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1
Department of Physics College of Saber, University of Aden, Aden
Yemen
*
Corresponding author. Address: House No. 867, Str. No. 10 (Dhafar),
Sec. B, Sheikh Othman, AdenYemen. Email: shehababdulwadood@
gmail.com
Abstract
Nomenclature
EMTP
ATP
Ih
Vh
IZN,h
ZN,h
R
L
Z
X
Vrp
Vrs
Rho
C
P
Q
T
Tmax
Xopt
Copt
Freq.
FFT
THD
Earth resistance []
Capacitance [F]
Active power [W]
Reactive power [VAr]
Time step of simulation [s]
End time of simulation [s]
Inductances in [mH]
Capacitances in [F]
System frequency in [Hz]
Fast Fourier Transform
Total harmonic deformation
INTRODUCTION
The use of power electronics-based devices in power
systems has increased steadily over the last decades.
Electronics devices are nonlinear and thus they create
distorted currents even when supplied with purely
sinusoidal voltage. These distorted currents cause
11
device failures.
Generally the distribution systems consists of several
shunt connected impedances. In all power systems
capacitors are used for power factor correction and they
change the system frequency characteristics which can
result in resonances that magnify specific harmonic
voltages and transient disturbances. Changing the
operating condition of the supply system might change
the harmonic currents injected at the measured bus. The
characteristics of many distribution networks suggest
that for distribution networks, the Norton approach
would be more suitable, since the common harmonic
generating loads in distribution networks often have
the characteristics of harmonic current sources. Thus,
to estimate a harmonic Norton model of a distribution
network as given in Figure 1, measurements of harmonic
current (Ih) and voltage (Vh) for, at least, two different
operating conditions of the supply system have to be
performed[2].
The purpose of this paper is to show how to estimate
a Norton model of a distribution system from harmonic
voltage and current measurements. The change in supply
system operating condition can for example be obtained
by switching a shunt capacitor, disconnecting a parallel
transformer or some other changes that give a significant
change in the supply system harmonic impedance. It
is however required that voltage and current can be
measured, or estimated, on both sides of the device that
are being switched.
Through the circuit in Figure 1 it can be seen that by
changing the operating conditions of the supply system
(at least two changes), then harmonic voltage (V h) and
harmonic currents (Ih) and (IZN,h) will be changed.
ZS,h
IS,h
I h,2 I h,1 =
Supply system
Vh,1 Vh,2
Z N,h
(5)
Vh,1 Vh,2
I h,2 I h,1
(6)
Vh,1
Z N,h
(7)
1. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Vh Ih
IZN,h
VS,h
(4)
IN,h
Vh,1
V
and Ih,2= IN,h - h,2
ZN,h
ZN,h
ZN,h
IN,h
Norton Model
Figure 1
Norton Model of a Distribution Network
Assuming no change in operating conditions in the
modeled load-side distribution network between the
two measurements, it is seen from Figure 1 that for each
harmonic, the measured currents (Ih,1) and (Ih,2) can be
expressed as[2, 3, 4, 5]:
Ih,1=IN,h-IZN,h,1
(1)
Ih,2=IN,h-IZN,h,2
(2)
V
V
IZN,h,1= h,1 and IZN,h,2= h,2
(3)
ZN,h
ZN,h
12
22 kV
Line 1
10 km
22 kV
10MVA
10%
T1
6 kV
Line 2
1 km
Sk =500 MVA
Line 3
3 km
Table 2
Parameters of the Transmission Lines
210 MVAr
T2
T3
T4
T5
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
T6
10
0.4 kV
Line length
(km)
T7
0.4 kV
11
Load 5 Load 6
5h
7h
2. MODEL CONSTRUCTION
Resis
(/km)
0.431
0.428
0.428
0.57
0.42
0.42
0.432
0.778
0.778
10.5
10.5
10.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
Table 3
Parameters of the Loads
1.1 22 kV Network
The network was modelled by the ATP model AC3PHtype 14, constant voltage with amplitude equals to (22
2 / 3 = 17.96 KV) and internal impedance (R=0.09,
L= 2.866 mH).
1.2 Transformers
All transformers are modelled by SATTRAFO (-Y,
with ground Y). The values of R and L are taken to the
secondary side of the transformer and use the common
X/R ratio for transformers as 10[7]. First we calculate the
impedance from the secondary voltage and the power
(Z=V2/P), then we take the percentage value of Z (for
example 10% for transformer 1). This result represents
the magnitude of Z, or R+jX . and from (X/R=10) and
the equation ( Z = R 2 + X 2 )[8] we calculate that R and L
(XL=jL).
The primary voltage is()Therefore, the peak primary
rated voltage (Vrp=2V) and the secondary voltage is
(Y), so the peak (Vrs=(2/3)V)[9]. All calculations are
listed in the table below.
R () L (mH)
31.113
4.899
0.036
1.14
8.485
0.327
0.001
0.027
8.485
0.327
0.001
0.0203
8.485
0.327
0.0004
0.0122
Load
P (kW)
Q (kVAr)
cos
1 and 2
3 and 4
5 and 6
300
500
1000
264.575
375
619.744
0.75
0.8
0.85
R ()
0.481
0.289
0.144
L (mH)
1.738
1.226
0.742
Table 1
The Parameters of the Transformers
T1 (22kV/6kV), 10MVA
10% impedance
T2 and T3 (6kV/400V),
750kVA
4% impedance
T4 and T5 (6kV/400V),
1MVA
4% impedance
T4 and T5 (6kV/400V),
2.5MVA
6% impedance
Rout
(cm)
3.4 Loads
All loads are modelled by the ATP model RLC_3, where
the values of the model are calculated by the equations [3]
R=U2/P, L=(U2/Q)/2f and C=0. The values are listed in
the table below.
Figure 2
Simulated Test System
Transformer
10
3
5
1
2
3
Load 4
React
(/km)
13
Table 4
The Harmonic Current Between Bus 3 and 5
h
Magn.
(A)
Phase
()
Magn. Phase
(A)
()
Magn. Phase
(A)
()
1 200.86
2
0.013
3
0.008
4
0.006
5 10.506
6
0.003
7
7.006
8
0.004
9
0.003
10 0.002
-5.01
8.78
22.02
43.71
-82.54
12.44
-80.95
-44.10
-28.59
-19.85
11 0.002 -13.98
12 0.002
-9.61
13 0.002
-6.12
14 0.001
-3.19
15 0.001
-0.64
16 0.001
1.63
17 0.001
3.69
18 0.001
5.60
19 0.001
7.38
20 0.001
9.07
THD = 6.2867 %
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
10.68
12.22
13.71
15.15
16.55
17.92
19.26
20.57
21.86
23.14
Figure 3
The Network ATPDraw Model
2000
0
-2000
-4000
-6000
-8000
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98
[s]
2.00
Figure
6
MC's PlotXY - Fourier chart(s). Copying date: 09/04/2011
The
Wave Form of the Voltage
File NortonBefor.pl4 Variable v:X0019A [peak]
Initial Time: 0.08
8000
[V]
250.0
[A]
6000
187.5
125.0
4000
62.5
2000
0.0
-62.5
10
-125.0
-250.0
1.90
1.94
1.92
1.98
1.96
[s]
2.00
File NortonBefor.pl4
Variable
c:X0019A-X0005A [peak]
The
Wave Form of
the Current
Initial Time: 0.08 Final Time: 0.1
250
[A]
200
100
50
10
15
harmonic order
20
25
30
20
25
30
40
Figure
5
The Harmonics Spectra
-90
10
15
harmonic order
Magn.
(V)
1 7071.100
0.382
2
0.204
3
0.141
4
4.336
5
0.091
6
1.980
7
0.068
8
0.060
9
10 0.053
150
10
15
harmonic order
Table 5
The Harmonic Voltage at Bus 3
FigurePlotXY
4
MC's
- Fourier chart(s). Copying date: 09/04/2011
20
25
30
25
30
50
Figure
7
The Harmonics Spectra
-187.5
15
harmonic order
14
20
Phase
()
Magn. Phase
(V)
()
Magn. Phase
(V)
()
49.24
31.16
23.31
19.46
12.96
15.93
13.07
15.02
15.10
15.32
11 0.048 15.66
12 0.044 16.08
13 0.041 16.58
14 0.038 17.14
15 0.035 17.74
16 0.033 18.37
17 0.031 19.04
18 0.029 19.73
19 0.028 20.44
20 0.026 21.18
THD = 0.06778 %
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0.025
0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.020
0.019
0.019
0.018
0.018
21.93
22.69
23.46
24.25
25.04
25.84
26.65
27.46
28.29
29.11
8000
[V]
6000
4000
2000
0
-2000
-4000
-6000
-8000
1.90
250.0
1.94
1.92
[A]
1.98
1.96
[s]
2.00
Figure 10
MC's
PlotXY
- Fourier
The Wave
Form
of thechart(s).
VoltageCopying date: 09/04/2011
187.5
125.0
62.5
5000
[V]
0.0
4000
-62.5
3000
-125.0
2000
-187.5
1000
-250.0
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98
[s]
2.00
Figure
8
MC's PlotXY
- Fourier chart(s). Copying date: 09/04/2011
The
Wave Form Variable
of the Current
File NortonAfter.pl4
c:X0019A-X0005A [peak]
Initial Time: 0.08
10
15
harmonic order
0 7
5
10
15
Table
harmonic order
The Harmonic Voltage at
Bus 3
[A]
100
50
10
15
harmonic order
20
25
30
-90
Table
6
5
10
15
20
25
The0Harmonic
Current
Between
harmonic
orderBus 3 and 5
30
Figure
9
50
The Harmonics Spectra
Magn.
(A)
Phase
()
Magn. Phase
(A)
()
Magn. Phase
(A)
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
133.40
0.009
0.006
0.005
10.242
0.002
6.841
0.003
0.002
0.002
5.70
16.55
30.17
52.32
-83.05
15.58
-81.45
-50.99
-36.01
-26.90
11 0.001 -20.61
12 0.001 -15.90
13 0.001 -12.14
14 0.001
-9.03
15 0.001
-6.35
16 0.001
-4.00
17 0.001
-1.89
18 0.001
0.03
19 0.001
1.80
20 0.001
3.46
THD = 9.2333 %
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
25
30
20
25
30
Magn.
(V)
Phase
()
Magn. Phase
(V)
()
Magn. Phase
(V)
()
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
20
200
Figure
11
The Harmonics Spectra
150
36.78
38.00
39.25
40.53
41.84
43.17
44.52
45.89
47.29
48.70
5.02
6.49
7.90
9.25
10.55
11.80
13.02
14.20
15.35
16.48
15
Table 8
Estimated Norton Model Currents
h
I (A)
Phase ( )
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
0.003
10.48
6.997
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
39.00
-82.64
-80.99
-43.21
-30.35
-22.80
-17.59
-13.64
-10.44
Table 9
Estimated Norton Model Impedance
h
Z () Z ()
Z ()
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
-43.787-10.665
-67.783-120.567
-91.300-171.431
-58.966-14.066
-54.797-6.200
-53.475-1.843
-52.767+1.353
-52.262+3.989
-51.827+6.311
Phase ( )
45.067
138.314
194.227
60.620
55.147
53.507
52.784
52.414
52.210
193.69
-119.34
-118.04
-166.58
186.46
181.97
178.53
175.64
173.06
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
REFERENCES
11
13
15
17
19
15
17
19
Harmonic order
order
Harmonic
Figure 12
Estimated Norton Impedance
300
Phase (deg)
200
100
0
-100
-200
11
13
Harmonic order
Harmonic order
Figure 13
Estimated Norton Impedance Phase Angle
CONCLUSION
The main purpose of estimating the Norton model is
16
17