ASPhysicsUnit2

LightasWaves

Polarizationdefinition

14(a)Unpolarisedoscillations/vibrationsinmanydirectionsPolarisedoscillations/vibrations
insingledirectionoscillations/vibrationsareperpendiculartodirectionofpropagation

Polarizationandreflectionwhyisonlyoneimageseen?

Theideathatlighttransmittedonlywheninsameplane/directionasplane/directionof
polarisationoffilterOrTheideathatlightnottransmittedwhenplane/directionat90to
plane/directionofpolarisationoffilter
Raysforeachimageare(polarised)indifferentplanes/directions,(soonlyoneimageis
seen)
Whenthe(polarising)filterisrotatedtheimagebecomesfainterOrWhenthe(polarising)
filterisrotatedtheotherimagebecomesvisible
Astatementcorrectlylinkingimage(s)seenwithangle.
at90onlytheotherimageisseen
at180onlythe1stimageisseen
at270onlytheotherimageisseenatinbetweenanglesbothimageswillbe
seen,(butneitheratfullintensity)

Explainingnodesandsuperpositionrelatingtoamplitudeandintensity

WavessuperposeOrinterferencebetweentwowavestakesplace
InphaseconstructiveOrAntiphasedestructive
LinkstoamplitudemaximumOramplitudezerorespectively
Inphase/constructive/maxamplitudeiswherespotshighintensity.Or
Antiphase/destructive/minamplitudewherelowintensity

Needforconstantphasedifferenceforexperimentstowork

Coherentmeansaconstantphaserelationship
(Iftherelationshipnotconstant)apointcouldsometimesbeconstructiveandsometimes
destructive

whyisafilamentbulbgraphthewayitis?

Initiallyoruntilabout4V,IV/Ohmicconductor(Increasingthe)currentcausesheatingeffect
/temperatureriseResistanceincreasesORincreaseslattice/ion/atomsvibrationsRateof
increaseofcurrent(withpotentialdifference)decreases

Findingangleofpolarization

Mentionofpolarisingfilter/Polaroid/polariserRotation(offilter)untilminimum/
maximumintensity(notrotationofsolution)(Rotation)donewithandwithoutthesugar
solutionidentifiescorrectdifferenceinanglesuseofprotractor/polarimeter

LightasParticles

Definitionofphoton

Photonquantum/packetofsomethingrelevante.g.
light
,radiation,anyothernamed
emradiation,
energy(quantum/packet)of
electromagneticenergy
/radiation/waves(dependentmark)
(1)

Requirementsforthresholdfrequencies

thatonephotonisabsorbedbyoneelectron
PhotonenergygivenbyE=hfOrphotonenergyincreaseswithfrequency
Theideathatthereisaminimumenergyneededforemissionofa(photo)electron
(So)emissionofelectronsonlyoccursiffrequencyoflightgreaterthanthethreshold
frequencyOrthresholdfrequencyistheminimumfrequencyfortheemissionof
(photo)electrons

Observationfromphotoelectriceffect(max1mark)
Noofelectronsemitteddepends
onintensity/doesntdependonfrequency
Emissionofelectronsisinstantaneous/
notimedelayMinimumfrequencyforelectronemission(i.e.referencetothreshold
frequency,notworkfunction)(Max)electron(kinetic)energydependsonfrequency/
doesntdependonintensity(acceptreferencetostoppingpotential)

Explanation(max3marks):ParticlenatureReferencetoE=hforquantaofenergy/
packetsofenergy/photonsUsetoexplainobservationOnephotonreleasesone
electronOrElectronreleaserequiresminimumenergy/workfunctionenergyOr(Max)
ElectronenergyisphotonenergyworkfunctionenergyOrmv2=hfWave
natureWaveenergydependsonintensityOrEnergyspreadoverwholewaveOrEnergy

supplyiscontinuous(acceptenergycanbuildup)UsetoexplainobservationS
omore
intenselightshouldgivegreater(K)E(whichitdoesnt)OrIfgivenenoughtime
electronseventuallyreleased(whichdoesnthappen)Oradelaycouldbe
expectedbeforeelectronrelease(whichdoesnthappen)

Explainingemission/absorptionspectra

Mentionofenergylevels(ignoreelectronshells)Electronsinatomscanonlyoccupycertain
(discrete)energylevelsGroundstateisthelowestenergy/levelelectron(s)/atomcanoccupy
EnergyistransferredinthecollisionsElectrons/atomsmovetohigherlevel/becomeexcited
(whentheygainenergy)Theseelectronsreturn(later)tolowerlevel/groundstateByemitting
energyintheformofphotons/reducingtheirenergybyemittingphotonsPhotonshavea
specificenergyorfrequencyorreferencetoE=hforE=E2E1

Graphofphotonenergies

Maximumkineticenergyvs.frequency

Explaininguniquefrequenciesinemissionspectra

ExperimentalTechniques

Advantagesoftakingaphotograph/video

Avoiddifficultyinreadingasmallscalewhileholdingitandcountingturns
itcanbeenlargedanddonemoreaccurately
remainsstationary,soeasiertomeasureaccurately

Usingwavesformeasurement

Ultrasound/pulse/dopplermeasurement
Fordistance,relativevelocity,andintensity
Distance
:SpeedofwavesknownOrreferstospeedoflightUse(distance=)speed
time2Relativespeed:
(Relative)
speed
indicatedbyachangeinfrequencyLargerchangeindicatesagreater
speed
Amountofmedium
:Theintensity/amountofreflectedsignalincreasesastheamountof
rainincreases.Reasonforthelargersignale.g.largerarea,moredropsorlargerdrops

betterresolutions:
SpeedinairlowerthanspeedinwaterSowavelengthinairshorterthanwavelengthin
waterOrpulselengthinairisshorterthanpulselengthinwaterOrattemptatnumerical
comparisonofwavelengthorpulselengthSobatecholocationwilldetectsmallertargets
Ordetectsmallerdifferencesinposition(conditionalonMP2)(Acceptshowmoredetail
orbetterresolution)

Whymustapulsebesentasopposedtoacontinuouswave?
Pulses,sothereflectedsignalisreceivedbeforenextoneissent
Orotherwisetherewouldntbeawayoftellingwhichbitofreflectedsignaloriginated
withwhichbitofemittedsignalOrsothatreflectedpulsescanbedistinguishedfrom
eachother

Theelectromagneticspectrum

ListoffrequenciesandEMregions:
390to700nmVisiblelight(10^7)

Electricity

Explainingtemperatureincreases
ascurrentincreases,driftvelocityincreases

Explainingemissionandabsorptionspectra

Whyisanelectronemittedinstantlyinsteadofafteratime?

Theenergyofthewaveisconcentratedintoaphoton(1)
Onephotongivesallitsenergytooneelectron(1)

Explainingabsorptionspectrafromthesun

Lightofthespecificwavelengthisabsorbed
Fromatmosphere
Absorbedlightisreemittedinalldirections
AbsorbedlightisfromenergylevelA>B

Lightemissionfromgases

electronsexcitedtohigherenergylevels(1)

astheyfalltheyemitphotons/electromagneticradiation/waves/energy(1)

Explanationforspectrallines:

Explanationofdifferentcoloursdifferentcolours=differentfreq/wavelengths/photons
ofdifferentenergies(1)photonenergy/frequency/wavelengthdependsondifference
betweenenergylevels(1)diffatomshavediffenergylevels/diffdifferencesinlevels(1)

Generalwavetheory

Vibrationisalongaxisofthemedium
Energypropagationdirectionparallel

Definitionofwavelength:
Distancetravelledbyawaveduringonecompleteoscillation

Angleofincidencewhereandofrefractionis90degreesalongthesurfaceboundary

Ammeterlowresistance:

currentsameinseriesOr
currentisdifferentifnotinseriestoensurethetotalresistanceinthecircuitisntincreased
Or
toensurenopdlostbecausethatwouldreducethecurrentbeingmeasured`

Weirdquestions:

Whydoesacomponentlastmorethantwicethetimeifthepowerhalves?

Seeinternalresistance/rCurrentwillbelessLessenergy/powerislostininternalresistance
ORwastedenergy/powerisreducedORreducedlostvoltsORitismore

Whathappensasthefrequencyofanoscillatorproducingastandingwaveisincreased?

Wavespeedconst(Asfrequencyincreases)wavelengthdecreasesThenmax3fromAtmost
frequenciesthereisnostandingwave/asfrequencychangesfromastandingwavethewave
nolongeroccurs/StandingwavesonlyoccuratsomefrequenciesAthigherfrequenciesthere

aremorenodes/antinodes/loops(Notmorewaves)ThereisalwaysanodeateitherendOr
Noofnodes=noofantinodesplusoneAmplitudeislessifthereisagreaternumberofnodes
Length=n/2/afterfirststandingwave,theyoccurwhenfrequencyx2,x3,x4etc/for
frequencynf0