Saving Private Ryan

Saving Private Ryan is a 1998 American epic war drama

lm set during the Invasion of Normandy in World War
II. Directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Robert
Rodat, the lm is notable for its graphic and realistic
portrayal of war, and for the intensity of its opening
27 minutes, which includes a depiction of the Omaha
Beach assault of June 6, 1944. It follows United States
Army Rangers Captain John H. Miller (Tom Hanks) and
a squad (Tom Sizemore, Edward Burns, Barry Pepper,
Vin Diesel, Giovanni Ribisi, Adam Goldberg, and Jeremy
Davies) as they search for a paratrooper, Private rst
class James Francis Ryan (Matt Damon), who is the lastsurviving brother of four servicemen.

Ryan and bring him back from the front. He assembles

seven men from his company TSgt. Mike Horvath, Privates Richard Reiben, Stanley Mellish, Adrian Caparzo,
Danny Jackson, medic Irwin Wadeand T/5 Timothy
Upham, a cartographer who speaks French and German,
loaned from the 29th Infantry Division. Miller and his
men move out to Neuville; there, they meet a platoon
from the 101st Airborne Division, and Caparzo dies after being shot by a sniper. Eventually, they locate a Private James Ryan, but soon learn that he is not their man.
They nd a member of Ryans regiment who informs
them that his drop zone was at Vierville and that his and
Ryans companies had the same rally point. Once they
reach it, Miller meets a friend of Ryans, who reveals that
Ryan is defending a strategically important bridge over
the Merderet River in the town of Ramelle. On the way to
Ramelle, Miller decides to neutralize a German machine
gun position, despite the misgivings of his men. Wade
is fatally wounded in the ensuing skirmish, but Miller, at
Uphams urging, declines to execute a surviving German
and sets him free on condition that he give himself up as a
prisoner of war to the rst Allied unit he encounters. No
longer condent in Millers leadership, Reiben declares
his intention to desert the squad and the mission, prompting a confrontation with Horvath. The argument heats up
until Miller defuses the situation by disclosing his background in civilian life, about which the squad had earlier
set up a betting pool. Reiben then reluctantly decides to
stay.

Saving Private Ryan received universal critical acclaim,

winning several awards for lm, cast, and crew, as well
as earning signicant returns at the box oce. The lm
grossed US$481.8 million worldwide, making it the second highest-grossing lm of the year. The Academy of
Motion Picture Arts and Sciences nominated the lm
for 11 Academy Awards; Spielbergs direction won him
a second Academy Award for Best Director, with four
more awards going to the lm. Saving Private Ryan was
released on home video in May 1999, earning another
$44 million from sales. In 2014, Saving Private Ryan was
selected for preservation in the National Film Registry
as it was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically
signicant.[3]

Upon arrival at Ramelle, Miller and the squad come upon

a small group of paratroopers commanded by a Corporal
Henderson, one of whom is Ryan. Ryan is told of his
brothers deaths, the mission to bring him home, and that
two men had been lost in the quest to nd him. He is
distressed at the loss of his brothers, but does not consider it fair to go home, asking Miller to tell his mother
that he intends to stay with the only brothers [he has]
left. Miller decides to take command and defend the
bridge with what little manpower and resources are available. Using his own men and the accompanying paratroopers, Miller forms ambush positions throughout the
ruined town for the tanks and infantry utilizing molotovs,
Det cord, and sticky bombs made from socks and TNT.
Elements of the 2nd SS Panzer Division arrive with infantry and armor. Paratroopers attempt to lure the armor
down the rst street in an eort to destroy them with their
sticky bombs, but only one Tiger tank takes the bait.

Plot

On the morning of June 6, 1944, the beginning of the

Normandy Invasion, American soldiers prepare to land
on Omaha Beach. They suer heavily from their struggle against German infantry, machine gun nests, and artillery re. Captain John H. Miller, a company commander of the 2nd Ranger Battalion, survives the initial landing and assembles a group of his Rangers to penetrate the
German defenses, leading to a breakout from the beach.
In Washington, D.C, at the U.S. War Department, General George Marshall is informed that three of the four
brothers of the Ryan family were killed in action and that
their mother is to receive all three telegrams in the same
day. He learns that the fourth son, Private First Class
James Francis Ryan, is a paratrooper and is missing in
action somewhere in Normandy. Marshall, after reading
Abraham Lincoln's Bixby letter, orders that Ryan must
In the ensuing combat both sides take heavy casualties.
be found and sent home immediately.
Nearly all of the paratroopers in Ryans squad are killed.
Three days after D-Day, Miller receives orders to nd
1

PRODUCTION

Jacksons position in the church tower is compromised

and destroyed by a Tiger tank. Horvath is shot multiple
times, once in the waist area with a pistol and again in
the chest. Shortly after reaching the Alamo (as Miller
refers to the bridge), Horvath dies from his wounds. A
terried Upham hides, unable to act even when he sees
Mellishs life in peril. Due to his failure to distribute
ammunition, Mellish and Hendersons ank is compromised as they deplete their ammunition. Henderson, fatally shot in the neck, bleeds to death. Mellish shoots the
German who killed Henderson but, out of ammo, desperately struggles hand to hand with a Waen-SS soldier who
manages to stab him with Mellishs own bayonet. While
attempting to blow the bridge, Miller is shot and mortally
wounded by the German soldier he had set free earlier
(who, contrary to his word, has evidently rejoined German forces). Just before a Tiger tank reaches the bridge,
an American P-51 Mustang ies overhead and destroys
the tank, followed by American armored units which rout
the remaining Germans. The German infantryman who
killed Miller raises his hands in surrender to a now furious Upham, but Upham, enraged at his treachery, shoots
him, and lets the other surviving Germans ee in panic.

Jeremy Davies as Technician Fifth Grade Timothy

E. Upham, a cartographer and interpreter

Reiben and Ryan are with Miller as he dies and says

his last words, James ... earn this. Earn it. In the
present day, an elderly Ryan and his family visit the
Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial. Ryan
stands at Millers grave and asks his wife to conrm that
he has led a good life, that he is a good man and thus
worthy of the sacrice of Miller and the others. His wife
replies, You are. At this point, Ryan stands at attention
and delivers a salute toward Millers grave.

Demetri Goritsas as Private Parker, a paratrooper at

Ramelle

Cast

Kathleen Byron as Mrs. Ryan, present day

Ted Danson as Captain Fred Hamill, a pathnder
Paul Giamatti as Sta Sergeant Hill, a paratrooper
Dennis Farina as Lieutenant Colonel Walter Anderson, battalion commander, 2nd Rangers
Harve Presnell as General George C. Marshall,
Chief of Sta of the United States Army
Leland Orser as Second lieutenant DeWindt, pilot
of a crashed glider
Bryan Cranston as Colonel I.W. Bryce, an ocer at
the War Department
Nathan Fillion as Private James Frederick Ryan
(Minnesota Ryan)
Max Martini as Corporal Henderson, ranking paratrooper at Ramelle

Joerg Stadler as Steamboat Willie, a German soldier

Dale Dye as a War Department Colonel

3 Production
3.1 Development

Tom Hanks as Captain John H. Miller, company In 1994, Robert Rodat saw a monument in Putney Corners, New Hampshire, memorializing Americans who
commander, 2nd Ranger Battalion, U.S. Army
were killed from the American Civil War to the Vietnam
Edward Burns as Private First Class Richard Reiben, War. He noticed the names of eight siblings who died
a BAR gunner
during the American Civil War. Inspired by the story,
Tom Sizemore as Technical Sergeant Mike Horvath Rodat did some research and decided to write a similar
story set in World War II. Rodats script was submitted
Matt Damon as Private First Class James Francis to producer Mark Gordon, who liked the story but only
Ryan, a paratrooper
accepted the text after 11 redrafts. Gordon shared the n Harrison Young as James Francis Ryan, ished script with Hanks, who liked it and in turn passed it
along to Spielberg to direct. A shooting date was set for
present day
June 27, 1997.[4]
Barry Pepper as Private Daniel Jackson, a lefthanded sniper
Adam Goldberg as Private Stanley Fish Mellish, a
rieman

3.2 Pre-production

Before lming began, several of the lms stars, includ Vin Diesel as Private First Class Adrian Caparzo, a ing Edward Burns, Barry Pepper, Vin Diesel, Adam
Goldberg, Giovanni Ribisi, and Tom Hanks, endured
rieman
ten days of boot camp training led by Marine veteran
Giovanni Ribisi as Technician Fourth Grade Irwin Dale Dye and Warriors, Inc., a California-based company
Wade, a medic
that specializes in training actors for realistic military

3.4

Portrayal of history

portrayals.[5] Matt Damon was intentionally not brought was named the best battle scene of all time by Empire
into the camp, to make the rest of the group feel resent- magazine and was ranked number one on TV Guide's list
ment towards the character.[6]
of the 50 Greatest Movie Moments.[15] The scene cost
Spielberg had already demonstrated his interest in World US$12 million and involved up to 1,500 extras, some
War II themes with the lms 1941, Empire of the Sun, of whom were members of the Irish Reserve Defence
Schindlers List, and the Indiana Jones series. Spielberg Forces. Members of local reenactment groups such as the
Group were cast as extras to play German
later co-produced the World War II themed television Second Battle
[16]
In
addition, twenty to thirty actual amputees
soldiers.
miniseries Band of Brothers and its counterpart The Pawere used to portray American soldiers maimed durcic with Tom Hanks. When asked about this by Ameri[17]
Spielberg did not storyboard the secan Cinematographer, Spielberg said, I think that World ing the landing.
quence, as he wanted spontaneous reactions and for the
War II is the most signicant event of the last 100 years;
[18]
the fate of the baby boomers and even Generation X was action to inspire me as to where to put the camera.
linked to the outcome. Beyond that, I've just always been
interested in World War II. My earliest lms, which I
made when I was about 14 years old, were combat pictures that were set both on the ground and in the air. For
years now, I've been looking for the right World War II
story to shoot, and when Robert Rodat wrote Saving Private Ryan, I found it.[7]

3.3

Filming

Saving Private Ryan was noted for its recreation of the Omaha
Beach landings.

The opening and closing scenes of the lm are set in the

Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial.

The historical representation of Charlie Companys actions, led by its commander, Captain Ralph E. Goranson, was well maintained in the opening sequence. The
sequence and details of the events are very close to the
historical record, including the seasickness experienced
by many of the soldiers as the landing craft moved toward the shoreline, signicant casualties among the men
as they disembarked from the boats, and diculty linking
up with adjacent units on the shore. The distinctive signature ping of the US soldiers M1 Garand ries ejecting their ammunition clips is heard throughout the battle
sequence. The contextual details of the Companys actions were well maintained, for instance, the correct code
names for the sector Charlie Company assaulted, and adjacent sectors, were used. Included in the cinematic depiction of the landing was a follow-on mission of clearing
a bunker and trench system at the top of the clis which
was not part of the original mission objectives for Charlie
Company, but which they did undertake after the assault
on the beach.[19]

The D-Day scenes were shot in Ballinesker Beach, Curracloe Strand, Ballinesker, just east of Curracloe, County
Wexford, Ireland.[8][9][10] Filming began June 27, 1997,
and lasted for two months.[11][12][13] Some shooting was
done in Normandy, for the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in Colleville-sur-Mer and Calvados.
Other scenes were lmed in England, such as a former British Aerospace factory in Hateld, Hertfordshire,
Thame Park, Oxfordshire and Wiltshire. Production was
due to also take place in Seaham, County Durham, but
The landing craft used included twelve actual World War
government restrictions disallowed this.[14]
II examples, 10 LCVPs and 2 LCMs, standing in for the
British LCAs that the Ranger Companies rode in to the
beach during Operation Overlord.[19][20] The lmmak3.4 Portrayal of history
ers used underwater cameras to better depict soldiers beSaving Private Ryan has received critical acclaim for its ing hit by bullets in the water. Forty barrels of fake
realistic portrayal of World War II combat. In partic- blood were used to simulate the eect of blood in the
ular, the sequence depicting the Omaha Beach landings seawater.[17] This degree of realism was more dicult to

4
achieve when depicting World War II German armored
vehicles, as few examples survive in operating condition.
The Tiger I tanks in the lm were copies built on the chassis of old, but functional, Soviet T-34 tanks.[21] The two
vehicles described in the lm as Panzers were meant to
portray Marder III tank destroyers. One was created for
the lm using the chassis of a Czech-built Panzer 38(t)
tank[22] similar to the construction of the original Marder
III; the other was a cosmetically modied Swedish SAV
m/43 assault gun, which also used the 38(t) chassis.[23]
Inevitably, some artistic license was taken by the lmmakers for the sake of drama, distorting the historical veracity of the lms presentation. There are strategic and
operational, as well as tactical aws in the lms depiction
of the Normandy campaign. There is a strategic problem
in that at the time of the mission, American forces from
the two American beach areas - Utah and Omaha - had
not yet linked up.[24] Had such a mission been executed
in reality, a Ranger team operating out of the Omaha
beach area would have had to move through the heavily
enemy-occupied city of Carentan, or swim or boat across
the estuary linking Carentan to the channel, or transfer
by boat to the Utah landing area. On the other hand,
US forces moving out of Utah would have had direct and
much shorter routes, relatively unencumbered by enemy
positions, and were already in contact with some teams
from both US airborne divisions landed in the area.[25]
The Utah beach landings, however, were relatively uncontested, with assault units landing on largely unoccupied beaches and experiencing far less action than the
landings at Omaha.[26] The lmmakers chose to begin the
narrative with a depiction of the more dramatic story of
Omaha, despite the strategic inaccuracy of an impossible mission that could easily have been pursued from the
other beach area. In addition, one of the most notable of
the operational aws is the depiction of the 2nd SS Panzer
Division Das Reich as the adversary during the ctional
Battle of Ramelle. The 2nd SS was not engaged in Normandy until July, and then at Caen against the British and
Canadians, 100 miles east.[27] Furthermore, the Merderet
River bridges were not an objective of the 101st Airborne Division but of the 82nd Airborne Division, part
of Mission Boston.[28]
Much has also been said about various tactical errors
made by both the German and American forces in the
lms climactic battle. Spielberg responded, saying that
in many scenes he opted to replace sound military tactics and strict historical accuracy for dramatic eect.[29]
Some other technical errors were also made, often censored, including the mistaken reversed orientation of the
beach barriers; the tripod obstructions with a mine at the
apex.
To achieve a tone and quality that was true to the story as
well as reected the period in which it is set, Spielberg
once again collaborated with cinematographer Janusz
Kamiski, saying, Early on, we both knew that we did
not want this to look like a Technicolor extravaganza

4 RECEPTION
about World War II, but more like color newsreel footage
from the 1940s, which is very desaturated and low-tech.
Kamiski had the protective coating stripped from the
camera lenses, making them closer to those used in the
1940s. He explains that without the protective coating,
the light goes in and starts bouncing around, which makes
it slightly more diused and a bit softer without being
out of focus. The cinematographer completed the overall eect by putting the negative through bleach bypass, a
process that reduces brightness and color saturation. The
shutter timing was set to 90 or 45 degrees for many of
the battle sequences, as opposed to the standard of 180degree timing. Kamiski claries, In this way, we attained a certain staccato in the actors movements and
a certain crispness in the explosions, which makes them
slightly more realistic.[30]

4 Reception
4.1 Box oce
Saving Private Ryan was a critical and commercial success and is credited with contributing to a resurgence
in Americas interest in World War II. Old and new
lms, video games, and novels about the war enjoyed
renewed popularity after its release.[31] The lms use
of desaturated colors, hand-held cameras, and tight angles has profoundly inuenced subsequent lms and video
games.[32][33] Saving Private Ryan was released in 2,463
theaters on July 24, 1998, and grossed $30.5 million on
its opening weekend. The lm grossed $216.5 million
in North America and $265.3 million in other territories,
bringing its worldwide total to $481.8 million and making
it the highest-grossing domestic lm of the year.[1]

4.2 Critical response

The lm received critical acclaim and has a 'certied
fresh' rating of 92% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 130
reviews with an average score of 8.6 out of 10. The consensus states Anchored by another winning performance
from Hanks, Spielbergs uninchingly realistic war lm
virtually redenes the genre.[34] The lm also has a score
of 90 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 34 reviews indicating universal acclaim.[35]
Much of the praise went for the realistic battle scenes[36]
and the actors performances.[37] It earned some criticism for ignoring the contributions of several other countries to the D-Day landings in general and at Omaha
Beach specically.[38] The most direct example of the
latter is that during the actual landing the 2nd Rangers
disembarked from British ships and were taken to Omaha Beach by Royal Navy landing craft (LCAs). The
lm depicts them as being United States Coast Guardcrewed craft (LCVPs and LCMs) from an American ship,

4.4

Television broadcasts

the USS Thomas Jeerson (APA-30).[19][39][40] This criticism was far from universal with other critics recognizing the directors intent to make an American lm.[41]
The lm was not released in Malaysia after Spielberg refused to cut the violent scenes;[42] however, the lm was
nally released there on DVD with an 18SG certicate
much later in 2005. Many critics associations, such as
New York Film Critics Circle and Los Angeles Film Critics Association, chose Saving Private Ryan as Film of the
Year.[43] Roger Ebert gave it four stars out of four and
called it a powerful experience.[37]

5
Picture.[51][52] The Academys decision to not award the
lm with the Best Picture Oscar has resulted in much criticism in recent years, many of whom believe it is one of
the biggest Oscar snubs.[53][54]
The lm also won the Golden Globes for Best Picture
Drama and Director, the BAFTA Award for Special Effects and Sound, the Directors Guild of America Award, a
Grammy Award for Best Film Soundtrack, the Producers
Guild of America Golden Laurel Award, and the Saturn
Award for Best Action, Adventure, or Thriller Film.[43]
The American Film Institute has included Saving Private
Ryan in many of its lists, ranking it as the 78th greatest
American movie in AFIs 100 Years...100 Movies (10th
Anniversary Edition),[55] as well as the 45th most thrilling
lm in AFIs 100 Years...100 Thrills,[56] the 10th most inspiring in AFIs 100 Years...100 Cheers,[57] and the eight
best epic lm in "AFIs 10 Top 10".[58]

Filmmaker Quentin Tarantino has expressed admiration

for the lm and has cited it as an inuence on his
2009 lm, Inglourious Basterds.[44] Conversely, lm director and military veteran Oliver Stone has accused the
lm of promoting the worship of World War II as the
good war, and has lumped it alongside lms such as
Gladiator and Black Hawk Down that he believes were
well-made, but may have inadvertently contributed to
Americans readiness for the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[45]
In defense of the lms portrait of warfare, Brian De
Palma commented, The level of violence in something
like Saving Private Ryan makes sense because Spielberg
4.4 Television broadcasts
is trying to show something about the brutality of what
happened.[46]
Actor Richard Todd, who performed in The Longest Day On Veterans Day from 20012004, the American Broadand was amongst the rst of the Allied soldiers to land in casting Company aired the lm uncut and with limited
Normandy, said the lm was Rubbish. Overdone.[47] commercial interruption. The network airings were given
American academic Paul Fussell, who saw combat in a TV-MA rating, as the violent battle scenes and the proFrance during World War II, objected to what he de- fanity were left intact. The 2004 airing was marred by
scribed as, the way Spielbergs Saving Private Ryan, af- pre-emptions in many markets because of the language,
of Super Bowl XXXVIII's halftime show
ter an honest, harrowing, 15-minute opening visualizing in the backlash
[59]
controversy.
However, critics and veterans groups
details of the unbearable bloody mess at Omaha Beach,
such
as
the
American
Legion and the Veterans of Fordegenerated into a harmless, uncritical patriotic perforeign
Wars
assailed
those
stations and their owners, inmance apparently designed to thrill 12-year-old boys durcluding
Hearst-Argyle
Television
(owner of 12 ABC afing the summer bad-lm season. Its genre was pure cowliates);
Scripps
Howard
Broadcasting
(owner of six);
boys and Indians, with the virtuous cowboys of course
[48]
and
Belo
(owner
of
four)
for
putting
prots
ahead of
victorious.
programming and honoring those who gave their lives at
Other World War II veterans, however, stated that the lm wartime, saying the stations made more money running
was the most realistic depiction of combat they had ever their own programming instead of being paid by the netseen.[49] The lm was so realistic that combat veterans of work to carry the lm, especially during a sweeps period.
D-Day and Vietnam left theaters rather than nish watch- A total of 65 ABC aliates28% of the networkdid
ing the opening scene depicting the Normandy invasion. not clear the available timeslot for the lm, even with
Their visits to posttraumatic stress disorder counselors the oer of The Walt Disney Company, ABCs parent,
rose in number after the lms release, and many coun- to pay all nes for language to the Federal Communiselors advised "'more psychologically vulnerable'" veter- cations Commission.[60] In the end, however, no comans to avoid watching it.[50]
plaints were lodged against ABC aliates who showed
Ryan, perhaps because even conservative watchdogs like
the Parents Television Council supported the unedited re4.3 Awards
broadcast of the lm.[61] Additionally, some ABC aliates in other markets that were near aected markets,
The lm was nominated for eleven Academy Awards, such as Youngstown, Ohio ABC aliate WYTV (which
with wins for Best Cinematography, Best Sound, Best is viewable in parts of the Columbus, Cleveland, and
Sound Eects Editing, Best Film Editing, and Best Di- Pittsburgh markets, none of which aired the lm), still
rector for Spielberg, but lost the Best Picture award aired the lm and gave those nearby markets the option
to Shakespeare in Love, being one of a few that have of viewing the lm.[62] TNT and Turner Classic Movies
won the Best Director award without also winning Best have also broadcast the lm.[63][64]

4.5

Home video

The lm was released on home video in May 1999 with

a VHS release that earned over $44 million.[65] The
DVD release became available in November of the same
year,[66] and was one of the best-selling titles of the year,
with over 1.5 million units sold.[67] The DVD was released in two separate versions: one with Dolby Digital
and the other with DTS 5.1 surround sound. Besides the
dierent 5.1 tracks, the two DVDs are identical. The lm
was also issued in a very limited 2-disc LaserDisc release
in November 1999, making it one of the very last feature lms to ever be issued in this format, as LaserDiscs
ceased manufacturing and distribution by the years end,
due in part to the growing popularity of DVDs.[68]
In 2004, a Saving Private Ryan special edition DVD was
released to commemorate the 60th anniversary of D-Day.
This two-disc edition was also included in a box set titled
World War II Collection, along with two documentaries
produced by Spielberg, Price For Peace (about the Pacic
War) and Shooting War (about war photographers, narrated by Tom Hanks).[69] The lm was released on Bluray Disc on April 26, 2010 in the UK and on May 4,
2010 in the US, as part of Paramount Home Video's premium Sapphire Series.[70] However, only weeks after its
release, Paramount issued a recall due to audio synchronization problems. The studio issued an ocial statement
acknowledging the problem, which they attributed to an
authoring error by Technicolor that escaped the quality
control process, and that they had already begun the process of replacing the defective discs.[71]

See also
FUBAR
List of World War II lms
List of lms considered the best
Niland brothers
Saving Private Ryan (soundtrack)
The Big Red One, a 1980 World War II lm with a
similar Omaha Beach landing scene.

References

[1] Saving Private Ryan. Box Oce Mojo. Retrieved

September 5, 2008.
[2] Saving Private Ryan. Box Oce Mojo. Retrieved April
8, 2010.
[3] Grow, Kory (December 17, 2014). "'Big Lebowski,' 'Ferris Buellers Day O' Added to National Film Registry.
Rolling Stone.

REFERENCES

[4] Gordinier, Je (July 24, 1998). Message in a Battle.

Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[5] Boot Camp. Behind the Scenes. Retrieved September
5, 2008.
[6] Excluded eld training. WarriorsInc.
[7] Five Star General. American Cinematographer Online
Magazine. August 1998. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[8] Omaha Beach. Saving Private Ryan Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[9] Dog One. Saving Private Ryan Online Encyclopedia.
Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[10] Saving Private Ryan. The Irish Film & Television Network. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[11] Private Ryan' expo. Wexford People. June 6, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[12] Ryans slaughter. Independent. August 3, 1998. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[13] Saving Private Ryan. Britannia Film Archives. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[14] Saving Private Ryan. Sunderland Echo. November 2,
1999.
[15] 50 Greatest Movie Moments. TV Guide. March 24,
2001. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[16] Roaring back to the forties. Matlock Mercury. August
6, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[17] How we made the best movie battle scene ever. Independent. June 7, 2006. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[18] Steven Spielberg Goes To War. Empire. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
[19] Saving Private Ryan: Company C, 2nd Ranger Battalion.
Sproe.com. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
[20] Saving Private Ryan: LCM (3). Sproe.com (April 11,
2009). Retrieved September 8, 2011.
[21] Ryan Tigers. Second Battle Group. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[22] Marders. Second Battle Group. Retrieved September
5, 2008.
[23] Reproductions of Panzers based on modern
Tanks.shadock.free.fr. Last update: March 9, 2010
[24] On June 12, 1944, three days after the ctional Ryan
mission was to begin, Carentan was nally captured after heavy ghting, and US forces operating out of the
two beaches nally linked up. See Messenger, Charles,
The Chronological Atlas of World War Two (New York:
Macmillan Publishing, 1989), 182.
[25] Ryan, Cornelius, The Longest Day: June 6, 1944 (New
York: Popular Library, 1959), 286-8.

[26] Out of 23,000 men landed at Utah, only 197 were casualties on the rst day, compared to 55,000 men landed at
Omaha with 4,649 casualties. See Messenger, 181.
[27] Normandy and FalaiseApril to August 1944. Das Reich. Archived from the original on December 8, 2010.
Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[28] U.S. Airborne in Cotentin Peninsula. D-Day: Etats des
Lieux. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[29] Sunshine, Linda (July 24, 1998). Saving Private Ryan, The
Men, The Mission, The Movie: A Steven Spielberg Movie.
Newmarket Press. ISBN 1-55704-371-X.

[46] Film Scouts Interviews. Filmscouts.com. Retrieved

February 1, 2013.
[47] Meeke, Kieran. 60 seconds interview: Richard Todd.
Metro. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
[48] Fussell Paul. Uneasy Company. Slate. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
[49] Basinger, Jeanine (October 1998). Translating War: The
Combat Film Genre and Saving Private Ryan. Perspectives, the Newsmagazine of the American Historical Association.

[30] Combat Footage. Saving Private Ryan Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 8, 2008.

[50] Halton, Beau (August 15, 1998). "'Saving Private Ryan'

is too real for some. The Florida Times-Union (Jacksonville, Florida). Retrieved June 12, 2011.

[31] Desowitz, Bill (May 20, 2001). Cover Story; Its the Invasion of the WWII Movies. Los Angeles Times.

[51] 1999 Oscars Ceremony. AMPAS. Retrieved September

5, 2008.

[32] Nix (May 25, 2002). Saving Private Ryan (1998) Movie
Review. Beyond Hollywood. Retrieved September 5,
2008.

[52] Young, Josh (April 9, 1999). Why did Private Ryan falter?". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original
on June 19, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2015.

[33] Tom Chick (December 8, 2008). A Close Encounter

with Steven Spielberg. Yahoo!. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved December 11,
2008.

[53] Susman, Gary (February 20, 2013). Oscar Robbery: 10

Controversial Best Picture Races. Time. Retrieved May
21, 2015.

[34] Saving Private Ryan. Rotten Tomatoes. July 24, 1998.

Retrieved December 15, 2015.

[54] Hyman, Nick (February 22, 2011). The Least Deserving

Best Picture Winners Since 1990. Metacritic. Retrieved
May 21, 2015.

[35] Saving Private Ryan. Metacritic. Retrieved December

15, 2015.
[36] Turan, Kenneth (July 24, 1998). Saving Private Ryan
review. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original
on September 29, 2007.
[37] Saving Private Ryan. Roger Ebert. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[38] Saving Private Ryan Film Review. Total Film. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[39] Veterans riled by Ryan. BBC. March 19, 1999. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
[40] LCM. Saving Private Ryan Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 5, 2008.

[55] AFIs 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)". American Film Institute. 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
[56] AFIs 100 Years... 100 Thrills. American Film Institute. 2001. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
[57] AFIs 100 Years... 100 Cheers. American Film Institute. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
[58] AFIs 10 Top 10: Top 10 Epic. American Film Institute.
2008. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
[59] Oldenburg, Ann (November 11, 2004). Some stations
shelved 'Private Ryan' amid FCC fears. USA Today. Retrieved September 5, 2008.

[41] Reynolds, Matthew. Saving Private Ryan. Channel 4.

Archived from the original on January 6, 2007. Retrieved
September 6, 2008.

[60] Martin, Ed (November 17, 2004). Return of Janet Jacksons Breast; Saving Private Ryan Controversy. mediaVillage. Archived from the original on March 26, 2008.
Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[42] Malaysia bans Spielbergs Prince. BBC. January 27,

1999. Retrieved September 5, 2008.

[61] Sussman, Gary (November 11, 2004). War of Attrition.

Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 7, 2009.

[43] Awards for Saving Private Ryan. Internet Movie

Database. Retrieved September 6, 2008.

[62] Wood, Andrea (November 12, 2004). Scaring Private

Ryan: 20 ABC Aliates Nix Movie. The Business Journal. Retrieved December 15, 2015.

[44] Quentin Tarantinos favorite WWII movies Film Time

Out New York. Time Out. (August 18, 2009). Retrieved
September 8, 2011.
[45] David D'Arcy (May 25, 2010). The world according to
Oliver Stone ". The National. Abu Dhabi. Retrieved May
11, 2012.

[63] Scott, Mike (September 5, 2008). TNT to show 'Saving

Private Ryan' in HD. The Times-Picayune. Retrieved
December 15, 2015.
[64] Axmaker, Sean. Saving Private Ryan. Turner Classic
Movies. Retrieved December 15, 2015.

[65] Graser, Marc (July 29, 1999). "'Ryans' next attack: sellthrough market. Variety. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
[66] Dreamworks Saving Private Ryan DVD press release.
September 13, 1999. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
[67] The Matrix disc soars beyond 3 million mark. January
8, 2000. Archived from the original on August 10, 2007.
Retrieved September 6, 2008.
[68] Kelley III, Bill (July 22, 1999). "'Private Ryan' Is A NoShow On DVD Format. Virginian-Pilot.
[69] Saving Private Ryan: D-Day 60th Anniversary Commemorative Edition review. IGN. May 26, 2004. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
[70] Saving Private Ryan Blu-ray Announced. Blu-ray.com.
February 8, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
[71] Lawler, Richard (May 14, 2010). Saving Private Ryan
Blu-ray discs recalled due to audio glitch. Engadget. Retrieved February 1, 2013.

Further reading
Kershaw, Alex (May 11, 2004). The Bedford Boys:
One American Towns Ultimate D-day Sacrice. Da
Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81355-6.
Lefebvre, Laurent (September 2008). 29th Division
... a division of heroes. American d-Day. ISBN 29519963-9-X.
Lefebvre, Laurent (June 1, 2004). They Were on
Omaha Beach. American d-Day. ISBN 2-95199635-7.
Ryan, Cornelius (1959). The Longest Day: June 6,
1944. Popular Library. ISBN 0-445-08380-8.

External links
Saving Private Ryan at the Internet Movie Database
Saving Private Ryan at AllMovie
Saving Private Ryan at Box Oce Mojo
Saving Private Ryan at Rotten Tomatoes
American D-day informational web-site
29th Infantry Division Historical Society informational web-site
Omaha Beach at Encyclopdia Britannica

EXTERNAL LINKS

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

Saving Private Ryan Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan?oldid=696343024 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Tarquin, Koyaanis Qatsi, Sjc, Deb, William Avery, B4hand, Olivier, Mrwojo, Edward, Patrick, Paul Barlow, Jimfbleak, Notheruser, Angela,
Darkwind, LouI, Rossami, Netsnipe, Andres, Kaysov, RickK, Dysprosia, WhisperToMe, DJ Clayworth, Tpbradbury, Tempshill, Jimbreed,
Owen, CVA, Kizor, RedWolf, Masao, Merovingian, Sverdrup, Diderot, LGagnon, Caknuck, Mervyn, Hadal, Profoss, Quadalpha, Lupo,
HaeB, Davidcannon, David Gerard, Centrx, Lupin, Orpheus, Bradeos Graphon, No Guru, Curps, Gamaliel, Faradn, Xinoph, Yekrats,
Mboverload, AlistairMcMillan, Golbez, Btphelps, Mdob, OldakQuill, SarekOfVulcan, Antandrus, Wareware, OverlordQ, Carruthers,
Boisemedia, Mzajac, Hammersfan, Sam Hocevar, Pomegranate, Neutrality, SousaFan88, Karl Dickman, WikiDon, Deleteme42, Trevor
MacInnis, Arminius, D6, Mathx314, AliveFreeHappy, Imroy, Discospinster, CoppBob, Rich Farmbrough, Ranma9617, YUL89YYZ,
Will2k, Ionesco, MeltBanana, Xezbeth, Dlloyd, Rockopete, Andrejj, Sum0, Kbh3rd, Kaisershatner, Ylee, CanisRufus, Pt, Harryh,
PPGMD, Junesix, Kross, Dennis Brown, Cacophony, Sf, Mentatus, Bobo192, TomStar81, Stesmo, NetBot, Smalljim, Adraeus, Keron Cyst,
Cmdrjameson, ColinHunt, Smarmon, Nicke Lilltroll~enwiki, Ertly, Cunningham, MPerel, (aeropagitica), Polylerus, Ommnomnomgulp,
Bongle, Storm Rider, Alansohn, Gary, LtNOWIS, Atlant, Turing~enwiki, Lord Pistachio, Ashley Pomeroy, Torstein, Batmanand, Mysdaao,
Szumyk, Garrisonroo, Angelic Wraith, TheRealFennShysa, Dan3k5~enwiki, Erik, Fourthords, Cburnett, Ilse@, Sciurin, Kaiser matias, Kusma, Ianblair23, Kitch, Kbolino, Smoth 007, Preaky, Angr, The JPS, ByeByeBaby, Woohookitty, Dmaas, Arnomane, Oliphaunt,
Scjessey, Before My Ken, WadeSimMiser, RicJac, AnmaFinotera, Daniel Lawrence, GraemeLeggett, Ajshm, Marvelvsdc, Dysepsion,
BD2412, Kbdank71, Jclemens, Banana!, Jdcooper, Sj, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Rogerd, Jweiss11, RiseAbove, Rillian, Tangotango, Bruce1ee,
Mikedelsol, Yamamoto Ichiro, Gsp, Cjpun, Musical Linguist, Who, Jay-W, Pete.Hurd, Mojoismog, NoseNuggets, Kjammer, DVdm,
Igordebraga, Bgwhite, Uvaduck, Elfguy, Badanagram, The Rambling Man, Sus scrofa, Aalegado, Matt von Furrie, YurikBot, Noclador,
RobotE, Koveras, Tommyt, Kinneyboy90, Sceptre, Hairy Dude, NTBot~enwiki, Kollision, Brandmeister (old), RussBot, Splash, Kurt
Leyman, Tresckow, Chaser, Chensiyuan, Polluxian, Shell Kinney, Gaius Cornelius, Aristus, PrinceCharming, Daveswagon, Leighblackall,
NawlinWiki, DarthBinky, Joshdboz, SirNuke, Janarius, CU4ever, Rjensen, UDScott, Jndrline, RazorICE, Irishguy, Brian Crawford, Kelvingreen, Dfgarcia, Raven4x4x, Attywab, Bartonhall, Tony1, Bucketsofg, NpaK13, EEMIV, Lockesdonkey, Mieciu K, SFC9394, Bota47,
Obi-WanKenobi-2005, Jdan m, Caerwine, Pelladon, NWill, Katana Geldar, The Halo, Analoguedragon, Tanet, Bill shannon, Cueball8384,
Capt Jim, Silverhorse, Theda, OtherDave, Alakazam, Jmackaerospace, Livitup, I-2-d2, CWenger, CoolKatt number 99999, Validusername,
Whobot, Garion96, ViperSnake151, Allens, Jonathan.s.kt, NeilN, Carlosguitar, Riyazusman, FrozenPurpleCube, Bibliomaniac15, Allium,
Attilios, SmackBot, Lepeu1999, WilliamThweatt, YellowMonkey, Skudrafan1, Roger Davies, Cubs Fan, Jedi Davideus, KnowledgeOfSelf, CelticJobber, DMorpheus, C.Fred, Michael Dorosh, TheKillerAngel, Evanreyes, Steam5, SmartGuy Old, Peter Isotalo, Gilliam,
Bopo, Skizzik, Malatesta, Winterheart, Jchungkana, Durova, Mirokado, Chris the speller, Asclepius, Jprg1966, Jgera5, MalafayaBot,
Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Colonies Chris, Rlevse, Killingthedream, TCY, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, AntiVan, Pasacho, OrphanBot, KaiserbBot, Cregox, Cantthinkofausername, Rsm99833, Jgoulden, Mipchunk, Crboyer, Khoikhoi, Jmlk17, Brainhell,
Mayooresan, Brianptorres, BehemothCat, Nibuod, Ken keisel, Nakon, Burning phoneix, Valenciano, Evilgidgit, Funky Monkey, Trebizond, RandomP, Laraspal00, OldSkoolGeek, Decept404, Andrew c, Spork4beans, BryanG, DMacks, Salamurai, Ligulembot, Cpo335,
Thepangelinanpost, Zchenyu, Lama21, Sanbuster, Orbicle, Swatjester, Paat, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, NotMuchToSay, Minaker, Nareek,
Axem Titanium, Grizzwald, Hestemand, Jzummak, Jesus H. Lincoln, MayerG, Arthuralee, Ratzinger81, NewTestLeper79, Bydand, NJZombie, Scetoaux, Mr. Lefty, Chris 42, Vesperholly, Ckatz, Across.The.Synapse, Slakr, Phbasketball6, Conchuir, Grandpafootsoldier,
Mikieminnow, Feureau, Optakeover, Waggers, Buckboard, Neddyseagoon, Tuspm, Anonymous anonymous, MTSbot~enwiki, Laggard,
RHB, Kevin W., DwightKingsbury, TheFarix, Levineps, Nehrams2020, Shawn D., Iridescent, 293.xx.xxx.xx, Clarityend, Springerjkreb,
I'mMe!!, BarkeeperLF, Wesbo, Johnnydc, Luigibob, GrahamBould, Courcelles, Nightcrawlerdcl, Thricecube, Squirrelsher, Tawkerbot2,
Dlohcierekim, RattleandHum, Plasma Twa 2, Rdunn, Tommywommy117, SkyWalker, J Milburn, Macca7174, CmdrObot, Hildenja, Zarex,
Alexbuirds, Shuuvuia, Harej bot, KnightLago, Charlottenc, Rustoleum2k, Emmc5, Cracker017, Lord of the Ping, LCpl, Orca1 9904,
Gran2, Nolat, Eposty, Wwcsa, Cydebot, Comar4, PDTantisocial, Treybien, Gogo Dodo, AtTheAbyss, ST47, Lugnuts, Jayen466, Ss112,
Icebox482000, DeltaForceGuy89, Shirulashem, Aanhorn, DumbBOT, Ameliorate!, rate, Mrfridays, After Midnight, JohnInDC, BetacommandBot, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Lord Hawk, Barticus88, Ryansca, Crockspot, JoeShlatbonk, Pajz, Longwayround, Ultimus, CaptHawkeye, Liberal2006, Chitomcgee, CharleMagne, Mojo Hand, Deathbunny, AmadorG, SGGH, Tobias K., Massimo Macconi, Alientraveller, JustAGal, Techno Prisoners, Sven Erixon, Gunnafan, Dawkeye, Nick Number, Big Bird, DaRk StRiDeR, Dawnseeker2000, Escarbot, MachoCarioca, Mentisto, KrakatoaKatie, AntiVandalBot, RobotG, FunPod3K, Deathstar79, Seaphoto, Tiger Trek, SummerPhD,
Rui0, Dr. Blofeld, Matariel, DaMeanHippo, Jj137, Kyubi~enwiki, LibLord, Darklilac, Malcolm, Iamlondon, MapleLeaf~enwiki, Smcmanus, Ontario54, Jbobj, Andrzejbanas, Rayato, JAnDbot, RaviPedia, ThomasO1989, MER-C, Supernumerary, Andrewericoleman,
Bigar, Nthep, Mark Shaw, Bahar, Albany NY, Andonic, Hut 8.5, TAnthony, Desertsky85451, ResurgamII, Lord Crayak, Y2kcrazyjoker4,
LittleOldMe, Acroterion, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Comelloyellow, Scanlan, JamesBWatson, Puddhe, MikeFTM, Prestonmcconkie, Froid, Aa35te, Nick Cooper, Gplpark92, KConWiki, Catgut, Ashadeofgrey, Japo, Nielswik, JaGa, Edward321, Seph
Vellius, Pgn674, TheRanger, DIEXEL, Shaneymike, Cli smith, M3tal H3ad, FlieGerFaUstMe262, Gatamayo, Rettetast, MrAtoz,
Keallu, R'n'B, Reaper3281, FMAFan1990, J.delanoy, Trusilver, TheLastAmigo, Tim0907, Peter Clarke, FeralWolf, Asurbanipal~enwiki,
Jameswheeler7406, SCB '92, Cop 663, King88, Taruru, Vbatz, LordAnubisBOT, Joe Fluba, DaMan15, Bomber-Pilot, Notreallydavid,
Trumpet marietta 45750, NewEnglandYankee, Assassin3577, In Transit, Imacphee, Tobzhooli, BostonRed, Mufka, Flippin zacary, 2help,
Kidlittle, Cometstyles, Carlo V. Sexron, Donmike10, Treisijs, WizardDuck, Ulfus, Wolcott, CrazyRob926, Izno, Thismightbezach, VeseX, Remi0o, Vazquezlax, LLcopp, Lights, VolkovBot, Aqua byte, Judas Mc'bees, Forest Garner, AlnoktaBOT, Bovineboy2008, Barneca,
Magnet For Knowledge, Philip Trueman, Charleca, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Onikas, Xenophrenic, Blank1, OhFive, Norrello, Anonymous
Dissident, Crohnie, Sean D Martin, Fredrick day, Lradrama, Jackfork, From-cary, Noformation, Je58, SpartanPhalanx8588, Xavcam,
Nedrutland, Suriel1981, Kmhkmh, ETO Bu, Dirkbb, Brainscar, Nicknackrussian, Kevinbi2004, Falcon8765, LaptopGun, Vchimpanzee,
RaseaC, Charmed fanatic, LaManoTom, Freependulum, Logan, Unknown Unknowns, Solicitr, Nad42daN, NHRHS2010, EmxBot, ChrisDilke, Longterm, SieBot, StAnselm, RHodnett, LoganP, Crserrano, Tiddly Tom, Obriensg1, Scarian, Zephyrus67, Oldag07, Ninington,
Unregistered.coward, Gerakibot, Triwbe, Aleding, Thehornet, Storytellershrink, Wayne317, Asdfdsasdf, GlassCobra, Keilana, LogCox,
Flyer22 Reborn, Tiptoety, Brozozo, FrankRizzo2006, Bstrathie, Jc-S0CO, Dominik92, Goustien, Aspects, KPH2293, Polbot, KirbyMaster14, Techman224, Marshalapplewhite, XIntellectualxShinobix, PbBot, Ilovepie316, OKBot, Spitre19, Andrij Kursetsky, Torchwoodwho, Capitalismojo, Stealth2525, Wuhwuzdat, Tigary, Pianoman320, Maralia, Superbeecat, Pinkadelica, Denisarona, Lukasz Lukomski,
Escape Orbit, Tomdobb, Steve, WikipedianMarlith, Gourra, Kraygh, MBK004, Elassint, ClueBot, Vahistoryfan, Binksternet, The Thing
That Should Not Be, Plastikspork, Abhinav, Trombosis, Boo1210, Supertouch, Garyzx, Cardboardtown, TheOldJacobite, JTBX, Djpetti01,
Bluerules, Peanut4, Christianbrenner, Masterblooregard, Trivialist, Bromagon, Tommot22, Tubby123456789, DragonBot, Sleeming88,

10

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Ryan666jhjdf, Excirial, Nymf, Rollinsk, Niteshift36, Tdi7457, Tnxman307, Hencetalk, Razorame, Dutzi, FGA-66C, Hdresden, Thehelpfulone, Syst3mfailur3, Calor, Rich w thagreatest, Sxc beamo, Beamo superemeo, Thingg, Johnyguro, N3me$i$, Isaokato, DerBorg,
Muhaimin azfar08, Versus22, Berean Hunter, Londonclanger, Laerty15, DumZiBoT, Crazy Boris with a red beard, Aurigas, Yojimbo501,
Jordanp, Grande101, Jovianeye, HerkusMonte, Mancune2001, Touchstone Pictures, The JPTaxEvader, Tool2Die4, RyanCross, Nicholas
Matson, Dagmik, Addbot, Manuel Trujillo Berges, Some jerk on the Internet, Freakmighty, Yoenit, M.nelson, DougsTech, Blethering
Scot, Epaaj, Fieldday-sunday, Laurinavicius, Darkness2005, Bigvoice313, Cst17, Mentisock, NailPuppy, The Shadow-Fighter, Chepereira, SamatBot, 5 albert square, Jdvillalobos, Tamblyn, Dog-519, Tassedethe, Ollyrandywalter, Tide rolls, OlEnglish, WuBot, ,
Cy431, Luckas-bot, MileyDavidA, Yobot, Granpu, Gregory.murphy1, Miller473, Dodgerblue777, Rdancer, Bipul07, Evans1982, Satans
ospring, SuperFlash101, Ayrton Prost, Neptunes Ivory, Kookyunii, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Rjanag, Killiondude, Jim1138, Ablebaker2,
Namazukage7, Kingpin13, Human4321, Materialscientist, Williamstrother, ArthurBot, Quebec99, Josephwash, Xqbot, Bihco, Millahnna,
Live Light, , Jambornik, Anna Frodesiak, ClovisPE, Kobraton, FlashHawk4, RibotBOT, Bellerophon, SCRECROW, Civilization fan 833, Dawley, Shadowjams, JJski, Haploidavey, Tracy2214, Erik9bot, FFlixx7481, Razr95, Pukepwnage, WHPratt, St. Hubert,
Rocky2k, FrescoBot, Tearing down the wall, Disc Wheel, Matte89, Cdtsuperman, Liarhahahaha, Tommio88, Hotstu29, Maverick9711,
BenzolBot, Freshh, Goldranger 50, Ablebakerus, Lady Lotus, Laxmstr25, Pinethicket, Rokaszil, Alonso de Mendoza, 95j, LukeSearle,
A8UDI, Zoid62, . , MastiBot, Cos-fr, VenomousConcept, Redsoxiscool, Ajw382, Trans4mers, Cnwilliams, Braden 0.0, Arbero, Keri, Grindor, FoxBot, Mjs1991, Typhoon966, Jedi94, Mono, LogAntiLog, Bgmax2, Cyanophycean314, MasonBanks, Tbhotch,
Stroppolo, Jesse V., Mpt600, Ace Oliveira, Chickenscanskate, RjwilmsiBot, Bento00, Alph Bot, Emsi69, XodoX, Deadlyops, EmausBot, Cacaheaddds, Cocktailsrus, Native truth, Purplebird7, Edlitz36, Skatblac0, Wikiturrican, Slightsmile, Tommy2010, TheXenomorph1,
Mdraus93, Sjyglm, Wikipelli, K6ka, Marek Koudelka, TheSarge13, ZroBot, John Cline, Illegitimate Barrister, F, Therunner24, HawkMcCain, Jblcn1042, Jonpat123, H3llBot, Wollydolly1, SporkBot, Rustfam, Johnc69, Fwipo, MCMiller, Paullyr, L Kensington, Donner60,
Orange Suede Sofa, Connor9909, AndyTheGrump, Chigurgh, Forever Dusk, Rusted AutoParts, HappyWaldo, Tpolerocks, LM2000, ClueBot NG, Mansmokingacigar, Dwc89, DarkRain616, NordhornerII, AnyGuy, Sillypig, Wgolf, Adamzanzie, MarcusBritish, Hyliad, Pluma,
Helpful Pixie Bot, Popcorndu, BG19bot, Krenair, Peterbot~enwiki, EdwardZhao, Wiki13, Gabriel Yuji, Monky1209090, Gonnym,
Debastein, Mark Arsten, Leigh Burne, Skywalker80100, Bokmanrocks01, FatGrover, 220 of Borg, CAWylie, Achowat, REfreakk55,
Y2J 2212, Abishek2008, BattyBot, Riley Huntley, Streakofhope, F111ECM, Bucko97, Mediran, Parsons is a bender, YFdyh-bot, EnzaiBot, Pattyspub, EuroCarGT, SNAAAAKE!!, Thechickenmaan, McKane4, PatienceFriends, Brunner100, DanielC46, Tahc, APerson,
Wzk5057, Dexbot, Kushalbiswas777, Spirit of Eagle, Frozen Tree, Hackleef, Numbermaniac, TheWikiMan95, Graphium, Jamesx12345,
StewieBaby05, GeneralMelchett, Epicgenius, Asahiwet, Dhallonder, , Risteard77, Biobro27, FDNY18, Zonindallas, My name
is not dave, Jimmypopeyedoyle, Jianhui67, SNUGGUMS, AutoMamet, UY Scuti, OccultZone, Firemanjake, Userofthedecade, Asher98,
Valleyforge0703, Monkbot, Debojit 1302, Anchordoge, Ssven2, Boringmonahan, Matheus6666, Ransi124, Jean.Paul2223, KH-1, WillyWonka2467, Emma323, Trdidion, CitiV, AssEect, Aprude51, Julietdeltalima, Jtirpak, Renamed user ea6416fc, Eteethan, Flyingtoast24,
MaggotMuncher, DiscantX, TD712backup, Mickey Featherstone, Khalid Nezami, Minibones12, Windycli, Sythrilix3n, Saving private
mcmillan, Peterlewisedwards, Cewlt, Nexiite, EmeliaJRulz, Pvt Simmons and Anonymous: 1649

9.2

Images

File:Alcatel_9109HA.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Alcatel_9109HA.png License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Ambox_important.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based o of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk contribs)
File:CimetireUS_alles.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Cimeti%C3%A8reUS_all%C3%A9es.
JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Heinkel_
He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This is photograph MH6547 from the collections of the Imperial War Museums (collection no. 4700-05) Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Seconde-guerre-mondiale-debarquement-LCVP-6juin1944.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/
75/Seconde-guerre-mondiale-debarquement-LCVP-6juin1944.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.history.navy.mil/
photos/images/s300000/s320901c.htm Original artist: DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY -- http://www.history.navy.mil/
File:United_States_film.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/United_States_film.svg License: LGPL
Contributors: Own modication of work from Commons Original artist: Ysangkok
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

9.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0