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to analyze them.
Know the difference between balanced and unbalanced circuits
If the number of coils on the rotor is increased in a specified manner, the result is a
Polyphase AC generator, which develops more than one AC phase voltage per
rotation of the rotor
In general, three-phase systems are preferred over single-phase systems for the
transmission of power for many reasons.
1. Thinner conductors can be used to transmit the same kVA at the same voltage, which
reduces the amount of copper required (typically about 25% less).
2. The lighter lines are easier to install, and the supporting structures can be less
massive and farther apart.
3. Three-phase equipment and motors have preferred running and starting
characteristics compared to single-phase systems because of a more even flow of power
to the transducer than can be delivered with a single-phase supply.
4. In general, most larger motors are three phase because they are essentially selfstarting and do not require a special design or additional starting circuitry.
Three-phase Generator
The three-phase generator has three induction coils placed 120 apart on the stator.
The three coils have an equal number of turns, the voltage induced across each coil
will have the same peak value, shape and frequency.
Neutral Wire
A Three-phase Generator
Voltages having 120 phase difference
Neutral Wire
Van = V p 0
Van = V p 0
Vbn = V p 120
Vbn = V p + 120
Vcn = V p 240
Vcn = V p + 240
abcTheory
or positive
ELEC 24409: a)
Circuit
2
sequence
b)
or negative
Dr. acb
Kalyana
Veluvolu sequence
a) Wye-connected load
b) Delta-connected load
1
ZY = Z
3
Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu
Line Impedance
Source Impedance
Load Impedance
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11
12
13
We look at one phase, say phase a and analyze the single phase equivalent circuit.
Because the circuit is balanced, we can easily obtain other phase values using their
phase relationships.
Ia =
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2
Van
ZY
14
15
I AB =
VAB
Z
I BC =
VBC
Z
I CA =
VCA
Z
Line currents are obtained from the phase currents IAB, IBC and ICA
I a = I AB I CA = I AB 3 30
I L = I a = Ib = Ic
I b = I BC I AB = I BC 3 30
I p = I AB = I BC = I CA
I c = I CA I BC = I CA 3 30
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2
I L = 3I p
16
I L = I a = Ib = Ic
I p = I AB = I BC = I CA
I L = 3I p
Z
3
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2
17
I AB =
V
V
VAB
, I BC = BC , I CA = CA
Z
Z
Z
I a = I AB I CA , I b = I BC I AB , I c = I CA I BC
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2
18
Vp30
3
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2
19
p = 3V p I p cos
The instantenous power is not function of time.
The total power behaves similar to DC power.
This result is true whether the load is Y or connected.
The average power per phase Pp = p .
3
Pp = p
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2
= V p I p cos
Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu
20
1
p = V p I p cos
3
Sp = Pp + jQp = Vp I p
Pp =
Qp =
1
p = V p I p sin
S p = Vp I p
3
Complex power for each phase
S=3Sp = 3Vp I p = 3I p Z p =
3Vp 2
Zp
S = P + jQ = 3VL I L
Vp , I p , VL and I L are all rms values, is the load impedance angle
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2
21
S=3Sp = 3Vp I p = 3I p Z p =
3Vp 2
Z p
S = P + jQ = 3VL I L
Vp , I p ,VL and I L are all rms values, is the load impedance angle
Notice the values of Vp, VL, Ip, IL for different load connections.
VL = 3 V p
VL = V p
IL = I p
IL = 3 I p
Ip
Vp
Ip
VL
Vp
VL
VL
Vp
Ip
VL
VL
connected load.
Ip
Ip
Vp
Ip
Vp
VL
connected
Dr. Kalyana Veluvolu
Vp
load.
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23
24
25
VL=840 V (Rms)
IL
Capacitors for pf
Correction
26
IL =
ELEC 24409: Circuit Theory 2
S
73650
=
= 50.68A
3 VL
3 840
Dr. Kalyana
Veluvolu
Without
Pf
Correction
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30
Residential Wiring
31
UNBALANCED LOAD
NEUTRAL CURRENT IS NOT
ZERO
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33
Problem 12.22 Find the line currents Ia, Ib, and Ic in the three-phase network
below. Take Z = 12 - j15, ZY = 4 + j6 , and Zl = 2 .
ONE DELTA AND ONE Y
CONNECTED LOAD IS
CONNECTED
TWO Loads are parallel if they are
converted to same type.
Delta connected load is converted to
Y connection.
34
Problem 12.26 For the balanced circuit below, Vab = 1250 V. Find the line
currents IaA, IbB, and IcC.
BALANCED Y CONNECTED LOAD.
Problem 12.47
35
The following three parallel-connected three-phase loads are fed by a balanced three-
phase source.
Load 1: 250 kVA, 0.8 pf lagging Load 2: 300 kVA, 0.95 pf leading
Load 3: 450 kVA, unity pf
If the line voltage is 13.8 kV, calculate the line current and the power factor of the source. Assume that the
line impedance is zero.
36
Problem 12.81
37
Problem 12.84
I L = I1 =
S
3 VL
38
440 V
I1 =
S
= 5.249 ( + 30 )
3 VL
39