BOARD OF EXAMINATIONS, OCT - 2014

QUESTION CODE - 431

AUTO MOBILE ENGINES
Answer key

PREPARED BY
LECT. S. VENKATESH. B.E.
LETC. S. SANTHOSH KUMAR. B.E.
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
337, MIET POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE,
TRICHY 7.

Part A

20 x 1 =20

EACH QUESTION CARRIES ONE MARK

1. Mention the classification of engines with respect to cylinder
arrangement.
Ans- single cylinder (scooter). Multicylinder (Car, bus)
2. What is firing order.
Ans- The sequence in which power impulses in an engine is called a
firing order. Ex ( 4- cylinder)(1-2-4-3, 1-3-4-2)
3.What is delay period.
Ans- Time taken to burning of fuel is called delay period, ex(
physical delay, Chemical Delay).
4. What is idling rpm of multi cylinder petrol engine.
Ans- 1500rpm.
5. What is the function of carburetor.
Ans- The function of carburetor is air+fuelmixture is supplied into
the engine cylinder during suction stroke.
6. State the function of oxygen sensor.
Ans- oxygen sensor is used to calculate air fuel ratio and pressure of
oxygen in exhaust gas is sensed by sensor.

7. What type of nozzle is used in di engines.

Ans- Open type nozzle, closed type nozzle,

8. What are the types of super charger.

Ans- centrifugal type, roots air blower type ,vane type,
9.what is the function of thermostat valve in the cooling system.
Ans- It is used to regulate the temperature of circulation of water.
10.what type of coolant is used in passenger car cooling system..
Ans- 1.Denatured alcohol, 2. Ethylene glycol, 3. Distilled glycerin,
4.Methanol.
11. What type of oil filtering system is used in heavy duty diesel
engines.
Ans- Full flow type.
12. Why crankcase ventilation system is necessary.
Ans- Crankcase ventilation is employed to reduce contamination
and dilution of the lubrication oil and also to prevent a pressure
build up in the crankcase.
13. What is photo chemical smog?
Ans- Photo chemical smog is a condition that develops when
primary pollutants (oxides of nitrogen) and volatile organic
compounds created from fossil fuel combustion intract under the
influence of sunlight to produce a mixture of hundreds of different
and hazards chemicals known as photo chemical smog.
14. What is wall quenching?
Ans- Wall quenching is a combustion phenomenon which a raises
when a flame tries to prorogate in the presence of wall normally the
effect of wall is slowing down or stopping of the reaction.

15. What is delay period in diesel engines?

Ans- Time taken to injecting of fuel is called delay period, ex(
physical delay, Chemical Delay).
16. What is blue smoke.
Ans- In cases where excessive lub oil consumption is their smoke
emitted will be of blue or gray colour. (or) however unburnt fuel can
also appears blue smoke if the droplet size is about 0.5 micron.
17. What is the function of catalytic converter.
Ans- Catalytic converter is a device placed in exhaust pipe which
converts hydro carbon monoxide and NOx into less harmful gases
by using a combination of platinum, palladium, and rhodium as
catalysts.
18. What is meant by mass emission standards?
Ans- The test taken in an automobile exhaust to measure the weight
of Co HcNox by constant volume sampler is also called as mass
emission test or standards.
19. What is the purpose of exhaust gas recirculation?
Ans- The exhaust gas observes heat from much hotter combustion
process. This reduces peak combustion temperature and lowers the
formation of NO.
20. What is the unit for sound?
Ans- The unit is decibel.

Part-B
21.(a)Explain
xplain the construction and working of different types of
overhead camshaft valve operating mechanism with sketch.
5 SKETCHS 6 MARKS
THEORY 6 MARKS

The valve operating mechanism with overhead single or double

camshafts are highly efficient however with these considerably more
lubrication oil is needed to flood the cam profiles as compared to the
overhead valves operated by side cam shafts, moreover they have the
disadvantages of higher initial cost single row valves operated by single
overhead cam shafts and then inverted bucket type follower with is type
of follower the cam shaft is arranged directly over the valve stemps, this
type of mechanism is direct and very rigid so that valve movement
follows precisely the designed cam profile lift. Moreover, valve stems
are not subjected to side-thrust which means less wear. Tappet
clearances are also quite small and do not require adjustment very often.
However, drive to the camshaft is quite complicated, positive lubrication
is required and adjustment of valve lifter clearance is relatively more
difficult. A similar valve-operating mechanism with end pivoted rocker
arm the rocker arm provides leverage ratio, which enables the designer
to provide smaller cam profile. Moreover the inertia of rocker arm
follower is less compared to the sliding bucket type described earlier and
adjustment of tappets is easy. However, due to the elastic bending of the
rocker arm, the stiffness of the system and hence precision of valve
operation is decreased, a slide thrust is produced to the valve stem and
guide and more wear and noise occur. Mechanism for inlet and exhaust
valves in separate rows, but operated by a single overhead cam shaft
with inverted bucket type follower and the pivoted rocker arm. However
quite often the double-row valves are operated by two separate overhead
camshafts as

(b) Explain the phases of diesel engine combustion and diesel knock.
SKETCH 5 MARKS
THEORY 4 MARKS

In CI engine combustion occurs because of high temperature of the

compressed air, since the fuel is ignited at high temperature of the
compressed air, it is called as a auto ignition. For the auto ignition
compression ratio should be maximum it call for heavier and robust
construction of engine. The combustion process in a diesel engine have
been divided into four stages ignition lag or ignition delay, uncontrolled
combustion ,controlled combustion ,after burning .
1. Ignition delay:
It is the period between the starting of injection and starting of
combustion the air is compressed and fuel is injected at high pressure in
the form of fine spray near the end of compression this leads to delay in
ignition. This is called ignition lag, there are two parts of ignition delay,
1. Physical delay
2. Chemical delay.

2. Uncontrolled combustion:
The period is counted from the end of delay period to the point of
maximum pressure and the indicated diagram in this stage pressure raise
is rapid .about one third of heat is released at this stage the rate pressure
rise is in the stage depends upon
1. The amount of fuel sprayed in the delay period
2. The degrees of turbulent
3. Fitness of fuel sprayed
3. Controlled combustion:
This is the third stage starting after uncontrolled combustion
period. End of uncontrolled combustion the temperature within the
cylinder is show high, the period of control combustion is coming to an
end. When the cycle temperature is reach as its maximum value.
4. After burning:
This after burning continuous in the expansion stroke up to 70
degree to 80 degree of crank angle from TDC. The fuel particles
unburned will get inflamed even after fuel injection is over at this stage
of combustion the fuel droplets burn even during the expansion stroke.
Diesel Knock
THEORY 3 MARKS
This phenomenon of combustion causing heavy pressure rise
during uncontrolled combustion is known as diesel knock.

22. (a) Describe

escribe about necessity and working of Mpfi system with block
diagram.
SKETCKES 6 MARKS
THEORY 6 MARKS

There are three main categories of MPFI system, 1.Fuel system 2.

Air induction system 3.electronic system.
1. Fuel system
Fuel tank,
Fuel pump,
Fuel filter
Pressure regulator

Injector
2. Air induction system
The air from air cleaner is passed through the air flow meter and is
sent to air intake chamber, the air flow is restricted to the opening of
throttle valve.
3. Electronic control system

Sensor are used in MPFi system all the sensors are controlled by
ECU the different sensor used are
1.Airflow sensor AFS
2. Throttle position sensor TPS
3.Water temperature sensor WTS.
4. intake air temperature sensor IATS
5. Engine ignition signal sensor EISS.
6. started signal sensor SSS
7.Oxygen sensor OS.
8.Crankshaft position sensor CSPS
9.Vechicle speed sensor VSS.

(b)(i) Explain the various types of nozzles with sketches.

SKETCH 4 MARKS
THEORY 4 MARKS

1. Open type nozzle 2. Closed type nozzle

1. Open type nozzle - In the design of open type nozzle, shut off
device is not placed between delivery pipe and the nozzles. Now a days
open type nozzles are not used.
2. Closed type nozzle in the design of closed type nozzle, a
spring loaded delivery valve is placed between the delivery pipe and the
nozzles.after each injection of fuel into the combustion chamber, the
nozzles is closed with a spring loaded needle valve.this type of nozzles
is mostly used now a days, the different types of closed type nozzles are
used in diesel engines are
1.
2.
3.
4.

Single hole nozzle

Multi hole nozzles
Pintle nozzles
Pinatux nozzle.

Single hole nozzles This type of nozzle contains a single hole at

the end of the nozzle. The fuel is passed through this hole into the
combustion chamber. It is closed at the inner end by the nozzle valve.
It may be either flat end type or conical end type. In flat end the hole
is drilled at an angle of 5- 15 degree the nozzle axis. It is used in
engines having turbulent combustion chamber.
Multi hole nozzles It consists of a number of holes bored in the
tip of the nozzle. the number of holes may vary from 4 to 18. This is
used for greater penetration of fuel with open combustion chambers.
the holes are closed by means of conical end of control valve.
Pintle nozzle Pintle is the term used for a small pin . The pintle
nozzle consists of a plunger called pintle in the fuel passage.the
plunger has projected through the mouth of the nozzle. The
movement of the pintle controls the flow of fuel into the combustion
chamber. The shape of the pintle is made depends upon the

combustion chamber. The shape of the pintle is made depends upon

the requirement of spray pattern. It is used in swirl combustion
chamber.
Pintaux nozzle It is a development of pintle nozzle. It has a
conical projection at the tip of the needle valve. Whereas in pintle
nozzle, it has a cylindrical projection. it is also called as throttling
pintle nozzle.also it has an auxiliary hole drilled in the nozzle body. It
injects a small amount of fuel through this hole before the main
injection. The needle valve does lift fully at low speeds and most of
the fuel is injected through the auxiliary hole. It causes a very low
rate of fuel injection during delay period. It is used in precombustion chamber to reduce the combustion noise when the engine
is idling.

(ii)Write short notes on turbo charging.

THEORY 4 MARKS
An engine may not produce the same power output when it is
operated at different locations and altitudes. This is due to vibration in
ambient conditions. Supercharging and turbo charging are used to
overcome this problem.

23.(a) Describe about working of pump circulation cooling system with

a diagram.
SKETCH 6 MARKS
THEORY 6 MARKS

In this system water circulation is maintained by a pump operated

by the engine itself. Cooling water enters at lower position of the engine
and absorbs heat while it is passing through the jacket. The hot water
comes out from the top and passes into the radiator where it is cooled
and then return to the jacket. Cooling of water in radiator ineffective by
atmospheric air drawn through the radiator by fan. In modern cooling
system , a thermostat valve is used .it controls the jacketwater
temperature when the water temperature is low thermostat closes the
valve and water circulation is cut off when the temperature of the water
in jacket reches the suitable value above 70 degree Celsius for efficient
operation thermostart open the valve and circulation of the water is
maintain by the pump . In the system cooling is effective under all
condition of operation . but cooling is stopped as soon as engine is

stopped.this is undesirable because the cooling must continue the

cooling temperature is reduced to normal value.the system is used for
cooling and medium size engines. When the engine becomes, hot the
radiator shutters are opened to allow more air to flow through radiator
tubes. It increases the rate of cooling.

(b)(i)Explain about full pressure lubrication with a sketch.

SKETCH 4 MARKS
THEORY 4 MARKS

The arrangement of pressure lubrication system , generally consists

of oil sump, gear pump (oil pump), oil gallery, strainer, oil filter and
pressure gauge. The oil pump is submerged in the oil and it is driven by
the camshaft. The oil pump takes the oil from the sump through a
strainer and sends to the oil gallery through a filter at a pressure of 0.2
0.4 N/mm2.
Larger particles are removed in the strainer while fine
particles are removed by the filter. From the oil gallery, the pressurized

oil is supplied to the crankshaft bearing through oil tubes. From here,
some of the oil after lubrication falls back to the sump and some of oil is
splashed to lubricate the cylinder walls.
The remaining oil flows to the connecting rod big end
bearing through the diagonally drilled holes as shown in figure. A hole
at the center of connecting rod leads the oil from the crank pin hole to
the gudgeon pin. After lubricating the gudgeon pin bearings, the oil falls
back to sump. A pressure gauge is provided to indicate the pressure in
the system
(ii)Write about identification of sae oils.
THEORY 4 MARKS
The lubricating oils are available in two different grades,
1. single grade oils (monograde) rarely used now-adays.
2. multigrade oils widely used now.
These oils are designated by two different ways, they are;
a. SAE number designation
b. Performance rating designation

24.(a)(i)Describe about the effect of pollutants from vehicles.

ANY FOUR EFFECTS 4 X 2 = 8 MARKS
As we have seen that the different pollutants emitted from
gasoline and diesel engine are hc,co, no2,smoke ,odour,so2 and lead
particulates. All these are injurious to human life if their concentration

exceeds a particular limit and they remain in the atmosphere for long
time.the effects of the above mentioned pollutants are discussed below:

Sno
1

Pollutants

Effects on
environment
------------

Effects on human
beings
Carbon monoxide
The principle effect
of co on human and
animals is
interference with
transfer of oxygen
through the body
Nitrogen oxides nox Damage to crops
Affects animal lifedecreased yield in tissue change in lungs
orange
,heart, liver and
kidney in monkeys.
Hydrocarbons
-------------The hc react with air
to produce smoke
.this may reduce the
visibility.
The smoke
Creates more dust The smoke is a thick
particles on the
black layer of
surface
unburned carbon .this
creates irritation to
the human beings and
reduces the visibility
sulphur oxides
When it combines The sulphur oxides
with water . forms are highly injourious
H2So4 and it is
to the human health.
highly corrosion to It thicker the blood
all types of
and reduces the life.
equipments
buildings and
destroys the crops

Lead

Poisonous gas
cause soil
pollution

Odours

Odour refers to
bad smell

Lead interferes with

metabolic function in
the human system
and is known to be
poisonous at
sufficiently high
concentration
Odours give very
indecent smell and
causes unpleasant
atmosphere around
people.some times it
creates vomiting

(ii) Explain formation of nitric oxide emission.

THEORY 4 MARKS
The nitric oxide formation during the combustion process is the
result of a group of elementary reactions involving the nitrogen and
oxygen molecules. different mechanism proposed are discussed below.
Simple reaction between N2 and O2
N2+O2---------------
2NO
This mechanism proposed by Eyzat and guibet predicts NO
concentrations much lower than those measured in ic engines.
According to this mechanism the formation process is too slow for no to
reach equilibrium at peak temperatures and pressure in the cylinders.

(b)(i)Describe about smoke emission from diesel engines.

THEORY 8 MARKS
Smoke in diesel engine exhaust is an indication of poor
combustion, resulting from an over-rich air fuel ratio or partially
evaporated fuel during cold start conditions. Smoke emission, especially
if it is black, is worst enemy in view of the public. Social and
environmental pressures are leading diesel engine manufacturers to
design and produce engines that are nearly smoke-free. Most
industrialized countries have therefore introduced regulations to control
smoke emission from road vehicles.
Smoke may be in the form of particles, either solid or liquid
suspended in the exhaust gases (aerosols). It obstructs, reflects, or
refracts light and causes dust formation on objects and also visibility
problems. Diesel engine exhaust smoke can be classified as follows:
1. White in appearance under direct illumination, consisting of a
mixture of fuel and lubricating in an unburned, or partly
burned state. This form of smoke is sometimes refrred to as
liquid smoke or fog.
2. Blue in appearance.
3. Black in appearance, consisting of solid particles of carbon
from otherwise complete combustion of fuel. This form of
smoke is often referred to as hot or solid smoke.

a) WHITE SMOKE:
The white smoke, is mainly a result of too low temperature in
the combustion chamber during the fuel injection period. This
phenomenon is mainly experienced during cold starting, in low ambient
temperatures or at high altitude. White smoke disappears as the engine
warms up.
White smoke can also result from fuel injected too late in the
combustion cycle or can even be an indication of a design fault. A few
manufacturers opted to use electric inlet manifold heaters. These are
typically turned on perhaps 30 seconds before cranking the engine in
cold start conditions. There are no regulations in place limiting white
smoke even though it is quite visible and mostly seen at truck stops
especially in colder climates.
b) BLUE SMOKE:
In cases where excessive lube oil consumption is there,
smoke emitted will be of blue or gray colour. Blue or gray smoke is
therefore an indication that an engine has reached the point where major
maintenance is required. However, unburned fuel can also appear as
blue smoke if the droplet size is about 0.5 micron.
c) BLACK SMOKE:
The main causes of excessive black smoke are,
1. Poor maintenance of air filters.
2. Poor maintenance of fuel injectors.
3. Incorrect setting of the fuel injection
pump/system.

Such smoke consists mainly of carbon particles or coagulates

of a wide range of sizes, from 0.02 microns to over 0.12 microns mean
diameter. This size distribution depends to some extent on the type of
combustion system, which also affects the onset of smoke emission as
fuel input quantity is increased.
(ii)Write short notes on noise pollution.
THEORY 4 MARKS
Amongst the various influences in the human environment the
noise problem arising from the rapid expansion of technology has
become a special importance over the past years the alarming increase
the noise levels forces has to make all over efforts to improve this
unpleasant as well as dangerous situations there is a continually growing
number of people using cars bus ,trucks 2wheelwrs ,which are an
essential means of traffic and noise.

25.(a)(i)Describe about emission norms in India.

ANY FOUR NORMS 4 X 1 = 6 MARKS
In India, the air pollution control activities are governed by
ministry of environment and ministry of surface transport the
enforcement of vehicular emission is carried out by state
governments.the emission norms were notified by ministry of surface
transport to enforce in vehicles.
1. Motor cycle and three wheelers CO%- 4.5%
2. Motor cars- 3.0%
3.Diesel engines 65 HSU( Hertage smoke unit)

At the production stage the emission norms were set where the vehicle
emission test was conducted (mass emission test)
Comparision of 1996 and proposed 2000 mass emission standard of
india

Category of vehicles and

pollutants

Petrol vechile
a.2wheelers(co+hc+nox)g/
km
b.3whellers(co+hc+nox)g/
km
c.passengers
car(co+hc+nox)g/km
4.dieselvehicle
Gross vehicle
weight>3.5ton
(co+hc+nox)g/km
Particular matter g/k w h
Gross vehicle
weight>3.5ton
(co+hc+nox)g/km
Particular matter g/k w h
Or
(co+hc+nox)g/km
Particular matter g/k w h

Exhaus
t as in
199192,apr9
6
20-42

Standar
d
effective
apr
2000
8.10

4.0

40%-51%

20-42

12.15

6.0

51%

16.3-30

11.6816.76
28.0

3.69

68%-78%

13.6
0.26

51%

13.6
0.36-61
3.69-8.6
0.140.25

51
--

35.5

35.5
-18-34
--

28.0

Standar %reductio
d
n 1996
propose
d

47%-34%

Note-co-carbon monoxide ,hcc hydrocarbon ,nox-oxides of nitrogen

Based on capacity of engine of warm start of Indian driving cycle
applicable to all categories of the engine and cold start on modified
Indian driving cycle

(ii) Explain the working of catalytic converters.

SKETCH 3 MARKS
THEORY 3 MARKS

The catalytic converter is a device placed in the exhaust pipe,

which converts hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and NOx into less
harmful gases by using a combination of platinum, palladium and
rhodium as catalysts. A catalyst is a substance which brings about a
chemical reaction without itself undergoing any change in it. This is one
of the main methods of treating the exhaust gas. these catalytic

converters convert the gaseous pollutants into harmless gases ,i.e. the
catalytic converter converts the pollutants like HC,CO and NO2 into
harmless gases it is placed between exhaust manifold and silencer. It
contains ceramic element coaked with catalyst .all exhaust gas must flow
through it the catalysts cause a chemical change without being a part of
the chemical reaction . the basic catalyst used are platinum ,palladium
and rhodium.

(b)(i)Explain the principle of working of EGR system.

SKETCH 3 MARKS
THEORY 3 MARKS

The EGR system includes a passage between the exhaust manifold and
intake manifold. The EGR value opens and closes the passage. Most
EGR valves have a spring-loaded diaphragm that forms a vacuum port in
the throttle body. When there is no vacuum at this port, the spring
pushes the diaphragm down and keeps the passage closed. No exhaust

gas recirculates. This is the condition during engine idel, when no,
formation is at a minimum. Also, EGR could stall an idling engine.
As the throttle valve open, it moves past the vacuum
port.intake-manifold vacuum then acts through the port and pulls the
disphragm up. This opens the valve. Some exhaust gas flows through the
valve into the intake manifold. At wide-open throttle, the intake
manifold vacuum is low and the aegr valve closes. However,
combustion is over more quickly so no, has less time of form. No EGR
in needed.
(ii)Write notes on exhaust on exhaust gas analyzer.
THEORY 6 MARKS
Exhaust emission control values for automobiles are expressed in g/mile.
To obtain these values,the volume of exhaust gas is measured a
representative method used is the CVS method, and when the
concentration(density) of the gas has been determined chemical
formulas can be used to calculate standard values.the principle behind
one type of measurement of gas concentration is described below
Measuring CO and CO2 concentration. The principle is used in this
measurement method is that when infared light of specific wavelength is
absorbed by each gas. The degree of absorption of these wavelength is
proportional to the concentration of the CO,CO2,NOx and other gas.