Design of Reinforced Concrete

Chapter 4: Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

wcliao@ntu.edu.tw
R803;; 3366-4337

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Review
1.
2.
3
3.
4.
5
5.
6.

Introduction
Bending of Homogeneous Beams
R i f
Reinforced
dC
Concrete
t B
Beam B
Behavior
h i
Design of Tension-Reinforced Rectangular Beams
Practical Considerations in Design of Beams
Rectangular Beams with Tension and Compression
Reinforcement
7. T-Beams

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Review

(III) Cracked section Nonlinear Behavior Strength Behavior

Assume rebars yielded; Whitney stress block

C T c

As f y As ' f y
0.851 f c ' b

M n (0.851 f c ' bc )( d

cu
c

0.003
c

1c
2

) As ' f y ( d d ')

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Review

(III)
( ) Cracked
C
section Nonlinear Behavior Strength
S
Behavior

Assumption: rebars yielded; Whitney stress block

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Review
(III) Cracked section Nonlinear Behavior Strength Behavior
Assume
A
rebars
b
yielded;
i ld d Whitney
Whi
stress block
bl k

Note : check if rebars yielded ?

cd'
s ' cu
? y
c
if not yielded ,
cd'
f s ' Es s ' Es cu
c
cd'
As f y 0.85
0 851 f c ' bc
b As ' Es cu
Solve
S l c
c
1c
M n (0.85
(0 851 f c ' bc )( d
) As ' f s '(( d d '))
2

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Review

Scheme 1

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Review

Scheme 2

Assume fs=f
=fy

F 0 c
s ' u

As f y As ' f y
0 851 f c ' b
0.85

cd '
c

s ' y
M n 0.85 f c ' 1cb(d

1c
2

f s ' Es s '

) As ' f y (d d ')

F 0 A f
s

0.85 f c ' 1cb As ' Es u

cd'
c

Solve for c

M n 0.85 f c ' 1cb(d

1c
2

) As ' f s '(d d ')

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Review
3.6.3 Reinforcement ratios of doubly reinforced beam

1. max

max permitted by ACI code

u
c

u 0.004
d

u 0.004

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Review
3.6.3 Reinforcement ratios of doubly reinforced beam

1. max

u
c

u 0.004
0 004
d

F 0
max

max

u 0.004

bdf y 0.85 f c ' 1

u 0.004

db ' bdf s '

f c'
u
f s'
f s'
= 0.851
+ '
max '
f y u + 0.004
fy
fy

max is required by code !!

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Review
3.6.3 Reinforcement ratios of doubly reinforced beam

2. cy

cy ensures yielding of the compression steel at failure

If <cy ,
y
the neutral axis is sufficiently
high that compression steel
stress at failure is less than
the yield stress!!

u
c

u y
d'

u y

d'

F 0 cy bdf y 0.85 fc ' 1

cy = 0.851

Note: >cy ,
, , As

u y

f c' d ' u
+ '
f y d u - y

d ' b ' bdf y

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Review
3.6.4 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams

Assume f s ' f y check if s ' y adjustment

1 Calculate 2 for t=0
1.
0.005
005 to ensure
=0
0.9
9
As 2 f y
a
As 2 2bd ; M 2 As 2 f y ( d ); a
2
0.85 f c ' b

2 Calculate
2.
C l l t M1 resisted
i t db
by As,
M1

Mu

M2

M1
3. Assume
3
ssu e fs=fy, As '
f y ( d d ')

( As As ') f y
a
4. Calculate As=As2+As
a
; c
0 85 f c ' b
0.85
1

cd'
5. Calculate cy use As
f s ' Es u
c

6. If <cy, then fs<fy

increase A ' A
' A
s

s , revised

s ,trial '

fy
fs '

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Review
Strength Analysis

Case 1: a

< hf

1. fs=fy; This will nearlyy always

y be the case because of the
large compressive concrete area provided by the flange
2. a<hf; The depth to the neutral axis is generally small,
because of the large flange area
3. A T-beam may be treated as a rectangular beam (width=b).

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Review
Strength Analysis

Case 2: a

> hf

1 T As f y
1.
2. C1 0.85 fc '(b bw )hf
3 C2 0.85
3.
0 85 fc ' bwa
As f y 0.85 fc '(b bw )hf
T C1
4. a

0.85
. fc ' bw
0.85
. fc ' bw
5. M n1 C1 (d

hf

a
); M n2 C2 (d ); M n M n1 M n2
2
2

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Example:

15cm15cm

f c ' 280

kgf
kgf
(

0.85)
f

4200
1
y
cm 2
cm 2

1. Mn
2. d
(Asb, cm2)
3.

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Example:
Sol:
1. Mn
assume steel yield ,
Ac
C T
C 0.85 f c ' Ac 0.85 280 Ac T As f y 8.6 4200
Ac 151.8cm 2
a
Ac 151.8

5.06
5 06cm 7.5
7 5cm
b
30
a
M n As f y (d ) 1353416 kgf cm 13.5 ton m
2
check s y 0.002
a

5.06
d c
0.017 ok !
5.95cm s 0.003
0.85
c

so M n 13.5 ton m

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Example:
Sol:
2. Asb

cu

cu y

0.003
40 24cm 7.5
7 5cm
0.003 0.002

a 1c 0.85 24 20.4cm
C C1 C2 0.85 f c '(15
(15 7.5) 0.85 f c '(2
(2 7.5 20.4) 99603kgf
T Asb f y C
Asb

C 99603

23.7cm 2
fy
4200

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Example:
Sol:
3. Mn-Asb

7.5
20.4
) C2 ( d
)
2
2
7.5
20.4
0.85
0 85 f c '(15 7.5)(40
7 5)(40
) 00.85
85 f c '(2 77.5
5 20
20.4)(40
4)(40
)
2
2
3140868 kgf cm 31.3 ton m
M n C1 (d

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Chapter Outline
Chapter 4 Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams
1. Introduction
2. Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams
3. Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear
Reinforcement
4. Reinforced Concrete Beams with Web Reinforcement
5. ACI Code Provisions for Shear Design
6. Effect of Axial Forces
7. Truss Model
8. Strut and Tie Model
9. Shear Friction

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.1 Introduction

Brittleness in nature
Not yet fully understood
Shear failure of RC, more properly called diagonal tension
failure, is one example of sudden failure mode.
Strength hierarchy
Flexural strength < shear strength
(ductile)
(brittle)
Capacity design of shear strength in seismic design
RC beams are generally provided with special shear
reinforcement to ensure that flexural failure would occur
before shear failure (severely overloaded)

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.1 Introduction

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.1 Introduction

wL 2M p
Vu

2
L
=
+()

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.2 Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams

Shear in homogeneous rectangular beams

VQ
v
Ib

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.2 Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams

Shear in homogeneous
g
rectangular
g
beams

VQ
v
Ib

effective adhesiveness
3

bh
I
12

delaminated
h3
b( )
3
bh
I 2 ( 2 )
12
48

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.2 Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams

Stress Combination and Stress Trajectories

j

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.2 Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams

Stress Combination and Stress Trajectories

j
Position 1
v
1 v1
2
t2=-v1
2 -v1

t1=v1

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.2 Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams

Stress Combination and Stress Trajectories

Position 2
t1

t2

t2

t1

Orientation of principal stress

Principal tensile stress

(Orientation
O i t ti off crackk 90)

f
t1
2

v2 2v2
tan 2

f
f
2

f2
v22
4

f
f2
t2
v22
2
4

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.2 Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams

Stress Combination and Stress Trajectories

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.2 Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams

Stress Combination and Stress Trajectories

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.2 Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams

Stress Combination and Stress Trajectories

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.2 Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams

Stress Combination and Stress Trajectories

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.2 Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams

Stress Combination and Stress Trajectories

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.2 Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams

Stress Combination and Stress Trajectories

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement

Shear Behavior

1. Idealized uncracked Elastic RC section

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement

2.

Shear Behavior
Idealized cracked Elastic RC Section

: constant shear because of

1. , normal stress, shear stress
2. Aggregate interlocking

dT vbdx

1 dT
v
b dx

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement

2.

Shear Behavior
Idealized cracked Elastic RC Section
M T jd
dM d (T j d )
beam in linear elastic range N.A. position kept the same
j d fixed
dM j d (dT ) and v

1 dT

b dx

dM
1 jd
V
v

b dx bjd
For convenience, the ACI adopted as an index of shear intensity.
The simplified expression

V
v
bd

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement

3.

Shear Behavior
Shear crack zone
vc: shear
h
resistance
i t
ffrom compression
i
concrete
vi: shear resistance from aggregate
interlocking
vd: shear resistance from dowel action

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement

The principal mechanisms of shear resistance

dM Vdx
dV wdx
d
dM d (T jd )
V

d
dx
dx
d
dT
d ( jd )
=jd
T
dx
dx
=beam action + arch action

a
3,
d
no arch action

if

Resisting flexure with fixed neutral axis is behavior of

homogeneous isotropic material within elastic range.
It means beam action occurs in the early stage of shear resistance!

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Beam action

where d(T)/dx is the shear flow across any

horizontal plane between the reinforcement
and the compression zone
zone, as shown in
Fig. 6-5c. For beam action to exist, this
shear flow must exist.

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

Arch action

This occurs if the shear flow cannot be transmitted, because the steel is
unbonded, or if the transfer of shear flow is disrupted by an inclined crack
extending from the load to the reactions.
In such a case, the shear is transferred by arch action rather than beam
action, as illustrated above. In this member, the compression force C in the
inclined strut and the tension force T in the reinforcement are constant over
th llength
the
th off th
the shear
h
span.

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement

Formation of Diagonal Crack

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement

Formation of Diagonal Crack

Large V, small M web-shear crack

Vcr
kgf
vcr
3.5 fc '( psi) 0.93 fc '( 2 )
bd
cm
Large M Flexural shear crack

Vcr
kgf
vcr
1.9 fc '( psi) 0.50 fc '( 2 )
bd
cm

Note:

fc ' same order of tensile strength of concrete

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement

Formation of Diagonal Crack

In between, weighting parameter v/f

V
)
bd
1

M fcbkd jd
2

2M
M
fc
K2 2
2
k j b d
bd
V
K1 ( )
K1 Vd
v
bd

( )
therefore,
f K M
K2 M
2
bd 2
v K1 (

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement

Formation of Diagonal Crack

In between, weighting parameter v/f d/a

v K1 Vd
( )
f K2 M
K1 d
( )
K2 a

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement

a
, arch action , vu
d

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement

Design of Reinforced Concrete 101-1

Chapter 4. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement