Ranganathan Polytechnic College, Coimbatore

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK
Prepared by
A.Indhumathi, Lecturer/ECE
UNIT -I
1. What are four terminal networks?
Passive communication network shave two input terminals
and two output terminals.
2. Define balanced network.
Balanced network is a network in which the corresponding
series impedance elements are identical and symmetrical
with respect to ground.
3. Define unbalanced network.
4. Unbalanced network is a network in which the
corresponding series impedance are not identical &
asymmetrical with respect to ground.
5. Define symmetrical network.
A symmetrical network is a four terminal network in which
the electrical properties are unaffected by interchanging
the
input & output terminals.
6. Define asymmetrical network.
An asymmetrical network is a four terminal network in
which
the electrical properties are affected by interchanging the
input & output terminals.
7. Define equalizers.

Equalizers are electrical networks designed to counteract

the attenuation or phase distortion occurring in any part of
the circuit.
8. What are the types of equalizers?
Amplitude or Attenuation equalizer
Phase or Delay equalizers.
9. What is amplitude or attenuation equalizer?
The network that counteracts the amplitude distortion is
called amplitude or attenuation equalizer. Phase is not
affected.
10. What is phase or delay equalizer?
The network that counteracts the phase distortion is called
phase or delay equalizer.
11. What are the classifications of equalizers?
Series equalizer, shunt equalizer, two terminal
equalizers & four terminal equalizers.

What are the applications of equalizers?

It is used in PCM receiver
Used in TV transmitter.
13. Define attenuator.
An attenuator is a two port resistive network, used to
reduce
the signal level by a given amount. It can be the amount of
voltage, power, current between its properly terminated
input & output.
14. What are the types of attenuators?
12.

 Symmetrical attenuator &

Asymmetrical attenuator.
15. What are the applications of attenuators?
Used for minimizing radiation
Used in waveguides.
16. Define filter.
A filter is a four terminal network. It allows passing a
certain
range of frequencies & rejects other ranges.
17. What are the types of filters?
Low pass filters, high pass filters, Band pass filters,
Band
18. elimination filters, band stop filters.
Define LPF.
LPF: it passes all frequencies from zero up to cutoff
frequency. It is termed as pass band or transmission band.
19. Define BPF.
BPF: it passes frequency signals between two cutoff
frequencies from f1 t of2. It attenuates all other
frequencies.
20. Define HPF.
HPF: it passes signals above the cutoff frequency &
attenuates all the signals below the cutoff frequency.
21. Define antenna.
An antenna is one or more electrical conductors of a
specific
length that radiate radio waves generated by a transmitter
or that collect radio waves at the receiver.
22. Define antenna polarization.
The polarization of an antenna can be defined by the

direction of electric field radiated from it. In an antenna the

electric field & magnetic field are perpendicular to each

other & both are perpendicular to the direction of

propagation.
23. Define directive gain.
Directive gain is defined as the ratio of power density in a
particular direction at a given point by the antenna to the
power density that would be radiated by an isotropic
antenna.
24. Define Directivity.
Directivity is defined as the ratio of maximum radiation
intensity of an antenna to the radiation intensity of an
isotropic antenna radiating the same total power.
25. Define radiation pattern.
Radiation pattern of an antenna is a graphical
representation
of the radiation of the antenna as a function of direction. It
is
expressed as field per strength, E volts per meter.
26. What are the classifications of radiation pattern?
Radiation pattern classified into major lobes, minor
lobes, side lobes & back lobes.
27. Define folded dipole.
The folded dipole is a single antenna, made up of two
elements. One element is continuous and other split at the
center have been folded & joined together in parallel at the
ends.
28. Define antenna array.
Antenna arrays are classified into broad side array, End fire
array, Collinear array & Parasitic array
29. Define critical frequency.

Critical frequency for a given layer is the highest frequency

of the sky wave signal that will be returned back to earth
by
ionosphere.
30. Define MUF.
The maximum possible value of frequency for which
reflection takes place by the ionosphere for a given
distance
of propagation is known as the maximum usable frequency.
31. Define skip distance.
The skip distance represents the minimum distance from
the
transmitter at which a sky wave of a given frequency will
be
returned to earth by the ionosphere.
UNIT II
1. Define modulation.
Modulation is the process by which the characteristics of a
carrier signal is varied in accordance with instantaneous value
of
the modulating signal.
2. What is electromagnetic spectrum?
Electromagnetic waves are the signals, in which its electric
& magnetic fields vary at a specific rate. These waves
propagate
in free space without using wires. The entire range of
frequency
is referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum.
3. What are ELF and VF?
ELF: Extremely Low frequencies range of 30 to 300 Hz

frequency. These include AC power line frequency & low

end of human hearing range.
VF: Voice Frequencies range of 300 to 3000Hz. This is
the
normal range of human speech.
4. What are VLF & LF?

VLF: Very Low Frequencies range of 3 KHz to 30 KHz.

These include the higher end of the human hearing range.
It
is used in some government & military communications.
LF: Low Frequencies range of 30 KHz to 300 KHz. This is
used in aeronautical & marine navigation.
5. What are MF & HF?
MF: Medium Frequencies range of 300 KHz to 3000 KHz.
It
is used in AM radio broadcasting.
HF: Higher Frequencies range of 3 KHz to 30 MHz. it is
known as short waves. Used in two way communication.
6. What are VHF & UHF?
VHF: Very High Frequencies range of 30 MHz to 3000
MHz.
It is used
in mobile radio, marine, aeronautical
communications & FM broadcasting.
UHF: Ultra High Frequencies range of 300 MHz to 3000
MHz. it is used in land mobile communications & cellular
telephones.
7. What are SHF & EHF?
SHF: Super High Frequencies range of 3 GHz to 30GHz.
It is
used in microwave frequencies, satellite & radar
communications.
EHF: Extremely High Frequencies range of 30 GHz to
3000GHz. It is used in satellite communication and
specialized radar.
8. What is an infrared wave?
These are frequency range higher than 300GHz. It is not

referred to as radio waves. It is used in astronomy to

detect
stars, TV remote control, guidance of airplanes and
missiles.

9. What is visible spectrum?

Just above the infrared region is visible spectrum. It is
referred to as light. Light is widely used in various kinds of
communications.
10. What is relation between wavelength &
frequency?
It is mathematically expressed as

11.

What is the need for modulation?

To transmit information over long distances.

To reduce the height of the antenna.
For wireless communication, modulation is necessary.
12. What are the types of modulation?
Amplitude modulation
Frequency modulation
Phase modulation
13. Define amplitude modulation.
Amplitude modulation is the process in which the
amplitude
of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the modulating voltage, keeping
frequency and phase angle constant.
14. Define frequency modulation.
Frequency modulation is the process in which the
frequency
of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the modulating voltage, keeping
amplitude and phase angle constant.

15.

Define phase modulation.

Wavelength = ; =

Phase modulation is the process in which the phase of the

carrier signal is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous
value of the modulating signal, keeping amplitude
constant.
16. Define modulation index and give expression for
AM
modulation index.
Modulation index: it is defined as the ratio modulating
voltage to carrier voltage.
Ma
17.

Em
Ec

Emax Emin

; ma = Emax +Emin

What are the types of AM?

Double side band full carrier (DSBFC)
Double side band Suppressed carrier (DSBSC)
Single side band full carrier (SSBFC)
Single side band Suppressed carrier (SSBSC)
Vestigial Side Band signal (VSB)
18. What are the types of AM modulator?
Linear modulator
Transistor modulator and Switching modulator
Non linear modulator
Square law modulator
Product modulator
Balanced modulator
19. Define SSB.
To save bandwidth, it is sufficient to transmit only one
sideband and rejects other sideband and carrier. This
technique is known as SSB system.
20. What are the advantages & disadvantages of

SSB?

Advantages: (1) it can transmit signals to long distances.

(2)
Less noise (3) transmits good quality signals.
Disadvantages: (1) High cost (2) transmitter & receiver is
complex (3) requires high performance.

21. What is VSB?

Only a part of the lower (or upper) side band is filtered out
before transmission is called vestigial side band
transmission. In this system a part of lower side band is
suppressed and the radiated signal consists of a full upper
side band together with the carrier and a part of lower side
band signal.
22. Give merits of AM VSB.
Bandwidth is reduced.
Power is reduced
Low frequency component is not lost. VSB avoids the
phase distortion.
23. Define demodulation.
The process of extracting modulating signal from the
modulated signal is called detection or demodulation.
24. What are the types of diode detector?
2 types: 1) Linear diode detector 2) Square Law detector.
25. What is linear diode detector?
It is an amplitude demodulator; it recovers the original
modulating signal from modulated carrier wave.
26.

What are the classifications of transmitter based

on
modulation?
Amplitude Modulation transmitter
Frequency Modulation transmitter
Pulse Modulation transmitter
27. What is the classification of transmitter based on
service?
Radio broadcast transmitter
Radio telegraph transmitter
Radio telephone transmitter
Television transmitter
Radar transmitter navigation transmitter
28. What are the classifications of transmitter based
on
frequency?
Long wave transmitter &Medium wave transmitter
Short wave transmitter
VHF & UHF transmitter & Microwave transmitter
29. What are the classifications of transmitter based
on
power level?
Low level modulated transmitter
High level modulated transmitter
30. What is the use of master oscillator?
Master oscillator produces sub-harmonic of the carrier
frequency. The frequency generated should be stable. It
should not change due to the variation of temperature,
supply voltage and ageing of components.
31. What is isolating amplifier?

Master oscillator directly drives the harmonic generator; it

may draw input current from the master oscillator. This
action loads master oscillator. To avoid the loading effect of
master oscillator, buffer amplifier or isolating amplifier is
placed between the master oscillator and harmonic
generator.
32. What is harmonic generator?
Harmonic generators are class C tuned amplifiers which
the
RF voltage from master oscillator is distorted. The tuned
circuit of the amplifier selects the desired harmonic
frequency.
33. Differentiate between high level and low level
transmitter.

34.

What are the functions of radio receiver?

They separate a wanted radio signal from all other
radio
signals & reject all the others.
The separated RF signal is converted into IF signal.
The IF signal is modulated to a usable level &
demodulated to get the original signal.
The modulating signal is amplified & fed to a speaker
to

hear the s ound.

35.

What are the types of radio receiver?

AM broadcast receiver & FM broadcast receiver
Television receiver & Communication receiver
Code receiver & Radar receiver
Tuned receiver & Superhetrodyne receiver
36. What are the limitations of TRF receiver?
Adjacent channel selectivity is poor
Variation in bandwidth over tuning range
High gain instability problem
37. What are the advantages of TRF receiver?
High sensitivity
Very simple to implement
Low receiver?
level
What
theModulation
drawbacks of TRF
38.
S.No
Highare
Level
modulation
Low stability
.
Gain is not uniform
Transmitter power
1 Used
Transmitter
power
is
high
only in single channel low frequency applications.
is low
39. What is RF amplifier?
2 is a Efficiency
is highIt amplifies the
Efficiency
low Its
It
tuned amplifier.
input RFissignal.
output is given to mixer unit. This RF amplifier improves
the
sensitivity & selectivity of the receiver. It improves signal to
noise ratio.
40. What is IF?
The input signal frequency fs , the local oscillator frequency
fo, the sum of these frequencies (fs+fo) and the difference
frequency of these two frequencies(fs-fo). Out of these, the
difference frequency alone is selected by the tuned circuits
in the output of the mixer. The difference frequency is
intermediate frequency.

41. What are the advantages of Superhetrodyne

receiver?
High selectivity
High gain because IF amplifiers operates in low
frequency
Frequency of IF signal is same, BW is same
42. What is image frequency?
An image frequency is any frequency other than the
selected
radio frequency carrier that is allowed to enter a receiver &
mix with the local oscillator will produce a cross product
frequency that is equal to the intermediate frequency.
43. What are the applications of AM?
Radio broadcasting
Transceiver communications
Ship to shore & shore to ship communications
44. How to minimize sensitivity of image frequency?
A filter that precedes the mixer
A more complex mixer circuit that suppresses the
image.
In most receivers this is accomplished by BPF in RF
front
45. end.
What is AGC? Give its types.
In radio receivers, the AGC system is used to keep the
output signal as constant irrespective variations of its input
signal strength. When a receiver does not have an AGC
system, the output may be severely distorted. It is used to
vary overall gain of radio receiver. Two types are Simple
AGC & Delayed AGC.

46.

Compare simple and delayed AGC.

S.No Simple AGC

Delayed AGC
.
1
The output is not
The output is more stable
stable
2
Signal to noise ratio Signal to noise is better
is
low
Threshold level
cannot

Threshold level can be

varied

be varied

47. What is the output of balanced modulator?

It is an AM modulator. It generates double side band
suppressed carrier signals. The purpose is to produce sum
&
difference frequencies, but to cancel or balance out the
carrier. The output of balanced modulator is the modulated
upper & lower sidebands.
48.

Draw diode detector waveforms.

49.

Draw an AM VSB signal.

50. Draw the amplitude

spectrum of AM.

waveforms & Draw the

51.

Draw electromagnetic spectrum.

UNIT III
1. Define frequency modulation.
The frequency of carrier wave is varied in accordance with
the instantaneous amplitude variations of the modulating
signal.
2. Give the maximum frequency deviation &
expression for
FM.
Maximum frequency deviation,
f =

K.Em
2

e = Ec sin ( t + sin t )

3. What are the effects of noise in FM?

The strong noise pulse affects the information signal
completely.
Noise is essentially amplitude variations.
The frequency of FM signal may be minutely affected by
noise.
4. What are the advantages of FM over AM?
FM receivers are free from disturbances.
In FM, Noise is reduced by increasing deviation.
The efficiency of FM system is high.
Power required is lesser than AM.
5. What are the disadvantages of FM?
A much wider channel is required in FM.
FM circuit is more complex than AM.

The area of reception of FM is smaller than AM.

6. Give applications of FM.
Latest broadcasting systems are switching over FM.
Stereo sound transmission involves FM.
Sound signal of TV transmission in FM.
7. Define FM detector. What are the types of FM
detector?
FM detection or demodulation is the process in which the
original modulating signal is recovered from the frequency
modulated wave. The types are:
Slope detector
Phase Shift discriminator or Foster seeley discriminator
Ratio detector
8. What are the drawbacks of slope detector?
It requires three tuned circuits
Alignment of the three tuned circuits is difficult.
Output is affected by AM & so it requires AM limiters.
9. What are the advantages of indirect FM
transmitter?
Frequency deviation is small.
Does not require AFC system because crystal oscillator
is used.
10. What is FM receiver?
FM receivers are also superhetrodyne receivers employing
double frequency conversion to detect the original output
signal from the modulated FM signal.
11. What are the applications of PCM?
PCM is used in multichannel telephone communication & It
is
used in space communications.

12.

What is AFC?

AFC circuit is generally used in all receivers to stabilize the

intermediate frequency. It is used to sense any error in the
IF
signal and to stabilize it.

13. What is phase modulation?

In phase modulation, the basic function of modulator is to
produce a phase shift. It means time separation between
two
sine waves of the same frequency.
14. What are the types of continuous wave
modulation?
Amplitude modulation
Angle modulation
Frequency modulation
Phase modulation
15.
Define pulse modulation.
Pulse modulation is used to transmit analog information
such
as continuous speech or data. The continuous waveforms
are
sampled at regular intervals. It is transmitted only at the
sampling times together with synchronizing pulses. Thus
the
original signals obtained from samples at the receiver side.
16. What are the types of pulse modulation?
Analog pulse modulation
Pulse amplitude modulation

Pu
e modulation
lse Digital pulse modulation
ti
Pulse code modulation
m
Delta modulation

17.

What are the types of pulse time modulation?

Pulse width modulation
Pulse position modulation
Pulse frequency modulation
18. Define PAM.
In Pulse Amplitude Modulation, the signal is sampled at
regular intervals. Each sample is made proportional to the
amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling. The
pulses
are sent by either wire or cable.
19. What are the types of PAM?
Double Polarity PAM & Single Polarity.
20. Define sampling theorem.
It makes the relation between original signal & sampling
frequency. Sampling theorem states that if the sampling
rate
in any pulse modulation system exceeds twice the
maximum
signal frequency, the original signal can be reconstructed in
the receiver with minimum distortion.
21. Define PTM. What are the types of PTM?
In PTM, the sampled pulses have constant amplitude. But
one of their timing characteristics (width, position,
frequency) of the pulses is varied in accordance with the
amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling.
22.

What are the advantages & disadvantages of

PWM?
Advantages:
No need to synchronize between the transmitter &
receiver.
Disadvantage:

 The transmitting power changes with respect to pulse

width.
The transmitter must be powerful to handle
maximum
width pulses.
23. Define PPM.
The amplitude & width of the pulses are kept constant. But
the position of each pulse with respect to the position of a
reference pulse is varied in accordance with the amplitude
of
the signal at the instant of sampling.
24. What are the advantages & disadvantages of
PPM?
Advantages: It requires constant transmitter power.
Disadvantages: It depends on transmitter-receiver
synchronization.
25. Define PCM.
PCM is a digital process, sending a pulse train capable of
continuously varying one of the parameter; the PCM
produces a series of numbers or digits. In PCM, the total
amplitude range occupied by the signal is divided into a
number of standard levels. In this a signal is continuously
sampled, quantized, coded and sent.
26. Define quantizing.
It is a process of mapping (dividing) an analog
(modulating)
signal into several equivalent discrete levels (range or
steps). It is the process of converting continuous input
values
to discrete output values i.e. to a standard level is known

as
quantizing.
27. Define DPCM.

In DPCM, the difference in the amplitude of two successive

samples is transmitted rather than the actual sample.
Fewer
bits are required for DPCM. It works on the principle of
prediction. The value of the present sample is predicted
from
the past samples.
28. Define Delta modulation.
Delta modulation uses a single bit PCM code to achieve
digital transmission of analog signals. It transmits only one
bit per sample. The present sample is compared with the
previous sample value and the indication, whether the
amplitude is increased or decreased. If current sample is
smaller than the previous sample, logic 0 is transmitted. If
current sample is larger than the previous sample, logic 1
is
transmitted.
29. What are the advantages & disadvantages of
DPCM?
Advantages: DPCM requires less bandwidth compared to
PCM.
Its signal to noise ratio is better than DM.
Disadvantages: More sensitive to noise and it is more
complex
Requires high sampling frequency.

30.

What are the advantages & disadvantages of

DM?

Advantages:
DM transmitter & receiver require very simple &
inexpensive hardware.

 Smaller signaling rate & No need of ADC in delta

modulation.
Disadvantages:
Granular noise & transmission channel noise is
produced
Severe slope overload distortion is produced.
31. Define sampling.
The information signal is sampled with a train of narrow
rectangular pulses. The sampling rate must be greater than
twice the highest frequency component of the information
to
recover the original signal with minimum distortion at the
receiver.
32. What is slope overload?
The slope of the analog signal is greater than the delta
modulator can maintain is called slope overload. The
probability of slope overhead is reduced by increasing the
clock frequency or by increasing the magnitude of the
minimum step size.
33. What is granular noise?
When the original analog input signal has relatively
constant
amplitude, the reconstructed signal has variations that
were
not present in the original signal. This is called granular
noise.
34. What is quantizing noise?
The quantizing process actually changes the amplitude of
modulating signal. The error caused due to the difference
of

actual and nearest standard level introduces

distortion. This is known as quantizing noise.

some

35. What is companding?

It is the process of signal compression and expansion. It is
used to overcome the problems of quantizing error and
noise. It improves the quality of the signal being
S.N
PM
transmitted. FM
O
1
Frequency
carrier
Phase angle of carrier
36.
CompareofFM
and wave
PM.
is
wave
varied in accordance with is varied in accordance
amplitude of modulating
with
signal
amplitude
of of
the
2
Maximum deviation occurs the
Maximum
amount
at
leading
peak positive & negative
or lagging phase shift
amplitudes of modulating occurs
the zero
crossing
voltage
3
Crystal oscillator cannot be at
Crystal
oscillator
canlevel
drive
4

used
Not simple to implement

the phase modulator

Simple to implement

37.

Draw noise representation of quantized signal.

38.

Draw slope overload distortion.

39.

Draw granular noise waveform.

40. Draw the waveforms of PWM & PAM

a) PWM
b)PAM

41.

Draw the FM spectrum waves.

42. Draw the phasor diagrams for foster seely

discriminator.

43.

Draw the FM spectrograms

UNIT IV
1. State Acoustic principle.
The study about the changes in the sound waves are said
to
be acoustic. In acoustical system, the oscillations in sound
pressure are picked up by some form of receiving electro
acoustic transducer called microphones.
2. What is a microphone? Give its types.
Microphones are used for converting sound signals into
electrical (audio) signals. It is operated only in air. Two
types: Pressure microphones
& Pressure gradient
microphones.
3. What is a pressure microphone? Give examples.
In pressure microphones, the acoustic pressure acts only
one side of the moving element & the resulting output is
proportional to the pressure applied to the moving
element.
Example: carbon microphone, condenser microphone
piezoelectric microphone & moving coil microphone.
4. What is a pressure gradient microphone? Give
examples.
In pressure microphones, the acoustic pressure acts only
one side of the moving element & the resulting output is
proportional to the difference between the pressure acting
on the two sides of the moving element. Example: Velocity
ribbon microphone.
5. What are the advantages & disadvantages of
carbon
microphone?
Advantages: Electrical output is high, low cost. It is

robust.

Disadvantages: Frequency response is poor, Hissing

sound
is produced.
6. What is the application of carbon microphone?
It is widely used in telephone & radio communication.
7. What are the advantages & disadvantages of
condenser
microphone?
Advantages: low distortion, small in size, high signal to
noise ratio.
Disadvantages: high internal impedance requires voltage
ranging from 200 to 400 volts.
8. What is the application of condenser microphone?
It is used in acoustic research for standard calibration
purpose & for high fidelity recording of sound.
9. What are the advantages & disadvantages of
piezoelectric microphone?
Advantages: high sensitivity, small size, low cost,
frequency
response is good
Disadvantages: not suitable for hot climates as the
crystal
looses the piezoelectric properties.
10. What is the application of piezoelectric
microphone?
It is used in public address system & for hearing aids.
11. What are the advantages o f moving coil
microphones?
Light weight
Requires no external voltage

 Internal impedance is low

12. What is velocity ribbon microphone?

It works on the principle of pressure gradient which implies

that driving force acting on a moving element is
proportional
to the difference in pressures acting on its two sides.
13. What is the use of velocity ribbon microphone?
It is used particularly in studio work.
14. What are the advantages & disadvantages of
velocity
ribbon microphone?
Advantage: Response curve is better than moving coil
type.
Disadvantage: It requires a built in type transformer, its
internal impedance is low.
15. Define loudspeaker.
Loudspeaker is an electro acoustic transducer, which
converts electrical signal into sound signal.
S.No
Carbon Microphone
Condenser
16.
Compare
carbon
microphone
& condenser
.
Microphone
1 microphone.
Stiffness Controlled System Mass Controlled System
2

High Electrical Output

Low Electrical Output

Operation depends upon

Operation depends upon

variation of resistance of

variation of Capacitance

carbon button

of
a capacitor

S.No Piezo Electric

Condenser
17.
Compare
condenser
microphone
& piezoelectric
.
Microphone
Microphone
1 microphone.
Stiffness Controlled System Mass Controlled System

High Electrical Output

Low Electrical Output

Operation depends upon

Operation depends upon

18. piezoelectric effect

variation of Capacitance
of

a capacitor
What are the characteristics
of loudspeaker?
Efficiency approaches 100 percent
19.
Harmonic & inter modulations not present
Input signal are produced faithfully
What are the types of loudspeaker?
Dynamic cone type moving coil loud speaker.
20.
Horn Type moving coil loudspeaker
Electrostatic type loudspeaker
What are the advantages & disadvantages of
dynamic cone type loudspeaker?
Advantage: Compact in size, low cost & better response
in
audio range
Disadvantage: Low efficiency, low
power, narrow
directivity
21. What is the application of dynamic cone type
loudspeaker?
It is used in all audio systems
22. What are the advantages of horn type
loudspeaker?
Sound effect of this speaker is very high & efficient
Diaphragm is smaller in size
23. Power handling capacity is more than 100 watts.
What is the use of electrostatic type
loudspeaker?

 This type of loud speakers used in high fidelity

applications.
24. Compare cone type & horn type loudspeaker.
S.No
Cone Type LS
.
1
Sound effect of this
speaker is less
2

Horn Type LS
Sound effect of this speaker is
very high & efficient

Diaphragm is larger in Diaphragm is smaller in size

size

Power

handling

capacity is from few

milli watts to several

Power handling capacity is

more
than 100 watts

100 watts
25.

Give the speaker specifications.

Diameter of the speaker frame
Type & Wattage rating
Voice coil impedance
26. Compare woofer & tweeter.
S.No
Woofer
.
1
It is used for the
3

Tweeter
It is used for the

High
wattage rating
with Low
wattage rating
reproduction
of low
reproduction
of with
high less
more
cone depth
frequencies

cone
depth
frequencies

cross
over network.
2 27. It Define
has large
diameter
It has small diameter cone
To
cone
improve the quality & performance of amplifiers &
radio receivers, various control circuits are used. These
circuits are called cross over networks.

28. What is CD? Mention its layers.

CD could store wide variety of data formats like text
picture,
video, software etc. It is 12cm or 5inch in diameter. It has
three layers: Transparent substrate, thin metallic layer,
outer
layer of protective acrylic.
29. What are the advantages of CD?
High signal noise ratio
Small size 7 low distortion
Excellent Frequency range
30. What is MP3?
MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 commonly referred to as MP3. It is a
digital encoding format using a form of lossy data
compression. MPEG stands for Moving Picture Experts
Group. It is for compressing moving picture. It is an audio
specific format.
31. What is DVD?
DVD could store wide variety of data formats like text
picture, audio, video, software etc. It needs manufacturing
precision because of very fine encoding & extremely small
track thickness.

32. What are the characteristics of Hi-Fi

principles?
Signal to noise ratio should be finite
No frequency distortion
No non linear distortion
No spatial distortion
33. Expand DTS.
Digital Track Sound

system

34. What is Hi-Fi system?

When the sound reproduced with a degree of similarity to
the original or live sound, it can be said to be of high
fidelity
or simply Hi-Fi.
35. Define stereophonic system.
A stereophonic system is a two channel system of sound
recording & reproduction, which gives the feeling of depth
& direction to the reproduced sound.
36. What is bit rate?
The bit rate is used to specify how many kilobits the file
may
use per second of audio as in when ripping a CD to MP3
format.
37. What is surround sound system?
Multichannel audio technique is used for enriching the
quality of sound reproduction of a recorded source. It is for
3D sphere of human hearing achieved with audio channels.
38. State the frequency bands of Dolby A system.
Band 1 below 80Hz
Band 2 80Hz to 2999Hz
Band 3 3000Hz and above

 Band 4 9000Hz and above

UNIT-V
1. What is TV?
TELEVISION means to see from distance. Its aim is to
extend
the sense of sight beyond its normal limit along with the
sound and scene being televised.
2. What is the use of camera tube?
The camera tube converts light input to corresponding
electrical
variations for the video signal.
3. What is scanning?
Scanning is a process, in which it converts the charge
image
produced inside the TV camera Tube into a variable
electrical signal.
4. What is horizontal scanning? Give its frequency
range.
The deflection of electron beam across the scene with a
continuous uniform motion for the trace from left to right.
Frequency range is
5. What is vertical scanning? Give its frequency range.
The saw tooth current applied to the vertical deflection
coils
moves the electron beam from top to bottom of raster at a
uniform speed, while the electron beam is being deflected
horizontally.
6. What is flicker?

The scanning rate of 25 frames per second in television

picture is not rapid enough to allow the brightness of one

picture of frame to blend smoothly into the next. This

alternative bright & dark in a picture is known as flicker.
7. What is interlaced scanning?
The total number of lines divided into two fields called odd
&
even field. Each field is scanned alternatively known as
interlaced scanning.
8. What is the purpose of blanking pulse?
The purpose of blanking pulses is to make invisible the
retraces required in scanning.
9. What is horizontal & vertical blanking pulse?
Horizontal blanking pulses are used to blank out the
horizontal retrace from right to left for each line.
Vertical blanking pulses are used to blank out the
vertical retrace from bottom to top for each field.
10. What is synchronizing pulses?
The synchronizing pulses are transmitted as part of
complete
picture signal for the receiver, but they occur during the
blanking time when no picture information is transmitted.
11. What is horizontal & vertical synchronizing
pulses?
Horizontal synchronization at the end of each line
determines the start of horizontal retrace.
Vertical synchronization at the end of each field
determines the start of vertical retrace.
12. Define aspect ratio.
The width to height ratio of the picture frame is called the
aspect ratio.
13. What is the average brightness?

Average brightness means, the average value of brightness

variation of horizontal lines in one frame.
14. What is pedestal height & DC level?
The distance between average brightness & blanking
level is called pedestal height.
The distance between zero level & the average
brightness is called DC level.
15. What are the TV systems used in broadcasting?
FCC ( Federal Communication Commission)
NTSC ( National Television Committee)
CCIR ( International
Television Consultativev
Committee)
PAL ( Phase Alteration with Line)
SECAM ( Sequential Couleures A Memory)
16. What is video processing unit?
The video signal input of 1 Vpp is processed in a stabilizing
amplifier & sync regenerator to minimize the effects of
hum&
noise, sync compression & other distortions, to correct it to
the standard forms.
17. What is audio processing unit?
The audio signal is given a pre-emphasis by a high pass
network with the time constant of 50us. The signal is
amplified to make the signal at the standard level.
18. What is diplexer?
It combines both the outputs of visual & aural transmitters.
It
maintains sufficient isolation between the visual & aural
inputs.
19. What is sound trap circuit?

The video amplifier usually has a trap circuit, tuned to the

inter carrier sound frequency of 5.5MHz to keep the signal
out of picture signal. It removes the sound signal from the
carrier signal.
20. Classify FM sound detectors.
Foster seely discriminator
Slope detector & Ratio detector
Quadtrature detector
Differential detector
Phase locked loop detector
21. What is the use of color camera?
The colour camera is used to develop signal voltages
proportional to the intensity of each primary color light.
22. What is the luminance signal?
The luminance signal processing network recovers the
luminance signal from the composite video signal.
23. What are the features of LED display?
Lower power consumption
More balanced color saturation
Thinner & better contrast
Brighter display & more reliable
24. What are the advantages of plasma displays?
Wider viewing angles & Less visible motion blur
Fast response time & Capable of producing superior
contrast ratio.
25. What are the disadvantages of plasma displays?
Consume more power

 Does not work at high altitudes

More expensive plasma compatible sensor must be
used.
26. What is handycam?
Handycam is small model of camcorder, handle with single
hand. It is the combination of camera cum recorder.
27. What are the features of handycam?
Longer recording
Offer 16 bit sound with higher resolution
Easy to edit & archive.
28. What is CCTV?
CCTV is used in large number of applications like
education, industry, machine, traffic control, business & so
on.
29. What is cable TV?
The cable television system is used for distributing high
quality TV signals to a very large number of users. This
system feed increased TV programs to subscribers who pay
a fee for this service
30. What is burst blanking circuit?
The circuit prevents the signal flow to the chrominance
band
pass amplifier during color burst intervals
31. What is the use of chrominance band pass
amplifier?
The chrominance band pass amplifier selects the
chrominance signal & rejects other unwanted components
of
the signal.
32. What is the use of burst amplifier?

The burst gate amplifier separates the color burst signal

from the chrominance signal & amplifies it to the required
level. The frequency of this signal is 4.43MHz.