10/1/2014

Luaran pertemuan pekan pertama

Mahasiswa memahami prinsip kerja motor bakar

Mahasiswa memahami aspek rekayasa dan pengembangan motor bakar

KU1101
Pengantar Rekayasa dan Desain I
Konsep Energy

Mechanization

Industrial Revolution (1760 1840)

Steam Engine

Industry : the process of making products by using machinery

and factories (Merriam-Webster dictionary)

Hand production to machines

Chemical manufacturing
Iron production
Steam power
Machine tools

External Combustion Engine(ECE)

working fluid separeted from combustion product
Mainly as Stationary steam engine

Development

1698 : Thomas Savery steam powered water

pump,
1712 : Newcomen steam engine -> pumping

Savery engine

1778 : James Watt : two condenser, conversion

to rotation motion

James Watt engine patented in 1781 : 10hp

Newcomen atmospheric engine

Spinning mule

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Motor Bakar Torak

Steam Engine

James Watt (1736-1819)

Innovation

Penyalaan dengan percikan api (Spark Ignition Engine: SI, Motor

Bensin)

Double condenser
Pressure regulator device
Concept of horsepower and the SI unit of power

perlu busi sebagai penghasil percikan api

untuk daya kecil hingga sedang ( 225 kW)
Ringan

Penyalaan dengan udara tekan (Compression Ignition Engine: CI,

Motor Diesel)

perlu udara tekan (hasil langkah kompresi)

bahan bakar murah
untuk daya sedang hingga besar

Skema Motor Bakar Torak

Di kepala silinder terdapat katup-katup

isap dan buang (intake & exhaust valve).

Diameter (Bore), diameter silinder.
Langkah (Stroke), panjang langkah
gerakan torak dalam satu arah.
Titik Mati Atas (Top Dead Center), posisi
torak dimana volume silinder mencapai
minimum.
Titik Mati Bawah (Bottom Dead Center),
posisi torak dimana volume silinder
mencapai maksimum.
Volume langkah (displacement), volume
silinder antara TMA dan TMB.
Rasio kompresi (r) = volume maksimum /
volume minimum.

Motor Bensin 4 Langkah

dengan
Over Head Camshaft (Suzuki
Motor)

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Otto Cycle

Motor Empat Langkah (Four Stroke)

Empat langkah berbeda di dalam silinder selesai dalam dua
putaran poros engkol (crankshaft)

Developed in the 1860s by a French engineer named

Alphonse Eugene Beau de Rochas and then independently
reinvented by a German engineer named Nikolaus Otto
in 1876
The Otto cycle is constructed out of:

Top and bottom of the loop:

a pair of quasi-parallel
adiabatic processes
Left and right sides of the loop:
a pair of parallel
isochoric processes
Work = area inside the curve

1. Langkah Isap

2. Langkah
Kompresi

3. Langkah Kerja

4. Langkah
Buang

Otto Cycle

Power estimation

air
: Density of air at cylinder conditions (normally in kg-air/m3)
Otto : Otto cycle thermal to mechanical energy conversion efficiency
D
: Cylinder displacement (volume swept by piston in cylinder)
N
: Crankshaft speed in revolutions per minute, RPM
(A/F)Mass: Air-to-fuel mass ratio (usually slightly lean but close to the stoichiometric
value, in kg-air/kg-fuel)
CR
: Compression ratio, (D CV)/CV, where CV Valve clearance volume
HV
: Heating value of the fuel in consistent units (normally kJ/kg
120
: stroke/rev x seconds/minutes

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Diesel Engine

Rudolf Diesel, 1858-???

Higher compression 20:1 (more efficient 45% vs 30%gasoline)

Ignition : adding fuel at high pressure (No electric plug)

Lower octane fuel

Patented in 1894 ,

First successful engine : 1897

Motor Diesel
(Volkswagen)

Comparison Otto vs Diesel Engine

Two Stroke Engine

Otto engine

Diesel engine

Compression ratio

8-9 : 1

20 : 1

Ignition

Electric plug

Fuel injector

fuel

gasoline

Low octane diesel

30%

45%

Engine weight
efficiency

1881 : First commercial patented by Dugald Clerk (Scottish

engineer)
High power to weight ratio (in specific rpm range)
Compact, less moving part

Heavier

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Motor Dua Langkah (Two Stroke)

Skema Motor Wankel

Langkah-langkah: isap, kompresi, ekspansi, dan buang

diselesaikan dalam satu putaran poros engkol (crankshaft)

Ruang engkol: pemasukan

Ruang bakar : kompresi

Ruang engkol: kompresi

Ruang bakar : kerja

Ruang engkol: pemindahan

Ruang bakar : buang & bilas

Stator berbentuk epitrokoida,

Rotor berbentuk segitiga cembung

1. Isap

2. Kompresi

4. Buang

3. Kerja

Satu susunan rotor-stator identik dengan

berapa silinder pada motor bakar torak?

Motor Wankel
Motor
Rotari:
Motor
Wankle

Ditemukan oleh Prof. Felix Wankel (1954).

Pertama kali dibuat oleh NSU Motorenwerke A.G. di Jerman tahun 1963.
Tahun 1972:Toyo Kogyo, Jepang memproduksi motor Wankel 370.000 buah.
Hanya Mazda di Jepang dan Audi-NSU di Jerman yang pernah buat karena mahal dalam
membuat line production.
Dapat dibuat sebagai motor bensin atau motor Diesel.
Bentuk stator adalah epitrokoida.
Tidak menggunakan katup, batang penghubung atau poros engkol.
Setiap rotor mengalami 3 langkah kerja setiap putaran.
Perbandingan tekanan adalah volume maksimum/volume minimum (8,5 - 9,5 untuk motor
bensin).
Motor Wankle lebih ringan (30%), lebih kecil (50%), jumlah komponen lebih sedikit (70%),
dan lebih murah (20%). Getaran lebih kecil.
Masalah: keausan permukaan epitrokoida dan kerusakan sekat yang mengakibatkan
kebocoran, dan pelumasan/pendinginan.

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Brayton Cycle

Brayton Cycle

Turbofan

Constant pressure heat engine

1791 : patented by John Barber
Name after George Brayton : 1830-1892
Low thermal efficiency, but produce thurst (for aircraft engine)
consists of three components:

a compressor
a mixing chamber
an expander

Turbojet

Turboprop

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Roket

More efficient energy use

Vehicle efficiency

Reduced weight
Reduced friction
etc

Life a better world

Alternative fuel

Indybay.org

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Example

www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/consume
r_tips/vehicle_energy_losses.html

Efficiency of Energy conversion device

www.ic.ucsc.edu/~wexchange/env23/lecture17/conversion
_efficiency.html