Circuit diagram of project:

Simulation of project in Proteus ISIS:

PCB Layout of microcontroller board:

3D view of microcontroller board:

PCB Layout of keypad matrix board:

3D view of keypad matrix board:

PCB Layout of L293D (motor driver) board:

3D view of L293D (motor driver) board:

Components

Diode:In electronics, a diode is a component that restricts the direction of movement of

charge carriers. Essentially, it allows an electric current to flow in one direction,
but blocks it in the opposite direction. Today the most common diodes are made
from semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium.

Semiconductor Diodes
Most modern diodes are based on semiconductor P-N junctions. In a P-N diode,
conventional current can flow from the P-type side (the anode) to the N-type side
(the cathode), but not in the opposite direction. A semiconductor diode s currentvoltage, or I-V, characteristic curve is ascribed to the behaviour of the so-called
depletion layer or depletion zone which exists at the P-N junction between the
differing semiconductors. When a P-N junction is first created, conduction band
(mobile) electrons from the N-doped region diffuse into the P-doped region where
there is a large population of holes (places for electrons in which no electron is
present) with which the electrons recombine. When a mobile electron recombines
with a hole, the hole vanishes and the electron is no longer mobile. Thus, two

charge carriers have vanished. The region around the P-N junction becomes
depleted of charge carriers and thus behaves as an insulator.
1N4001 and 1N5400 series diodes
The 1N4001 series (or 1N4000 series) is a family of popular 1.0 amp general
purpose silicon rectifier diodes commonly used in AC adapters for common
household appliances. Blocking voltage varies from 50 to 1000 volts. This diode is
made in an axial-lead DO-41 plastic package. The 1N5400 series is a similarly
popular series for higher current applications, up to 3 A. These diodes come in the
larger DO-201 axial package. These are fairly low-speed rectifier diodes, being
inefficient for square waves of more than 15 kHz. The series was second sourced
by many manufacturers. The 1N4000 series were in the Motorola Silicon Rectifier
Handbook in 1966, as replacements for 1N2609 through 1N2617. The 1N5400
series were announced in Electrical Design News in 1968, along with the now
lesser known 1.5-ampere 1N5391 series. These devices are widely used and
recommended. The table below shows the maximum repetitive reverse

blocking voltages of each of the members of the 1N4000 and 1N5400

series.

Voltage regulator:7805 Voltage regulator

5V DC Voltage Regulator Data Sheet / Specs
The 7805 provides circuit designers with an easy way to regulate DC voltages to
5v.

Encapsulated in a single chip/package (IC), the 7805 is a positive voltage DC

regulator that has only 3 terminals. They are: Input voltage, Ground, Output
Voltage. Although the 7805 were primarily designed for a fixed-voltage output

(5V). 7812 Voltage regulator 12V DC Voltage Regulator Data Sheet / Specs The
78012 provides circuit designers with an easy way to regulate DC voltages to 12v.
Encapsulated in a single chip/package (IC), the 78012 is a positive voltage DC
regulator that has only 3 terminals. They are: Input voltage, Ground, Output
Voltage. Although the 78012 were primarily designed for a fixed-voltage output
(12V). 7812 Voltage regulator It is indeed possible to use external components in
order to obtain DC output voltages of: 5V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 20V,
24V. Note that the input voltage must, of course, be greater than the required
output voltage, so that it can be regulated downwards
Capacitor:In the Regulated power supply the rating of the chosen capacitor filter is 1000F.A
capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical
capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated
by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal
foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as
parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. When there is a
potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops
across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative
charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal

capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in

farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them.

The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas
of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates," referring to an
early means of construction. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a
small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit,
resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an
undesired inductance and resistance. Capacitors are widely used in electronic
circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in
filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits
that tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric power transmission systems
for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and for many other purposes.

Resistors:A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion
to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied
across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current through the circuit is called
resistance. This relation is represented by Ohm's law: where I is the current
through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured
across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in
units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is
constant, independent of the current. Resistors are common elements of electrical
networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment.
Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as
resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome).
Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog
devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.

The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common

commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of
magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required
precision of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of
the chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature
coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications.
Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which
must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit:
this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher
power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage
circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of
the resistor.
Crystal RED LEDs
LED is an acronym for Light Emitting Diode. Well, you ask, what on earth is a
diode. A diode is a device that, in simplest terms, allows electricity to flow
through one way but not the other. Those of you who are knowledgeable about
mechanical things could think of it as sort of a check valve. If you have no

mechanical knowledge, disregard that last sentence. Now that you know what a
diode is, an LED is just one that emits light (But you could probably figure that out
just from reading the name).
Another important thing about all LED's (and all diodes) is that every one of them
has exactly two electrodes. These are important to know when you are wiring an
LED into a circuit.

They are the...

Anode - The p-side which is the longer leg.
And the...Cathode - Which is the n-side and shorter leg. Since you know these
terms you can remember that electricity flows easily from the anode to the cathode
but not the other way around.
LED's are great for many reasons. First of all, they don't heat up like regular light
bulbs do. This is great because, well, you don't burn yourself. They are also smaller
than a light bulb. Another important thing about LED's is that they run on very low
amounts of electricity, which is helpful because it makes them safer to work with
(you don't electrocute yourself). Most run on about 20mA.
Just like with everything, there are some tips that are helpful to make sure your
LED's work well.

Clip the leads - Simple, I know, but people forget to. This is important because it
prevents them from bumping into other parts and messing up your circuit.
Remember which electrode is which - This is a big one because if you don't it
won't work at all. It's a diode; current only flows through it one way.
Read the package - Simple again, but each LED requires slightly differnt voltage
and ampere. It always helps to wire a resistor into your circuit. It will make the
LED last longer by dropping the voltage. There are some sites that make it easy to
find which resistor you need. LEDs come in all sorts of sizes as well. Here is a
photo showing a 3mm, 5mm and 10mm LED. The "millimetre" size refers to
the diameter of the LED. For example, if you need to drill a hole in a box for your
5mm blink LED, the hole size should be 5mm, and you'd need a 5mm drill bit to
make it. 5mm are the most common size you'll see, and they can be extremely
bright! Green 3mm, Red 5mm and White 10mm LEDs

5mm LEDs can be so bright, they are often used as illumination (lighting
something up, like a flashlight, we'll talk about this next).

3mm LEDs are not as bright but are smaller, and are good
for indication (like an LED that tells you something is on). They're not as good
for illumination because they have a smaller area that is lit.

10mm LEDs are a little rarer, they are huge and chunky but are usually just
5mm LEDs with a bigger case so they aren't any brighter. They can be good
indicators but we rarely see them as illuminators.

MICRO CONTROLLER 8051/89C51

INTRODUCTION
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with
4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The
device is manufactured using Atmels high-density non-volatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set
and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed
in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a
powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.
Features
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines

 Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

Six Interrupt Sources
Programmable Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128
bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-level
interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on chip oscillator and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down
to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The
Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM
contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next
hardware reset.
Pin Configuration

VCC
Supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as
high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low
order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In
this mode P0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash

programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External
pull ups are required during program verification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they
are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1
pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the
internal pull ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash
programming and verification.
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they
are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2
pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the
internal pullups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from
external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use
16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pullups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit
addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function

Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals
during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they
are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3
pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the
pullups.

RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device.
ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)
during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate
of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking
purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to
external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0
of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or
MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALEdisable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during
each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device
to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to
FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally
latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.

This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash
programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting
amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in
Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the
device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while
XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty
cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry
is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and
low time specifications must be observed.
Idle Mode
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain
active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all
the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode

can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be

noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally
resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles
before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access
to internal RAM in this event, but access to he port pins is not inhibited. To
eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is
terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not
be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.
Input/output ports (I/O Ports)
In order to make the microcontroller useful, it is necessary to connect it to
peripheral devices. Each microcontroller has one or more registers (called a port)
connected to the microcontroller pins.
OSCILLATOR
Even pulses generated by the oscillator enable harmonic and synchronous
operation of all circuits within the microcontroller. It is usually configured as to
use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for frequency stabilization. It can also
operate without elements for frequency stabilization (like RC oscillator). It is
important to say that program instructions are not executed at the rate imposed by
the oscillator itself, but several times slower. It happens because each instruction is
executed in several steps. For some microcontrollers, the same number of cycles is

needed to execute any instruction, while it's different for other microcontrollers.
Accordingly, if the system uses quartz crystal with a frequency of 20MHz, the
execution time of an instruction is not expected 50nS, but 200, 400 or even 800 nS,
depending on the type of the microcontroller.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

USES OF MICRO CONTROLLERS

Like all good things, this powerful component is basically very simple. It is made
by mixing tested and high- quality "ingredients" (components) as per following
receipt: The simplest computer processor is used as the "brain" of the future
system.
Depending on the taste of the manufacturer, a bit of memory, a few A/D converters,
timers, input/output lines etc. are added All that is placed in some of the standard
packages. A simple software able to control it all and which everyone can easily
learn about has been developed. On the basis of these rules, numerous types of
microcontrollers were designed and they quickly became man's invisible
companion. Their incredible simplicity and flexibility conquered us a long time
ago and if you try to invent something about them, you should know that you are
probably late, someone before you has either done it or at least has tried to do it.
The following things have had a crucial influence on development and success of
the microcontrollers:
Powerful and carefully chosen electronics embedded in the microcontrollers can
independently or via input/output devices (switches, push buttons, sensors, LCD
displays, relays etc.), control various processes and devices such as industrial
automation, electric current, temperature, engine performance etc. Very low prices
enable them to be embedded in such devices in which, until recent time it was not

worthwhile to embed anything. Thanks to that, the world is overwhelmed today

with cheap automatic devices and various smart appliances.
Prior knowledge is hardly needed for programming. It is sufficient to have a PC
(software in use is not demanding at all and is easy to learn) and a simple device
(called the programmer) used for loading raedy-to-use programs into the
microcontroller.
ARCHITECTURE AND PROGRAMMING OF 8051/89C51
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Read Only Memory (ROM) is a type of memory used to permanently save the
program being executed. The size of the program that can be written depends on
the size of this memory. ROM can be built in the microcontroller or added as an
external chip, which depends on the type of the microcontroller. Both options have
some disadvantages. If ROM is added as an external chip, the microcontroller is
cheaper and the program can be considerably longer. At the same time, a number
of available pins is reduced as the microcontroller uses its own input/output ports
for connection to the chip. The internal ROM is usually smaller and more
expensive, but leaves more pins available for connecting to peripheral
environment. The size of ROM ranges from 512B to 64KB.
Random Access Memory (RAM)

Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of memory used for temporary storing
data and intermediate results created and used during the operation of the
microcontrollers. The content of this memory is cleared once the power supply is
off. For example, if the program perform an addition, it is necessary to have a
register standing for what in everyday life is called the sum. For that purpose,
one of the registers in RAM is called the "sum" and used for storing results of
addition. The size of RAM goes up to a few KBs. Electrically Erasable
Programmable ROM (EEPROM) The EEPROM is a special type of memory not
contained in all microcontrollers. Its contents may be changed during program
execution (similar to RAM ), but remains permanently saved even after the loss of
power (similar to ROM). It is often used to store values, created and used during
operation (such as calibration values, codes, values to count up to etc.), which must
be saved after turning the power supply off. A disadvantage of this memory is that
the process of programming is relatively slow. It is measured in mili seconds.
Special Function Registers (SFR)
Special function registers are part of RAM memory. Their purpose is predefined by
the manufacturer and cannot be changed therefore. Since their bits are physically
connected to particular circuits within the microcontroller, such as A/D converter,
serial communication module etc., any change of their state directly affects the
operation of the microcontroller or some of the circuits. For example, writing zero

or one to the SFR controlling an input/output port causes the appropriate port pin
to be configured as input or output. In other words, each bit of this register controls
the function of one single pin.

Program Counter
Program Counter is an engine running the program and points to the memory
address containing the next instruction to execute. After each instruction execution,
the value of the counter is incremented by 1. For this reason, the program executes
only one instruction at a time just as it is written. Howeverthe value of the
program counter can be changed at any moment, which causes a jump to a new
memory location. This is how subroutines and branch instructions are executed.
After jumping, the counter resumes even and monotonous automatic counting +1,
+1, +1.
INTERFACING TO EXTERNAL MEMORY
The number of bits that a semiconductor memory chip can store is called chip
capacity
1. It can be in units of Kbits (kilobits), Mbits (megabits), and so on
2. This must be distinguished from the storage capacity of computer systems
3. While the memory capacity of a memory IC chip is always given bits, the
memory capacity of a computer system is given in bytes
4. 16M memory chip 16 megabits
5. A computer comes with 16M memory 16 megabytes

Memory chips are organized into a number of locations within the IC. Each
location can hold 1 bit, 4 bits, 8 bits, or even 16 bits, depending on how it is
designed internally. The number of locations within a memory IC
depends on the address pins. The number of bits that each location can hold is
always equal to the number of data pins.
One of the most important characteristics of a memory chip is the speed at which
its data can be accessed. To access the data, the address is presented to the address
pins, the READ pin is activated, and after a certain amount of time has elapsed, the
data shows up at the data pins. The shorter this elapsed time, the better, and
consequently, the more expensive the memory chip. The speed of the memory chip
is commonly referred to as its access time.
In connecting a memory chip to the
CPU, note the following points
1. The data bus of the CPU is connected directly to the data pins of the
memory chip
2. Control signals RD (read) and WR (memory write) from the CPU are
connected to the OE (output enable) and WE (write enable) pins of the
memory chip
3. In the case of the address buses, while the lower bits of the address from the
CPU go directly to the memory chip address pins, the upper ones are used to
activate the CS pin of the memory chip
4. ALE (address latch enable) pin is an output pin for 8051

- ALE = 0, P0 is used for data path

- ALE = 1, P0 is used for address path

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD):

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display or
video display video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid
crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly.

LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer

display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words,
digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock They use the same basic
technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of
small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. It looks almost like the one
shown below. As we can see that there are 8 data pins along with 3 control pins.
One ground and two power pins are also there.

16X2 character LCD

LCD is preferred in comparison to led since we can display a limited no. of

characters using led moreover led must be refreshed by the cpu to keep displaying
the data.
Pins Functions:

PIN DESCRIPTION:
PIN NUMBER

SYMBOL

FUNCTION

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Vss
Vdd
Vo
RS
R/W
E
DB0
DB1
DB2
DB3
DB4
DB5
DB6
DB7
VEE

GND
+ 3V or + 5V
Contrast Adjustment
Register Select Signal
Read/Write Signal
Enable Signal
Data Bus Line
Data Bus Line
Data Bus Line
Data Bus Line
Data Bus Line
Data Bus Line
Data Bus Line
Data Bus Line
+
4.2V
for
LED/Negative

16

Gnd

Output
GND

Voltage

The LCD consists of 16 pins out of which 2 are used for backlight. Contrast on
display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are displayed
in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin
marked as Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some
versions of displays have built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used
during operating, a resistor for current limitation should be used. The read write
pin is ground while using the universal kit.

LCD Basic Commands

All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as
commands or as data, which depends on logic state on RS and EN pin:
RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. EN is
high to low.
RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode.to low EN is
high.

MOTOR DRIVER L293D:

The L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current half-H drivers. The L293 is designed to provide
bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is designed to
provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both
devices are designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping
motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage
loads in positive-supply applications. All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete
totem-pole drive circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo-Darlington source.
Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled
by 3,4EN.
When an enable input is high, the associated drivers are
enabled and their outputs are active and in phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low,
those drivers are disabled and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state. With the
proper data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or bridge) reversible drive suitable for
solenoid or motor applications. On the L293, external high-speed output clamp diodes should be
used for inductive transient suppression. A VCC1 terminal, separate from VCC2, is provided for
the logic inputs to minimize device power dissipation.
The L293and L293D are characterized for operation from 0Celsius to 70Celsius.

FEATURES:

Wide Supply-Voltage Range: 4.5 V to 36 V

Separate Input-Logic Supply
Internal ESD Protection

Thermal Shutdown
High-Noise-Immunity Inputs
Output Current 1 A Per Channel (600 mA for L293D)
Peak Output Current 2 A Per Channel (1.2 A for L293D)
Output Clamp Diodes for Inductive
Transient Suppression (L293D)

PIN DIAGRAM OF L293D: