CH1001

CHEMISTRY: A Central Science

Department of Chemistry
School of Pharmacy & Molecular Sciences

CH1001
CHEMISTRY: A Central Science
AIMS: With CH1002 {PC1005 for Pharmacy students},
CH1001 constitutes the core subject for students who intend
to undertake further studies in chemistry, industrial
chemistry, forensic science, pharmacy, biomedical science,
biochemistry, veterinary science, dentistry,
physiology and pharmacology, and chemical engineering.
It also aims to provide an understanding of basic molecular
principles and their importance in other scientific disciplines,
such as the marine, biological, health, medical, earth and
environmental sciences
 CH1001
CHEMISTRY: A Central Science

! Without CH1002 {PC1005}, CH1001 is a

non-continuing subject

! If you want to use Chemistry as a pre-requisite for studies in

any of the Molecular Sciences (chemistry and/or biochemistry,
advanced physiology and/or pharmacology) or continue in
Pharmacy, Biomedical Sciences, Chemical Engineering etc.,
you will need to be enrolled in CH1002 {PC1005} in
Study Period 2.

CH1001
CHEMISTRY: A Central Science
Recommended text:

“CHEMISTRY”
A. Blackman, S.E. Bottle, S. Schmid, M. Mocerino and U. Wille
(Wiley & Sons Australia, 2008)

OPTIONS:
1. Purchase of the hardcopy of the textbook from the Bookshop, which includes the WileyPLUS
registration card (which provides internet access to all tutorial material and tutorial help
linked to the electronic version of the text) - $135.80 (with Model Kit, $142.45).

2. The WileyPLUS registration card can be purchased separately and includes internet access
to all tutorial material, and tutorial help linked to the electronic version of the text - $72.15 .

3. If you do not take options (1) or (2), you will nevertheless automatically have access
to the assessed tutorials on WileyPLUS by virtue of your enrolment in the CH1001 subject,
but it will not be linked to any electronic text or tutorial help.

4. The Model Kit can be purchased as a stand-alone item - $18.95.

 CH1001 CHEMISTRY: A Central Science
LECTURES (ALL LECTURES IN HLT)
• Monday, Wednesday, Friday 10 - 11 am

! Please turn off mobile phones

! Please enter via the back door after the lecture has commenced
(lectures start at 10 am and front doors will be closed)

Lecturing staff:

Professor Richard Keene Assoc.-Prof. Michael Oelgemoeller Dr Greg Watson

(Coordinator)

CH1001
CHEMISTRY: A Central Science

COURSE INFORMATION

1. Synopses, lecture materials, tutorials, practical class

assignments etc. are available on the Web through “LearnJCU”

2. Announcements may be made at lectures, and information

distributed by E-Mail
 CH1001 CHEMISTRY: A Central Science
PRACTICALS
You have been assigned to ONE of the following sessions:
Tuesday 2-5pm, 6-9pm; Wednesday 2-5pm, 6-9pm; Thursday, Friday 2-5pm

FIRST SESSION . . . is THIS WEEK (Week 1)

Go to CH011 aka DB021-011 (ground floor, Molecular Sciences)

YOU MUST ATTEND THE PRACTICAL SESSION IN WEEK 1

In charge of Practical course:

Dr Brian McCool Brian Foster

Repeat students may apply for exemption from the Practical

course if they have already satisfactorily completed it.

CH1001 CHEMISTRY: A Central Science

PRACTICALS (cont.)

YOU NEED:

! LABORATORY MANUAL ($7.50) +

REPORT BOOK ($4.95) at JCU Bookshop

! Purchase pipette filler ($9.85) +

safety glasses (SG1/SG2 and SG3 - $8.20) +
laboratory coat ($24.23) at JCU Bookshop

! Adequate footware
 CH1001 CHEMISTRY: A Central Science
You will be assigned to practicals for the following subjects:
AG1002 CH1001 TV1101
BZ1001 EA1110

BM1000 and TV1102 start in Week 2, and can be dealt with by

sign-up AFTER the above subjects have been assigned

Assignments are posted on notice-boards in

Molecular Sciences
Biological Sciences
Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences
Maths/Physics/Earth Sciences

AND posted on LearnJCU

CH1001 CHEMISTRY: A Central Science

TUTORIALS
1. From Week 2, there will be assessable Tutorials assigned on the
WileyPLUS Website. These will have a strictly applied time cut-off.

2. There will also be Tutorial sessions held on

• Tuesday 12 - 1 pm (CLT aka DA005)
• Wednesday 8 - 9 am (NS002 aka DB025-002)
• Thursday 12 - 1 pm (CLT aka DA005)

Assign yourself to ONE of these sessions.

Questions will be put on LearnJCU prior to the Tutorials: the

sessions are intended to have problems of the style that would appear
in the exam, and with the time to informally work carefully through
the answers. Tutorials given by lecturer of particular section of the course.

3. The Tutorial session in Week 1 will demonstrate the use of the

WileyPLUS system, and from Week 2 the Tutorial sessions will deal
with additional questions (not assessable).
 CH1001: CHEMISTRY - A Central Science

ASSESSMENT

• EXAMINATIONS 60%
- 3 hour examination in June

• On-line TUTORIALS on the WileyPLUS site 10%

- continuous assessment

• PRACTICAL 30%
- continuous assessment

DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMISTRY

! Alchemy

Adam McLean
“The Alchemy Web Site”
Alchemy . . .

Alchemy . . .
 DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMISTRY

! Alchemy

! “Phlogiston Theory”

! Antoine Lavoisier

! John Dalton

1 The atom
 The atom
• Chemistry is the science concerned with
the study of matter
! Central to this study is the way matter is
constructed from the simplest building block,
the atom

• Atoms
– Discrete chemical species comprising a central
positively charged nucleus surrounded by 1 or
more negatively charged electrons

– Atoms are always electrically neutral

Atoms, molecules, ions,

elements and compounds

• Molecules

– Collections of atoms with a definite structure

held together by covalent bonds

– Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons

between neighbouring atoms
 Atoms, molecules, ions,
elements and compounds

• Ions
– Chemical species that have either a positive or
negative electric charge

– Cations are ions with a positive charge e.g. Na+

– Anions are ions with a negative charge e.g. Cl–

Atoms, molecules, ions,

elements and compounds
• Elements
– Collections of one type of atom only
– There are 117 (at the moment)
– The Periodic Table (next slide) lists all the
elements
 Atoms, molecules, ions,
elements and compounds
• Compounds
– Substances containing two or more elements in
definite and unchanging proportion
– Compounds may be composed of molecules or
a covalently-bonded network of atoms

– Do not have individual ‘molecules’ of an

ionic compound
• Sodium chloride, NaCl, simply represents the smallest
repeating unit in an enormous 3D array
of Na+ and Cl– ions
 Atoms, molecules, ions,
elements and compounds
BONDING

IONIC
! transferring of electron(s) from one element to the other (giving
positive CATIONS, Mn+, and negative ANIONS, Xn-)

! formed between a metal and a nonmetal

COVALENT
! sharing of electrons between atoms

! formed between two nonmetals

IONIC
 The atomic theory

• Law of conservation of mass

– No detectable gain or loss of mass occurs in
chemical reactions. Mass is conserved.

• Law of definite proportions

– In a given chemical compound, the elements
are always combined in the same
proportions by mass.

The atomic theory

Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. Matter consists of tiny particles (atoms).
2. Atoms are indestructible. In chemical reactions, the
atoms rearrange but they do not themselves break
apart.
3. In any sample of a pure element, all atoms are identical
in mass and other properties.

4. The atoms of different elements differ in mass and other

properties.
5. When atoms of different elements combine to form a
given compound, the constituent atoms in the compound
are always present in the same fixed ratio.
 The atomic theory

• Chemical equations describe chemical

reactions

– Reactants go on the left hand side

– Products go on the right hand side
– Reactants and products are separated by a
forward arrow
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) " 2H2O (l)
reactants products

The atomic theory

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) " 2H2O (l)

– The Law of conservation of mass requires the
same number of each type of atom on each
side of the arrow
• When this is the case the reaction is described as
balanced.

– Physical states can also specified in

chemical equations
• Gases, liquids and solids are abbreviated
g, l and s
 The structure of the atom

• Atoms are comprised of a nucleus and

surrounding electron(s)
– The nucleus occupies less
than 0.1% of the
total atomic volume

– The nucleus is
comprised of
protons and
neutrons

The structure of the atom

A

Z X
– X is the chemical symbol for any element

– Z is the atomic number, this is the number of protons in

the nucleus

– A is the mass number, this is the number of protons plus

the number of neutrons in the nucleus
 The structure of the atom

– In a neutral atom the atomic number is also

equal to the number of electrons

H – hydrogen 1
1 proton (Z = 1)
1 electron 1 H
0 neutrons (A = 1)

The structure of the atom

• Isotopes
– Atoms of an element with the same number of protons
but different numbers of neutrons
1 2 3

1 H 1 H 1 H
– Radioactive isotopes have unstable nuclei which undergo
spontaneous decay to more stable nuclei

– Nuclide
• Any atomic nucleus
• Radioactive nuclei are called radionuclides
 The structure of the atom
• The chemical symbol is indicative of the atomic number, so it
is common
1
to see a shorthand version
– 1 H is written as 1H

• Atomic mass unit (u or amu)

– The mass (1.666 054 ! 10–27 kg) equal to 1/12 the mass
of one atom of 12C

– The masses of all atoms are measured relative to this

– Average atomic masses account for isotopic abundances

The Periodic Table of elements

Dmitri Mendeleev

! Elements ordered in order of

atomic weights (mass)

! Elements with similar properties

put in vertical columns (called
“Groups”)

! Led to discovery of a number

of new elements
The Periodic Table of elements

• Elements may be ordered on the basis of

increasing atomic number (Z)

• The modern periodic table of elements illustrates

this ordering

• The periodic table is organised into:

– Horizontal rows called periods
– Vertical columns called groups

The Periodic Table of elements

 The Periodic Table of elements

The Periodic Table of elements

! PERIODS - horizontal rows

! GROUPS - vertical columns (chemical similarities)

- Those labelled “A” are representative or
main group elements (Groups 1-2, 13-18)
- Those labelled “B” are the transition elements
(Groups 3-12)
- Elements 58-71 are the lanthanide elements
- Elements 90-103 are the actinide elements
! COMMON NAMES OF GROUPS:
- IA - alkali metals
- IIA - alkaline earth metals
- 0 - noble gases
- VIIA - halogens

! SYMBOLS
The Periodic Table of elements
• Metals
– Generally good conductors of heat and
electricity, are malleable and ductile and have a
metallic lustre

• Non-metals
– Elements that do not have these characteristics
• Metalloids (semiconductors)
– Lie somewhere between metals and non-metals

Electrons in atoms

• Many of the chemical properties of an atom

and its chemical reactivity are determined
by the electrons

– Electrons occupy regions of space called

orbitals

– Each orbital has a characteristic electron

distribution and energy
 Electrons in atoms

– An electronic transition occurs when an atom

absorbs a specific amount of energy and an
electron is promoted to a higher energy orbital
to form an excited state.

– Orbitals have definite energies. This is a

fundamental principle of quantum mechanics
call quantisation.

Electrons in atoms
– Electrons have a single negative charge
– Electrons have an intrinsic property called spin
– Spin can only have two values
! spin up
" spin down

– Each orbital within an atom can contain a

maximum of 2 electrons, 1 spin up and
1 spin down
"#
 Electrons in atoms
– Electrons constitute the chemical bonds
that hold atoms together

– Covalent chemical bonds usually consist of

1, 2 or 3 pairs of electrons shared
between atoms

– Chemical reactions often involve reorganising

these electrons in bond-making and
bond-breaking processes

!"" Redox reactions involve transfer of one or

more electrons between chemical species

The atom - Summary

• Atoms are the fundamental building block of all

matter

• The existence of atoms was proposed on the basis

of:
– The Law of conservation of mass
– The Law of definite proportions

• The atom is comprised of three subatomic particles;

the electron, proton and neutron
 The atom - Summary

• Elements comprise only a single type of atom. The

Periodic Table arranges all known elements in
order of increasing atomic number

• Electrons occupy regions of space called orbitals

– Energies of electrons in an atom are
determined by the energies of the orbitals, so
electrons in atoms have only certain well-
defined energies