned the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define sedimentary rock to show its scientific meaning.
sedimentary rock
New
Vocabulary Read each definition below. Write the correct vocabulary term in
the blank to the left.
states that in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest rocks are on the
bottom and the rocks are progressively younger toward the top
age of something compared with the ages of other things
gap in a sequence of rock layers that is due to erosion or periods
without any deposition
Academic
Vocabulary Define sequence to show its scientific meaning.
sequence
97
Name
Date

on page
.
Relative Ages
on page
.

on page
.
98
Model the principle of superposition by sketching a cross-section

of layers of undisturbed sedimentary rock. Number the layers,
starting with 1 for the oldest layer.
Describe how the relative age of a rock layer is different from the
actual age of the rock layer.
Model how a folded rock formation containing limestone, coal,

and sandstone would form. Draw and label the layers as they
would form originally. Then draw what they would look like after
being folded.
Superposition
(continued)
Name
Date
Unconformities
on page
.
(continued)
Compare and contrast angular unconformity, disconformity,

and nonconformity in rocks by sequencing the steps in their
formation.
Unconformities
Type
Angular
unconformity
How It Forms
1.
2.
3.
Disconformity
1.
2.
3.
Nonconformity 1.
2.
3.
Matching Up
Rock Layers
on page
.
Identify the two ways to match up, or correlate, exposed rock

layers from two different places. Complete the graphic organizer.
Match up
rock layers by
S YNTHESIZE I T
As you pass through a highway cut, you notice distinct layers

of rock. Can you be sure that the top layer is the youngest one? Explain.
99
Name
Date

Section 3 Absolute Ages of Rocks
Predict three things that might be discussed in Section 3 as you
read the headings.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define isotopes to show its scientific meaning.
New
Vocabulary Define these key terms to show their scientific meaning.
radioactive decay
radiometric dating
uniformitarianism
Academic
Vocabulary Define ratio to show its scientific meaning.
ratio
100
isotopes
Name
Date
Absolute Ages
and Radioactive
Decay
Organize information about radioactive decay as a tool to find a

rocks absolute age. Complete the Venn diagram below with at least
six points of information.
Radioactive Decay
Alpha decay
Both
Beta decay
Create a bar chart to show four half-lives. Then draw a curve

connecting the tops of the bars. Label each axis.
Parent isotope

on page
.

on page
.
(continued)
Half-lives
101
Name
Date
(continued)
Radiometric Ages
Analyze carbon-14 dating by completing the statements.

on page
.
The half-life of carbon-14 is
When carbon-14 decays, it becomes
Carbon-14 radiometric dating is used for
, and
to
samples up
old. Scientists compare amounts of
carbon-14 in the
to the amount in a fossil
of an organism that lived long ago. While the organism was alive,
it took in and processed carbon-14 and
approximate
Uniformitarianism
on page
.
of carbon-14 to carbon-12 tells the

of the fossil.
Summarize Huttons view of uniformitarianism and the modern

view of changes that affect Earth.
Huttons view:
Modern view:
S YNTHESIZE I T
Explain why the principle of uniformitarianism is critical to

what you have learned about determining the absolute age of rocks.
102
The
Name
Date
Tie It Together
A paleontologist found the following composition of rock layers at a site. The
paleontologist concludes that no folding or other disruption has happened to
the layers. What can you conclude about the areas history? Write a summary
of your conclusions.
Top layer: coal layer made up of altered plant material
Middle layer: mix of sandstone and shale, with some tracks made by dinosaurs
Bottom layer: limestone with fossils of clams, snails, and sea lilies
103
Name
Date
Chapter Wrap-Up
After You
Read
The footprint of a dinosaur is considered

a fossil.
Scientists use fossils to learn what an
environment was like long ago.
The oldest rock layer is always the one
found on top.
Scientists can determine the age of
some rocks.
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
found interesting.
104
Identify three facts about fossils and rock layers that you
Name
Date
Geologic Time
Before You Read
Preview the chapter title, section titles, and section headings. Complete the
first two columns of the chart by listing at least two ideas for each section
in each column.
K
What I know
W
Science Journal
Describe how an animal or a plant might change if Earth becomes hotter in the next
million years.
Geologic Time
105
Name
Date
Geologic Time
Section 1 Life and Geologic Time
Skim the headings in Section 1. Predict two topics that will be
covered in this section.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Define fossils to show its scientific meaning.
fossils
New
representation of Earths history that shows the time units used
to divide it
longest subdivision of geologic time
subdivision of an era
subdivision of a period
change of species through time
group of organisms that normally reproduce only with other
members of their group
process by which organisms that have characteristics that are
better suited to an environment have a better chance of surviving
and reproducing than those that do not
organism with a three-lobed exoskeleton that was abundant in
Paleozoic oceans
large ancient landmass composed of all the continents
joined together
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define survive.
survive
106
Geologic Time
second-longest subdivision of geologic time
Name
Date
Geologic Time
on page
.
(continued)
Distinguish the units of geologic time. Give examples of each.

Largest subdivision:
Examples:
Second-largest subdivision:
Examples:
Third-largest subdivision:
Examples:
Fourth-largest subdivision:
Examples:
Complete the chart to identify when each of the following key
developments in the history of Earth occurred.
Event
Eon
Era
(if identified)
Period
(if identified)
First life
First
trilobites
First
flowering
plants
Organic Evolution
Sequence the steps of natural selection as described by Darwin.

on page
.
1.
2.
3.
Geologic Time
107
Name
Date

on page
.
(continued)
Identify two factors that are necessary for natural selection to

occur within a species.
1.
2.
Trilobites
on page
.
Organize information about how trilobites evolved over time.

Complete the flow charts.
Later trilobites
Early trilobites
Eyes
Plate Tectonics
and Earth History
on page
.
Contrast two theories explaining the extinction of trilobites at the

end of the Paleozoic era. Fill in the missing words.
Some scientists believe that the formation of
caused
Trilobites could not
Other scientists suggest that

caused the extinction.
CONNECT IT
108
Geologic Time
Compare and contrast natural selection and artificial selection.
Body
Name
Date
Geologic Time
Section 2 Early Earth History
Skim Section 2. Write three questions that come to mind from
looking at the headings and illustrations.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define life to show its scientific meaning.
life
New
Vocabulary Use your book to define each vocabulary term.
Precambrian time
cyanobacteria
Paleozoic Era
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define hypothesis. Use hypothesis in a
sentence to show its scientific meaning.
hypothesis
Geologic Time
109
Name
Date
Precambrian
Time
on page
.
(continued)
Summarize two reasons why little is known about the organisms

that lived during Precambrian time.
1.
2.
Sequence important events in the evolution of life during

Precambrian time. Complete the flowchart.
The first
appeared on Earth. They used

and produced
The Paleozoic Era

on page
.
Organize information about life during the Paleozoic Era.

Complete the concept web with examples of life that appeared
during the Paleozoic Era.
Paleozoic
Life
110
Geologic Time

on page
.
Name
Date
The Paleozoic Era

on page
.
(continued)
Analyze how the characteristics of amphibians and reptiles allowed

them to live on land.
Amphibians
Characteristic
Effect
Lungs
Legs
Reptiles
Characteristic
Effect
Protective coating
on eggs
Skin covered with

hard scales

on page
.
Organize information about three possible explanations of the

extinctions that took place at the end of the Paleozoic Era.
Possible Explanations
S YNTHESIZE I T
Analyze SEE
why OVERSET
rock formations
PG that show the soft parts of
Paleozoic organisms are important.
Geologic Time
111
Name
Date
Geologic Time
Section 3 Middle and Recent Earth History
Preview the What Youll Learn statements for Section 3. Rewrite
each statement as a question. Look for the answers as you read.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define dinosaur to show its scientific meaning.
New
Mesozoic Era
Cenozoic Era
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define diverse. Then use the term in an
original scientific sentence.
diverse
112
Geologic Time
dinosaur
Name
Date
The Mesozoic Era
(continued)
Organize key information about dinosaurs.

on page
.
Activity
Size
Dinosaurs
Caring for Young

on page
.
Complete the chart to identify key characteristics of other

important organisms from the Mesozoic Era.
Description
When They
Appeared
Birds
Mammals
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Geologic Time
113
Name
Date
The Mesozoic Era

on page
.
(continued)
Summarize what happened at the end of the Mesozoic Era to the

environment and many species.
The Cenozoic Era
Distinguish the two periods that make up the Cenozoic Era.

on page
.
1.
, began about
million years ago
2.
, began about
million years ago
Grasslands
expanded.
Continents
moved apart.
Homo sapiens
appeared.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Infer how paleontologists study the behaviors of extinct

animals, such as taking care of young.
114
Geologic Time
Analyze the effects of changes that occurred during the Cenozoic

Era. Complete the diagrams.
Name
Date
Tie It Together
You are directing a new movie about prehistoric times. The script you get shows humans
interacting with dinosaurs. Write a memo to the scriptwriter explaining why this would
not be scientifically accurate. Suggest two other possible settings, one that includes
dinosaurs and one that includes humans.
Memo:
Geologic Time
115
Name
Date
Geologic Time
Chapter Wrap-Up
After You Read

any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling
in the third column.
K
What I know
W
L
What I learned

S UMMARIZE I T
learned about geologic time.
116
Geologic Time
Review
Name
Date
The Sun-Earth-Moon System

Before You Read
Before You
Read

The Sun appears to move across the sky each day.
The spinning of Earth on its axis is rotation.
The Moons rotation and revolution take the same amount
of time, so the same side of the Moon always faces Earth.
No evidence of water has been found on the Moon.
Science Journal
Rotation or revolutionwhich motion of Earth brings morning and which brings
summer?
117
Name
Date

Section 1 Earth
Scan the tables and illustrations in Section 1, and write three
questions you have about Earth.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Use orbit in a sentence that reflects its scientific meaning.
New
Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term on each blank.
spinning of Earth on its axis, which causes day and night to occur
Earths yearly orbit around the Sun
imaginary line around which Earth spins
elongated, closed curve, such as Earths orbit around the Sun
occurs when the Sun is directly above Earths equator and the
number of daylight and nighttime hours are nearly equal
day when the Sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of
the equator
round, three-dimensional object
Academic
Vocabulary Define maintain using a dictionary.
maintain
118
orbit
Name
Section 1 Earth
Date
(continued)
Properties of
Earth
on page
.
Magnetic Field

on page
.
Label the diagram of Earth.

(pole to pole):
Diameter
Diameter
(equator):
Period of
rotation (1 day):
Period of
revolution
(1 year):
Compare Earths magnetic poles with its rotational poles by

drawing them on the circle below. Label Earths:
rotational axis
the difference in degrees
between the magnetic and
rotational poles
rotational poles
north magnetic pole
south magnetic pole
Summarize why Earth has a magnetic field.
119
Name
Section 1 Earth
Date
(continued)
What causes
changing
seasons?
on page
.
Compare facts about summer and winter in the chart.

Seasonal Conditions
Summer
Winter
Hemisphere tilts
Hours of daylight
Solar radiation
Temperatures

on page
.
Compare and contrast solstices and equinoxes by completing the

Venn diagram using the phrases below.
caused by tilt of Earths axis
daylight hours and nighttime
hours nearly equal
longest or shortest period of
daylight of the year
occur twice yearly

Sun at 90 angle to equator
Sun reaches greatest distance
from equator
Solstice
Equinox
Both
CONNECT IT
It takes Earth one year to make a complete revolution around the

Sun. Determine how much time passes between one spring equinox and the next.
Explain your reasoning.
120
Solstices and
Equinoxes
Name
Date

Section 2 The MoonEarths Satellite
Predict three things that might be discussed in Section 2 based on
its title and headings.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define mantle to show its scientific meaning.
mantle
New
different ways the Moon appears from Earth
occurs when the lit side of the moon is not visible; the moon is
between Earth and the Sun
describes the Moon when more of its lighted portion is visible
each night
occurs when all of the Moons surface that faces Earth is lit
describes the Moon when less of its lighted portion is visible
each night
occurs when the Moon moves between the Sun and Earth and
casts a shadow over part of Earth
occurs when Earth moves between the Sun and the Moon and
casts a shadow on the Moon
dark, flat regions on the Moon that formed as lava spread over
the surface
Academic
Vocabulary Use the term cycle in a sentence that reflects its scientific meaning.
cycle
121
Name
Date
Motions of the
Moon
(continued)
Describe why the face of the Moon that we see does not change.

on page
.
Phases of the
Moon
on page
.
Analyze the diagram below. Imagine that you are standing on

Earth and that the Suns rays are coming from the direction shown.
Draw a picture showing how the moon would look from Earth at
each of the labeled positions. The first one has been done for you.
3
4
2
Sunlight
Earth
8
7
The Moon
cannot be seen
from Earth. Its
opposite side
is lit.
5
122
Name
Date
Eclipses
on page
.
(continued)
Compare the alignments that cause solar and lunar eclipses by

drawing diagrams of the positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth
relative to one another. Show how the shadow is cast in each case.
Solar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse
Inside the Moon
Summarize the Moons structure according to one model.

on page
.
Surface and Interior of the Moon

Zone
Description
Crust
Upper Mantle
Lower Mantle
Core
S UMMARIZE I T
Summarize the impact theory of how the Moon formed.
123
Name
Date

Section 3 Exploring Earths Moon
Objectives Review the objectives for Section 3. Write two questions
that come to mind.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Define comet using your book or a dictionary. Then write a
sentence and make a sketch to show its scientific meaning.
New
Vocabulary Define impact basin using your book or a dictionary. Then sketch
how an impact basin forms.
impact basin
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define core as it relates to planets and moons.
Then sketch the Moon, and show where you think its core is.
core
124
comet
Name
Date
Missions to the
Moon
on page
.
(continued)
Distinguish between the following Moon missions by indicating

when each took place and what each accomplished.
Mission
Year
Accomplishment
Luna 3
Surveyor 1
Lunar
Orbiters
Apollo 8
Apollo 11
Apollo 15
Apollo 17

on page
.
Organize information about Clementines mission by outlining

it below.
Clementines mission
I. Objectives
A.
B.
II. Instruments
A.
B.
III. Discoveries
A.
B.
125
Name
Date

on page
.
(continued)
Organize information about the Lunar Prospector by completing

the diagram.
Lunar Prospector
Mission
Confirmed that the

Moon has:
Analyze why the presence of water on the Moon would be a benefit

to humans.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Missions to the Moon have included some with astronauts

and some without astronauts. Predict whether astronauts will be sent on Moon
missions in the future. Support your position with three facts or examples.
126
To map the Moons:
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Synthesize It
Suppose that you are on a mission to explore the Moon. In the spaces provided, describe
what you think you will observe from each location.
From the windows of your spacecraft orbiting the Moon
On the Moons surface near the Moons equator
On the surface near the Moons south pole
127
Name
Date
The Earth-Moon-Sun System

Chapter Wrap-Up
After You
Read
The Sun appears to move across the sky each day.

The spinning of Earth on its axis is rotation.
The Moons rotation and revolution take the same amount
of time, so the same side of the Moon always faces Earth.
No evidence of water has been found on the Moon.

S UMMARIZE I T
learned about the Sun-Earth-Moon system.
128
Review
Name
Date
The Solar System

Before You Read
Before You
Read
The Solar System

The planets revolve around Earth.
Our solar system has 9 planets.
Mercury has an atmosphere similar to Earths.
Uranus has craters and deep valleys.
Earth is the only planet known to be able to support life.
Science Journal
If you could command the Keck telescope, what would you view? Describe what you
would see.
The Solar System
129
Name
Date
The Solar System

Section 1 The Solar System
Skim the headings in Section 1. Write three things you expect to
learn in Section 1.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define system using your book or a dictionary. Give an
example of a system.
New
Vocabulary Write a scientific sentence describing the solar system.
solar system
Academic
Vocabulary Define contract as a verb using a dictionary. Then rewrite the
following sentence using the word contracted.
Over time, the cloud of gas and dust became smaller,
forming a large, tightly packed, spinning disk.
contract
Sentence:
130
The Solar System
system
Name
Date
Ideas About the

Solar System
(continued)
Contrast the Earth-centered model of the solar system and

the Sun-centered model of the solar system in the chart below.

on page
.
Earth-centered
Sun-centered
How many
planets are
in the
system?
Describe
motions
in the
system.

on page
.
Evaluate how Galileos discoveries provided evidence for the

Sun-centered model of the solar system. Complete the statements.
Galileo discovered that the planet

like our
occur only
on page
.
went through
. These changes could
.
Create a drawing of the solar system.

Draw and label the Sun and the planets in the correct order.
Identify which planets were included in the Earth-centered model
of the solar system by putting a check mark beside those.
The Solar System
131
Name
Date
How the Solar

System Formed
on page
.
(continued)
Sequence the steps in the formation of the solar system.

1.
2.
3.
4.

on page
.
Classify the nine planets as inner or outer planets, using the chart
below. Identify a characteristic of each group of planets.
Inner
Outer
Names of
Planets
Characteristics
S UMMARIZE I T
Summarize how ideas about the structure and motions of the

solar system changed over time.
132
The Solar System
The Nine Planets
Name
Date
The Solar System

Section 2 The Inner Planets
Scan the headings of Section 2. Write a question for each heading.
Mercury:
Venus:
Earth:
Mars:
Review
Vocabulary Define space probe using your book or a dictionary.
space probe
New
Vocabulary Write a scientific sentence using each vocabulary term.
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define reveal.
reveal
The Solar System
133
Name
Date
Mercury
(continued)
Organize key facts about Mercury. Complete the chart.

on page
.
Mercury
Location
Surface
Core
Atmosphere
Temperature
Explored By
Complete the graphic organizer to identify key features of Venus.

on page
.
Venus
Size and Mass
Earth
on page
.
134
The Solar System
Atmosphere
Temperature
Space Probes
Summarize unique features of Earth that allow it to support life.
Venus
Name
Date
Mars
on page
.
(continued)
Summarize important information about Mars.

Surface Features
Space Probes
Mars
Atmosphere
Seasons
Moons
S YNTHESIZE I T
Compare and contrast the inner planets. Choose one feature,

such as temperature, size, or atmosphere, and write a paragraph comparing and
contrasting this feature for the four inner planets.
The Solar System
135
Name
Date
The Solar System

Section 3 The Outer Planets
Skim Section 3. Predict two ways in which the outer planets differ
from the inner planets.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Define the word moon using a dictionary or your book.
moon
New
Vocabulary Label each definition with the correct vocabulary term.
largest planet and fifth from the Sun; contains more mass than
all of the other planets combined
considered to be the ninth planet from the Sun; has a solid
icy-rock surface
giant, high-pressure storm in Jupiters atmosphere
usually the eighth planet from the Sun; large and gaseous, with
rings that vary in thickness
second-largest planet and sixth from the Sun; has a complex ring
system and at least 31 moons
Academic
Vocabulary Define survey as a verb using a dictionary. Then use this term
in a sentence related to the topic of Section 3.
survey
136
The Solar System
the seventh planet from the Sun; large and gaseous, with a
distinct bluish-green color
Name
Date
Jupiter
(continued)
Identify the space probes that have explored Jupiter.

on page
.
Complete the chart to identify key facts about Jupiter.

Jupiter
Atmosphere
Moons
Saturn
Organize key facts about Saturn.

on page
.
Saturn
Space Probes
Atmosphere
Rings
Moons
The Solar System
137
Name
Date
Uranus
(continued)
Summarize details about Uranus in the graphic organizer.

on page
.
Composition
Uranus
Moons
Neptune
Rotation
Complete the chart of key facts about Neptune.

on page
.
Neptune
Moons
Pluto
Summarize the features that make Pluto unique.

on page
.
CONNECT IT
Summarize the major features that distinguish the outer planets

from the inner planets.
138
The Solar System
Atmosphere
Name
Date
The Solar System

Section 4 Other Objects in the Solar System
Scan the title and headings in Section 4. Write a sentence that
describes what you think will be covered in the section.
Review
Vocabulary Write a scientific sentence using the term crater.
crater
New
Vocabulary Define each term using your book or a dictionary.
comet
meteor
meteorite
asteroid
Academic
Vocabulary Define approach, using a dictionary. Then locate a sentence in
Section 4 that uses the word or a form of the word.
approach
The Solar System
139
Name
Date
Comets
on page
.
(continued)
Summarize two facts about the Oort Cloud.

1.
2.
Meteoroids,
Meteors, and
Meteorites
on page
.
Distinguish between meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites.

Identify key features of meteoroids, and then contrast meteors
and meteorites.
Meteoroids are
They are called

Do they
burn up in the
atmosphere?
Yes
Another term
for these is
No
.
They are called
140
The Solar System
. They come from
1.
2.
3.
4.
Model a comet. Label its nucleus, coma, and tail. Show the solar
wind coming from the Sun and where the Sun is in relation to the
comets tail.
Name
Date
Asteroids
on page
.
(continued)
Organize information about asteroids. Complete the outline.

Asteroids are
.
A. Location
1.
2.
B. What scientists learn from asteroids
1.
2.
Model the appearance of the asteroid belt in the solar system.

Identify the two planets between which it lies.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Compare and contrast comets, meteoroids, and asteroids in
a paragraph or a chart.
The Solar System
141
Name
Date
The Solar System
Chapter Wrap-Up
The Solar System
After You
Read
The planets revolve around Earth.

Our solar system has 9 planets.
Mercury has an atmosphere similar to Earths.
Uranus has craters and deep valleys.
Earth is the only planet known to be able to support life.
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
You are planning a new space probe mission to the solar

system. Decide on one or more planets, moons, comets, or asteroids that you would
like to study. Explain what you expect to see and learn about each object.
142
The Solar System
Name
Date
Stars and Galaxies

Before You Read
Before You
Read
Stars and Galaxies

Modern astronomy divides the sky into
88 constellations.
The Sun is an ordinary star and is the center
of our solar system.
All stars have the same brightness.
The Milky Way is a part of a cluster called the
Local Group, made up of about 45 galaxies.
Science Journal
Write a description in your Science Journal of a galaxy.
Stars and Galaxies
143
Name
Date
Stars and Galaxies

Section 1 Stars
Predict three topics that will be discussed in Section 1 as you scan
the headings and illustrations.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define star to show its scientific meaning.
star
New
absolute magnitude
apparent magnitude
light-year
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define component as a noun. Then explain
what the statement breaking it down into its component parts
might mean.
component
144
Stars and Galaxies
constellation
Name
Section 1 Stars
Date
(continued)
Constellations
on page
.
Organize facts about constellations into an outline. Use the

structure provided below as a guide.
I. Constellations
A.
B.
C.
II. Movement of constellations

A. Circumpolar constellations
1.
2.
B. Other constellations
1.
2.
Absolute and
Apparent
Magnitudes
Complete the diagram to show how each type of magnitude is

related to a stars distance.

on page
.
Absolute magnitude
.
Effect of Distance
on Magnitude
Apparent magnitude
Stars and Galaxies
145
Name
Date
Section 1 Stars
(continued)
Measurement in
Space
Analyze the diagram below that shows how parallax occurs as

Earth moves in its orbit. Then explain how astronomers use parallax.

on page
.
Background of distant stars

A
Star A has a
small parallax
B
Lines of sight
from Earth
to star A
Star B has a
large parallax
Lines of sight
from Earth
to star B
Properties
of Stars
on page
.
Sequence the colors of stars by temperature. Complete the

diagram by writing the correct color in each box.
Temperature
Cooler
Medium
Hotter
Star Color
S YNTHESIZE I T
A hot, blue-white star has brighter absolute magnitude than

a cooler, red star. The red star appears brighter from Earth. What can you conclude
about the two stars?
146
Stars and Galaxies
Earth in July
Earth in January
Name
Date
Stars and Galaxies

Section 2 The Sun
Skim through Section 2 of your book. Write three questions that
come to mind from reading the headings and examining the
illustrations.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define cycle to show its scientific meaning.
cycle
New
Vocabulary Write a sentence from your book in which each term appears.
photosphere
chromosphere
corona
sunspots
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define nuclear to show its scientific meaning.
Use nuclear in an original sentence.
nuclear
Stars and Galaxies
147
Name
Date
Section 2 The Sun
(continued)
The Suns Layers

on page
.
Summarize basic information about the Sun. Complete the

graphic organizer.
Relationship to Earth
Energy Production
Sun
The Suns
Atmosphere
chromosphere
convection zone
core
corona
photosphere
radiation zone

on page
.
Model the Sun, including the following features. Include captions

summarizing each feature.
148
Stars and Galaxies
Name
Section 2 The Sun
Date
(continued)
Surface Features
Organize information about the Suns surface features.

on page
.
Sunspots:
Prominences:
Flares:
Coronal mass ejection (CME):
The SunAn
Average Star
on page
.
Compare and contrast the Sun with other stars. Complete the
paragraph below.
Compared with other stars, the Suns
, and
are about average. In contrast with
other stars, the Sun

and
CONNECT IT
Choose one characteristic you have learned about the Sun, such as
its size, structure, or distance from Earth. Suppose that the characteristic was different.
Predict how this would affect life on Earth.
Stars and Galaxies
149
Name
Date
Stars and Galaxies

Section 3 Evolution of Stars
Scan the headings of Section 3 to find three stages of the evolution
of stars.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define gravity. Use the term in a sentence to show its
scientific meaning.
gravity
New
Vocabulary Define the following terms. Write a sentence to show each terms
scientific meaning.
white dwarf
neutron star
Academic
Vocabulary Define enormous using a dictionary.
enormous
150
Stars and Galaxies
nebula
Name
Date
Classifying Stars
on page
.
(continued)
Classify stars using the H-R diagram. Label the diagram below
to show where you would expect to find white dwarfs, the main
sequence, supergiants, giants, and the Sun.
increasing brightness
20,000
15,000
10,000
6,000
3,000
Temperature (K)
Spectra Class
O
How do stars
shine?
F G
Summarize how stars generate energy.

on page
.
Stars and Galaxies
151
Name
Date
Evolution of
Stars
(continued)

on page
.
Stars with mass 8 times

the Suns mass or less
Stars with mass more than

8 times the Suns mass
contracts and
fusion begins
contracts and
fusion begins
hydrogen fuel
runs out
hydrogen fuel runs out;

heavy elements form
outer layers escape,

leaving core
iron forms in core;

core collapses violently
core mass between

1.4 and 3 times the
mass of the Sun
CONNECT IT
Evaluate why supernovas are important to the existence of life
on Earth.
152
core mass more

than 3 times the
mass of the Sun
Stars and Galaxies
Sequence the evolution of stars. Complete the flow chart.
Name
Date
Stars and Galaxies

Section 4 Galaxies and the Universe
Preview Section 4 of your book using the list below.
Think about what you already know about galaxies
and the universe.
Write two facts that you discovered during your preview.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Define universe to reflect its scientific meaning.
universe
New
Vocabulary Define the following key terms. Then write sentences to show the
scientific meaning of each term.
galaxy
big bang theory
Academic
Vocabulary Define normal. Write a sentence to show its scientific meaning.
normal
Stars and Galaxies
153
Name
Date
Galaxies
on page
.
(continued)
Classify the three major types of galaxies. Complete the chart.

Galaxy Type
Description
Spiral arms that wind outward from
the center
Does not look like the other two types

of galaxies; many possible shapes
The Milky Way

on page
.
Model the Milky Way Galaxy.

Draw a side view and overhead view of the Milky Way.
Mark the Suns position on both views.
Label the size of the Milky Way and the distance from the center
to the Suns position on the overhead view.
Overhead view
Identify three other facts about the Milky Way.
154
Stars and Galaxies
Side view
Name
Date
Origin of the
Universe
on page
.
(continued)
Contrast two models of the origin of the universe: the steady

state theory and the oscillating model.
Steady state theory:
Oscillating model:
Expansion of
the Universe

on page
.
The Big Bang

Theory
Analyze how scientists used the Doppler shift to reach a conclusion

about whether the universe is expanding or contracting.
Observation
Conclusion
Summarize the big bang theory of the origin of the universe.

on page
.
S UMMARIZE I T
Describe your location in the universe as completely as
you can.
Stars and Galaxies
155
Name
Date
Stars and Galaxies
Chapter Wrap-Up
the chart below. Compare your previous answers with these.
Stars and Galaxies
After You
Read
Modern astronomy divides the sky into

88 constellations.
The Sun is an ordinary star and is the center
of our solar system.
All stars have the same brightness.
The Milky Way is a part of a cluster called the
Local Group, made up of about 45 galaxies.
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about stars and galaxies.
156
Stars and Galaxies
Name
Date
Inside the Atom

Before You Read
K
What I know
W
Science Journal
Describe, based on your current knowledge, what an atom is.
Inside the Atom
157
Name
Date
Inside the Atom

Section 1 Models of the Atom
Preview the title and headings of Section 1. Predict three topics
that will be discussed in the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define matter to show its scientific meaning.
matter
New
electrode with a positive charge
electrode with a negative charge

particle in the nucleus of an atom that has the same mass as a
proton and is electrically neutral
fast-moving, positively charged bit of matter
positively charged particle present in the nucleus of all atoms
negatively charged particle located outside the nucleus of an atom
matter made up of only one type of atom
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define theory.
theory
158
Inside the Atom
region surrounding the nucleus in which electrons travel
Name
Date
First Thoughts
(continued)
Summarize early ideas about the structure of matter.

on page
.
A Model of
the Atom
Organize Daltons ideas about matter. Complete the concept web.

on page
.
Daltons Ideas
About Matter

on page
.
Discovering
Charged
Particles
Summarize the following cathode ray tube experiments.

Crookess experiments
Thomsons experiments

on page
.
Inside the Atom
159
Name
Date
Rutherfords
Experiments
on page
.
(continued)
Analyze Rutherfords gold foil experiments. Identify what

Rutherford expected to happen and what actually happened.
The experiment:
Expected result:
Actual result:
A Model with a
Nucleus and
Further
Developments
on page
.
CONNECT IT
Describe the following improvements to atomic theory.

After Rutherfords model, how
the extra mass in the nucleus
was explained
How electrons are thought to

move in the most current
atomic model
Explain how the development of atomic models demonstrates

the scientific process.
160
Inside the Atom
Conclusion:
Name
Date
Inside the Atom

Section 2 The Nucleus
Read the What Youll Learn statements. Rewrite each as a
question. Then look for the answers as you read.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Use atom in a scientific sentence.
atom
New
Vocabulary Define each of the following vocabulary terms using your book.
atomic number
isotope
mass number
radioactive decay
transmutation
beta particle
half-life
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define stable as an adjective.
stable
Inside the Atom
161
Name
Date
Identifying
Numbers
on page
.
(continued)
Complete the chart to compare three isotopes of carbon.

Carbon-12
Carbon-13
Carbon-14
Atomic number
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
Mass number
Radioactive
Decay
Summarize what the strong nuclear force does.
Analyze radioactive decay that is caused by the loss of

alpha particles.

on page
.

on page
.
Sequence the steps of radioactive decay through which a beta

particle is released. Complete the flow chart.
Neutron
becomes
unstable.
The electron
The protron
.
162
Inside the Atom

on page
.
Name
Date
Rate of Decay
on page
.
(continued)
Complete the chart to show how the mass of a sample changes

during radioactive decay. Then define half-life.
Start
Time elapsed
0 days
Mass
20 g
First
Half-life
Second
Half-life
Third
Half-life
8 days
half-life:

on page
.
Identify uses and hazards of radioactive material.
Uses
Hazards
Radioactive
material
Making Synthetic
Elements
Summarize how synthetic radioactive isotopes are made.

on page
.
CONNECT IT
Compare and contrast radioactive decay and the making of
synthetic elements.
Inside the Atom
163
Name
Date
Inside the Atom
Chapter Wrap-Up
the third column. Compare your previous answers with these.
K
What I know
W
L
What I learned
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about atoms that surprised you.
164
Inside the Atom
Name
Date
The Periodic Table

Before You Read
K
What I know
W
Science Journal
Think of an element you have heard about. Make a list of the properties you know
and the properties you want to learn about.
The Periodic Table
165
Name
Date
The Periodic Table

Section 1 Introduction to the Periodic Table
Skim Section 1 of your book. Write three questions that come to
mind from reading the headings and looking at the illustrations.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Use element in a sentence to show its scientific meaning.
element
New
Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to its definition.
element that shares some properties with metals and some with
nonmetals
element in Groups 1, 2, or 1318
element that has a shiny luster, is a good conductor of heat and
electricity, is malleable, and is ductile
element in Groups 312
element that is usually a gas or brittle solid at room temperature
and does not conduct heat and electricity well
row of elements in the periodic table whose properties change
gradually
Academic
Vocabulary Define symbol to show its scientific meaning.
symbol
166
The Periodic Table
column of elements in the periodic table that have similar physical

or chemical properties
Name
Date
Development of
the Periodic
Table
on page
.
(continued)
Organize information about the development of the periodic table.

Complete the outline.
History of the Periodic Table
I. Mendeleevs contributions
A.
B.
C.
II. Moseleys contributions
A.
B.
Todays Periodic
Table

on page
.
Distinguish a period from a group by completing the sentences.

A period is
. A group is
.

on page
.
Create a drawing of an empty periodic table. Shade the

representative elements one color, the transition elements
another, and the inner transition elements a third color.
The Periodic Table
167
Name
Date

on page
.

on page
.
Contrast metals, nonmetals, and metalloids in the chart.

Metals
Nonmetals
Metalloids
Label the block below with the information you would find about
hydrogen in its element key. Fill in the missing information.
H
on page
.
CONNECT IT
Summarize how names and symbols for elements are chosen.

Include both existing and newly discovered elements.
Suppose you discovered a new element. How would you predict

where it would fit in the periodic table if you did not know its atomic number?
168
The Periodic Table
Todays Periodic
Table
(continued)
Name
Date
The Periodic Table

Section 2 Representative Elements
Read the What Youll Learn statements for Section 2. Predict three
topics that will be discussed in the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define atomic number using your book or a dictionary.
atomic number
New
alkali metal
alkaline earth metal
semiconductor
halogen
noble gas
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define representative as an adjective.
representative
The Periodic Table
169
Name
Date
Groups 1 and 2
(continued)
Summarize the properties of the alkali metals.

on page
.
Density
Color and State
Melting Point
Alkali
Metals

on page
.
Groups 13
through 18
on page
.
Compare and contrast the alkaline earth metals and the alkali
metals. Describe the hardness, density, melting points, and
reactivity of elements in the two groups.
Summarize information about elements in the boron family by

filling in the missing words.
All the elements in group 13 are
except
, which is a metalloid. The elements in this family

are used to make many different things. Pots and pans made with
can move straight from the refrigerator to the oven
without cracking.
is used to make soft drink cans.
, which will melt in your hands, is used to make

computer chips.
170
The Periodic Table
Reactivity
Name
Date

on page
.
(continued)
Compare the elements in the carbon group.

Metal, Nonmetal, or
Metalloid?

on page
.
Carbon
nonmetal
Silicon
metalloid
Germanium
metalloid
Tin
metal
Lead
metal
Where it is Found
or How it is Used
Complete the outline to identify important points about certain

elements in Groups 15 and 16.
I. Group 15
A.
: makes up about 80% of the air you breathe
B. Phosphorus:
II. Group 16
A. Oxygen:
B.
: combines with hydrogen and oxygen to

make sulfuric acid, one of the most commonly used
chemicals
C. Selenium:
on page
.
Identify at least one important fact about each group of elements.

Halogens:
Noble gases:
CONNECT IT
Choose any three elements from this section and explain how
each is important to your daily life.
The Periodic Table
171
Name
Date
The Periodic Table

Section 3 Transition Elements
Scan the headings and illustrations in this section. Write three facts
you learned about transition elements as you scanned the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define mass number in a scientific sentence.
New
catalyst
lanthanide
actinide
synthetic element
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define series to show its scientific meaning.
series
172
The Periodic Table
mass number
Name
Date
The Metals in
the Middle
on page
.
(continued)
Identify four key characteristics of the transition elements

including their location in the periodic table.
1.
2.
3.
4.

on page
.
Summarize the properties of the iron triad.
Iron Triad
What these elements have in common:

on page
.
Element:
Element:
Element:
Uses:
Uses:
Uses:
Identify uses of transition elements.

Element(s)
Uses
Tungsten
Mercury
Elements in the
platinum group
The Periodic Table
173
Name
Date
Inner Transition
Elements
on page
.
(continued)
Compare and contrast the lanthanides and actinides.

Lanthanides
Actinides
Properties
Uses
Summarize how scientists create synthetic elements.

Using a particle accelerator scientists make
. The nuclei
to form
Some of these elements are
.
and last only
.
Identify two ways dentists and orthodontists use transition
elements.
1.
2.
CONNECT IT
Hypothesize why a scientist should be extra careful when using

a mercury thermometer.
174
The Periodic Table

on page
.
Name
Date
Tie It Together
The Periodic Table
Create a periodic table puzzle.

1. Obtain six pieces of paper. Cut each piece of paper into six equal pieces.
2. Make an element box for each of the first 36 elements in the periodic table. On
each element box, fill in only part of the information shown on the periodic table.
3. Swap your set of partially complete element boxes with a partner.
4. Complete each element box in your partners set.
5. Then, piece together your partners periodic table in order.
The Periodic Table
175
Name
Date
The Periodic Table
Chapter Wrap-Up
After You Read

incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in the third
column. Compare your previous responses with these.
W
L
What I learned
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about elements and the periodic table.
176
The Periodic Table
K
What I know
Name
Date
Atomic Structure and

Chemical Bonds
Before You Read
Before You
Read
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds

Electrons exist with specific levels of energy.
Elements can be arranged according to their properties.
An atom that loses an electron is called a molecule.
Elements can form bonds by sharing electrons.
Science Journal
Write a sentence comparing household glue to chemical bonds.
177
Name
Date

Section 1 Why do atoms combine?
Skim the objectives for Section 1. Write three questions that come
to mind from reading these statements. Look for answers to each
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define atom to show its scientific meaning.
New
model of the area around the nucleus where electrons
usually travel
the different areas for an electron in an atom
symbol for an element surrounded by as many dots as there
are electrons in its outer energy level
force that holds two atoms together
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define period. Then tell how the word is used
in the context of the periodic table.
period
178
atom
Name
Date
Atomic Structure
(continued)

on page
.
Model the structure of an atom that has 3 protons, 4 neutrons,

and 3 electrons. Label the protons, neutrons, electrons, and
nucleus in your drawing.
Electron
Arrangement
Complete the chart to show the maximum number of electrons

that can exist in each energy level of an atom.

on page
.
Energy Level
Maximum Number of Electrons
1
2
3
4
Write the formula for calculating the maximum number of electrons
that can occupy an energy level.
Formula for calculating electrons per energy level:
Periodic Table
and Energy
Levels
Analyze the relationship of the atomic number of a neutral atom

to the number of electrons and protons it contains.

on page
.
179
Name
Date

on page
.
Identify the number of electrons each atom has in its outer energy
level. Then shade the boxes of the elements that are stable.
1
18
He
Li
Element Families
on page
.
Electron Dot
Diagrams
13
14
15
16
17
Be
Ne
Compare how the elements in a family are similar. Use the noble
gases and alkali metals as examples.
Model the arrangement of electrons by making electron dot

diagrams for the elements represented below.

on page
.
Li
Be
CONNECT IT
Ne
Hydrogen gas is lighter than helium gas. Hypothesize why airships

use helium for buoyancy instead of hydrogen.
180
Electron
Configuration
(continued)
Name
Date

Section 2 How Elements Bond
Predict three things that might be discussed in this section after
reading the headings that appear in it.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Write a sentence using the word electron that shows its scientific
meaning.
electron
New
combination of chemical symbols and numbers that shows which

elements are present in a compound and how many atoms of
each element are present
chemical bond that forms between nonmetal atoms when they
share electrons
atom that is no longer neutral because it has gained or lost
electrons
pure substance containing two or more elements that are
chemically bonded
bond in which electrons are shared unevenly
chemical bond formed when metal atoms share their pooled
electrons
chemical bond formed from an attraction between ions
neutral particle formed when atoms share electrons
Academic
Vocabulary Define achieve using a dictionary.
achieve
181
Name
Date
Ionic Bonds
Loss and Gain
on page
.
(continued)
Complete the electron dot diagram below to show the

final compound.
Na
Cl
Na
Cl
Summarize what is occurring in the diagram. Your description

should include the words ion, negative, positive, and compound.
Compare and contrast metallic bonds with ionic bonds by

completing the Venn diagram with at least five facts.
Ionic Bonds

on page
.
Both
Metallic Bonds
Describe two characteristics of metals that are caused by

metallic bonding.
182
Metallic
Bonding
Pooling
Name
Date
Covalent
BondsSharing
on page
.
(continued)
Organize information about covalent bonds.

I. Covalent Bond
A. Definition:
B. How atoms share electrons

1.
2.
C. Multiple bonds:
Polar and
Nonpolar
Molecules
Model a polar molecule, and label the ends as more positive or

more negative.

on page
.
Chemical
Shorthand
Label the parts of the chemical formula shown. Then summarize

what the formula tells you about the compound.

on page
.
H 2O
CONNECT IT
Chlorine is a gas with a distinct odor. Do you think that someone

with an acute sense of smell would be able to smell chlorine in table salt? Explain.
183
Name
Date
Atomic Structure and

Chemical Bonds Chapter Wrap-Up
After You
Read
Electrons exist with specific levels of energy.

Elements can be arranged according to their properties.
An atom that loses an electron is called a molecule.
Elements can form bonds by sharing electrons.

S UMMARIZE I T
learned about how chemicals bond.
184
Review
Name
Date
Chemical Reactions
Before You Read
K
What I know
W
Science Journal
What types of products do you think are manufactured in a chemical plant?
Chemical Reactions
185
Name
Date
Chemical Reactions
Section 1 Chemical Formulas and Equations
Skim Section 1 of your text. Read the headings and look at the
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define atom to show its scientific meaning.
atom
New
substance that exists before a chemical reaction begins
process that produces a chemical change

chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy
substance that forms as a result of a chemical reaction
tells the reactants, products, physical state, and proportions
of each substance in a chemical reaction
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define undergo.
undergo
186
Chemical Reactions
chemical reaction that releases heat energy
Name
Date
Physical or
Chemical
Change?
(continued)
Compare and contrast the two types of changes in matter by


on page
.
Physical Change
Chemical Change
Description
Examples
Chemical
Equations
on page
.
Label the products, reactants, and subscripts in the

chemical equation.
CH3COOH NaHCO3
Conservation
of Mass
on page
.
CH3COONa H2O CO2
Complete the chart below about the chemical reaction above.

Then summarize the law of conservation of mass.
Element
Number of atoms
in reactants
Na
Number of atoms
in products
The law of conservation of mass states that
Chemical Reactions
187
Name
Date
Balancing
Chemical
Equations
(continued)
Complete the process of balancing the chemical equation below.

First, count the number of atoms of each element in the products
and the reactants to complete the chart.
CH4

on page
.
O2
Carbon
CO2
Hydrogen
H2O
Oxygen
Reactants
Products
Balance the number of hydrogen atoms in the equation by writing
the correct coefficient in front of the correct molecule. Then count
and record the atoms in the new equation.
CH4
O2
Carbon
CO2
Hydrogen
H2O
Oxygen
Reactants
Finish balancing the equation by balancing the number of oxygen

atoms in the equation.
CH4
Energy in
Chemical
Reactions
O2
CO2
Predict whether the reaction above is endothermic or exothermic

and explain why. The energy term would appear on the right side
of the equation.

on page
.
COMPARE IT
188
H2O
Compare the terms endothermic and exothermic.
Chemical Reactions
Products
Name
Date
Chemical Reactions
Section 2 Rates of Chemical Reactions
Scan the headings, bold words, and illustrations in Section 2. Write
two facts that you learned as you scanned the section.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Define state of matter in a scientific sentence.
state of matter
New
substance that slows down a chemical reaction
large protein molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction

substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without changing
permanently or being used up
energy needed to start a chemical reaction
amount of a substance present in a certain volume
how fast a chemical reaction happens after it is started
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define volume.
volume
Chemical Reactions
189
Name
Date
How fast? and

Activation
EnergyStarting
a Reaction
(continued)
Evaluate the events that occur during a chemical reaction by

completing the paragraph.
Activation energy is the

on page
.
needed to start a(n)
. Molecules of the reactants can then

with enough energy to
the
of the reactants. New bonds
to
create the products of the reaction.
Reaction Rate
Describe two ways that the rate of a reaction can be measured.

on page
.

on page
.
Complete the concept map by identifying factors that affect

reaction rate.
Factors that Affect Reaction Rate
Changing the speed

and energy with
which molecules
collide affects the
reaction rate.
190
Chemical Reactions
The number of
reactant molecules
in a given volume
affects the chance
that molecules will
collide and react.
Only atoms in the

outer layer of the
reactant material
can reactthe
number of molecules
out in the open
affects reaction rate.
Reaction rate can be found

by measuring
Name
Date
Slowing Down
Reactions
(continued)
Summarize the information about inhibitors. Include an example.

on page
.
Speeding Up
Reactions
Complete the graphic organizer about ways catalysts can work.

on page
.
providing
.
Catalysts can
speed up
reactions by
holding
.
reducing
.

on page
.
Identify four other functions that enzymes carry out in the body.
1.
2.
3.
4.
S YNTHESIZE I T
A scientist adds 1 mg of a catalyst to a solution to speed

reaction rate. How much of the catalyst will be left after the reaction occurs? Explain.
Chemical Reactions
191
Name
Date
Chemical Reactions
Chapter Wrap-Up
any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling
in the third column. Compare your previous responses with these.
K
What I know
W
L
What I learned
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about chemical reactions.
192
Chemical Reactions
Name
Date
Motion and Momentum

Before You Read
Preview the chapter and section titles and the section headings. Complete the
two columns of the chart by listing at least two ideas in each column.
K
What I know
W
Science Journal
Describe how your motion changed as you moved from your schools entrance to
your classroom.
Motion and Momentum
193
Name
Date
Motion and Momentum

Section 1 What is motion?
Preview the section by reading the What Youll Learn statements.
Write three questions that come to mind from reading these
statements.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Write a sentence that uses the word meter to show its scientific
meaning.
meter
New
Vocabulary Define the new vocabulary terms using your book or a
speed
average speed
instantaneous speed
velocity
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define displace in its scientific sense.
displace
194
Motion and Momentum
dictionary.
Name
Date
Changing
Position
on page
.
(continued)
Analyze the meaning of relative motion. Complete the sentences.

To determine whether something changes position, you must
identify
. An object changes position if

.
Contrast distance and displacement. Draw a diagram showing

distance and displacement for a person jogging halfway around a
lake. Label the distance and displacement.
Speed
on page
.
Complete the equation for calculating speed.

speed (in meters/second) =
Compare and contrast average speed and instantaneous
speed. Give an example of average speed, instantaneous speed,
and one in which instantaneous speed changes.
Average speed:
Instantaneous speed:
Example:
Motion and Momentum
195
Name
Date
Graphing Motion
on page
.
(continued)
Analyze the distance-time graph. Graph lines to show:

Person C, whose speed is 2 m/s.
Person D, who is standing still.
Distance v. Time
Distance
2.0
Person A
1.5
Person B
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Time
2.5
3.0
Compare the speed of each person by completing the paragraph.

is plotted on the horizontal axis and
is plotted on the vertical axis. A steeper
line indicates
. On this graph, Person A
has a speed of
and Person B has a speed
of
. If speed were zero, the line would
be
CONNECT IT
Think of a time recently when you might have run around a track
or traveled in a car or bus. Describe the motion thoroughly. Remember to include how
your velocity changed.
196
Motion and Momentum
Name
Date
Motion and Momentum

Predict three things you will learn in this section. Read the section
title and subheadings to help you make your predictions.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define kilogram using your book or a dictionary.
kilogram
New
Vocabulary Use your book to write the scientific definition of acceleration.
acceleration
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to find the mathematical definition of positive.
positive
Motion and Momentum
197
Name
Date
Acceleration
and Motion
(continued)
Distinguish the three ways that an object can accelerate. Complete

the concept map.

on page
.
Acceleration
includes
1.
Calculating
Acceleration
on page
.
2.
3.
Complete the mathematical equation to calculate acceleration for

objects moving in a straight line.
Acceleration Equation
(in m/s)
acceleration
(in m/s2)
(in m/s)
time (in s)
Analyze the equation above to rewrite it using symbols.

a
on page
.
Compare and contrast positive and negative acceleration by

Types of Acceleration
Positive
Change in
speed
Relationship of
initial speed to
final speed
198
Motion and Momentum
Initial speed is
less than final
speed.
Negative
Name
Date
Calculating
Acceleration
on page
.
(continued)
Analyze the acceleration graph below. Label the parts of the graph
showing zero acceleration, positive acceleration, and negative
acceleration.
Speed v. Time
8
7
Speed (m/s)
6
5
4
3
2
1
4 5 6
Time (s)
Summarize how you can identify each type of acceleration on an

acceleration graph. Complete the sentences.
A line for positive acceleration slopes
A line for negative acceleration slopes
A line for zero acceleration
S YNTHESIZE I T
A jogger runs around a circular track. She starts at a speed

of 2 m/s, then speeds up to 6 m/s. She runs at that speed for 20 minutes, and then
comes to a stop. Describe her acceleration. Is it ever zero?
Motion and Momentum
199
Name
Date
Motion and Momentum

Section 3 Momentum
Scan the headings, bold words, and illustrations in Section 3.
Write two facts you discovered about momentum as you scanned
the section.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Write a sentence using the term triple-beam balance.
triple-beam balance
New
Vocabulary Define the scientific meanings of the new vocabulary terms using
mass
inertia
momentum
law of conservation
of momentum
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define predict.
predict
200
Motion and Momentum
your book or a dictionary.
Name
Date
Section 3 Momentum
Mass and Inertia

on page
.
(continued)
Label the arrow below to show the relationship between mass

and inertia.
Greater
mass
Less
mass
Momentum
on page
.
Has
inertia
Has
inertia
List two factors that affect an objects momentum.

1.
affect
momentum
2.
Summarize the calculation of momentum in words on the

lines below.
Complete the equation used to calculate momentum.

momentum
(in kg m/s)
(in kg)
(in m/s)
Analyze the equation above and rewrite it using symbols. Use the
letter p to represent momentum.
Conservation
of Momentum
Summarize the law of conservation of momentum in your own

words using two balls that collide as an example.

on page
.
Motion and Momentum
201
Name
Section 3 Momentum
Using Momentum
Conservation
on page
.
Date
(continued)
Model the law of conservation of momentum when a moving object

of small mass collides with an object of greater mass that is initially
at rest. In the first row, model what happens if the two objects
stick together. In the second, model what happens if the two
bounce away from each other.
Use arrows to show the size and direction of each objects
momentum.
Label each object with its mass, speed, and direction.
After Impact
CONNECT IT
At a science fair, contestants can win a prize if they can roll a ball
with a specific momentum chosen by the presenter. The contestants have a choice of
two balls. One has greater mass than the other. Which would you choose, and why?
202
Motion and Momentum
Bounce off
Stick together
Before Impact
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Work with a partner to perform the experiment below to explore changes in momentum.
Materials
wooden block
stopwatch
ball that will roll easily
tape
meterstick
triple-beam balance
1. Find and record the mass of the block and ball, using the balance.
Block:
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ball:
Mark a line on the floor with tape. Place the block on the line. Measure a distance of
5 m from the line and mark a second line.
Practice rolling the ball until you can roll it from the 5-m line to the block.
Roll the ball from the 5-m line to the block. Use the stopwatch to time the roll.
Then measure how far the block moved from the line when the ball hit it. Use a chart
like the one below to record your data.
Repeat step 4 four more times, varying the speed with which you roll the ball. Record
the time and distance for each trial.
Use your data to calculate the speed for each trial. Then use that information and the
mass of the ball to calculate the momentum of the ball in each trial.
Analyze your data. What relationship do you see between the momentum of the ball
and the distance the block moved? Why do you think this relationship exists?
Data Chart
Trial
Time
Speed
Momentum
Distance Block
Moved
1
2
3
4
5
Motion and Momentum
203
Name
Date
Motion and Momentum
Chapter Wrap-Up
third column.
K
What I know
W
L
What I learned
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about motion and momentum.
204
Motion and Momentum
Name
Date
Force and Newtons Laws

Before You Read
Preview the chapter and section titles and the section headings. List at least two ideas
K
What I know
W
Science Journal
Describe three examples of pushing or pulling an object. How did the object move?
205
Name
Date

Section 1 Newtons First Law
Predict three topics that will be discussed in Section 1 as you scan
the headings.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define velocity using your book or a dictionary.
velocity
New
two or more forces that act on an object and do not cancel

each other
combination of all of the forces acting on an object
two or more forces whose effects cancel each other
states that if the net force acting on an object is zero, the object will
remain at rest or, if it is moving, continue to move in a straight line
with constant speed
a push or pull
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define constant in its scientific sense.
constant
206
force that opposes sliding between two touching surfaces
Name
Date
Force
on page
.
(continued)
Analyze how forces combine to form a net force.

If forces act in the same direction
If forces act in opposite directions

.
on page
.
Create two drawings to show how an object is affected by

balanced and unbalanced forces. Use arrows and labels to show
the forces and motion. Below each drawing, explain the effect
of the forces.
Balanced Forces
Unbalanced Forces
207
Name
Date
Newtons First
Law of Motion
(continued)
Summarize Newtons first law of motion in your own words.

on page
.
Compare the three types of friction. Complete the concept map.

on page
.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Friction
What It Is
What It Is
What It Is
Example
Example
Example
A carpenter uses sandpaper to smooth a rough piece of wood.

State what type of friction the carpenter is using.
208
Friction
Name
Date

Section 2 Newtons Second Law
Read the What Youll Learn statements. Write two questions that
come to mind as you read the statements.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Define acceleration to show its scientific meaning.
acceleration
New
Newtons second law

of motion
weight
center of mass
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define require to show its scientific meaning.
require
209
Name
Date
Force and
Acceleration
(continued)
Summarize Newtons second law of motion in your own words.

Then complete the equation used to calculate acceleration.

on page
.
in newtons
acceleration (in meters/second 2)
in kilograms
Gravity
on page
.
Complete the chart to show how mass and distance affect

gravitational force.
If . . .
Then gravity . . .
mass is larger
mass is smaller
distance decreases
Distinguish between weight and mass by explaining what would
happen to the weight and mass of an object if it were taken from
Earth to Mars.
On Mars, the weight would
because
. The mass would
because
.
Using Newtons
Second Law
Contrast speeding up, slowing down, and turning as forms of

acceleration. Identify the direction of the force in each case.

on page
.
Acceleration
speeding up
slowing down
turning
210
Direction of Force
distance increases
Name
Date
Circular Motion
on page
.
Air Resistance
on page
.
(continued)
Model how a satellite stays in orbit around Earth. Label

the direction of centripetal force and the direction of the
satellites motion.
Summarize the two factors that affect the air resistance on a

falling object.
1.
2.
Center of Mass
on page
.
Label the center of mass of common objects. In the space below,

draw a wrench, a ball, and a book. Place a dot to represent where
you predict the center of mass of each object will be found.
CONNECT IT
The gravitational force on the Moon is one-sixth the gravitational

force on Earth. Hypothesize what it would be like to jump or play ball on the Moon.
211
Name
Date

Section 3 Newtons Third Law
Scan the list below to preview Section 3 of your book.
Read all section titles.
Think about what you already know about forces
and gravity.
Write two facts you discovered about Newtons third law of motion
as you scanned the section.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Define force to show its scientific meaning.
New
Vocabulary Use your book to define Newtons third law of motion.
Newtons third law
of motion
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define react in its scientific sense.
react
212
force
Name
Date
Action and
Reaction
(continued)
Summarize Newtons third law in your own words.

on page
.
Model how action and reaction forces act in pairs.
Draw a situation in which a force pair acts.
Use arrows to label the action and reaction forces.
Analyze how the forces act and how the motions of the objects
change.

on page
.
Sequence the events in a rocket launch that show Newtons third

law. Complete the flow chart.
Rocket fuel is ignited, producing hot gas.
Action force
Reaction force
213
Name
Date
Weightlessness
on page
.
(continued)
Organize information about weightlessness. Complete the

concept web.
Happens
because:
Occurs during:
Causes a
sensation of:
S UMMARIZE I T
Happens in
spacecraft because:
Explain why action and reaction forces do not cancel each

others effects. Give an example.
214
Weightlessness
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Think of an activity that you enjoy in your daily life. Describe how each of Newtons
laws applies to your chosen activity. Then, draw a diagram to show how you use force
in the activity.
Newtons First Law of Motion:
Newtons Second Law of Motion:
Newtons Third Law of Motion:
Diagram:
215
Name
Date

Chapter Wrap-Up
the third column.
K
What I know
W
L
What I learned

S UMMARIZE I T
learned about forces and Newtons laws.
216
Review
Name
Date
Work and Simple Machines

Before You Read
Preview the chapter and section titles and the section headings. Complete the first
two columns of the chart by listing at least two ideas for each section in each column.
K
What I know
W
Science Journal
Describe three machines you used today and how they made doing a task easier.
217
Name
Date

Section 1 Work and Power
Review the objectives for Section 1. Write three questions that come
to mind from reading these statements. Look for answers to each
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define force to show its scientific meaning.
force
work
power
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define version. Use version in an original
sentence to show its scientific meaning.
version
218
New
Vocabulary Use each key term in a scientific sentence.
Name
Date
What is work?
(continued)
Summarize what must occur for work to be done.

on page
.

on page
.
Model the relationship between an applied force and work by

sketching two drawings in the boxes provided. In the top box, show
a situation in which work is done. In the bottom box, show a
situation in which no work is done.
Use arrows to show the direction of the applied force and any
motion that results.
Write a caption explaining each illustration.
Work is done.
Caption:
Work is not done.
Caption:
219
Name
Date
Calculating Work
on page
.
(continued)
Complete the mathematical equation describing how work is

calculated. Complete the same equation below it, using the units in
which each measurement is recorded. Then write the same equation
using the correct symbols.
work
joules

What is power?
on page
.
Define the term power. Complete the mathematical equation

describing how power is calculated in word and symbol form.
Power is
power
P

on page
.
Summarize the way in which work, energy, and power are

related by filling in the blanks below.
When you do
on an object, you
the energy of that object. Energy is

yourself to
from
. Power is equal to the amount of

transferred over a certain
CONNECT IT
Consider an active sport. Describe the work that is done by

people as they play the sport.
220
Identify the unit in which power is measured.
Name
Date

Section 2 Using Machines
Predict three things that might be discussed in Section 2 after
reading the headings in this section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define friction to show its scientific meaning.
friction
New
output work divided by input work
force exerted on a machine
number of times that a machine increases the input force; equal to
the output force divided by the input force
force exerted by a machine
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define device to show its scientific meaning.
device
221
Name
Date
What is a
machine? and
Mechanical
Advantage
on page
.
(continued)
Organize information by listing the three ways a machine can

make work easier.
A machine makes work easier by changing
1.
2.
3.
Summarize mechanical advantage. Then write the formula for

calculating it.
Mechanical advantage is
.
mechanical advantage

on page
.
Analyze the diagrams in your book that show the three ways
machines make work easier. Complete the chart by describing the
effect of the machine on the output force.
What Machine Does
Increases force
Increases distance
Changes direction
of force
222
How Force Is Changed
The equation for calculating mechanical advantage is
Name
Date
Efficiency
on page
.
(continued)
Summarize the relationship between efficiency and friction by

completing the paragraph.
The
of a machine is the ratio of the

work to the

on page
.
is a force that
the motion of one object sliding over
another. This
a machines
Complete the mathematical equation that describes how efficiency

is calculated.
efficiency (in percent)

on page
.
work.
100%
Model how oil reduces the friction between two surfaces. Sketch a
cross-section view of two horizontal surfaces sliding past each other.
Indicate contact points on the upper and lower surfaces and a layer
of oil between them.
CONNECT IT
Think of some machines that you use. List the machines and the
parts that may be affected by friction.
223
Name
Date

Section 3 Simple Machines
Scan Use the checklist below to preview Section 3 of your book.
Read all charts and graphs.
Look at all the pictures, and read their captions.
Think about what you already know about machines.
Write two facts you discovered about simple machines.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Define the term compound to show its scientific meaning.
compound
a grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around the groove

machine that does work only with one movement
an inclined plane that moves
a flat, sloped surface, or ramp
an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder or post
machine made up of two or more simple machines
two circular objects of different sizes that rotate together
a rigid rod or plank that pivots about a point called the fulcrum
Academic
Vocabulary Define section. Use section in an original sentence to show its
scientific meaning.
section
224
New
Name
Date
What is a simple
machine?
on page
.
(continued)
Contrast simple and compound machines by completing the chart.

Simple Machine
Compound Machine
Description
Examples
Inclined Plane
on page
.
Compare how the amount of force needed to move an object

changes with the length of the inclined plane. Complete the phrases
below with less, more, and the most.
Longer Inclined Plane:
force
is needed to move
an object
Shorter Inclined Plane:

force
is needed to move
an object
Lifting Without an Inclined Plane:

force is needed to move the object
Lever
on page
.
Model how changing the location of a fulcrum in a lever affects its

mechanical advantage. Draw two levers of the same length but
with fulcrums at different points.
Label the input force, output force, and fulcrum in your drawings
as well as the distances between the fulcrum and each force.
Show a calculation of the mechanical advantage of each.
225
Name
Date
Wheel and Axle
(continued)
Analyze the wheel and axle by completing the paragraph below.

on page
.
If the input force is applied to the axle, the mechanical advantage

is
one. If the input force is applied to the wheel,
the mechanical advantage is almost always
Pulley
one.
Classify the three types of pulleys by completing the chart.

on page
.
Pulleys
Type of
pulley
Effect on force
Mechanical advantage
Fixed
pulley
Pulley
system
CONNECT IT
Analyze what types of wheel and axles are on a bicycle. List

and describe them in terms of their mechanical advantage.
226
Movable
pulley
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Synthesize It
You will be loading heavy crates into a truck. The crates are too heavy to lift to the bed
of the truck by yourself. Make use of as many simple machines as you can to help you.
Explain how you would use them.
227
Name
Date

Chapter Wrap-Up
incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in the third
column. How do your ideas about what you know now compare with those you provided
at the beginning of the chapter?
K
What I know
W
L
What I learned

S UMMARIZE I T
learned about work and simple machines.
228
Review
Name
Date
Thermal Energy
Before You Read
Think about the term thermal energy. List as many words as you can think of that use
therm- as part of their root word.
Science Journal
Describe five things that you do to make yourself feel warmer or cooler.
Thermal Energy
229
Name
Date
Thermal Energy
Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
Skim through Section 1 of your text. Write three topics that might
be discussed in this section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define the following key term using your book or a dictionary.
kinetic energy
New
Vocabulary Define the following vocabulary terms using your book or
a dictionary.
temperature
thermal energy
Academic
Vocabulary Define the word random using a dictionary.
random
What is
temperature?
on page
.
Complete the statements about temperature.

Molecules are always
called
when they are moving
. Energy of motion is
. Molecules have more
. Temperature is
.
230
Thermal Energy
Name
Date
What is
temperature?
on page
.
(continued)
Sequence the steps to show how temperature changes cause most

objects to expand or contract. The first step has been done for you.
Object Is Heated
Object Is Cooled
molecules move apart
molecules move closer together
molecules moves faster
molecules moves slower
1 object becomes warmer
1 object becomes cooler
object expands
Measuring
Temperature
object shrinks, or contracts
Compare the three temperature scales in the chart below.

Characteristics
of Each Scale

on page
.
Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin
Temperature at which water freezes
Temperature at which water boils

Number of degrees between
waters freezing and boiling points
on page
.
Organize the formulas from your book into the conversion chart.
Fahrenheit
to Celsius
Celsius
to Fahrenheit
Celsius
to Kelvin
Formula
Break it
down
COMPARE IT
Knowing that metals expand when heated, explain how you can
apply this knowledge to a metal jar lid that is screwed on too tightly.
Thermal Energy
231
Name
Date

on page
.
Compare the potential energy of molecules with the potential

energy of a ball. Complete the statements that have been started
for you.
Potential Energy
Statements
Ball Analogy
Statement
1. molecules in a material
exert attractive forces on
each other
2. molecules in a material
have potential energy
A ball
has potential energy.
3. as molecules move closer

together or farther apart,
potential energy changes

on page
.
Gravity exerts an
As a ball moves closer to or

farther from Earths surface,
Synthesize Suppose you have two balls of colored dough, each at

22C. One ball is blue, the other is yellow. When the two balls are
mixed together, their total mass is 100g of green dough. Mark the
statements that are true about this thermal energy analogy. Correct
any false statements so they become true.
50 g
blue
50 g
yellow
100 g
green
22C
The mass of the green dough is twice the mass

of the blue dough.
The mass of the green dough is equal to the sum of
the mass of the yellow and the blue dough.
The thermal energy of the green dough is equal to
twice the sum of thermal energy of the yellow and the
blue dough.
232
Thermal Energy
Thermal Energy
(continued)
Name
Date
Thermal Energy
Section 2 Heat
Skim through Section 2 of your text. Write three facts you discovered
about heat.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Write a scientific sentence using the term electromagnetic wave.
electromagnetic wave
New
transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles in
a gas or liquid
transfer of thermal energy by direct contact by collisions
between particles
thermal energy that is transferred from a substance at higher
temperature to a substance at a lower temperature
material that transfers heat easily
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg
of a substance by 1C
transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
Academic
Vocabulary Define transfer using a dictionary.
transfer
Thermal Energy
233
Name
Section 2 Heat
Date
(continued)
Heat and Thermal

Energy
on page
.
Label the two drawings to illustrate the statement: Heat is

transferred when objects that differ in temperature are brought
into contact.
Label the temperature of each object
Draw an arrow showing the direction of heat transfer.
Heat transfer
Analyze the drawing below to help classify each type of energy

transfer as conduction, convection, or radiation.

on page
.
The Suns rays heat the sand particles by

Body heat transferred to the air by
.
.
Cool air pushes in to replace warm, air flow by natural

.
Heat transferred from sand to towel to body by
Heat from the Sun warms iced tea by

Fan pushes air molecules by forced
.
.
Warmer molecules move more quickly, transferring heat throughout

the iced tea by
234
Thermal Energy
Conduction,
Radiation, and
Convection
No heat transfer
Name
Section 2 Heat
Date
(continued)
Thermal
Conductors and
Thermal
Insulators
on page
.
Compare and contrast thermal conductors and thermal

insulators by writing the words and phrases in the Venn diagram.
does not conduct heat easily

conducts heat easily
gold and copper
air
material contains some loosely

held electrons
materials do not contain
loosely held electrons
Thermal Conductors
Thermal Insulators
Both
depend on how
strongly atoms
hold electrons
CONNECT IT
Analyze sources of thermal pollution and their effects on

organisms and the environment. Design a possible plan to reduce thermal pollution.
Thermal Energy
235
Name
Date
Thermal Energy
Section 3 Engines and Refrigerators
Read the What Youll Learn objectives of Section 3. Write four
questions that come to mind from reading these statements.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Review
Vocabulary Define the terms using your book or a dictionary.
New
Vocabulary
heat engine
internal combustion
engine
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define internal in its scientific sense.
internal
236
Thermal Energy
work
Name
Date
Heat Engines
on page
.
(continued)
Identify the six different forms of energy and give an example

of each.
Types of Energy

on page
.
Sequence the steps of a four-stroke cycle engine in the chart.
Steps in the Four-Stroke Cycle

Intake
stroke
The piston moves downward.
Compression
stroke
Power
stroke
Exhaust
stroke
Thermal Energy
237
Name
Date
Refrigerators
on page
.
(continued)
Sequence steps to show how a refrigerator stays cold inside.

Explain what happens as coolant moves through a refrigerator
by writing what occurs at each location.
Freezer
unit
4.
3.
2. Liquid coolant passes

through the expansion valve
and changes into a gas.
Heat
5.
7.
6. The warmer gas releases its heat to
the cooler air outside the refrigerator.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Analyze and discuss why the statement An air conditioned

building is like stepping into a giant refrigerator! is true.
238
Thermal Energy
1.
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Synthesize
Suppose that you are a television weather forecaster. As a part of your job, you have been
asked to help educate people about science. On the lines below, plan a weather forecast for
your region. After you have finished planning, present your forecast to the class. Explain as
many of the following terms as possible during your forecast.
temperature
Fahrenheit scale
Celsius scale
radiation
convection
conduction
Tomorrows Weather Forecast

Date:
Location:
Forecast:
Notes about terms:
Thermal Energy
239
Name
Thermal Energy
Date
Chapter Wrap-Up
After You Read

Examine the list of terms that include the root therm- that you wrote at the beginning of
this chapter. Write in the space below what you think therm- means.
Review

S UMMARIZE I T
learned about the movement of molecules.
240
Thermal Energy
Name
Date
Electricity
Before You Read
Preview the chapter and section titles and the section headings. List at least two ideas
K
What I know
W
Science Journal
Write a paragraph describing a lightning flash you have seen. Include information
about the weather conditions at the time.
Electricity
241
Name
Date
Electricity
Section 1 Electric Charge
Skim Section 1 of your text. Write three questions that come to
mind from reading the headings and looking at the illustrations.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Write a scientific sentence using the term element.
New
material in which electrons cannot move easily from place
to place
positively or negatively charged atom
attractive force between positively and negatively charged objects
material through which electrons can easily move
space in which charges exert a force on each other
rapid movement of excess charge from one place to another
imbalance of electric charges on an object
Academic
Vocabulary Define overall using a dictionary.
overall
242
Electricity
element
Name
Date
Electricity
on page
.

on page
.
(continued)
Summarize how an atom can become a positive or negative ion.

When an atom
electrons, it becomes a negative ion.
When an atom
electrons, it becomes a positive ion.
Compare and contrast how electrons and ions move. Complete

the chart.
Electrons
Ions
How they
move
Can they
move
through
solids?
Example
Electric Forces
on page
.
Create sketches to show how like and unlike charges attract or

repel each other.
Electricity
243
Name
Date
Insulators and
Conductors
on page
.
(continued)
Compare conductors and insulators by completing the chart below.

Insulator
Conductor
Definition
Examples
Induced Charge
on page
.
Sequence the events leading to an electric discharge by lightning.

Air currents may cause the bottom of a storm cloud to become
The negative charge of the cloud

in the ground below.
A cloud-to-ground lightning strike occurs when

.
Grounding
Summarize why grounding is important.

on page
.
CONNECT IT
Some electric lamps are made of metal, which is a conductor.

Explain why people do not get a shock when they touch lamps
244
Electricity
Name
Date
Electricity
Section 2 Electric Current
Predict three things that might be discussed in this section after
reading the headings.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define gravitational potential energy using your book.
gravitational potential
energy
New
Vocabulary Use your book to define each key term.
electric current
circuit
voltage
resistance
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define potential as it is used to discuss
electricity.
potential
Electricity
245
Name
Date
Flow of Charge
(continued)

on page
.
Model a simple electric circuit by completing the diagram below.

Mark the positive and negative ends of the battery.
Draw wires to complete the circuit.
Use arrows to indicate the direction of the flow of current.

on page
.
Organize information by completing the flow chart describing how

a current flows in a circuit powered by a battery.
The battery produces
in the wire.
The electric field forces
to move toward the

.
The electrons
in the wire.
with
After each collision, electrons

.
246
Electricity
Name
Date

on page
.
Resistance

on page
.
(continued)
Create a concept web to summarize at least six facts about

batteries.
Classify the following pairs of items according to their resistance.

List each item on a line beneath the correct end of the arrow.
long wire/short wire
insulator/conductor
Lower Resistance
thin wire/thick wire

tungsten filament/copper
Higher Resistance
CONNECT IT
A toaster uses wires to heat bread. Describe what you can

conclude about these wires.
Electricity
247
Name
Date
Electricity
Section 3 Electric Circuits
Scan Section 3 of your book. Write three facts you discovered about
electric circuits as you scanned the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Write a sentence using the word power to show its scientific
meaning.
power
New
Vocabulary Define each key term using your book or a dictionary.
series circuit
parallel circuit
electric power
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define output.
output
248
Electricity
Ohms law
Name
Date
Controlling the
Current
on page
.

on page
.
(continued)
Identify how voltage and resistance affect current.

Voltage increases
Current
Resistance increases
Current
Complete the mathematical equation that describes Ohms law.

voltage (volts)
(amperes)
(ohms)
OR
I
Series and
Parallel Circuits
on page
.
Model a simple series circuit and a simple parallel circuit by

drawing a diagram of each.
Label the energy source, devices, and wires in each circuit.
Use arrows to show the paths electrons can follow in each circuit.
Series Circuit
Parallel Circuit
Electricity
249
Name
Date
Protecting
Electric Circuits
on page
.
(continued)
Compare two ways that electric circuits are protected.

Protecting Electric Circuits
Device
How It Works
Fuse
Circuit
breaker
Electric Power
on page
.
Summarize how electric power is calculated. Complete the

equation.
power (watts)
(amperes)
(volts)
OR
Electrical Safety
on page
.
Create a list of tips that people can use to prevent electrical shock
and a list of tips to avoid being injured by lightning.
Ways to Prevent
Electrical Shock
S YNTHESIZE I T
Ways to Keep Safe

from Lightning
Describe why it might be useful for a set of decorative lights

to be connected in a parallel circuit instead of a series circuit.
250
Electricity
P
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Invent an electrical device that uses a simple circuit powered by a battery.

You can design your device to use a series circuit, a parallel circuit, or both.
For example, it can power an electric motor, light a bulb, or ring a bell.
Draw a diagram of your device below, label its parts, and explain its
purpose and how it works.
Electricity
251
Name
Date
Electricity
Chapter Wrap-Up
incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart.
K
What I know
W
L
What I learned
Review

S UMMARIZE I T
learned about electricity.
252
Electricity
Name
Date
Magnetism
Before You Read
Before You
Read
Magnetism
Some minerals are natural magnets.
A compass needle is a small bar magnet.
Electricity cannot be used to make a magnet.
Many electric motors contain magnets.
Science Journal
List three ways you have seen magnets used.
Magnetism
253
Name
Date
Magnetism
Section 1 What is magnetism?
Scan Section 1 of your book using the checklist below.
Think about what you already know about magnetism.
Write two things you learned about magnetism.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Define compass using a dictionary or your book.
New
Vocabulary Use a dictionary or your book to define each of the following terms.
magnetic field
magnetic domain
magnetosphere
Academic
Vocabulary Define domain. Why is this term used when discussing magnetism?
domain
254
Magnetism
compass
Name
Date
Early Uses
(continued)
Summarize how people might have made the first compasses.

on page
.
Magnets
on page
.
Complete the sentences about magnetic poles.

Like magnetic poles
Unlike magnetic poles
each other.
each other.

on page
.
Model the magnetic field of a bar magnet.

Draw the magnet, its poles, and its magnetic field lines.
Include arrows showing the direction of the field.
Add captions explaining the field strength.

on page
.
Contrast magnetic domains in a nonmagnetic piece of iron and

in a magnetized piece of iron. Draw and label the domains.
Magnetism
255
Name
Date

on page
.
(continued)
Sequence the steps through which iron can become a magnet.
Earths Magnetic
Field
on page
.
Complete the following statements about Earths magnetic field.

The region of space affected by Earths magnetic field is called
the
. Earths magnetic field may be caused by the

in the outer
Earths magnetic field is like a huge
. The
of Earths magnetic field

sometimes the field
rocks record the
their
S UMMARIZE I T
256
Magnetism
and
direction. Some kinds of

of Earths
as the rocks
How do animals and humans use magnetism to find direction?
in
.
Electrons in iron atoms spin, producing magnetic fields.
Name
Date
Magnetism
Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
Predict three topics that might be discussed in Section 2. Skim the
headings and illustrations to help you make your predictions.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Write a scientific sentence with electric current.
electric current
New
current that periodically changes direction
any device that converts electric energy into kinetic energy

device used to increase or decrease the voltage of an
alternating current
current-carrying wire wrapped around an iron core
current in which electrons flow in only one direction
device that uses a magnetic field to change kinetic energy
into electricity
light given off when charged particles collide with
Earths atmosphere
Academic
Vocabulary Define source using a dictionary.
source
Magnetism
257
Name
Date
Current Can
Make a Magnet
on page
.
(continued)
Organize information about electromagnets.

What it is
Electromagnet
How it works
How it is changed
Summarize how an electric motor works.

on page
.
Using Magnets to
Create Current
on page
.
Identify ways that magnets can be used to generate electricity.

Generating Electricity Using Magnets
How it works:
Alternating current
Description:
258
Magnetism
Direct current
Description:
Magnets Push
and Pull Currents
Name
Date
Changing Voltage
on page
.
Superconductors
(continued)
Identify the results when a current passes through a transformer.

Current enters
the transformer
through the coils
on the input side.
More coils
on the
output side
More coils
on the
input side
Complete the chart about the properties of superconductors.

on page
.
Superconductors
What they
are
How they
are made
How they react
to magnets
Uses
Magnetic
Resonance
Imaging
Summarize how magnetic resonance imaging is useful.

on page
.
CONNECT IT
Describe how magnetism and electricity are related.
Magnetism
259
Name
Date
Magnetism
Chapter Wrap-Up
Magnetism
After You
Read
Some minerals are natural magnets.

A compass needle is a small bar magnet.
Electricity cannot be used to make a magnet.
Many electric motors contain magnets.
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about magnetism.
260
Magnetism
Name
Date
Waves, Sound, and Light

Before You Read
Before You
Read

Waves carry both matter and energy.
Waves occur only in water.
Sound travels at the same speed through
all materials.
Light does not require matter to move
through.
Science Journal
Write a short paragraph describing water waves you have seen.
261
Name
Date

Section 1 Waves
Skim Section 1 in your book. Write three questions that come to
mind from what you have skimmed.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define density using your book or a dictionary.
density
New
distance between one point on a wave and the nearest point
moving with the same speed and direction
angle an incoming wave makes with the normal equals angle the
reflected wave makes with the normal
disturbance that moves through matter or space and
carries energy
change in direction of a wave when it changes speed as it travels
from one material to another
number of wavelengths that pass a given point in one second,
measured in hertz
wave that causes particles in matter to move back and forth along
the direction the wave travels
bending of waves around an object
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define adjacent.
adjacent
262
wave that causes particles in matter to move at right angles to

the direction the wave travels
Name
Date
Section 1 Waves
(continued)
What are waves?

on page
.
Contrast mechanical and electromagnetic waves. Fill in the

missing words.
Mechanical waves travel through
be
. They may
waves or
waves.
Electromagnetic waves travel through
or
. They are always
Types of Waves
on page
.
waves.
Create drawings of a transverse wave and a compressional wave.

Label a trough, a crest, a compression, and a rarefaction.
Transverse wave
Compressional wave
Properties
of Waves
on page
.
Compare and contrast the properties of transverse and

compressional waves by defining the wave characteristics for each.
Property
Wave Type
Transverse
Compressional
Wavelength
Frequency
Amplitude
263
Name
Date
Section 1 Waves
(continued)
Properties
of Waves
on page
.
Complete the equation for wave speed. Then rewrite the equation
using the correct symbols.
wave speed (m/s)
(m)
(Hz)
Wave Speed Equation

Model the ways waves change direction by drawing examples
using light waves in the boxes below.

on page
.
Light Waves Change Direction

Reflection
Refraction
S UMMARIZE I T
Diffraction
Create, label, and describe a water wave. Identify its

wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. Draw what would happen if the wave is
reflected, refracted, and diffracted.
264
Water Wave
Refracted Wave
Reflected Wave
Diffracted Wave
Waves Can
Change
Directions
Name
Date

Section 2 Sound Waves
Scan Section 2 of your book using the checklist below.
Look at the pictures.
Think about what you already know about sound waves.
Write three facts you discovered about sound waves as you scanned
the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define perception using a dictionary or your book.
perception
New
Vocabulary Write a sentence using the scientific meaning of each of the
vocabulary words.
intensity
pitch
reverberation
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define perceive.
perceive
265
Name
Date
Making Sound
Waves
on page
.
(continued)
Organize the features of sound waves in the chart below.

Properties of Sound Waves
Produced by
Type of wave
How they
transfer energy
Speed of Sound
on page
.
Identify 2 factors that affect the speed of sound.

1.
The Loudness
of Sound
on page
.
Model Draw and label arrows to show whether intensity, loudness,

and energy increase or decrease as the amplitude of a sound wave
increases.
Amplitude increases
Intensity
Loudness
Energy
Frequency
and Pitch
Describe the relationship between frequency and pitch.

on page
.
266
2.
Name
Date
Hearing and
the Ear
on page
.
(continued)
Sequence the path of sound through the ear by completing the

flowchart with the function and main structures of each part
of the ear.
Outer Ear
Function:
Main Structures:
Middle Ear
Function:
Main Structures:
Inner Ear
Function:
Main Structures:
The Reflection
of Sound
on page
.
Distinguish two uses of reflected sound.

1.
2.
CONNECT IT
Sound in an empty room can be very loud, with many echoes.

Describe three ways to make the room quieter.
267
Name
Date

Section 3 Light
Predict three things that might be discussed in Section 3. Read the
section headings and subheadings to help make your predictions.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define spectrum and use it in a sentence.
spectrum
New
Vocabulary Use your book to define each of the new vocabulary terms.
electromagnetic
spectrum
infrared waves
ultraviolet waves
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define interact.
interact
268
electromagnetic waves
Name
Section 3 Light
Date
(continued)
Waves in Empty
Space
Analyze why light travels faster in empty space than when it

travels through matter.

on page
.
Properties of
Light Waves

on page
.
The
Electromagnetic
Spectrum
on page
.
Model an electromagnetic wave. Draw and label both the electric

and the magnetic fields, and indicate the wavelength and the
direction of travel.
Organize information about the uses of electromagnetic waves.

Wave Type
Used For
radio waves
microwaves
infrared waves
visible light
ultraviolet waves
X rays
gamma rays
269
Name
Date
(continued)
The Eye and

Seeing Light
on page
.

on page
.
Sequence the path of light through the eye and organize the
structures involved at each step.
Light enters eye
Main Structures:
Light waves are focused

Main Structures:
Image formed
Main Structures:
Carries messages to brain

Main Structures:
Summarize what determines the color of objects that emit light

and what determines the color of objects that do not.
Contrast the roles of rods and cones. Complete the chart.

Cell
Sensitive to:
rod
cone
S YNTHESIZE I T
Think of a source of electromagnetic waves, such as a radio

station or a microwave oven. Describe the waves given off by the source, including
their wavelength and frequency.
270
Section 3 Light
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Identify ways that sound waves, visible light waves, and other types of electromagnetic
waves play a role in your daily life. For each type of wave, give an example of when the
waves are useful. Identify any problems the waves can cause.
Sound Waves
Visible Light
Other Types of Electromagnetic Waves
271
Name
Date

Chapter Wrap-Up
After You
Read
Waves carry both matter and energy.

Waves occur only in water.
Sound travels at the same speed through
all materials.
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about waves, sound, and light.
272
Light does not require matter to move

through.
Academic Vocabulary
achieve: to gain, accomplish, attain, reach
emerge: to come out; to appear
adjacent: near, close, or adjoining
enormous: having great size
approach: to come near
factor: any of the circumstances or

conditions that bring about a result
collapse: to fall together or inward

communicate: to make known or
give information
community: a group of organisms that
live together in the same place
hypothesis: a reasonable guess that can

be tested and is based on what is known
and what is observed
complex: made up of different parts

connected in a way that is hard
to understand
interact: to act upon one another
component: part of a machine or system
interval: space or time between events
constant: not changing; continuing
investigate: to search into something in

order to learn the facts
consume: to eat
fundamental: serving as an original or

generating source; primary
contract: to make or become shorter

or smaller
controversy: argument or debate
convert: to change from one form into
another form
core: center; a central part of something
cycle: a repeating sequence of events
device: tool or instrument designed for
a particular purpose
displace: to take the place of or remove
from the usual or proper place
diverse: not all the same; varied
domain: region with the same physical
feature
eliminate: to get rid of
internal: having to do with the inside
isolate: to separate from others

maintain: to continue
mature: to become fully developed
or ripe
method: particular procedure, technique,
or way to do something
model: a tool used to help visualize
something that cannot be directly
observed
nuclear: of or relating to the atomic
nucleus
occur: to take place or happen; to be found
or appear
output: useful power delivered by a circuit
or device
overall: including everything; total
Science Level Blue
273
Academic Vocabulary
perceive: to observe or become aware
of through the senses
reveal: to make known; to show

or display
period: a repeating interval; row of the

periodic table
rigid: not bending or moving; stiff

and hard
positive: real and numerically greater

than zero
section: one of several parts that together

make up the whole
potential: a difference in voltage between

two points of an electrical circuit
sequence: one thing following another

in a fixed order
predict: to foretell in advance on the

basis of observation, experience, or
scientific reason
series: a number of similar things coming

one after another
process: a series of things done in order

to make or do something
stable: not easily moved or changed
promote: to contribute to the growth of;

to help bring into being
structure: the arrangement of particles

or parts in a substance or body
proportion: an equation that shows two

ratios are equivalent
survey: to look at or study in detail
random: a haphazard course; without

definite aim, direction, rule, or method;
lacking a definite plan, purpose,
or pattern
ratio: relation of one thing to another in
size or amount
react: to act because something has
happened; to respond
survive: to continue to exist; to

live through
symbol: something that represents
something else
theory: group of ideas or principles that
explain why or how something happens
transfer: to send from one place to another
undergo: to experience
representative: characteristic of a group

or kind
version: variant of an original
require: to need
volume: amount of space that makes up

or fills something
resource: something used for help

or support
274
Science Level Blue
source: point of origin

Science Notebook

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Science Notebook

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Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Douglas Fisher, Ph.D.

About the Consultant

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Douglas Fisher, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Teacher

Note-Taking Tips ........................................ v

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 2 Traits and How

Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics

Science Level Blue

Chapter 19 Force and Newtons Laws

Chapter 14 Inside the Atom

Chapter 20 Work and Simple Machines

Chapter 15 The Periodic Table

Chapter 21 Thermal Energy

Chapter 16 Atomic Structure and

Chapter 17 Chemical Reactions

Chapter 18 Motion and Momentum

Chapter 24 Waves, Sound, and Light

Science Level Blue

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 13 Stars and Galaxies

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Use a symbol such as a star () or an asterisk (*) to emphasis

Science Level Blue

Using Your Science Notebook

This note-taking guide is designed to

Motion and Momentum

Accept all reasonable

Anticipation Guide/KWL Charts

approach: to come near

Motion and Momentum

community: a group of organisms that

enormous: having great size

complex: made up of different parts

interact: to act upon one another

component: part of a machine or system

interval: space or time between events

constant: not changing; continuing

investigate: to search into something in

internal: having to do with the inside

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

contract: to make or become shorter

emerge: to come out; to appear

displace: to take the place of or remove

isolate: to separate from others

up from left to right

down from left to right

A line for zero acceleration

Motion and Momentum

Science Level Blue

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.

Mass and Inertia

Label the arrow below to show the relationship between mass

List two factors that affect an objects momentum.

I found this information

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Summarize the calculation of momentum in words on the

Motion and Momentum

Complete the equation used to calculate momentum.

Summarize the law of conservation of momentum in your own