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MS5019 FEM

Design Process
Design
need

Design
specifications

Synthesis

Feasibility study with

collecting design information

Analysis
Design
documentation

Design
evaluation

Design
analysis,
optimization

Analysis
model

Design

Design
conceptualization

CAD + CAE
Process
planning

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planning

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control

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Design and
procurement
of new tools
CAM

Order
materials

Marketing

NC/CNC/
DNC Programming

Product Life Cycle

Manufacturing Process
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MS5019 FEM

1.1. Introduction
The Finite Element Method (FEM) is an versatile
and powerful mathematical tool that has wide
applications in a multitude of physical problems
such as stress analysis, fluid flow, heat transfer,
acoustics, aero-elasticity, micro-fluidics, MEMS
(Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems), electrical
and magnetic fields, electrostatic coupling and
many others.
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MS5019 FEM

A. Formal Definition of FEA:

An approximate mathematical analysis tool to study
the behavior of a continua (or a system) to an external
influence such as stress or strain, heat, pressure,
temperature, fluid velocity, magnetic field, etc.
This involves generating a mathematical formulation
of the physical process followed by a numerical
solution of the mathematics model.

MS5019 FEM

B. History of FEA:
z

Hyper-static structure
Energy theorem

Approximation method

Approximation by finite elements

Matrix method:
Force method in aircraft industry
Modern FEM
Force method
Displacement method

z
z

Navier
Maxwell
Castigliano
Ritz
Galerkin
Courant

1819
1864
1878
1908
1915
1940

Levy & Garvey 1953

Argyrys-Denke 1955
Argyris-Turner 1956

Figure 1-1(a) Historical background to modern FEM, after J.F. Imbert [2]
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Mathematicians

Engineers

Finite differences

Trial functions
Variational
methods

Gauss 1795
Galerkin 1915
Biezeno-Koch 1923

Rayleigh 1870
Ritz 1909

Structural analogue
substitution

Richardson 1910
Liebman 1918
Southwell 1940

Weighted
residuals

Piecewise continous
trial function
Courant 1943
Prager-Synge 1947

Hrenikoff 1941
McHenry 1943
Newmark 1949

Direct continuum
elements

Variational finite
differences

Argyris 1955
Turner et al1. 1956

Varga 1962

Modern FEM
Figure 1-1(b) Historical background to modern FEM, after O.C. Zienkiewics [3]
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MS5019 FEM

C. Basic Concept:
Division of a given domain into a set of simple subdomains called finite elements accompanied with
polynomial approximations of solution over each
element in terms of nodal values.
Assembly of element equation with inter-element
continuity of solution and balance of force is
considered.
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1.2. Basic Illustration

A. Circumference:
He

Se

1. FE Discretization

Each line segment is an element

Collection of these line segments is called a mesh
Element are connected at nodes

2. Element equations

H e = 2 R sin( 2 )
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3. Assembly of equations and solution

n

P = He
e =1

, H e = 2 R sin( ), P = 2nR sin( )

n
n
n

For =

4. Assembly of equations and solution

As n , P = 2R
1
sin(x)
P = 2R
n
x
n x0
If x =

sin(x)
cos(x)
=
2R 1 = 2R
x lim

x 0

lim 2 R
x0

5. Error Estimation

Error, Ee = Se H e = 2 R sin
n
n

Total Error = nEe = ( 2R P )

2,5E-16

nEe
6,283185307

10

6,18034

0,10284542

100

6,28215

0,001033492

1000

6,28317

1,03354E-05

10000

6,28319

1,03354E-07
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B. Frame Structure:

(a) Real structure

(b) Discretized structure

Figure 1-2 Example of discretization of a frame structure by FEM

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C. Continuous problem:

(b) Discrete model

(a) Continuous problem
Figure 1-3 Descritization of an elasticity 2D continuous problem by FEM
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MS5019 FEM

1.3. General Step in the FEM

Step 1 Discretize and Select
Element Types

Dividing the body into an equivalent system of

finite elements with associated nodes and
choosing the most appropriate element type.

Step 2 Select a displacement

function

Choosing a displacement function within each

element

Step 3 Define the straindisplacement and stressstrain relationship

Both relationships are necessary for deriving the

equations for each element.

Step 4 Derive the element stiffness

matrix and equations

Based on the concept of stiffness influence

coefficients (direct equilibrium method, work or
energy method, weighted residual method.)

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Step 5 Assemble the element

equations to obtain the
global equations and
introduce boundary
conditions

Individual element equations generated in step 4

is added together using a method of
superposition (called the direct stiffness
method).

Step 6 Solve for the unknown

degrees of freedom (or
generalized displacements)

Global equations obtained from step 5 is a set of

simultaneous algebric equations. These
equations can be solved by using an elimination
method (Gausss method) or an iterative method
(Gauss-Seidel, etc.)

Step 7 Solve for the element strains For the structural stress-analysis problem, strains
and stresses
and stress (or moment and force) can be
obtained.
Step 8 Interpret the results

The final goal is to interpret and analyse the

results for use in the design/analysis process.

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MS5019 FEM

Level of
Formulation
Element

Nodal
Displ.

vj
e

j uj

Defor.
Energy

Work of
Ext. forces

di

T
d = d j e 1 eT e e
U = 2 d K d e = d e F e
d
k

Stiffness
Matrix

Ke

Nodal
Forces

Fe

Assemblage
Global

i e

u j
j d j = v j

n : total number of nodes

d1
M

di

M

d = d j

d k

d n

U = 12 dT Kd

=d F
T

Virtual Work Principle

d 0
U =
d T K d = d T F

Linear Equation
System

Kd=F
Solution

d
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MS5019 FEM

Class

Name

0D

Point
element

1D
(Line
Element)

Geometry

Truss
element

Frame
element
Figure 1-4 (a) Different type of elements
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MS5019 FEM

Class

Name

Geometry

Elasticity 2D
(tin) shell
2D
(Plan
Element)

Bending
plate
Coque
Figure 1-4 (b) Different type of elements
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MS5019 FEM

Class

Axisymet
ric

Name

Geometry

Torus
axisymetric
Coque
axisymetric

Figure 1-4 (c) Different type of elements

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MS5019 FEM

Class

Name

Geometry

3D
Volume
(Volu
me
EleThick Coque
ment)
Special Element

Gap element that have stiffness

only for compression direction.

Figure 1-4 (d) Different type of elements

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1.4. Analysis Type

Analysis

Linear
z

Non-linear

Linear static

Static Non-linear

Kq = F
Static

Initial stability

Non-linear stability

[ K + K G ] X = F
z

Dynamic

Modal

[K M ] X = 0, =
Dynamic response

&& + Cq& + Kq = F (t )
Mq

Modal superposition

Direct integration step by step

Non-linear dynamic
2

Direct integration step by step

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1.5. Computer Code

Assemblage
Restraints

Start

K, F
Input Data
Elements
Library

Sub program for

matrix calculation

Solution LES
FE modeling

q
Element
Characteristics

Elements stress
calculation

Ke, Fe

Print Result
End

Figure 1-7
Simplified flowchart
for static analysis
(displacement method)
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1.6. Application
Structural areas:
z

Stress analysis, including truss and frame analysis both for

structural and non-structural concentration problems typically
associated with holes, fillets, or other changes in geometry in
a body.
z Buckling problem
z Vibration analysis

Non-structural problems:
z

Heat transfer
z Fluid flow, including seepage thtough porous media
z Distribution of electric or magnetic potemtial
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MS5019 FEM

References:
1. Logan, D.L., 1992, A First Course in the Finite Element
Method, PWS-KENT Publishing Co., Boston.
2. Imbert, J.F.,1984, Analyse des Structures par
Elements Finis, 2nd Ed., Cepadues.
3. Zienkiewics, O.C., 1977, The Finite Eelement Method,
3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, London.

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