Total Spe Papers

Nov-09
NOTES:
The papers listed here have been obtained by search SPE and IPTC papers post 2005 on the SPE's OnePetro
The papers relating to reservoir engineering have been catergorised for inclusion on the
reservoirengineering.org.uk website
The affiiations searched were;
BP
Shell
Chevron
ConocoPhillips
Marathon
Total
Schlumberger
Imperial College, London
Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh
(Anywhere in Article)
Total
Total number of papers published post 2005
Total No Papers
551
575
482
191
55
255
1130
95
235
Reservoir Engineering Related

175
279
238
68
37
129
563
53
175
3569
1717
10,000
35% of papers published categorised
Organisation
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Paper
Source No.
IPTC
SPE
SPE
IPTC
IPTC
SPE
IPTC
SPE
IPTC
SPE
IPTC
SPE
SPE
IPTC
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
IPTC
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
11737
113353
109739
12545
12106
112517
12658
116672
11800
99546
12131
121182
121544
11379
123111
121484
107378
121902
110882
118892
109831
102094
103000
117479
110468
113409
117531
110479
117562
112708
123681
107745
124578
100182
112460
115892
103857
121812
105262
90226
102659
111410
118333
12849
117908
105456
128339
110304
115822
116393
102093
88756
Chapter
CO2
CO2
CO2
Corporate Process
Corporate Process
Corporate Process
Drilling
EOR/IOR
EOR/IOR
EOR/IOR
EOR/IOR
EOR/IOR
Flow Assurance
Flow Assurance
Flow Assurance
Fluid Description
Fluid Description
Fluid Description
Giant Field
Giant Field
Heavy Oil
Heavy Oil
Heavy Oil
Heavy Oil
Heavy Oil
Heavy Oil
Heavy Oil
Heavy Oil
Heavy Oil
HP/HT
HP/HT
HP/HT
HP/HT
HP/HT
Low Permeability Reservoirs
Reservoir Description
Reservoir description
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
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TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
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TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
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TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
IPTC
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
IPTC
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
IPTC
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
IPTC
IPTC
SPE
SPE
SPE
IPTC
IPTC
IPTC
SPE
IPTC
11813
123624
103083
111912
101945
105423
99389
128610
123964
123824
124596
106841
11565
117172
110296
128894
90129
115963
108010
111973
109929
117434
102871
100946
105203
79698
106188
107077
113890
121244
122021
99575
121612
100206
102165
107525
11320
109894
100233
116008
107556
101208
110422
103060
11369
11763
100229
100024
107699
11640
11376
11686
117561
11812
Reservoir Development
Reservoir Management
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Modelling
Reservoir Performance
Reservoir Performance
Reservoir Preformance
SPE Forum
State of the Nation
Surveillence
Surveillence
Surveillence
Unconventional Reservoirs
Unconventional Reservoirs
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
IPTC
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
SPE
107760
102550
107392
102475
98164
112077
120508
12388
98562
107341
107767
100023
104239
100627
105367
101420
102483
118148
128359
110820
115820
105685
103216
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Deliverability
Well Testing
Well Testing
Well Testing
Well testing
Well testing
Well Testing
Well testing
Section
Subject
Capture/Storage
Mechanism - Capillary Alteration
Storage
Total's Digital Field
Total's Knowledge Management
Total's Knowledge Management
Light Well Architecture
Polymer Injection
Polymer Injection
Technologies
Well Intervention
Well Intervention
Drag Reducing Agent
Production Modelling
Production Modelling
Correlations
Formation Water
Insitu PVT Variations
Integrated Study
Assisted HM
Bitumen sands
Bitumen sands
Depressuriziation
Porous Flow
Reservoir Modelling
Thermal Recovery
Well Testing
Drilling
Lesson's Learnt
Scale Inhibition
Surveillence
Water Block Prevention
Formation Damage
Fracture Stimulation
Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Water Blocking
Well Intervention
Anisotropic Permeabilities
Anisotropic Permeabilities
Carbonate reservoirs
Formation Evaluation
Formation Evaluation
Fracture and Fault Characterisation
Fracture Pressure Prediction
Near Wellbore Flow Properties
NMR Interpretation
Petrophysical Property Determination
Porosity-Permeability Modelling
Saturation Height function
Case Study
Mineralization
Tunu Field
Case Study
Offshore Implementation
North Sea Experience
Water Shut-off
Water Shut-off
Evaluation
Girassol Deepwater Field
Girassol Deepwater Field
HP Acid gas
Modelling
Molecular simulations
Handil Field
Deepwater
Reserves evaluation
Pore Network Modelling
Lab testing - Bubble Nucleation
Anisotropic Rel. Perms
Foamy Oil Effect
Progressive Cavity Pumps
Multiphase Meter
Highly Depleted Reesrvoir
Elgin/Franklin Fields
Static Bottomhole measurements
SCAL Testing
High deviated well
Fracture Characterisation
Associated with Hydraulic fracturing
Water Shut-off
Probe Formation test Analysis
Probe Formation test Analysis
Stochastic simulations
Subtle Faults
Neutron Spectroscopy
Pressure Testing while Drilling
High-Resolution Image Logs
Deepwater
Integrated Well Data
Optimised WFT Sampling
3D Core Scanner
Statistical Pitalls
Carbonate Reservoirs
Shared Earth Modelling

Static Reservoir Model
Sweet Spot Detection
Gas Coning Control
Heterogeneity
Jura Project
Stranded Fields
Alwyn Field
Development Optimisation
Gas Storage
Gas storage
Integrated Asset
Multi-layered Reservoir
Probablistic Performance
Process
Produced Water Injection
Produced Water Management
4D Seismic
Analytical Model
Assisted HM
Assisted HM
Compaction Modelling
Coupled Reservoir/Geomechanical Model
Coupled Reservoir/Geomechanical Model
Dual Permeability Simulation
Dual Permeability Simulation
Fracture Modelling
Fracture Modelling
Gridding
History matching
Near Wellbore Flow
Petroelastic Model
Pore-Scale Network Modelling
Pore-Scale Network Modelling
Shared Earth Modelling
Thermal Adaptive Implicit Method
Carbonate Reservoirs
Smarter Fields
Frac-Packing
4D Seismic
Planning
Production Allocation
Silica Inhibition and Blowdown Evaporation
Tar Mat
Seismic Integration
Dunbar
minimodels - SAG
Seismic Data
Seismic Upscaling
Seismic attributes
Tyrihans Fied
Amenam R4
Laggan/Tormore Fields
Life of Field
ElginFranklin
Case Study
Pecorade Field
Sendji Field
Life of Field
Multiple Reservoirs
Subsea Searation Unit
Permeability Reduction
Total's Approach
Girassol Field
SAGD
JACTATM
Valhall Field
Upscaling
Transfer Functions
Transfer Functions
Clean-up
Horizontal Wells
Optimisation
Production Uncertainty
Discrete Fracture Modelling
Pragmatic Modelling
Respresentation
Sand Production
Upscaling
Blowdown Rel. Perms.
Gravitational Effects
Nat. Fractured Reservoirs
3D Seismic
Stability Criteria
Integrated Study
Triple Porosity
Connectivity Prediction
Change Management
Feasibility
Total's Strategy
ESP Challenge
Acid Treatments
Completion Optimisation
Fracture Design
Fracturing
Horizontal Well
Horizontal Well
Perforation Methods
Sand Control
Sand Control
Sand Control
Sand Control
Sand Erosion
Sand Production
Scale Inhibitors
Water Blocking
Zonal Isolation
Connected Volume Estimation
Multiphase Metering
PTA
Real gas Flow Analysis
Testing by Production Logging
Vertical Interference Test
Wellbore Storage Analysis
ERW
Big Bore Design
Influence ofHeterogeneity
Acid - Challenging Conditions
Clean-up
OBM Effect
Orientation
Gravel Pack
Gravel Pack
Microemulsion Technology
Prediction
Case Study
Gas Reservoirs
CBL Interpretation
Challenging Conditions
Flow Regime Identification
Average Pressure Approximation
Permeability Anisotropy
Deconvolution
Title
The CO2 Pilot at Lacq: An Integrated Oxycombustion CO2 Capture and Geological Storage Project i
Capillary Alteration of Caprocks by Acid Gases
A Modeling Study of the Role of Selected Minerals in Enhancing CO2 Mineralization During CO2 Aqui
How To Handle Real-Life Well Production Instabilities and Uncertainties Within Digital Fields" A Pra
Integrated Data and Information Management System From SubSurface to Surface to Enhance Product
Transforming E&P Data Into Knowledge: Applications of an Integration Strategy
Tunu Field Light Architecture Wells
Polymer Injection in Deep Offshore Field: The Dalia Angola Case
Feasibility Study for EOR by Polymer Injection In Deep Offshore Fields
A Survey of North Sea Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Projects Initiated During the Years 1975 to 2005
Tackling Gas Field Decline With Efficient Chemical Water Shut-off: Successful Application on Peciko
Selective Water Shutoff in Gas Well Turns a Liability into an Asset: A Successful Case History From
Experimental Methodology to Evaluate DRA: Effect of Water Content and Waxes on Their Efficiency
A Systematic Investigation of Girassol Deepwater Field Operational Data to Increase Confidence in
A Systematic Investigation of Girassol Deepwater-Field Operational Data To Increase Confidence in
High Pressure Acid Gas Viscosity Correlation
Static and Dynamic Models of Formation Water in Orinoco Belt, Venezuela
Understanding Compositional Grading in Petroleum Reservoirs thanks to Molecular Simulations
Reviving the Mature Handil Field: From Integrated Reservoir Study to Field Application
AKPO: A Giant Deep Offshore Development
More Rapid and Robust Multiple History Matching With Geological and Dynamic Uncertainties: Heav
Quantifying Resources for the Surmont Lease with 2D Mapping and Multivariate Statistics
Facies Analysis and Architectural Elements Within a Fluvio-Estuarine Sedimentary System: The Lo
Dynamic Pore Network Simulator for Modelling Buoyancy-Driven Migration during Depressurisation
Gas Bubble Nucleation of Extra-Heavy Oils in Porous Media: A New Computerized Tomography Tech
Anisotropic Relative Permeabilities for Characterising Heavy-Oil Depletion Experiment
The Slender Bubble Model for Very Slow Degassing in Porous Media and Cold Production
World's First Metal PCP SAGD Field Test Shows Promising Artificial-Lift Technology for Heavy-Oil Ho
Methodology of Calibration for Nucleonic Multiphase Meter Technology for SAGD Extra Heavy Oil
Successful Development Drilling of an HP/HT Infill Well in a Highly Depleted Reservoir: Case Study
Elgin/Franklin: What Could We Have Done Differently?
Fighting Lead and Zinc Sulphide Scales on a North Sea HP/HT Field
Estimation of Static Bottom Hole Pressure from Well-Head Shut-in Pressure for a Supercritical Fluid
Wettability Alteration for Water-Block Prevention in High-Temperature Gas Wells
Fracturing in Tight-Gas Reservoirs: Application of SCAL Methods To Investigate Formation-Damage
Innovative Frac Stimulation of Low Perm Oil Zone in High Deviation Well Offshore Congo
Multiazimuth Seismic to Well Tie for Fracture Characterization
In Situ Water Blocking Measurements and Interpretation Related to Fracturing Operations in Tight G
Successful Innovative Water-Shutoff Operations in Low-Permeability Gas Wells
Concept of Geometric Factor and Its Practical Application To Estimate Horizontal and Vertical Permeab
Analytical Steady-State Solution of Single-Probe Tests in a Horizontal Well and Its Application to Est
Nested Stochastic Simulations: A New Approach in Assessing Spatial Distribution of Carbonate Sedi
Subtle Faults in Carbonate Reservoirs
Comparison of Conventional Log Interpretation With Neutron Spectroscopy Log and X-Ray Diffractio
The Value of Formation Pressure Measurements While-Drilling a Case Study from Offshore Abu Dha
Characterization of Fractures and Faults From High-Resolution Image Logs To Optimize the Geologi
Deep Offshore Fracture Pressure Prediction in the Niger Delta A New Approach
An Investigation of Near-Wellbore Flow Properties Using Sonic Scanner Measurements and Interval
Using the Continuous NMR Fluid Properties Scan to Optimize Sampling with Wireline Formation Test
Petrophysical Properties Prediction Using 3D Core Scanner Imagery
Three Statistical Pitfalls of Phi-K Transforms
Modeling Original Water Saturation in the Transition Zone of a Carbonate Oil Reservoir
Incorporating Seismic Characterization Results into Bul Hanine Geological Model

Re-Evaluation of a Complex Mature Field (Dunbar, UKCS): A Geosciences Integrated Work
Permeability Modeling for the SAGD Process Using Minimodels
Akpo, Nigeria: From Seismic Interpretation to Geomodel
New Strategy for Seismic Facies Upscaling to the Reservoir Grid Scale
Identification of High-Porosity Reservoir Sands From 3D-Seismic Attributes Using Neural Network T
Tyrihans Field Development Overview
Vertical Flow Barrier Characterisation in Amenam R4 Reservoir (Nigeria) and Impact on Field Dev
Jura Fast Track Project
Laggan & TormoreDevelopment of Two New Deepwater Gas Condensate Fields and Associated Gas
Maximising Recovery From Mature North Sea Assets by the Implementation of Production Optimisation
Identifying the Optimum Development Plan for the Western Area of Elgin/Franklin in the North Sea
Converting the Pcorade Oil Field Into an Underground Gas Storage
Converting the Pecorade Oil Field Into an Underground Gas Storage
Production Optimization by Real-Time Modeling and Alarming: The Sendji Field Case
Obagi Present and Future Challenges of a Mature Oil Field
Partial Probabilistic Addition: A Practical Approach for Aggregating Gas Resources
Multiphase Loop Tests for Subsea Separation-Unit Development
Internal Formation Damage Properties and Oil-Deposition Profile Within Reservoirs During PWRI Op
Emerging Issues in Produced Water Management: TOTAL E&P NORGEs Approach
Matching of Production History and 4D Seismic Data--Application to the Girassol Field, Offshore Ang
A New Analytical Model for Conduction Heating during the SAGD Circulation Phase
A New Technique To Achieve History Match Using a Probabilistic Approach
History Matching of the Valhall Field Using a Global Optimization Method and Uncertainty Assessmen
Innovative Methods To Improve Carbonate Reservoirs Modeling Accuracy and Reliability
Comparisons of Uncoupled and Various Coupling Techniques for Practical Field Examples
Practical Iterative Coupling of Geomechanics With Reservoir Simulation
A Practical Iterative Scheme for Coupling Geomechanics With Reservoir Simulation
Matrix-Fracture Transfer Function in Dual-Medium Flow Simulation: Review, Comparison, and Validat
SubFace Matrix-Fracture Transfer Function: Improved Model of Gravity Drainage/ Imbibition
Successful Modelling of Post-Fracture Cleanup in a Layered Tight Gas Reservoir
Explicit Simulation of Multiple Hydraulic Fractures in Horizontal Wells
Incorporation of Static and Dynamic Constraints in Optimum Upscaling: A Field Case Study
History Matching With Production Uncertainty Eases Transition Into Prediction
Characterisation and Modelling of a Fractured Reservoir Using a Novel DFN Approach
Fast and Efficient Modeling and Conditioning of Naturally Fractured Reservoir Models Using Static
Simulating Karstic Conduits as Wells in a Commercial Reservoir Simulator
Near-Wellbore Modeling: Sand Production Issues
From Logs Scale to Reservoir Scale: Upscaling of the Petroelastic Model
Relative Permeabilities for Blowdown of a Near-Critical Oil Reservoir: Issues and Solutions Emergi
A Pore-Scale Network Modeling Study of Gravitational Effects During Solution Gas Drive: Results F
The Challenges of Building-Up a Geological and Reservoir Model of a Late Ordovician Glacio-Marine
Construction of a Stochastic Geological Model Constrained by High-Resolution 3D Seismic Data - Appl
Stability Criteria for the Thermal Adaptive Implicit Method
Al Khalij: The Quest For Oil In A Highly Complex Carbonate Field
Characterization and Modelling Study of a Triple Porosity Fractured Reservoir
Connectivity Prediction in Fractured Reservoirs With Variable Fracture Size: Analysis and Validation
Making Our Mature Fields SmarterAn Industrywide Position Paper From the 2005 SPE Forum
Pushing the Limits of Frac-Pack Operating Envelope
Seismic Monitoring Feasibility on Bu-Hasa Field
Field Monitoring: Applications of Total Corporate Integration Strategy
Production Allocation Along Long Drains Activated by ESPs : Rising to the Challenge
A New Water Treatment Scheme for Thermal Development: The SIBE Process
Characterisation, Origin and Repartition of Tar Mat in the Bul Hanine Field in Qatar
Acid Stimulation of Extended Reach Wells: Lessons Learnt From N'Kossa Field
Big Bore Completion and Sand Control for High Rate Gas Wells
New Methodology of Effective Hydraulic Fracturing in High-Thickness Formation
Successful Acid-Fracturing in Adverse Conditions: Lessons Learnt and Integrated Evaluation in the K
Delayed-Release Acid System for Cleanup of Al Khalij Horizontal Openhole Drains
A Case Study of Oil-Based Mud Effect on Horizontal-Well Productivity
Oriented Perforation in Dual Completion Wells: A Real Case in East Texas
Single Trip Multi-Zone Gravel PackingCase Study at Handil, Bekapai & Sisi-Nubi Fields
Openhole Gravel Pack in the Roaring Forties for TOTAL AUSTRAL
First Application of Novel Microemulsion Technology for Sand Control Remediation Operations-A Su
Sand Control Robustness in a Deepwater Development: Case Histories From Girassol Field (Angola)
Sand Erosion in Weakly Consolidated Reservoirs: Experiments and Numerical Modeling
SandingNot As It First Appeared
Development of Appropriate Test Methodologies for the Selection and Application of Lead and Zinc Sulf
Preventive Treatment for Enhancing Water Removal from Gas Reservoirs by Wettability Alteration
Reliability of Cement Bond Log Interpretations Compared to Physical Communication Tests Between
The Use of Well Testing for Evaluation of Connected Reservoir Volume
Extending the Range of Multiphase Metering to Challenging High Water Cut Gas-Lifted Wells: TOTAL
Statistical Diagnosis (VEMST) of Flow Regime: Alternative to Pressure Derivative Approach in Pressu
Application of Convolution and Average Pressure Approximation for Solving Nonlinear Flow Problem
Method and Application of Cyclic Well Testing with Production Logging
A New Technique To Determine Horizontal and Vertical Permeabilities From the Time-Delayed Respons
Explicit Deconvolution of Wellbore Storage Distorted Well Test Data
Author
Abstract
Nicolas Aimard, Total; Marc Lescanne, Total; Grard Mouronval, Total; C Abstract For decades to come oil and gas will
Virenkumar Shah, University of Pau and TOTAL SA; Daniel Broseta, Univer Abstract The safety of acid gas geological sto
S. Thibeau, Total; L.X. Nghiem, Computer Modelling Group; and H. Ohkum Abstract CO2 mineralization is a process wher
Jacques Danquigny and Marc Tison, TOTAL; Guennol Ouay and EmAbstract Digital fields involve the regular use
Tati Magdalena SAHEA, SPE, Nyoman SWATIKA, SPE, and Renaldy, SPE, Extended Abstract Today knowledge has
Jean-Paul Couput, Alain Louis, and Jacques Danquigny, TOTAL S.A.
Abstract The full added value of a field perfor
Ph. Jeannet, Ch. Longis, M. Caroline, F. Widiwibowo, G. Tarnaud, D. Dodio Abstract One of the challenges of the mature
D. Morel, M. Vert, Total E&P, S. Jouenne, Total Petrochemicals France, E. Abstract Whereas on-shore polymer injection
D.Morel, A.Labastie, Total E&P, S.Jouenne Total Petrochemicals France, E Abstract Whereas on-shore polymer injection
A.R. Awan, SPE, NTNU/Total E&P Norge; R. Teigland, SPE, Total E&P Nor Summary This paper provides a summary an
Armon Armon and Latief Riyanto, SPE, Total E&P Indonesie
Abstract High water production in a gas well c
Chat Junesompitsiri, Antoine Berel, and Richard Curtice, Halliburton, and Abstract This case history describes a proced
I. Henaut, M. Darbouret, and T. Palermo, IFP, and P. Glenat and C. Hurtev Abstract Drag reducing agents are used to re
Erich Zakarian and Dominique Larrey, Total
Abstract After over 5 years experience as ope
Erich Zakarian and Dominique Larrey, Total
Summary After more than 5 years of experien
G. Galliro, C. Boned and A. Baylaucq, LFC with CNRS, Pau University; Abstract Acid gases containing H2S are often
J. Marcos, E. Pardo, J. Casas, D. Delgado, M. Rondon, M. Exposito, and L Zer
Abstract Sincor is a strategic association betw
G. Galliero, LFC with CNRS, Pau University; and F. Montel, SPE, Total
Abstract An accurate knowledge of the initial s
Henricus Herwin, Emmanuel Cassou, and Hotma Yusuf, Total E&P Indon Abstract The Handil field discovered in 1974
F. Rafin, A. Lan, and B. Ludot, TOTAL S.A. France
Summary All deep water offshore projects are
J. Poncet, G. Vincent, M. Inizan, P. Henriquel and P. Jannes, Total
Abstract The generation of reservoir simulation
Weishan Ren, SPE, ConocoPhillips Canada; Clayton V. Deutsch, SPE, UnivSummary The McMurray formation consists o
J. Bailleul, Ecole des Mines de Paris/Total E&P; V. Delhaye-Prat, Total E&P Abstract In north-eastern Alberta (Canada) th
C.C. Ezeuko and S.R. McDougall, Heriot-Watt University; I. Bondino, TO
Abstract A number of vertically-oriented heavy
V. Meyer, J. Pilliez, P. Creux, and A. Graciaa, UMR 5150 Total-CNRS-UPPA,Abstract
a
The study of multiphase flow pore le
C.C. Ezeuko and S.R. McDougall, Heriot-Watt University; I. Bondino, TO
Abstract In recent years the use of pore-scale
Mehdi Chraibi, TOTAL, Stphane Zaleski, SPE, Univ-Paris 06, and Fabi Abstract Cold production of oil leads to degass
Jean-Louis Beauquin and Felix Ndinemenu, Total E&P; Gilles Chalier, Tot Abstract Finding a reliable artificial lift pumpin
Bruno PINGUET, Philippe PECHARD, Elsie GUERRA - SCHLUMBERGER, Abstract: Metering of bitumen produced by Ste
L. Fambon, SPE, and G. Joffroy, SPE, TOTAL E&P UK Limited
Abstract Drilling infill wells on HP/HT fields afte
Eric Festa, TOTAL E&P UK
Abstract At the time of project sanction in 199
K. Orski, B. Grimbert, C. Menezes, and E. Quin, Total E&P UK Ltd.
Abstract Lead and Zinc sulphides have recent
Peyman R. Nurafza, SPE, and Jeremie Fernagu, SPE, Total E&P UK Ltd. Abstract A periodic measurement of static bot
M.K.R. Panga and Y.S. Ooi, Schlumberger Well Services; P.L. Koh, U. Tekn Abstract This paper presents the developmen
B. Bazin, S. Bekri, O. Vizika and B. Herzhaft (Institut Franais du PtroAbstract Gas well productivity in tight reservoir
Fabien Lemesnager, Patrick M Bouyou, and Jean Gavalda, Total, and B.W
Abstract Total operates an offshore oil field ap
Ramin Nawab, Sonja Maultzsch, Sung Yuh, and Benoit Mouly, Total E&P Abstract One of the ways to optimize the prod
B. Bazin, Y. Peysson, F. Lamy, and F. Martin, IFP, and E. Aubry and C. Chapu
Abstract Invasion of aqueous drilling completi
Hassan Chaabouni, SPE, Philippe Enkababian, SPE, and Keng Seng Chan,Abstract
S
Water production from gas producing
J.J. Sheng, SPE, D.T. Georgi, SPE, and J. Burge, SPE, Baker Hughes Inc. Summary In a probe-type formation test beca
James J. Sheng,* SPE, Baker Hughes * now with Total E&P USA
Summary During a single-probe test in a verti
R. Labourdette, Total E&P; A. Meyer, ADCO, M. Sudrie, Total E&P, F. Walge Abstract A major challenge today is the develo
Jacques Pion, SPE, TOTAL Abu Dhabi; Marc Vesseron, ADCO; and Thierry Abstract Subtle or sub-seismic faults in carbon
Andy Kristianto, Yulianto Jong, and Laurent Moinard, TOTAL E&P INDONE Abstract The Elemental Capture Spectroscopy
Xavier POIRIER-COUTANSAIS, SPE; Emmanuelle BAUD, SPE, TOTAL ABKAbstract Formation pore pressure and near-we
Sandeep Chakravorty, Schlumberger Middle East S.A.; Jean-Louis Lesueur, Abstract The oil-bearing Upper Jurassic Arab
Joseph Ajienka, SPE, Franck Egbon, SPE, and Uchechukwu Onwuemena, SP
Abstract Drilling in deepwater is becoming mo
Cosan Ayan and Mario Petricola, Schlumberger, and Philip Knight and BrunoAbstract Wireline Formation Tester (WFT) pre
Chanh Cao Minh, Peter Weinheber, Wich Wichers, and Adriaan Gisolf, Schlumb
Abstract One of the most important objectives
Soufiane JOUINI, Francois UMBHAUER, Jean-Pierre LEDUC, Noomane Abstract This paper deals with the use of core
Pierre Delfiner, SPE, Total S.A.
Summary Phi-k transforms are used widely to
Shawket G. Ghedan, SPE; Petroleum Inst. of Abu Dhabi; Bertrand M. Thieb Summary Accurately modeling water-saturatio
Nicolas Desgoutte, Beicip-Franlab; Abdulmalik Al Abdulmalik, Qatar Petrole Abstract Bul Hanine field is located offshore Q
L. Ben Brahim, SPE, T. Coombes, SPE, R. Cooper, J. Fredonnet, D. Taylor, Abstract Dunbar Field (3/14 block) is operated
J.A. McLennan and C.V. Deutsch, U. of Alberta; D. Garner and T.J. Wheeler,Abstract The predicted flow performance of S
Timothy Oluyemi Itiola, Bruno Michel, and Martine Bez, TOTAL, Tour La Co Abstract Akpo is a very light oil to condensate
O. Duplantier, N. Hadj-Kacem, and J. Vittori, Total E&P
Abstract We here present a new strategy for s
Ram Kumar Thakur, Kuwait Gulf Oil Co., and Frederic Duval, Claude BoibienAbstract The South Umm Gudair Field is a mu
F.R. Munkvold and T. Knoff, Statoil
ABSTRACT Tyrihans is an oil and gas-conde
Xavier Mathieu, Uche Onyema, Lionel Sabatier, Sbastien Blanchais, a Abstract In the AmenamKpono Field six o
Jrme Lesgent, SPE, and Jimmy MacIntosh, Total E&P UK Ltd., and Abstract This paper focuses on Total E&P UK
Jeremy Cutler, TOTAL E&P UK Ltd.
Abstract The Laggan and Tormore gas conde
Masud J. Akhtar, SPE, Total E&P UK Limited
Abstract Oil was first discovered in the North
P. Naylor, RPS Energy; J. Cutler, Total E&P U.K. plc; M.K. Denham, RPS Ene
Abstract The Western Area Development (WA
Philippe Coffin and Genevive Lebas / TOTAL
Abstract The need for additionnal Undergroun
Philippe Coffin and Genevive Lebas, TOTAL
Summary The need for additional undergroun
Jacques Danquigny, Renaud Daan, Marc Tison, and Ronald Herrera, TOSummary Digital technologies can improve oi
N. Guillonneau, G. Fontaine, J.Y. Gory, S. Iwuoha, H. Ahmed, D. Ekpenyo Abstract OBAGI is an onshore oil field located
Pierre Delfiner, SPE, and Robert Barrier, Total
Summary The portfolio of gas sources to supp
P. Pagnier, C. Nok, and P. Maurel, IFP, and A. Ricordeau and J.L. Volle Abstract As flow assurance is a critical point c
Jalel Ochi, Pascal Rivet, Jean-Claude Benquet, and Jean-Louis DtienneAbstract To predict correctly injectivity for Prod
Pierre Goud, Stig Helland, Alexandre Goldszal, Ulf E. Moltu, and Laurence Abstract The Norwegian Continental Shelf (N
F. Roggero, SPE, and D.Y. Ding, SPE, IFP; P. Berthet, SPE, Total; and O. LeAbstract This paper presents an advanced his
Anh N. Duong, SPE, ConocoPhillips Canada, Timothy A. Tomberlin, ConocoPh
Abstract The initial steam chamber that develo
L. den Boer, J. Poncet, P. Biver, P. Henriquel, and V. Marlot, Total S.A.
Summary The main objective of history match
B.R. Al-Shamma, SPE, Imperial Collegem, London/Total E&P Norge, and R.Abstract This paper provides a study of a hist
David Foulon, Total E&P Qatar; Louise den Boer, Total HQ France; Flore
Abstract While they already contain around h
P. Samier, A. Onaisi, and G. Fontaine, Total SA
Summary Generally in classical reservoir stu
P. Samier, Total SA,and S. De Gennaro, Total UK
Abstract The use of reservoir simulation coupl
Pierre Samier, SPE, and Atef Onaisi, Total SA, and Sergio de Gennaro, SPESummary The use of reservoir simulation cou
Ahmad S. A. Abushaikha1, SPE, and Olivier R. Gosselin, SPE, TOTAL S.A. Abstract Most of porous naturally fractured res
Ahmad S. A. Abushaikha, SPE, Qatar Petroleum, and Olivier R. Gosselin, Abstract Gravity is a major recovery mechanis
Josef R. Shaoul, Johan de Koning, SPE, Pinnacle Technologies Delft; Chri Abstract The issue of filtrate cleanup in tight-g
H. Sadrpanah, SPE, Schlumberger, and T. Charles and J. Fulton, Total E&P Abstract This paper presents explicit simulat
Majid Mohammadpour Faskhoodi*, SPE, Harun Ates, SPE, and Tono Soeriawina
Abstract To predict future reservoir performanc
A.J. Little, SPE, H.A. Jutila, SPE, and A. Fincham, Energy Scitech Ltd.
Abstract The process of history-matching pas
F. Gouth and A. Toublanc, Total, and M. Mresah, CPTL
Abstract Characterising and modelling of natu
M. Garcia, FSS Intl., and F. Gouth and O. Gosselin, Total
Abstract A large proportion of petroleum reserv
Monia Herriou and John W. Barker, SPE, Total SA
Abstract Karst is a generic term for the effects
Guillaume Servant, IFP; Philippe Marchina, SPE, Total; and Jean-FranoiAbstract Sand production in an oil or gas well
C. Menezes, SPE, Total E&P U.K. plc, and O. Gosselin, SPE, Total S.A.
Abstract Any quantitative workflow designed
I. Bondino, SPE, TOTAL E&P UK Ltd; C.C. Ezeuko and S.R. McDougall, HerAbstract This work constitutes a practical attem
I. Bondino, Total E&P U.K.; J. Long, Total S.A.; S.R. McDougall, Heriot-Wat Abstract Although experimental work for soluti
0
0
O. Lerat, P. Nivlet, B. Doligez, N. Lucet, and F. Roggero, IFP; P. Berthet, Tot Abstract This paper presents a specific workflo
A. Agarwal, SPE, Stanford U.; A. Moncorge, SPE, Total E&P U.S.A.; and H.AAbstract The fully implicit method (FIM) is wide
David Foulon, SPE, Total E&P Qatar; Florence Viban, Total E&P France Abstract Al Khalij could be viewed as the arche
F. Gouth, L. Moen-Maurel, and F. Jeanjean, Total, and C. Soyeur and Saba Abstract An integrated multi-disciplinary fract
M. Masihi, SPE, Sharif University of Technology, and P.R. King, SPE
Summary Uncertainty in geometrical propertie
R. Murray, SPE, BP Exploration; C. Edwards, SPE, Shell; K. Gibbons, SP Abstract This paper summarizes the findings
J.N. Furgier, F. Lavoix, and F. Lemesnager, Total
Abstract Requirements for Frac-Packing long
Marvillet C., Hubans C., Thore P., Desegaulx P, TOTAL, Al-Mehairi Y.S., Sh Abstract Summary A 4D seismic feasibility stu
Aurlien Treguier, Jacques Danquigny, and Alain Louis, Total S.A.
Abstract Important progress of digital technolo
S.A. Constant, D.J. Foulon, SPE, Total E&P Qatar; J.A. Danquigny, SPE, Abstract Production allocation is of utmost imp
Pierre Pedenaud, Fabrice Dang, TOTAL
Abstract The production of extra heavy oil or b
N.M. Jedaan, A. Al Abdulmalik, Qatar Petroleum; D. Dessort, Total; V.L.N. deAbstract Both core description and the log det
J.M. Mazel and H. Poitrenaud, Total E&P, and P. MBouyou, Total E&P Abstract NKossa is an offshore field locat
Alain BOURGEOIS, Sebastien BOURGOIN, and Pierre PUYO, TOTAL AU Abstract This paper outlines and discusses th
Raul Sanchez, Regis Agut, and David Coulon, Total Australia, and Roberto SAbstract The Aguada Pichana field is located i
H. Poitrenaud, P. Ferrand, and P. Pouget, SPE, Total E&P, and J. Mani Abstract The Kharyaga field is located in Tima
P. Leschi, SPE, and G. Demarthon, Total E&P, and E. Davidson, SPE, and D.Abstract It is well known that the use of hydro
Hassan Chaabouni, Schlumberger, Pierre Baux, Dasa Manalu, Muhammad So
Abstract Completing horizontal wells with open
Cesar Gama, David Gerez, and Paul A. Babasick, SPE, Schlumberger, and Abstract Fracturing is an important technique f
Mark Banman, Eric Delattre, Muhammad Sofyan, and Siswara Suryadana, TAbstract Stacked gravel-packs involve limited
P. Puyo and A. Bourgeois, Total Austral, and A. Penno and A. Oliveira, Hall Abstract TOTAL AUSTRAL operates the Cari
F. Lavoix, P. Leschi, and E. Aubry, Total E&P, and L. Quintero, X. Le Prat, a Abstract This paper documents a novel engine
G. Petit, H. Foucault, and A. Iqbal, Total E&P
Abstract Wells in the Girassol field offshore A
G. Servant, IFP; P. Marchina, Total S.A.; and Y. Peysson, E.Bemer, and JAbstract Allowing sand to be produced is wid
Ahmed Abulsayen and Abdulwahab Enneamy, VEBA (Libya), and Kaibin Qi Abstract This paper described a case study in
S. Dyer, Scaled Solutions; K. Orski and C. Menezes, Total E&P U.K. Ltd.; Abstract Lead zinc and iron sulphide scales a
Mohan K.R. Panga andSuzylawati Ismail, Schlumberger Well Services; Abstract Water blocks and condensate drop o
Douglas Boyd, Salah Al-Kubti, Osama Hamdy Khedr, Naeem Khan, and KholAbstract Two classes (sonic and ultrasonic) of
M.M. Levitan, SPE, and M.J. Ward, SPE, BP plc.; J.-L. Boutaud de la Combe,
Abstract In its search for new oil and gas rese
David Costa; Total ABK, Jean-Paul Couput, Total; Florian Hollaender, Bru Abstract Flow metering using conventional sep
Victor T. Biu, Total E&P Nigeria, Emmanuel O. Biu, University of Port Harc Abstract Before the early eighties identificatio
M. Zhakupov, SPE, Total S.A., and D. Ilk, SPE, and T.A. Blasingame, SPE, Abstract Real gas" flow problems (i.e. proble
J. Rochon, SPE, V. Jaffrezic, SPE, and J.L. Boutaud de La Combe, SPE, TOT
Abstract One of the predicaments of traditiona
James J. Sheng, Baker Hughes
Abstract Vertical and horizontal permeabilities
O. Bahabanian, D. Ilk, N. Hosseinpour-Zonoozi, and T.A. Blasingame, SPE Abstract The analysis/interpretation of wellbor
or decades to come oil and gas will remain an energy source of choice to meet increasing demand. But oil and gas operators have to d
The safety of acid gas geological storage is to a large extent controlled by the capillary properties of the caprock. This low-permeable (e
CO2 mineralization is a process whereby the CO2 that is injected into a geological formation dissolves into the formation water reacts w
Digital fields involve the regular use of modeling tools to model and optimize production systems. Modeling is a challenge given the tran
Abstract Today knowledge has power. It controls access to opportunity and advancement. -- Peter F. Drucker Today it is so often
The full added value of a field performance strategy is only achieved when every effort is treated as an integral part of the complete and
One of the challenges of the mature Tunu giant gas and condensate field development is the size reduction of new reserves associated
Whereas on-shore polymer injection may be qualified as a mature EOR technique considering the hundreds of operations that have bee
Whereas on-shore polymer injection may be qualified as a mature EOR technique considering the hundreds of operations that have bee
This paper provides a summary and a guide of the enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) technologies initiated in the North Sea in the period fr
High water production in a gas well could significantly reduce gas production due to high friction losses in the tubing the effect of water
This case history describes a procedure in which a polymer sealant and a bridge plug were used to shut off water production from uppe
Drag reducing agents are used to reduce significantly the frictional pressure loss under turbulent flow conditions allowing a substantial i
fter over 5 years experience as operator of Girassol the earliest deepwater field put in production offshore West Africa Total has record
After more than 5 years of experience as operator of Girassol the earliest deepwater field put in production offshore West Africa Total
cid gases containing H2S are often encountered in the petroleum industry. However reliable experiments on their thermophysical prope
Sincor is a strategic association between PDVSA Total and Statoil committed to the production upgrading and commercialization of ext
An accurate knowledge of the initial state of a petroleum reservoir is crucial in order to optimize its development plan. Such knowledge r
The Handil field discovered in 1974 is a giant mature oilfield located in the Mahakam Delta Indonesia. The field consists of 555 accum
All deep water offshore projects are challenging. They are large developments difficult to implement and often beyond the limits of pro
he generation of reservoir simulation models that match field production data has been and is still a long-time industry challenge not on
The McMurray formation consists of heterogeneous Cretaceous-bitumen-saturated sands. The reservoirs are thick and laterally extens
n north-eastern Alberta (Canada) the fluvio-estuarine McMurray Formation constitutes the main bitumen accumulation of the Athabasc
number of vertically-oriented heavy oil depletion experiments have been conducted in recent years in an attempt to investigate the imp
The study of multiphase flow pore level physic has scientific appeal as well as many applications mainly in oil reservoir engineering. In t
n recent years the use of pore-scale network models has greatly advanced our understanding of solution gas drive processes by accou
Cold production of oil leads to degassing of the light species and the formation of a bubbly phase sometimes called the foamy oil e
Finding a reliable artificial lift pumping system for heavy oil thermal recovery has been a challenge mainly due to the high operating tem
Metering of bitumen produced by Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) induces many issues arising from high operating temperatu
Drilling infill wells on HP/HT fields after a significant depletion has occurred represents a real challenge. It requires drilling from a cap roc
At the time of project sanction in 1997 Elgin/Franklin was the largest High-Pressure High-Temperature (HP/HT) development in the wor
ead and Zinc sulphides have recently become a concern in some HP/HT gas fields. The Elgin/Franklin Field (Central Graben North Se
A periodic measurement of static bottom-hole pressure to monitor the reservoir depletion is an essential reservoir management practice
This paper presents the development of a chemical system for water-block prevention in gas/condensate wells. The chemical system a
Gas well productivity in tight reservoirs is greatly impeded by the fracturing fluid interactions with the formation. New simulators introduce
otal operates an offshore oil field approximately 60 Km West of Pointe-Noire Republic of Congo. To date the Albian reservoir has contr
One of the ways to optimize the production of tight sand reservoirs is to take advantage of the geometry and density of the existing natur
nvasion of aqueous drilling completion or fracturing fluids can reduce the relative permeability to gas and thereby causes a waterblock.
Water production from gas producing wells characterized by low productivity and low reservoir pressure zones can prematurely kill wells
In a probe-type formation test because of the geometry of the wellbore and the sealing effect of mudcake the flow pattern is not perfe
During a single-probe test in a vertical well the probe of a formation tester is set horizontally against a sidewall of the borehole. In a ho
major challenge today is the development of carbonate reservoirs. They represent the most significant reservoir formation in the middle
Subtle or sub-seismic faults in carbonate reservoirs are often mentioned in the geosciences literature but using them as hard data to qua
he Elemental Capture Spectroscopy (ECS) log measures the concentrations of a number of elements (Al Ba Ca Cl Cu Fe Gd H K
ormation pore pressure and near-wellbore mobility are key parameters for reservoir description. Traditionally these data are acquired w
The oil-bearing Upper Jurassic Arab reservoirs of an offshore Abu Dhabi fractured carbonate field (Abu Al Bukhoosh) have been produc
Drilling in deepwater is becoming more and more expensive. There is need to know before hand for well planning purposes the values
Wireline Formation Tester (WFT) pretest success ratio (good versus tight pressure points) has been traditionally low in East Kalimantan
One of the most important objectives of fluid sampling using wireline formation testers (WFT) is to ensure that representative samples of
his paper deals with the use of core scanner imagery for discriminating main representative rock textures to improve core high resolutio
Phi-k transforms are used widely to predict permeability. Some of the difficulties of this exercise are well identified such as the homoge
Accurately modeling water-saturation variation in transition zones is important to reservoir simulation for predicting recoverable oil and
Bul Hanine field is located offshore Qatar with primary oil production from the Reservoir-X carbonates. In 2005 and 2006 Qatar Petroleu
Dunbar Field (3/14 block) is operated by Total E&P UK. Situated on an intermediate terrace between the East Shetland Platform and the
The predicted flow performance of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) well pairs is sensitive to the spatial distribution of permeab
Akpo is a very light oil to condensate gas field located offshore Niger Delta discovered end 1999 by Akpo-1 well at a water depth of 135
We here present a new strategy for seismic facies upscaling to the reservoir grid. This methodology has been developed on the deep of
The South Umm Gudair Field is a multi-accumulation structure with the most prolific production of oil from a Ratawi Oolite reservoir (Neo
CT Tyrihans is an oil and gas-condensate field offshore Mid-Norway. Oil reserves are 29 million Sm3 and gas reserves are 35 billion S
n the AmenamKpono Field six of the hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs encountered are currently developed. The Main Reservoir (R4
This paper focuses on Total E&P UK strategy for the fast track development of the Jura Project and resultant challenges encompassing:
The Laggan and Tormore gas condensate fields are situated in 600m water depth some 140km north-west of the Shetland Islands. The
Oil was first discovered in the North Sea in the 1970s and some of platforms that were erected during that era are still producing alb
he Western Area Development (WAD) involves the Glenelg and West Franklin undeveloped discoveries which are located in the UKCS
he need for additionnal Underground Gas Storage (UGS) in Europe and in France is increasing. TOTAL has therefore undertaken feasi
The need for additional underground gas storage (UGS) in Europe and in France is increasing. TOTAL has therefore undertaken feasib
Digital technologies can improve oil production and reduce operating costs. In this prospect TOTAL launched a corporate program cal
OBAGI is an onshore oil field located on OML58 85 km north-west of Port-Harcourt Nigeria. It is composed of 26 stacked reservoir leve
The portfolio of gas sources to supply a liquefied-natural-gas (LNG) project may involve many diverse fields each with its range of unc
s flow assurance is a critical point challenging offshore field development led TOTAL and IFP to manage a large R&D program on mult
To predict correctly injectivity for Produced Water Re-Injection (PWRI) a good description of the formation damage by oil and solid parti
The Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) is subject to stringent requirements regarding offshore discharges. Focus has previously been o
This paper presents an advanced history matching methodology for constraining 3D stochastic reservoir models to both production histo
he initial steam chamber that developed during the circulation phase of a Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) process impacts th
The main objective of history matching is to improve reservoir representation in order to obtain reliable predictions of production rate a
This paper provides a study of a history match on a complex reservoir model using a global optimization method. This is done by applyin
While they already contain around half of the worlds hydrocarbon reserves carbonate fields still exhibit lower recovery factors than
Generally in classical reservoir studies the geomechanical behavior of the porous medium is taken into account by the rock compress
he use of reservoir simulation coupled with geomechanics to model physical phenomena such as compaction subsidence induced fra
The use of reservoir simulation coupled with geomechanics has been increasing in recent years as its utility in modeling physical phen
Most of porous naturally fractured reservoirs present a two-timescale flow-system due to a two-scale heterogeneity which cannot be mo
Gravity is a major recovery mechanism of naturally fractured reservoirs where fracture gas drains matrix oil until equilibrium is reached w
The issue of filtrate cleanup in tight-gas wells following a hydraulic fracture treatment has long been a topic of discussion in the industry.
This paper presents explicit simulation of hydraulic fractures in horizontal wells to predict the fracture behaviour and post-fracture prod
o predict future reservoir performance and uncertainties associated a series of reservoir simulation runs are required. It is now a comm
The process of history-matching past reservoir performance involves making reasonable adjustments to key properties in a base geolo
Characterising and modelling of naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR) with fracturing at different scales is usually a challenging task as the
large proportion of petroleum reservoirs is known to be naturally fractured with consequences on their flow behavior hence on reservoi
Karst is a generic term for the effects of meteoric (rain) water on carbonate rocks. Resulting features include rock dissolution conduits s
Sand production in an oil or gas well can cause additional operational difficulties but contributes to production enhancement by improvin
Any quantitative workflow designed to constrain reservoir models to 3D/4D seismic data must rely on petro-elastic modelling (or PEM
his work constitutes a practical attempt at addressing issues surrounding depletion gas-oil relative permeabilities in the case of a near-c
lthough experimental work for solution gas drive processes is routinely carried out and interpreted for the purpose of defining critical ga
his paper presents a specific workflow developed to build a detailed geological model constrained by high-resolution 3D seismic data. T
he fully implicit method (FIM) is widely used due to its unconditional stability (even with possibly large time steps). However FIM is com
l Khalij could be viewed as the archetypal complex carbonate field. Laterally sealed by a stratigraphic closure the reservoir monocline c
n integrated multi-disciplinary fracture characterization & modeling study has been performed on a large oil reservoir in offshore Abu D
Uncertainty in geometrical properties of fractures when they are considered as the conductive paths for flow movement affects all asp
This paper summarizes the findings of the SPE Forum held in September 2005 on Making our Mature Fields Smarter.Participa
Requirements for Frac-Packing long intervals in highly deviated wells are more and more frequent in many new projects. Although frac p
Summary A 4D seismic feasibility study has been performed on carbonate reservoirs of the Bu Hasa field onshore Abu Dhabi. It conclud
mportant progress of digital technologies over the past few years radically changes the way Total acquires processes and spreads the d
Production allocation is of utmost importance for optimum reservoir development and production optimization. It is becoming all the more
he production of extra heavy oil or bitumen through Thermal methods (e.g. SAGD - Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) requires the gene
Both core description and the log detection have evidenced the presence of bitumen inside the Bul Hanine Field (figure 1) which can be
NKossa is an offshore field located 60 km west of the coasts of Congo in water depths of 170 m. The field is producing light sweet o
This paper outlines and discusses the issues surrounding the TOTAL AUSTRAL Carina and Aries field development project and the eng
he Aguada Pichana field is located in the center of the Neuqun Basin in the province of Neuqun being at present one of the m
The Kharyaga field is located in Timan-Petchora region of Northern Russia 60 km North of the Arctic Polar Circle. The field is producing
It is well known that the use of hydrochloric acid to clean up and restore permeability of open holes drilled in limestone formations is a
Completing horizontal wells with openhole sections or non-cemented liners is a common practice. This type of openhole wells is preferre
racturing is an important technique for stimulating production in low-permeability formations and requires special consideration in desig
Stacked gravel-packs involve limited technical risk but require considerable rig time when completing deep multi-zone sand control well
TOTAL AUSTRAL operates the Carina and Aries fields which are located in offshore Tierra del Fuego in the most southern region of A
his paper documents a novel engineering approach and the operational methodology used to achieve high efficiency remediation on tw
Wells in the Girassol field offshore Angola are situated in very deep water and have being completed in unconsolidated sandy turbiditic
Allowing sand to be produced is widely known to enhance oil production rates particularly for heavy-oils fields. However in such a situa
his paper described a case study involved an investigation in a field in Libya where massive unexplained fill had been reported accomp
Lead zinc and iron sulphide scales are known to be particular issues with gas production fields particularly those producing from HP/H
Water blocks and condensate drop out near the wellbore in a gas reservoir can cause rapid production decline. The liquid (water/conden
wo classes (sonic and ultrasonic) of cement bond log tools are run in tandem as part of ZADCOs standard cement evaluation prog
n its search for new oil and gas reserves the oil industry moves to more and more remote areas of the world and to technically challeng
low metering using conventional separation-based technologies in low-pressure high gas rate environments typical of gas-lifted wells is
Before the early eighties identification of flow regime has been a difficult task for reservoir engineer and welltest analyst until the emerg
Real gas" flow problems (i.e. problems where the gas properties are specifically taken as implicit functions of pressure temperature an
One of the predicaments of traditional well testing is the requirement of shutting-in a well to conduct a pressure buildup test for the purpo
Vertical and horizontal permeabilities are important parameters for designing well completion and predicting well performance. In the pa
The analysis/interpretation of wellbore storage distorted pressure transient test data remains one of the most significant challenges in w
ut oil and gas operators have to develop fields requiring much more processing and energy - i.e.
OnePetro OnePetro
caprock. This low-permeable (e.g. clayey) porous media usually saturated with water acts as a capillary barrier to the underlying stored
nto the formation water reacts with the in situ minerals and ions and precipitates as carbonate minerals. This process governs the longing is a challenge given the transient and instable flow regimes encountered in Oil & Gas facilities. Optimization requires a further level
er F. Drucker Today it is so often we heard the words of data or information.Furthermore it becomesthe data or information manag
ntegral part of the complete and larger production system which ranges from reservoir to export. By combining data gathering integrate
tion of new reserves associated to each new target which tends to reduce the economical value
OnePetro
of
reds of operations that have been conducted all over the world only one polymer pilot has been implemented offshore and none in dee
reds of operations that have been conducted all over the world only one polymer pilot has been implemented offshore and none in dee
in the North Sea in the period from 1975 until beginning of 2005. The five EOR technologies that have been initiated in this region are h
n the tubing the effect of water blocking in front of perforations and formation damage due to water which eventually could lead to a s
off water production from upper zones to enable gas producti
OnePetro
nditions allowing a substantial increase in pipeline capacity. Their performance is known to depend on their own characteristics (molec
ore West Africa Total has recorded a large amount of operational data. The production sys OnePetro
ction offshore West Africa Total has recorded a large amount of operational data. The production system includes several conventional
nts on their thermophysical properties in reservoir conditionsOnePetro
ng and commercialization of extra heavy oil from an area covering over 325 Km2 in the Orinoco Belt (Figure 1). The Sincor area is com
opment plan. Such knowledge relies on a correct description of the spatial distribution of the fluid components. The compositional varia
The field consists of 555 accumulations and was developed by more than 350 wells with conventional oil recovery methods: natural de
nd often beyond the limits of proven technologies at their inception. AKPO field is located in block Offshore Mining License (OML) 130
g-time industry challenge not only for the time spent on history matching studies but als
OnePetro
oirs are thick and laterally extensive in the main fairways. Many commercial projects are in the early stages of development. Resources
n accumulation of the Athabasca Heavy Oil Province. Deposited within the fluvial-to-marine transition zone the McMurray clastic succe
an attempt to investigate the impact of gravitational forces on gas evolution during solution g OnePetro
y in oil reservoir engineering. In this work we show that micro-tomography is an effective tool to extract the structure of many solid syste
on gas drive processes by accounting for the complex dynamics operating at the microscopic scale. Moreover it has also been demons
imes called the foamy oil effect. This bubbly phase is particularly observed with heavy oils combining high viscosity and asphalten
ly due to the high operating temperatures (>150C). Available options such as Rod Pumps and Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP)
g from high operating temperatures (150-200 C) steam presence in the gas phase foaming emulsio
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It requires drilling from a cap rock remaining at or close to virgin pressure into a reserv
OnePetro OnePetro
HP/HT) development in the world. It required innovation across the full range of operator activities from fluid modeling through dev
Field (Central Graben North Sea) started production early 2001. The wells produce a condensate-rich gas from the Fulmar and Pentla
reservoir management practice. In an HP/HT offshore environment the unavailability of qualified permanent down-hole monitoring tech
ate wells. The chemical system alters the formation wettability to intermediate gas wet conditions thereby decreasing the capillary force
mation. New simulators introduce formation damage mechanisms to calculate gas well productivity. However equations describing forma
te the Albian reservoir has contributed most of the oil produced. However a significant part of the oil in place is in the Cenomanian a lo
and density of the existing natural fractures in order to optimally design and locate the production wells. The detailed mapping of the res
d thereby causes a waterblock. In the case of low permeability formations the capillary pressure tends to be high because of the small
zones can prematurely kill wells leading to a considerable loss in recoverable reserves. In soOnePetro OnePetro
ake the flow pattern is not perfectly spherical. To account for the deviation from spherical flow several geometric correction factors wer
sidewall of the borehole. In a horizontal well the probe can be set either horizontally against a sidewall or vertically against the top or b
reservoir formation in the middle-east gulf region. In carbonate reservoirs heterogeneity is usually driven by both depositional and diag
t using them as hard data to qualify reservoir connectivity is generally not an accepted standard. The present paper illustrates with field
Al Ba Ca Cl Cu Fe Gd H K Mg Na Ni Si S and Ti) in the formation by neutron captureOnePetro
sp
onally these data are acquired with wireline formation pressure tester. However today a la OnePetro
Al Bukhoosh) have been producing for more than thirty years. All the available informations indicate that the producing layers subdivide
ll planning purposes the values of the fracture pressure. The Fracture pressure could be determined by predictive or verificative metho
ditionally low in East Kalimantan-Indonesia over decades despite technological advances. One possible reason has been postulated
e that representative samples of the different fluids encountered in the formation are obtained. Usually the wireline or LWD petrophysica
es to improve core high resolution petrophysical log quality and to propose a better strategy for plugs sampling. The idea of using tomo
ell identified such as the homogeneity of the population (rock typing) the matching of cores and logs (especially depth matching) and th
or predicting recoverable oil and guiding field-development plans. The large transition zone of a heterogeneous Middle East reservoir wa
2005 and 2006 Qatar Petroleum recognized that future development of this mature field would
OnePetro OnePetro
e East Shetland Platform and the Viking Graben the field is characterised by a series of pre-Cretaceous and structurally aligned tilted fa
e spatial distribution of permeability. A number of permeability measurements are taken from small scale core plug data. The da
po-1 well at a water depth of 1350m by SAPETRO (operator) Total TUPNI (technical advisor) and PETROBAS in OPL246. As for s
been developed on the deep offshore Angola Girassol field data. Based on seismic attributes it directly assigns facies associations an
m a Ratawi Oolite reservoir (Neocomian). The historic ultimate seal held by the thick Ratawi Shale Member displays embedded multila
nd gas reserves are 35 billion Sm3. The field will be developed as a subsea project with 5 templates having 9 producers and 3 injector
eloped. The Main Reservoir (R4) is characterized by vertically stacked sand bodies with intercalated shale layers laterally well extended
ultant challenges encompassing: Contract strategy to maximise schedule efficiency and flexibility. Innovative design engineer
est of the Shetland Islands. The region is served by limited oil and gas infrastructure and so called stranded gas" fields have been left u
ng that era are still producing albeit the production has dwindled significantly. With the technical costs on the rise oil & gas operators are
s which are located in the UKCS Central Graben to the west of the Elgin/Franklin (E/F) asset. E/F is one of the largest high pressure h
L has therefore undertaken feasibility studies to convert the Pcorade depleted oil field situated in South West France into an UGS.
has therefore undertaken feasibility studies to convert the depleted Pcorade oil field situated in South West France into an UGS.
unched a corporate program called Field Monitoring" to capitalize affiliate previous experiences
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osed of 26 stacked reservoir levels with an estimated total OOIP of 1.2 Gbbls. It was discovered in 1964 and has been producing since 1
fields each with its range of uncertainty and degree of maturity. For project approval it is necessary to aggregate the reserves/resource
ge a large R&D program on multiphase flow behaviour. One of the objectives is to improve the understanding of the behaviour of gas/oil
on damage by oil and solid particles have to be introduced in simulators for both fractured and non fractured flows. It is well known that
ges. Focus has previously been on dispersed oil concentration (OIW) in produced water (PW) discharge but management tools like the
r models to both production history and 4D seismic attributes. The proposed approach is based on an optimization loop which integrates
age (SAGD) process impacts the efficiency of bitumen recovery tremendously. The circulation phase during which both horizontal injec
predictions of production rate and thus optimise future field developments. Standard history matching techniques are composed of a fi
method. This is done by applying Evolutionary Algorithms to the problem of history matching. The results of the history match are then
hibit lower recovery factors than clastic fields. A major explanation lies in the more complex intrinsic structure and higher chemical react
to account by the rock compressibility. Inside the reservoir simulator the rock compressibility is assumed to be constant or to vary with t
paction subsidence induced fracturing enhancement of natural fractures and/or fault activation SAGD recovery etc.. has been increas
utility in modeling physical phenomena such as compaction subsidence induced fracturing enhancement of natural fractures and/or fa
terogeneity which cannot be modelled explicitly nor homogenised in reservoir simulation models. When the only flowing domain is the f
oil until equilibrium is reached with the capillary forc
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pic of discussion in the industry. At one extreme there
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behaviour and post-fracture production profile leading to an optimum design and maximum production enhancement. The paper demo
s are required. It is now a common practice to generate multi million-cell geological model to capture the heterogeneity details in the res
o key properties in a base geological model either by trial-and-error or using some compute
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usually a challenging task as the specific response from each scale is difficult to isolate. We focus on a carbonate reservoir in North Afr
flow behavior hence on reservoir performance. Though the modeling of such reservoirs has been the purpose of many research works
ude rock dissolution conduits sink-holes etc which may have extremely high permeability. Fluid flow simulations in such environments
uction enhancement by improving the well inflow performance. In order to be able to assess the relatve magnitude of those two effects a
petro-elastic modelling (or PEM) which relates fluid and rock properties to elastic ones. Various scales must be accounted for: labora
meabilities in the case of a near-critical oil by using pore-scale network modelling techniques. Firstly a new model for gas buoyancy is pre
he purpose of defining critical gas saturations and relative permeability data developing a
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gh-resolution 3D seismic data. The objective of the proposed approach was 1/ to integrate both
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g
me steps). However FIM is computationally expensive per time step especially for large number of components. IMPES (Implicit Press
osure the reservoir monocline consists in a layercake of alternating good and poor quality rock whose fabric has been intensively rewo
ge oil reservoir in offshore Abu Dhabi. This paper describes the methodology used for analyzing and integrating the geophysical geom
or flow movement affects all aspects of flow in fractured reservoirs. The connectivity of fractures embedded in low-permeability zones
ture Fields Smarter.Participants in the Forum have granted permission to present this paper on the basis that the authors are neith
ny new projects. Although frac packing is a mature technology its limits of applicability are not well known and are progressively extend
d onshore Abu Dhabi. It concludes to the feasibility of the method as a reservoir injection monitoring tool an interesting result when seve
es processes and spreads the data coming from its upstream assets. The rising generation of oilfields already reaps the benefits from t
ation. It is becoming all the more critical as fields are increasingly developed through long often multilayer commingled horizontal drain
avity Drainage) requires the generation and injection into the reservoir of significant quantities of steam which is finally recirculed with th
ne Field (figure 1) which can be particularly abundant in some wells. This tar mat severely impac
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e field is producing light sweet oil from an Albian age reservoir buried between 3100m and 3400m TVD. In order to access reserves loc
evelopment project and the engineering issues addressed to facilitate achieving the project goals of producing gas at high rates from th
being at present one of the main gas producers in Argentina. The completion programs of Aguada Pichana wells imply the stimulation
olar Circle. The field is producing principally from a Devonian age carbonate reservoir this limestone formation having an average poros
led in limestone formations is a questionable procedure. It is necessary to remove not only the filter cake at the well bore face but mo
ype of openhole wells is preferred to maximize reservoir productivity. Some questions that always come up for this type of wells are: will
es special consideration in designing the preceding perforating job. Aligning the perforations along the direction of maximum geological
eep multi-zone sand control wells. Four field developments are challenging the conventional approach to completing long sand control z
in the most southern region of Argentina. These fields are prolific gas producers and are being developed with a reduced number of w
high efficiency remediation on two offshore applications. Results are presented detailing specific placement procedures in-situ treatme
unconsolidated sandy turbiditic reservoirs. Today in Girassol which includes also Jasmin reservoir 29 wells have been completed and c
s fields. However in such a situation it is very important to be able to determine the expected sand rate as well as the amount of sand
ed fill had been reported accompanying obstruction of production for majority of production wells since the onset of production indicatin
larly those producing from HP/HT reservoirs. The Elgin/Franklin Field is located 240 kilometres east of Aberdeen in the Central Gra
decline. The liquid (water/condensate) is trapped near the wellbore due to strong capillary forcOnePetro
tandard cement evaluation program. The effectiveness of these tools and their evaluations are often challenged and are not regarded a
world and to technically challenging areas of deep water. Development of hydrocarbon resources in these environments is extremely
ents typical of gas-lifted wells is a very difficult operation. Owing to low retention times of the gas the quality of separation and existing
welltest analyst until the emergence of the derivative approach. This approach has helped to reduce the uncertainties of the interpretat
ons of pressure temperature and composition) are particularly challenging because the diffusivity equation for the "real gas" flow case
essure buildup test for the purpose of obtaining well and reservoir properties. This deterrent factor is more prominent in prolific wells due
ting well performance. In the past to determine the permeabilities from a vertical interference test some investigators proposed correla
most significant challenges in well test analysis. Deconvolution (i.e. the conversion" of a variable-rate distorted pressure profile into
y barrier to the underlying stored acid gas provided its water-wettability is preserved and water/acid gas interfacial tension (IFT) is h
. This process governs the long-term fate of the injected CO2 and ensures a safe storage once CO2 has been converted into minerals.
mization requires a further level of accuracy: it implies the modeling of an envelope of production operating-points. This paper presents
esthe data or information management process where three important parts should be involved: input process output. From thos
mbining data gathering integrated modelling and control elements in so-called value loops optimization opportunities of the field e
mented offshore and none in deep offshore conditions. A very thorough feasibility study of polymer injection has been made on the Dali
mented offshore and none in deep offshore conditions. A very thorough feasibility study of polymer injection has been made on a typica
been initiated in this region are hydrocarbon (HC) miscible gas injection water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection injection simultaneous w
ich eventually could lead to a significant loss of recoverable reserves. Selective mechanical water shut-off (i.e. casing patch) the ma
their own characteristics (molecular weight structure chemical composition) and on external parameters such as turbulence intensity o
m includes several conventional subsea loops connected to a floating-production storage and offloading vessel (FPSO) at 1 350-m wat
gure 1). The Sincor area is composed of a series of stacked unconsolidated sand-shale reservoirs with good petrophysical properties.
onents. The compositional variations are mainly due to gravitational segregation and thermo-diffusion phenomena. Usually a good esti
oil recovery methods: natural depletion and peripheral water injection. After many reservoirs have been water-flooded in order to recove
hore Mining License (OML) 130 200 km offshore Nigeria in 1400 m of water. At plateau production AKPO will produce and export 175 0
ges of development. Resources too deep to mine are considering steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) (Butler 1991). Detailed high-r
one the McMurray clastic succession is characterized by the lateral and vertical juxtaposition of a wide variety of depositional processes
the structure of many solid systems in a non-destructive and classical manner. Recently X-ray computed tomography tools have been e
reover it has also been demonstrated that a pore-network model when suitably anchored to core material is able to provide both qualit
ing high viscosity and asphaltenes. Presence and behavior of a foamy-oil effect appears to be critical to the cold production process. T
cal Submersible Pumps (ESP) which are well proven in the industry are not particularly well suited to thermal production. While Rod P
rom fluid modeling through development concept definition HP/HT drilling and platform design to commercial framework. Eight ye
gas from the Fulmar and Pentland reservoirs with initial temperature of 200 degC and pressure of 1100 bar. Mid-2002 the first Calcium
anent down-hole monitoring technologies and the risks and costs of occasional operations make gradient surveys very difficult to acquir
by decreasing the capillary forces and enhancing the clean up of trapped water at low drawdown pressures. Five different chemicals (A
ever equations describing formation damage must be supported by experimental data obtained in conditions representative of fracturin
place is in the Cenomanian a low permeability sandstone formation with poor quality. As of early 2007 only two of the initial 50 wells in
The detailed mapping of the reservoir fracture network is therefore essential. To achieve such a detailed fracture mapping a wide azim
to be high because of the small pore size. Clean up of water blocks requires high draw down unless water vaporization by the flowing g
geometric correction factors were proposed for different analysis techniques (Steward and Wittmann 1979; Wilkinson and Hammond 19
or vertically against the top or bottom wall of the borehole. When the probe is set horizontally against a sidewall the solution for a horiz
en by both depositional and diagenetic patterns. The complex diagenetic history which prevails in these reservoirs influences the final st
esent paper illustrates with field examples that even faults with very small throw (<3m) can backscatter energy that this energy appears
the producing layers subdivided into Upper and Lower Arab are fractured to varying extents. As a result a better understanding of the
y predictive or verificative methods. Many correlations exists that can be used to predict the fracture pressure. However they are mostly
ible reason has been postulated as alteration of near-wellbore formation properties during drilling operations. The relatively tight ga
he wireline or LWD petrophysical logs will guide the sample acquisition program. This typically means that resistivity and nuclear logs ar
ampling. The idea of using tomography images has physical bases. In fact scanned data is representative for rock bulk density changes
specially depth matching) and the problem of permeability upscaling. Not so well-known however are the pitfalls of a statistical and ge
eneous Middle East reservoir was challenging to model. Core-calibrated log-derived water saturations were used to generate saturation
s and structurally aligned tilted fault blocks. The principal hydrocarbon accumulations are contained in the Middle Jurassic Brent Gro
scale core plug data. The data may be taken preferentially from certain geologic locations and there may be inconsistencies in the d
ETROBAS in OPL246. As for some other turbiditic fields modelling of the 5 to 20m thick individual channels was the main challenge a
y assigns facies associations and petrophysical properties to the reservoir model. The new strategy divided in two steps proposes to be
mber displays embedded multilayered oil bearing reservoir sands. Sands were sedimented as thin tidal bars anastomosed with distributa
aving 9 producers and 3 injectors. Production start-up is July 2009. The field development is innovative in the following aspects: Co
ale layers laterally well extended. In the initial reservoir study a low vertical reservoir permeability (Kv/Kh=0.01) and maps of vertical tr
Innovative design engineering for subsea application: - First use worldwide of subsea chemical injection meter
ded gas" fields have been left undeveloped to date; primarily due to the significant investment required to establish an export route to m
n the rise oil & gas operators are constantly on the lookout for cheap and simple solutions. These help not only to increase the hydroca
e of the largest high pressure high temperature producing asset in the world and involves gas condensate reservoirs at 1 100bara and
outh West France into an UGS. The Pcorade field offers some good characteristics to become an UGS but is also deep (2500 m)
uth West France into an UGS. The Pcorade field offers a number of positive characteristics which make it a good candidate for UG
and has been producing since 1966 through 123 wells and 257 completions. 21 layers have been developed. With a global recovery t
aggregate the reserves/resources of all these fields into project-level representative numbers either deterministic or probabilistic. Arithm
nding of the behaviour of gas/oil/water mixtures in separation tanks. In the framework of a joint project a new test facility platform GOwS
ured flows. It is well known that the complex mechanisms of the formation of an external filter cake and of a deep internal damage shou
but management tools like the calculation of the Environmental Impact Factor (EIF) have also shown the important contributions of na
ptimization loop which integrates geostatistical modeling upscaling fluid flow simulation and petro-elastic modeling in the same workflo
uring which both horizontal injector and producer in a SAGD well pair are put under circulation is designed to establish inter-well comm
techniques are composed of a fixed geological model with global modifications and local adjustments. The limitations with this methodo
lts of the history match are then used to carry out an uncertainty assessment on variables of interest. The main parameters used in the
cture and higher chemical reactivity of carbonate rocks. Because it is linked to both the depositional and the biological environment the
d to be constant or to vary with the pressure of the oil phase. It induces some changes in the porosity field. During the depletion phase
recovery etc.. has been increasing. Different methods of coupling have been investigated by numerous researchers: fully implicit coupl
ent of natural fractures and/or fault activation and steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) recovery has become apparent. Among diff
n the only flowing domain is the fracture network and when the accumulation lies in porous and low permeable matrix blocks the rate o
enhancement. The paper demonstrates the advantages of using explicit numerical simulation in contrast to analytical modeling. C
e heterogeneity details in the reservoir. However computational cost of such models is prohibitive for reservoir simulation studies and th
carbonate reservoir in North Africa in production for two years. There is evidence of fracturing at different scales (from diffuse fractures
urpose of many research works it remains a challenging task. Too simplistic reservoir models do not allow capturing essential features l
imulations in such environments are therefore very challenging conventional reservoir simulators often experience convergence pro
magnitude of those two effects and to optimize the well completion and operation philosophy a quantitative forecast of the expected am
s must be accounted for: laboratory cores and well logs geological and seismic grids fluid flow simulator models. The petro-elastic mo
ew model for gas buoyancy is presented that is able to track dynamically the movement of buoyant gas in the pore network; this framew
mponents. IMPES (Implicit Pressure Explicit Saturations) on the other hand is computationally inexpensive but only conditionally stabl
abric has been intensively reworked during multiple phases of diagenesis. Additionally the oil column is relatively thin and average wat
egrating the geophysical geomechanical geological and reservoir data in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the fract
dded in low-permeability zones can control fluid movement and influence field performance. This can be analyzed using percolation the
basis that the authors are neither representing the views of the SPE nor of the participants companies. We are delivering smarte
wn and are progressively extended by operational experience. Today it is a common practice to perform Frac-Pack in 65 deviated w
l an interesting result when several recent papers [1] have suggested that 4D seismic may not be applicable to Middle East carbonate r
already reaps the benefits from the use of these technologies through a patchwork of customized applications ranging from measureme
yer commingled horizontal drains either to reduce costs in offshore environments to ensure productivity in low permeability reservoirs
which is finally recirculed with the produced bitumen. Considering the need to minimize fresh water consumption and the possibility of in
. In order to access reserves located in the southernmost compartments of the reservoir Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) was implemen
oducing gas at high rates from the shallow unconsolidated sand stone reservoirs. The main challenge in terms of completion architectur
chana wells imply the stimulation of Middle Mulichinco Formation (primary target) through hydraulic fractures. Mulichinco Formation is 3
mation having an average porosity of 8 to 12% and permeabilities ranging from 1 to 200 mD. The wells are completed as cased-hole w
ke at the well bore face but more importantly the low permeability crushed zone created during the drilling operation. To achieve unifo
up for this type of wells are: will it be necessary to cleanup the mud and filtercake from the openhole section before or while starting pro
irection of maximum geological stress known as the preferred fracture plane (PFP) provides significant opportunities to improve the ef
o completing long sand control zones by using newer technologies. A typical well in the Mahakham Delta has five zones and installing c
ed with a reduced number of wells with departures of up to 3.5 km at approximately 1000 m TVD. This paper discusses the issues su
ment procedures in-situ treatment design and productivity improvements. Two wells were recently drilled and completed for the Rosa d
wells have been completed and connected to production facilities and pressure maintenance is coming from 13 water injectors and 2 ga
e as well as the amount of sand produced during the life of the well. To address this problem an oedometric cell specially designed to
he onset of production indicating possible sanding issues for this field. To investigate this problem relevant data from different sources
t of Aberdeen in the Central Graben Area of the North Sea blocks 22/30b 22/30c and 29/5b. With initial temperatures of 200C an
allenged and are not regarded as a replacement for reservoir inter-zonal communication tests performed between producing reservoirs
these environments is extremely expensive. To be economically viable the newly discovered fields must be developed and effective
uality of separation and existing instrumentation is often doubtful leading to an under-estimate of liquid rates. An aggravating factor is th
e uncertainties of the interpretation of welltest result because key regions of radial flow and boundary features required for reservoir cha
tion for the "real gas" flow case is strongly non-linear. Whereas different methods exist which allow us to approximate the solution o
ore prominent in prolific wells due to loss of revenue and problems associated with crossflow or when bringing a well back on production
e investigators proposed correlations or type curves based on simplified point source solutions. However it is impossible for these corre
te distorted pressure profile into the pressure profile for an equivalent constant rate production sequence) has been in limited use as a
gas interfacial tension (IFT) is high enough. The displacement or capillary breakthrough pressure above which the stored acid gas intr
s been converted into minerals. In a previous study involving the modelling of the long-term fate of CO2 in the Utsira aquifer storage th
ing-points. This paper presents the solutions which are being implemented in two affiliates of West Africa within TOTAL Digital Field co
process output. From those three data become the input and running systems or applications are the processes which
zation opportunities of the field efficiency are achieved in every phase of the asset lifecycle. The Field Monitoring solutions of TOTAL a
ction has been made on the Dalia field in Angola a typical deep-offshore high permeability (>1D as an average) sandstone reservoir con
ction has been made on a typical deep-offshore high permeability (>1D as an average) sandstone reservoir containing medium viscosity
njection injection simultaneous water-and-gas (SWAG) injection foam-assisted WAG (FAWAG) injection and microbial EOR (MEOR). E
t-off (i.e. casing patch) the main technique used to solve this problem so far has some disadvantages mainly reducing the inside diam
rs such as turbulence intensity oil viscosity etc. The mechanism by which DRAs interfere with turbulence is not fully understood and dr
g vessel (FPSO) at 1 350-m water depth with gas lift injected at the bottom of the risers for activation and flow stabilization. A systema
h good petrophysical properties. The depositional system can be divided in two main parts Deltaic and Fluvial. Fluvial sands mainly sta
henomena. Usually a good estimation of the steady state spatial distribution of the components is obtained by thermodynamic modelin
water-flooded in order to recover the tertiary oil EOR lean gas injection project was started in November 1995 on five reservoirs. The p
O will produce and export 175 000 B/D of condensate and will export at startup 320 MMscf/D of gas to Bonny NLNG plant onshore N
D) (Butler 1991). Detailed high-resolution 3D geostatistical modeling is useful for individual well-pair or pad flow simulation but is neithe
variety of depositional processes. This led to complex lithofacies variations responsible for uncertainties in predicting reservoir heteroge
d tomography tools have been extended to the ability to contrast fluids in the pore space of core samples. As time required for collectin
rial is able to provide both qualitative and quantitative descriptions of relative permeability and hydrocarbon recovery. In contrast many
o the cold production process. This process is not a well-understood production mechanism because a wide range of different petrophys
hermal production. While Rod Pumps offer high temperature service they are limited in the flowrate they can deliver. ESPs on the other
mercial framework. Eight years after production first began it is fair to say that Elgin/Franklin has not only achieved the aims of the
0 bar. Mid-2002 the first Calcium Carbonate obstructions appeared downhole on several wells and resulted in a progressive production
nt surveys very difficult to acquire on a routine basis. On Elgin-Franklin (HP/HT gas condensate fields North Sea UKCS) the typical ap
ures. Five different chemicals (A1-A5) are evaluated in this study for their ability to prevent water block formation at high temperature.
itions representative of fracturing operations. The purpose of this work is to derive the absolute permeability damage and multiphase fl
only two of the initial 50 wells in the field had been completed in the Cenomanian. It was desired to evaluate the potential of hydraulic fr
ed fracture mapping a wide azimuth 3D surface seismic acquisition has been acquired and is being processed for azimuthal anisotropy
ter vaporization by the flowing gas is improved by using specific additives like alcohols. The purpose of this work is to investigate fractu
79; Wilkinson and Hammond 1990; Dussan and Sharma 1992; Goode and Thambynayagam 1992; Proett and Chin 1996). A geometric
sidewall the solution for a horizontal well is the same as that for a vertical well if the wellbore curvature is not considered (in other word
reservoirs influences the final static and dynamic reservoir properties. Dolomitisation is one of the most crucial diagenetic phases becau
energy that this energy appears on seismic displays as a consistent interference pattern similar to the response of thin beds. The pape
ult a better understanding of the fracture networks and their relationship with major and sub-seismic faults in this field is now critical to o
ssure. However they are mostly limited to onshore and shallow water fields. There is therefore the need to develop correlations that can
tions. The relatively tight gas sands are drilled with significant overbalance due to a mix of depleted and virgin zone layers using oil
hat resistivity and nuclear logs are used to infer basic fluid types caliper log is used to verify that the borehole is suitable for sampling a
ve for rock bulk density changes; the perceptual texture of these images reveals features like granularity mineralogy both tied to poros
he pitfalls of a statistical and geostatistical nature that may create significant biasesalways in the same directionan underestimati
were used to generate saturation-height-function groups for nine reservoir-rock types. To match the large span of log water saturation (S
n the Middle Jurassic Brent Group and younger Upper Jurassic Heather Sands with additional volumes in the Lower Jurassic Statfjord a
may be inconsistencies in the data. The measurement scale is significantly less than that required for input to flow simulation. M
annels was the main challenge as they act as the elementary flow units of the reservoir. Although such flow units are under the current a
ded in two steps proposes to be more consistent with the petrophysical data and to ensure a better geological facies organization and a
bars anastomosed with distributary and tidal channels deposited under pro-deltaic to delta front environment. To delineate this complex
e in the following aspects: Cost effective development with a 43 km tie-back to the Kristin platform through an 18 pipeline. Tie-back is
Kh=0.01) and maps of vertical transmissibility within these shale layers were implemented in the dynamic model. In fall 2007 Amenam
subsea chemical injection metering. - Subsea hard HIPPS IL 3 rated with fibre optic control first Subsea HIPPS in t
to establish an export route to market in this remote and harsh environment. After several years of extensive development engineering
not only to increase the hydrocarbon production from a well but also helps in improving the overall field recovery factor. However somet
ate reservoirs at 1 100bara and 190degC. The WAD is at similar conditions and two drilling strategies involving up to five new wells wer
UGS but is also deep (2500 m) and countains hydrogen sulphide. This paper describes the different challenges faced by the project:
make it a good candidate for UGS but it is also deep at 2500 m and contains hydrogen sulphide. This paper describes some of the ch
eloped. With a global recovery to-date of 50% and an average producing water-cut of 75% OBAGI can be considered as a mature oil fi
erministic or probabilistic. Arithmetic addition of all low estimates (1P or P90) and all high estimates (3P or P10) is known to overstate th
a new test facility platform GOwSP (Gas Oil water Separation Platform) was implemented in 2006 on the IFP-Lyon site. The issue consi
of a deep internal damage should be better understood. In a previous published work1 we attempted to quantify the petro-physical exte
he important contributions of naturally occurring dissolved components and production chemicals. Even if the legislation seeks a balanc
ic modeling in the same workflow. Simulated production history and 4D seismic attributes are compared to real data using a single o
ned to establish inter-well communication and create an initial steam chamber. It is desirable to know the mid-point temperatures betwee
he limitations with this methodology are clear: local adjustments are not always geologically realistic static uncertainties are not taken i
he main parameters used in the history match included: horizontal permeabilities porosities and vertical transmissibilities. This stud
d the biological environment the genetic pore network is more complicated than in classical sandstones. Moreover; it is usually strongly
eld. During the depletion phase or the cold-water injection of high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) reservoirs the stress state in and
s researchers: fully implicit coupling iterative coupling and one way coupling. So far the iterative explicit method appears to be the prefe
s become apparent. Among different methods investigated by researchers the iterative explicit method appears to be the preferred me
meable matrix blocks the rate of exchanges between the two domains drives the recovery of such reservoirs. So called dual-porosity sim
st to analytical modeling. Conventionally analytical methods and software are used to forecast post-fracture production rates to e
servoir simulation studies and they need to be upscaled. Upgridding is an upscaling design technique that provides optimal geologic lay
ent scales (from diffuse fractures to conductive faults) with significant implications for oil production. We first present the way fractur
ow capturing essential features like large-scale fracturing trends or non-linear multivariate relationships between the equivalent (genera
ten experience convergence problems and run times of several days are not uncommon even for models with a modest number of grid
ative forecast of the expected amount and rate of sand production must be established. It requires a correct description of all the mecha
tor models. The petro-elastic model is generally a fine-scale model (pem) defined and calibrated for each specific case against co
n the pore network; this framework is successfully used to model experimental visual observations of coherent channelized gas flo
sive but only conditionally stable. For large-scale heterogeneous models the allowable stable time step of IMPES may be extremely sm
s relatively thin and average water saturation above free water level exceeds 85%. Al Khalij development challenge can thus be formula
nsive understanding of the fracture network and its effect on fluid flow. The study has highlighted the existence of two scales of fracture
e analyzed using percolation theory. This approach uses the hypothesis that the permeability map can be split into either permeable (i.e
anies. We are delivering smarter fields in order to add value to our business there are many facets to this value beyond reservoir
m Frac-Pack in 65 deviated well over length of less than 100 ft and to achieve good completion efficiency (mechanical skin less than
cable to Middle East carbonate reservoirs due to their rock physics characteristics. 2D full wave equation and 3D convolutional modellin
ations ranging from measurement up to visualization. This combination of both existing and leading-edge technologies ensures to cons
y in low permeability reservoirs or as an improved oil recovery method tapping unswept areas. Conventional Production Logging Tools
sumption and the possibility of increasingly stringent environmental regulations it is likely that maximization of the recycling of the produ
ch Drilling (ERD) was implemented. Six ERD wells have been drilled to date with lateral extensions close to 6500 m leading to total dep
n terms of completion architecture was to maximize the well head flowing pressure while insuring long term integrity of wells. Th
ures. Mulichinco Formation is 30 to 80 meters thick and has a variable permeability throughout the pay zone. The gas drainage from th
are completed as cased-hole with a 7inch liner through the reservoir section. The perforated intervals range from 30 to 80 m in length
rilling operation. To achieve uniform treatment of the entire openhole section with hydrochloric acid is difficult: the rapid reaction of the
ction before or while starting production? Will the filtercake disperse and get removed while producing the well and applying drawdown
t opportunities to improve the efficiency of the fracture job maximizing ultimate production from the well. Wells are frequently complete
a has five zones and installing conventional gravel pack completions would consume up to 30 rig days. This represents a significant ca
is paper discusses the issues surrounding the TOTAL AUSTRAL Carina field development project and the innovative processes that we
d and completed for the Rosa deepwater project Block 17 offshore Angola using a Non-Aromatic Oil-Based Mud (NAOBM) weighted w
rom 13 water injectors and 2 gas injectors. The completion strategies employed have included mainly stand alone screens in open hole
metric cell specially designed to simulate a radial flow towards a well has been developed at IFP. Tests performed under CT-scan on c
evant data from different sources and different domains (i.e. wireline logs laboratory test data drilling data well data and field data) we
al temperatures of 200C and pressures of 16 000psi this is one of the highest pressure and temperature developments ever under
d between producing reservoirs on every well. Consequently the value of continuing to run these tools was raised by management. In re
must be developed and effectively exploited with very few wells. This forces the oil companies to concentrate on high quality reservoirs
ates. An aggravating factor is that such wells are often producing at high water-cuts thus leading to significant uncertainty on oil rates.
eatures required for reservoir characterization description and evaluation have been adequately diagnose. However the approach is com
us to approximate the solution of the real gas diffusivity equation all of these approximate methods have limitations (including numerica
inging a well back on production. Moreover in case of commingled reservoirs conventional buildup provides only average values of per
er it is impossible for these correlations or type curves to cover the variety of scenarios found in the real world. In the recent years peop
ce) has been in limited use as a "conversion" mechanism for the last 25 years. Unfortunately standard deconvolution techniques req
ve which the stored acid gas intrudes into the caprock is directly related to those two interfacial properties. Water/acid gas IFTs have rec
2 in the Utsira aquifer storage the authors observed that CO2 mineralization was not possible if mineral reactions were limited to Calcite
ca within TOTAL Digital Field corporate program called Field Monitoring to address this issue. The instabilities of production parameter
ns are the processes which will deliver information as the output. Those three basic parts are essential for running continuousl
Monitoring solutions of TOTAL aim at improving this field performance through the execution of pertinent analyses that help take strateg
verage) sandstone reservoir containing medium viscosity oil (3 to 7cP under reservoir conditions). The study has demonstrated that hig
voir containing medium viscosity oil (3 to 7cP under reservoir conditions). The study has demonstrated that high molecular weight hydro
n and microbial EOR (MEOR). Each EOR technology that has been initiated in the North Sea was identified with its respective maturity
s mainly reducing the inside diameter of the production tubing which makes future mechanical water shut-off of the deeper reservoirs m
ce is not fully understood and drag reduction is not easy to predict. Laboratory tests are still required to quantify the potential efficiency o
nd flow stabilization. A systematic review of the operating parameters of the subsea production loops over the past years gave the oppo
Fluvial. Fluvial sands mainly stacked braided channels represent the bottom part of the reservoir. Deltaic sands go from distributary cha
ned by thermodynamic modeling based on an Equation of State (EoS). This heuristic approach is unable to yield any knowledge on the
er 1995 on five reservoirs. The project was successful and extended to the other six reservoirs in 2000. However the field production co
o Bonny NLNG plant onshore Nigeria. AKPO reservoirs characteristics have greatly influenced the development scheme while still mak
pad flow simulation but is neither practical nor necessary for resource assessment across large areas. A methodology for resource ass
in predicting reservoir heterogeneities. In this context a realistic paleogeographic reconstitution is necessary to localize sandy reservo
es. As time required for collecting a CT image is much longer than almost flow time scales CT imaging must occur at static flow conditi
bon recovery. In contrast many so-called experimental depletion drive relative permeabilities are not measured directly but are gen
wide range of different petrophysical parameters and experimental factors interact in a rather complex way. Over the past few years a n
y can deliver. ESPs on the other hand can handle high volumes of low viscosity fluids but are still limited in terms of maximum operatin
ot only achieved the aims of the initial project it has clearly surpassed them. The increased gas export capacity compared to initial d
ulted in a progressive production decrease. Moreover lead and zinc sulphides were identified on well G6. The heavy scaling from its su
North Sea UKCS) the typical approach is to use an average fluid density to estimate the static bottom-hole pressure from the well-head
formation at high temperature. Adsorption/desorption characteristics of these chemicals and temperature stability are also investigated
ability damage and multiphase flow upon return gas permeability after core invasion by a fracturing fluid by methods used in Special Cor
luate the potential of hydraulic fracturing stimulation treatments to more fully comprehend the production capability of this reservoir. In e
cessed for azimuthal anisotropy estimation. The azimuthal variations of P-wave AVO and velocity are analyzed in terms of TIH anisotrop
this work is to investigate fracture face damage by measuring relevant petrophysical parameters: absolute permeability damage and ga
ett and Chin 1996). A geometric factor is used in formation rate analysis (FRA) (Kasap et al. 1999) a technique used in analyzing a pro
e is not considered (in other words the wellbore radius is considered to be much larger than the probe radius). However when the probe
crucial diagenetic phases because of the way in which it constrains the permeability behaviour of the field. Detailed diagenetic research
esponse of thin beds. The paper further suggests a filtering method to distinguish subtle faults from image processing artifacts and pro
lts in this field is now critical to optimize infill drilling and produce the remaining reserves. The present paper focuses on the characteriz
d to develop correlations that can reliably predict the fracture pressure for deep water fields. This paper explores the concept of develop
and virgin zone layers using oil based mud systems. To further investigate possible near formation alteration an extensive evaluation p
ehole is suitable for sampling and NMR logs are used to gauge if permeability is sufficient for a sample to be taken. However these log
y mineralogy both tied to porosity distribution. In this paper we demonstrate that core scanner images contain information that can be
me directionan underestimation of permeability. The passage from Phi to k is performed in three steps: (1) in cored wells an expone
e span of log water saturation (Sw ) in the transition zone from the free-water level (FWL) to minimum Sw high in the oil column three s
in the Lower Jurassic Statfjord and Triassic. Internally the field is compartmentalised by a number of N-S faults and a secondary align
or input to flow simulation. Mini-models of porosity and permeability are constructed and flow simulated in order to establish represe
ow units are under the current available seismic resolution the developed methodology with object modelling constrained by sedimento
ogical facies organization and a better facies continuity than classical upscaling approaches. Step1. Litho-seismic petrophysical proper
ment. To delineate this complex reservoir a neural network technique was applied to estimate effective porosity integrating well informa
rough an 18 pipeline. Tie-back is possible because the pipeline will have direct electrical heating to prevent formation of hydrates and t
c model. In fall 2007 Amenam East well confirmed an excellent lateral communication with Amenam Main Field through the aquifer an
control first Subsea HIPPS in the Total Group. Bundle construction utilising controlled depth tow method with the heaviest ever in
ensive development engineering studies and commercial negotiations the Laggan and Tormore partners led by TOTALE&PUK
recovery factor. However sometimes expensive well interventions are necessary in order to better understand the problems faced and t
volving up to five new wells were proposed: Strategy-A: Drilling from the existing E/F platforms Strategy-B: Drilling from a new wellhead
hallenges faced by the project: the sizing of the working volume (volume of gas which can be stored and cycled each year) which requ
paper describes some of the challenges faced by the project including: The sizing of the working volume (volume of gas which can be
be considered as a mature oil field. Current activities are driven by two main objectives: to sustain short term production level and to
P or P10) is known to overstate the range of uncertainty. On the other hand independent probabilistic addition tends to produce unrealis
e IFP-Lyon site. The issue consists in improving the design of separator as operators are now faced with more difficult operating conditio
o quantify the petro-physical external filter cake properties. In this paper results from core flood experiments (CFE) aimed to quantify the
if the legislation seeks a balance between technical feasibility and economic cost it is believed that regulators may wish to move to req
ared to real data using a single objective function which is minimized using a new optimization algorithm based on response surface fit
e mid-point temperatures between and along the horizontal well pair so that any development of the steam chamber can be predicted. T
atic uncertainties are not taken into account and only a limited number of models are used for prediction. In order to solve this problem
transmissibilities. This study also made use of methods for improving the convergence of the optimization cycle which included us
. Moreover; it is usually strongly reworked after deposition by superimposed diagenetic processes as well as fracturing phases. This cre
eservoirs the stress state in and around a reservoir can change dramatically. This process might result in rock movements such as com
t method appears to be the prefered method for field-scale simulation. This method is a loose coupled approach between a reservoir si
appears to be the preferred method for field-scale simulation. This method is a loose coupled approach between a reservoir simulator
rvoirs. So called dual-porosity simulation models must incorporate an adequate transfer function between fracture and matrix in order to
st-fracture production rates to evaluate the profitability of fracturing. The availability of analytical software that is simple and fast has be
hat provides optimal geologic layer grouping scheme for simulation model construction. In this study we defined the optimum vertical la
We first present the way fractures have been fully characterised using an extensive integration of static (FMI) and dynamic (Well test P
between the equivalent (generally anisotropic) permeability of the fracture system and fracture densities and properties to be character
ls with a modest number of grid cells. We propose a method in which the conduits are represented as long horizontal wells with no net
rect description of all the mechanisms involved in the phenomenon of sand production sand transport in particular. The proposed num
for each specific case against core and logs data. Aiming a 4D history matching workflow at the flow model scale we then need to val
coherent channelized gas flow and dispersed incoherent gas flow that are seen to take place in porous media as permeability in
p of IMPES may be extremely small. In the Adaptive Implicit Method (AIM) only a subset of the primary variables is treated implicitly. AIM
nt challenge can thus be formulated as: How to efficiently recover a large oil accumulation trapped with much larger amounts of water in
xistence of two scales of fractures developing in this reservoir and forming a triple porosity system in regions where they are interconnec
be split into either permeable (i.e. fracture) or impermeable (i.e. matrix) portions and assumes that the connectivity of fractures controls
to this value beyond reservoir well process and production management.What may not be so clear is how to apply these smart te
ency (mechanical skin less than 5). This is possible with thorough engineering and QA/QC and when accurate well data are available.
on and 3D convolutional modelling approaches have been combined in this study in order to maximize the reliability of the predictions w
ge technologies ensures to constantly reach the field optimal efficiency. This result is achieved by a close follow-up of the field behaviou
ntional Production Logging Tools (PLTs) have been adapted to this more complex situation through optimized acquisition methodologies
tion of the recycling of the produced water into steam will be mandatory. The SAGD water treatment scheme is complex because it dep
e to 6500 m leading to total depths sometimes in excess of 8600m. In addition to the challenges pertaining to the drilling itself the com
ng term integrity of wells. This was addressed through implementation of limited - or even not - proven technologies. Introduction T
zone. The gas drainage from the best permeability zones causes a differential depletion in reservoir pore pressure affecting by conseq
range from 30 to 80 m in length and the wells were traditionally matrix-acid stimulated following perforation. The wells produced initially
fficult: the rapid reaction of the acid in downhole conditions often creates a localized loss zone through which most of the treating fluid
he well and applying drawdown to the formation? Will the remaining filtercake impair well productivity? The paper presents the case of
. Wells are frequently completed with multiple tubing strings (up to four in some cases) sensor lines control lines or other hardware th
This represents a significant capital cost. To reduce costs the Operator has completed 19 wells with Single Trip Multi-zone (STMZ) tech
the innovative processes that were used to address these situations.Through careful planning the processes selected to facilitate
ased Mud (NAOBM) weighted with sized calcium carbonate. After installing the Stand-Alone-Screens (SAS) across the production inter
tand alone screens in open hole and cased hole frac-packs. A review of the design for both producers and injectors along with the crite
performed under CT-scan on cohesionless sand samples allow to monitor in real time the initiation of the sand production and to follow
ata well data and field data) were integrated to generate a Mechanical Earth Model (MEM). This model provided the descriptions of the
rature developments ever undertaken. The fields began production in Q1 2001.Preliminary scaling studies identified a risk for calci
was raised by management. In response the reliability of these tools and their interpretations for determining the existence of poor behin
ntrate on high quality reservoirs that yield highly productive wells with large reserves per well. High costs prohibit extensive appraisa
nificant uncertainty on oil rates. To solve such metering challenges with a large majority of their wells operating above 95% gas fraction
se. However the approach is complex for non-mathematician and an alternative method for improving its interpretation and reducing the
e limitations (including numerical models). The purpose of this work is to provide a direct solution mechanism for the case of time-depe
vides only average values of permeability skin and pressure. An innovative periodic well testing technique named WTPL (Well Testing
world. In the recent years people start to use regression analysis to match the responses at the source interval and the observation po
ard deconvolution techniques require accu-rate measurements of flowrate and pressure at downhole (or sandface) conditions. W
es. Water/acid gas IFTs have recently been thoroughly characterized. However little is known on the effect of acid gases (CO2 H2S an
reactions were limited to Calcite and Dolomite precipitation and dissolution. Indeed to mineralize CO2 non carbonate minerals that ar
abilities of production parameters observed during production tests are assessed for gas-lifted wells in Total Congo and Gabon affiliates
essential for running continuously and simultaneously in a daily operation by implementing the data or information management system
t analyses that help take strategic decisions; these decisions are based on a common single and widely shared view of the information
study has demonstrated that high molecular weight hydrolyzed polyacrylamides could be used under a wide range of salinities covering
that high molecular weight hydrolyzed polyacrylamides could be used under a wide range of salinities covering sea water and a mixture
tified with its respective maturity level and/or maturation time frame technology use restrictions and process efficiency on the basis of i
ut-off of the deeper reservoirs more difficult. Chemical water shut-off is the preferred solution to this problem. Peciko is a giant multilaye
quantify the potential efficiency of these additives. This paper reports on an original experimental methodology based on the combined u
ver the past years gave the opportunity to extract series of measurements representative of a wide range of flow rates watercuts and g
ic sands go from distributary channel and mouth bar to point bar and crevasse splay. Drilling of vertical observation wells and a testing
le to yield any knowledge on the time required to establish a segregated profile and it needs correlation for the thermodiffusion coefficie
However the field production continued to decline from 200 000 BOPD in the late seventies to 12 500 BOPD in 2003. An integrated stu
elopment scheme while still making it technically and economically viable. AKPO reservoirs consist in a 620-million-recoverable-barrels
A methodology for resource assessment is developed from a geostatistical study on the Surmont lease. The uncertainty in more than 3
essary to localize sandy reservoirs and optimize the exploitation of bituminous sandstones. The sedimentological study of the McMurray
must occur at static flow conditions to accurate geometrical information on fluid- fluid and solid fluid interaction. Considering new d
ot measured directly but are generally obtained by history-matching laboratory production data with reservoir simulators often resulting
way. Over the past few years a number of efforts have been made in many institutions in order to understand and model the solution ga
ed in terms of maximum operating temperature. Progressing Cavity Pumps (PCP) with elastomeric stator is economic to run and have
ort capacity compared to initial design the successful development of Glenelg (2006) and West Franklin (2007) satellites using extende
6. The heavy scaling from its surface-controlled subsurface safety valve (SCSSV) to the Christmas Tree caused the well to be shut-in fr
hole pressure from the well-head shut-in pressure. This estimation is valid as long as there is only one phase present inside the well-bo
ure stability are also investigated for long-term prevention of water blocks. Contact angle and air-brine imbibition tests are conducted to
by methods used in Special Core Analysis Laboratory (SCAL). The core permeability is in the microDarcy range. Experimental data of a
n capability of this reservoir. In early 2007 a third well was drilled and completed in this structure penetrating the Cenomanian at a 60 d
nalyzed in terms of TIH anisotropy. In order to interpret the resulting anomaly maps in terms of fracture orientation and density it is nece
lute permeability damage and gas return permeabilities. Measurements are performed in representative conditions of a fracturing opera
chnique used in analyzing a probe test to estimate formation pressure and permeability. Like other geometric correction factors the geo
adius). However when the probe is set vertically against the top or bottom wall the solution for a horizontal well is not available in the lit
eld. Detailed diagenetic research has shown that various genetic dolomite types exist including evaporative mixed evolved sea-water ge processing artifacts and proposes a workflow allowing their integration into reservoir models either as connectivity enhancers relate
paper focuses on the characterization of different types of fractures and faults identified on high-resolution image logs recorded in this fi
explores the concept of developing and possibly modifying some existing correlations to suit deep offshore needs as well as develop an
ration an extensive evaluation program was undertaken using new generation sonic logs WFT-multi-probe interval pressure transient
to be taken. However these logs are not able to capture variations in the hydrocarbon column to allow the operator to ensure that all re
contain information that can be related to petrophysical properties. This paper presents a fully automated method based on a stochasti
ps: (1) in cored wells an exponential regression equation is established between core porosity and core permeability k; (2) in uncored w
w high in the oil column three saturation-height functions per rock type (RT) were developed one each for the low- medium- and high
N-S faults and a secondary alignment of NE-SW faults which cross cut and often offset the main N-S faults. The larger scale faults down
ated in order to establish representative relationships/correlations at the grid block scale used in SAGD flow simulation. The mini-mo
delling constrained by sedimentological interpretation and seismic derived Vclay cube allowed to provide reservoir engineers with geolo
ho-seismic petrophysical properties the dominant seismic facies and seismic facies probabilities are predicted. This creation is based o
porosity integrating well information and 3D multi-attributes between seismically mapped sequences. This method is more efficient than
vent formation of hydrates and to preserve temperature. Pressure support with both gas injection and raw sea water injection. This is
Main Field through the aquifer and highlighted the presence of multi disconnected hydrocarbon bearing flow units within R4 reservoir of t
method with the heaviest ever installed lead towhead. Towhead design with multiple diver/ROV retrievable components (including
s led by TOTALE&PUKLtd (TEPUK) are moving towards sanction of a major project that could lead to first production o
rstand the problems faced and then use the data acquired to study and then implement a more long-term/ permanent solution. The pu
y-B: Drilling from a new wellhead platform (WHP) which would be constructed over West Franklin Strategy-A involved high step-outs of
nd cycled each year) which required the acquisition and processing of a new 3D seismic program and the construction of specific geolo
me (volume of gas which can be stored and cycled each year) which required the acquisition and processing of a new 3D seismic prog
ort term production level and to identify potential remaining resources for additional developments Appropriate monitoring and global s
ddition tends to produce unrealistically narrow ranges. The correct answer would be obtained by using correlated addition but this requir
h more difficult operating conditions related to deep offshore or difficult crudes. The GOwSP is an industrial closed loop test facility desi
ents (CFE) aimed to quantify the internal damage are presented. In recent published works CFE were performed to examine along roc
gulators may wish to move to requirements where dispersed oil concentration is not the only parameter to be considered. Furthermore
m based on response surface fitting. Inversion parameters can be selected throughout the entire modeling workflow to update the facie
am chamber can be predicted. This paper proposes a new analytical model to predict the temperature fronts and heating efficiency bet
n. In order to solve this problem a probabilistic approach is presented using uncertainty quantification throughout the history matching p
mization cycle which included using correlations adopting a Bayesian approach and exploring the search space. The results obtained o
ell as fracturing phases. This creates levels of heterogeneity orders of magnitude higher than in clastic environments. As a result small
in rock movements such as compaction induced fracturing and enhancement of natural fractures and/or fault activation which continu
approach between a reservoir simulator (finite volumes) and a geomechanical simulator (finite elements). At user-defined steps the fluid
h between a reservoir simulator and a geomechanical simulator. At user-defined steps the fluid pressures are transmitted to the geome
en fracture and matrix in order to predict the recovery mechanisms for an optimal reservoir management. This is still true for dual-porosi
re that is simple and fast has been the rationale for using analytical methods in the past. However computer technology has enabled
e defined the optimum vertical layering scheme utilizing two different methodologies: analytical approach proposed by King et al1 and st
c (FMI) and dynamic (Well test Pressure Build Up Mud losses) data. The advanced use of well test signatures in understanding the ma
s and properties to be characterized on a directional fracture-set basis. Conversely too complex reservoir models intended to be more
ong horizontal wells with no net production to the surface but in which cross-flow can occur. We present tests that demonstrate the effi
n particular. The proposed numerical method considers that the geomechanical problem (rock failure) interplays with the transport of sa
odel scale we then need to validate the use of the logs-scale calibrated pem at a larger scale vertically and laterally. In this pape
porous media as permeability increases. We then apply the pore-scale network model to study the dynamics of gas flow during reservo
variables is treated implicitly. AIM offers a balance between FIM and IMPES by employing implicit treatment only where necessary. The
much larger amounts of water in the capillary transition zone of a highly heterogeneous reservoir of uncertain boundaries overlying an a
gions where they are interconnected: Diffuse fractures which strike N20 to N40. This scale develops mostly in the denser reservoir unit
connectivity of fractures controls the flow. The analysis of the connectivity based on finite-size scaling assumes that fractures all have th
ar is how to apply these smart technologies to mature fields with a legacy infrastructure and long production history. Participants fel
ccurate well data are available. Over the last five years Frac-Pack operating envelop has been pushed to 70 - 75 deviated wells an
he reliability of the predictions while optimizing the cost effectiveness of the study. Because the assessment of repeatability noise indica
se follow-up of the field behaviour from reservoir to point of sale. This paper: presents examples of early successful achievements fit f
mized acquisition methodologies and propulsion equipment using either coiled tubing or tractors. However these tools face their limits w
heme is complex because it depends on the water characteristics the steam generator type selected (OTSG or conventional boiler) and
ning to the drilling itself the completion also carried its own ones as the formation would require effective acid-stimulation (not only an ac
en technologies. Introduction TOTAL AUSTRAL operates the Carina and Aries fields located in offshore Tierra del Fuego in the most s
re pressure affecting by consequence the mechanical properties of the rock in its whole thickness. This petrophysical and mechanical
ion. The wells produced initially unassisted then later on a work-over campaign was launched in order to equip the well with electrical s
h which most of the treating fluid is lost so that treatment of the entire section is inefficient. Traditional completion practice on Al Khalij
The paper presents the case of a gas producing horizontal well in Indonesia completed with a perforated liner. The target reservoir is a
ontrol lines or other hardware that can be damaged during perforation. The traditional approach of hiring a workover rig to remove the c
ngle Trip Multi-zone (STMZ) technology. Two different STMZ techniques have been applied because of differing well characteristics and
processes selected to facilitate the completions were successful in achieving the project goals of the operator.These goals include
SAS) across the production intervals and allowing the wells to cleanup the Productivity Index (PI) measured on each well was very disap
and injectors along with the criteria related to the sand characteristics and off-shore implementation of the completions will be describe
the sand production and to follow the development of the sand producing zone. In parallel a numerical approach is proposed to simu
provided the descriptions of the rock strengths and in-situ stresses in the reservoir formation. Somewhat surprisingly the model backe
studies identified a risk for calcium carbonate scaling with an increased scaling risk as the wells mature. In May 2002 the first obstr
ining the existence of poor behind casing cement quality and possibly hydraulically communicating layers was critically and systematica
osts prohibit extensive appraisal activity and drive development decisions based on very few wells. Whilst these limited penetration
perating above 95% gas fraction under metering conditions and water cuts often higher than 90 % TOTAL ABK has evaluated different w
s interpretation and reducing the difficulty of its practical application havent been discovered most especially where there is inconsi
anism for the case of time-dependent real gas flow which uses an approach that combines the so-called average pressure approximati
que named WTPL (Well Testing by Production Logging) has been developed in which a cyclic wave function is imposed in the wellbore
e interval and the observation point. With regression analysis we face the problem of non-unique solutions. Sometimes an estimated p
e (or sandface) conditions. While accurate pressure measurements are commonplace the measurement of sandface flowrates is ra
ect of acid gases (CO2 H2S and their mixtures) on the water-wettability of caprocks. We present an experimental setup and procedure
non carbonate minerals that are present in the formation have to: dissolve in order to buffer the pH decrease resulting from the CO2 i
Total Congo and Gabon affiliates. These tests are systematically modeled with nodal well flow models. The impact of well instabilities or
nformation management system practices within the company. For Total E&P Indonesie the beginning of Data/Information Manage
ly shared view of the information that provides a better understanding of ongoing events on each asset. This paper presents TOTAL fie
wide range of salinities covering sea water and a mixture of sea water and produced water. Additional recoveries in the range of 3 to 7
overing sea water and a mixture of sea water and produced water. Additional recoveries in the range of 5% can be achieved in this par
ocess efficiency on the basis of incremental oil. Apart from WAG at Ekofisk and FAWAG at Snorre central fault block (CFB) all technolo
blem. Peciko is a giant multilayer gas field located in the Mahakam delta of East Kalimantan with water depths of around 30 40 me
dology based on the combined use of a classical rheometer and a laboratory loop offering a large range of experimental conditions in te
e of flow rates watercuts and gas-lift rates including flow-stability tests performed both on upward- and downward-sloping flowlines. T
observation wells and a testing campaign started at the end of 1999. In well tests anomalies in water salinity values were observed: an
for the thermodiffusion coefficients which is not readily available. One way to provide further information both on the dynamic of the se
BOPD in 2003. An integrated study on the largest EOR reservoir was performed to assess the projects performance including 3D
620-million-recoverable-barrels accumulation of a critical fluid made of very light oils up to 53API and classified as condensate with
. The uncertainty in more than 30 correlated variables is calculated on a dense 2D grid using all available information including wells se
ntological study of the McMurray reservoir based on outcrops and subsurface data (cores well logs seismic profiles) has been undert
interaction. Considering new decisive developments of the visualization cell we claim to have developed a new petrophysical tool whic
ervoir simulators often resulting in very low gas relative permeabilities that are difficult to explain from a physical viewpoint. Although por
stand and model the solution gas drive mechanism in primary heavy oil recovery. Conventional simulations are not reliable for predictio
or is economic to run and have done well in heavy oil cold production. These elastomers are however limited in temperature (<150C
n (2007) satellites using extended reach drilling techniques and the recent drilling of an infill well in highly depleted reservoir are some o
e caused the well to be shut-in from end 2004 until an appropriate programme of remediation and prevention was implemented. Lead a
phase present inside the well-bore. As soon as the pressure drops below dew point in the tubing the vertical phase distribution changes
mbibition tests are conducted to determine wettability alteration before and after treatment with the chemicals. The results show that c
cy range. Experimental data of absolute permeability damage due to the fracturing fluid filtration and water sensitivity of this illitic sands
rating the Cenomanian at a 60 degree inclination for this purpose. Proppant fracturing from a wellbore with a 60 degree inclination in a
orientation and density it is necessary to tie the measurements of anisotropy derived from the 3D surface seismic analysis to existing w
conditions of a fracturing operation in a tight gas formation: cores with an absolute permeability of 10 microDarcy set at Swi experimen
metric correction factors the geometric factor is a strong function of permeability anisotropy that is generally unknown before a test. Wh
ntal well is not available in the literature. This paper presents an analytical solution to the described problem. The solution shows that th
tive mixed evolved sea-water - freshwater and late thermobaric. Defining static rock-type can therefore be problematic due to the highl
as connectivity enhancers related to the presence of open fracture networks in the vicinity of fault surfaces or as indications of faults wi
on image logs recorded in this field. The objective of this study is to provide a more detailed fracture network to explain the present-day
hore needs as well as develop an Excel Spreadsheet and a V-Basic program that can be used to predict fracture pressure for deep offsh
robe interval pressure transient testing (IPTT) and coring. A Sonic Scanner* survey was conducted in Tunu field to investigate possible
the operator to ensure that all representative fluids are sampled. The most important information a continuous fluids type and property
ed method based on a stochastic approach for textural analysis and segmentation of core scanner images. The technique used to obta
e permeability k; (2) in uncored wells log porosity is used instead as input to predict permeability; and (3) the same equation is sometim
for the low- medium- and high-porosity range. Though developed on a different scale from the simulation-model cells the saturation p
ults. The larger scale faults down throw to the east and subdivide the field into four main areas; the West Flank Central Panel and Fron
flow simulation. The mini-models are constructed on a by-facies basis honoring the spatial variability within each category. The u
e reservoir engineers with geologically representative model to be able to simulate properly the flow behaviour and further estimate the
edicted. This creation is based on interpreted upscaled stratilogs (Facies Groups) and calibrated on all available petrophysical attributes
his method is more efficient than conventional estimation with the ability to build a non-linear relationship between seismic traces and ta
d raw sea water injection. This is feasible by installing two water injection pumps subsea and using available power and compressor ca
low units within R4 reservoir of the Amenam-East structure. It was assumed in the initial Field Development Plan that these shale layer
rievable components (including complete piping and control modules). Adapting design and strategy to capture base parameter ch
at could lead to first production of gas from this challenging region by 2014. The proposed project facilities consist of a subsea templatem/ permanent solution. The purpose of this paper is to present details on what kind of solutions that have been implemented within the
egy-A involved high step-outs of more than 4 000m which have not previously been attempted under the extreme WAD conditions. The
he construction of specific geological and reservoir models the safety and environmental issues such as caprock integrity and sour ga
essing of a new 3D seismic program and the construction of specific geological and reservoir models. The safety and environmental iss
propriate monitoring and global static/dynamic review are the key factors to achieve these objectives. The short term objective is to mai
orrelated addition but this requires the estimation of all correlations between field-resource estimates. This paper presents a simplified
trial closed loop test facility designed for R&D program and for testing multiphase equipment such as separators pumps or flow-meters
performed to examine along rock samples the deposition profile of only solid particles. The present work focuses on the oil droplets de
to be considered. Furthermore recently developed water treatment technologies are currently being installed on the NCS. In relation w
ing workflow to update the facies spatial distribution the petrophysical properties and fluid flow parameters. Advanced parameteriz
fronts and heating efficiency between and along the horizontal well pair during the SAGD circulation phase. By using the exponential int
hroughout the history matching process. This paper describes the process of geological and reservoir uncertainty quantification and ran
ch space. The results obtained over the optimization cycle are used to identify sensitivity parameters correlations and parameter trends
environments. As a result small scale heterogeneity is often a key driver of fluid flow in carbonates. Proper reliable modeling of this criti
or fault activation which continuously modify the reservoir properties such as the permeabilities and the fault transmissibilities. Modifica
). At user-defined steps the fluid pressures calculated by the reservoir simulator are transmitted to the geomechanical tool which comp
es are transmitted to the geomechanical tool which computes the actual stresses and reports the modifications of porosities and perme
t. This is still true for dual-porosity / dual-permeability models where the matrix domain is also flowing but at lower velocity. During the p
mputer technology has enabled us to run numerical models with nearly the same speed. Although analytical methods have been contin
h proposed by King et al1 and streamline simulation approach by Ates et al2. New upscaled layering scheme was further validated by ru
natures in understanding the main flow mechanisms occurring within the reservoir is emphasized. Then we detail the way the dynamic
oir models intended to be more realistic require computationally intensive and memory consuming algorithms. They also involve nume
nt tests that demonstrate the efficiency of the method first on a conceptual model then on a full field model of a particular carbonate res
nterplays with the transport of sand. Equilibrium equations which control rock failure (solid mechanics) and sand transport (fluid mechan
rtically and laterally. In this paper we proposed a methodology to define an upscaled PEM (new set of relationships valid at reserv
amics of gas flow during reservoir depressurization in virgin and waterflooded conditions with the dual purpose of understanding the mic
ment only where necessary. The challenge with AIM is to find a robust and sharp stability criteria that can be used to choose an optimal
ertain boundaries overlying an active aquifer?" To meet a challenge of such magnitude a phased development was undertaken and com
ostly in the denser reservoir units. Its spacing is controlled by the mean curvature of the seismic Top-Reservoir surface and by the struc
ssumes that fractures all have the same sizes. However natural fracture networks involve a relatively wide range of fracture lengths mo
ction history. Participants felt that maturity in itself made a challenge for deployment and enforces the need for effective Change M
d to 70 - 75 deviated wells and to lengths ranging from 100 to 322 ft. The success of such operations depends obviously on some sp
ment of repeatability noise indicated a realistically irreducible threshold for high resolution 4D surface seismic and a possible limitation fo
rly successful achievements fit for the purpose of local assets dealing with the monitoring of reservoirs (4D tracers ..) wells pipeline fl
ver these tools face their limits when it comes to logging long horizontal drains produced by downhole electrical submersible pumps (ES
OTSG or conventional boiler) and the decision to completely eliminate waste water disposal (zero liquid reject) or use other waste handli
e acid-stimulation (not only an acid wash) to reach the desired levels of productivity. Stimulation of long intervals and how to ensure full
re Tierra del Fuego in the most southern region of Argentina (Figure 1). These fields are prolific gas fields and are being developed
s petrophysical and mechanical behavior of the reservoir added to the possibility of finding free water in the lowest part makes it difficu
o equip the well with electrical submersible pumps (ESP). Work-over operations were taken as an opportunity to re-stimulate lower-per
completion practice on Al Khalij field (Qatar) involved cemented casing perforations and subsequent stimulation of the limestone with
d liner. The target reservoir is a clean sandstone reservoir. The horizontal drain is 1155 feet (ft) long. The reservoir permeability is rangin
g a workover rig to remove the completion prior to perforating is in many cases not cost effective leading to foregone opportunities to
differing well characteristics and objectives. To date 14 wells have been equipped with Dual Sting - STMZ completions and five wells h
perator.These goals included not only the production of gas at relatively high rates from the shallow unconsolidated sand-stone res
ured on each well was very disappointing. A diagnosis study concluded that the severe productivity impairment on these wells was relate
the completions will be described. Production strategy recommendations to minimize the sand risk during well start-up and ramp-up an
al approach is proposed to simulate the dominant sanding mechanism. The theoretical model is based on the resolution of the equation
at surprisingly the model backed up by the core laboratory test data observations from core inspection and thin section analyses reve
e. In May 2002 the first obstruction occurred and was identified as CaCO3 resulting in a programme of remediation and treatment a
rs was critically and systematically examined by a dedicated team of ZADCO and Schlumberger technical professionals. The criteria us
Whilst these limited penetrations are often logged extensively using modern formation evaluation tools the acquired static data cannot
AL ABK has evaluated different well testing & monitoring strategies based on multiphase metering use. A compact dual-energy gamma
especially where there is inconsistency in data sampling. The statistical approach (VEMST) utilized simple statistical tools such as StatD
d average pressure approximation (a convolution for the right-hand-side nonlinearity) and the Laplace transformation. For refere
ction is imposed in the wellbore by modulating the flowrate. The analysis of the acquired rate function and the resulting pressure wave t
ons. Sometimes an estimated permeability is outside a reasonable range when analyzing noisy data from real tests. In a wireline vertic
ment of sandface flowrates is rare essentially non-existent in practice. As such the "deconvolution" of wellbore storage distorted press
xperimental setup and procedure for measuring contact angles on mineral substrates in the conditions of geological storage. Measurem
ecrease resulting from the CO2 injection; provide cations such as Ca2+ Mg2+ Fe2+ to the formation water; not release bicarbonate
The impact of well instabilities or metering and reservoir uncertainties on modeled outputs such as gross production rates is assessed. T
of Data/Information Management project (dedicated for Geoscience and Reservoir division) had been carried out in the year 2000 a
. This paper presents TOTAL field examples of Data Validation and Reconciliation (DVR) applied to flow measurement (metering) syste
ecoveries in the range of 3 to 7 % can be expected in this particular context of large well-spacing development of a medium viscosity fie
5% can be achieved in this particular context of large well-spacing development of a medium viscosity field. Powder polymer supply is
ral fault block (CFB) all technologies have been applied successfully (i.e. positive in economic terms) to the associated fields. HC misc
r depths of around 30 40 meters. There are more than 100 reservoirs per well with average thicknesses of less than 1 m. Most of th
e of experimental conditions in terms of temperature pressure flow rates and cooling rates. Different commercial oil soluble DRAs have
d downward-sloping flowlines. These data were compared to the results obtained from dynamic simulations performed with the simulatio
alinity values were observed: an aquifer salinity of 2300 ppm while some wells produced water at 15000 ppm. At that time high values
n both on the dynamic of the segregation and on the thermodiffusion process is to use Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. In this pa
performance including 3D geo-modeling reservoir simulation and chemical tracer injection. The study permitted to track the main e
d classified as condensate with well head shut-in pressures up to 400 bars fluid temperature up to 116C at wellhead and very high
le information including wells seismic and geologic trends. The correlation structure between the variables is modeled under a multivar
ismic profiles) has been undertaken along a 150 km north (distal) - south (proximal) transect. Facies analysis permits to constrain dep
ed a new petrophysical tool which might permit to access experimentally to the visualization in quasi-static flow of the capillary phenome
physical viewpoint. Although pore-scale network models have been successfully used in the past to match raw production data the stea
ons are not reliable for prediction forecast purposes. The reason is often that conventional modeling requires relative permeabilities tab
imited in temperature (<150C). Through research work conducted by PCM and TOTAL Metal PCP technology has been developed t
y depleted reservoir are some of the key contributors to the success of Elgin/Franklin. The high level of technical innovation from p
ntion was implemented. Lead and zinc sulphides had not been predicted during the initial scaling studies. While several publications m
tical phase distribution changes and the bottom-hole pressure can not be accurately estimated using one single average density. Fluid
micals. The results show that chemical A5 gives the best wettability alteration at high temperature with minimum formation damage. T
ater sensitivity of this illitic sandstone as well as water saturation profiles measured by X-Ray in two phase flow experiments are interpre
with a 60 degree inclination in a hard-rock formation has always been difficult. Also adding another level of uncertainty was the fact that
ce seismic analysis to existing well data such as well bore electric imaging and dipolar sonic logging. The multi-azimuth VSP technique
microDarcy set at Swi experimental pressure of 200 bars for the fracturing fluid invasion. Water and gas saturations during the invasion
rally unknown before a test. When analyzing the test we would logically assume an isotropic formation and use the corresponding isotr
blem. The solution shows that the relationship between the pressure drop and flow rate for a single-probe test in a horizontal well depen
be problematic due to the highly imbricate diagenetic phases and their various distributions and extensions. A further major difficulty is
ces or as indications of faults with minor throws acting as buffer or barrier zones. Observations Most current belief based upon decades
work to explain the present-day reservoir behavior. A uniform classification scheme of fracture types was devised and specific propertie
fracture pressure for deep offshore fields both in the Niger Delta region and the Gulf of Mexico. Furthermore the predicted fracture gra
unu field to investigate possible nearby formation alteration followed by MDT*-multi-probe IPTT. The Sonic Scanner dipole radial pr
inuous fluids type and property log is still not widely used in the industry. Modern NMR logging tools can deliver in addition to conv
ges. The technique used to obtain image models is related to new image processing techniques based on texture models. The accuracy
) the same equation is sometimes used again to populate the cells of a dynamic reservoir model in 3D where input porosity values are
tion-model cells the saturation profiles generated are a good statistical match to the wireline-log-interpreted Sw and bulk volume of wa
t Flank Central Panel and Frontal Panel with anuplifted Horst (Triassic) Panel in the south. Each of these panels has specific reser
y within each category. The uncorrected mini-model flow results lead to a too-narrow range of permeability. Geostatistical scaling
haviour and further estimate the reserves. Introduction Akpo is a condensate to very light oil field located offshore Niger Delta in OML1
available petrophysical attributes. Step2. Seismic facies probabilities are upscaled from the seismic scale to the reservoir one. This ups
p between seismic traces and target porosity logs for interpolation. The combination of 20 seismic attributes including impedance derive
ilable power and compressor capacity at neighbouring fields. Extensive use of advanced wells. The oil producers are dual-lateral wit
ment Plan that these shale layers would play a crucial role in fluid dynamics and hydrocarbons recovery. The initial dynamic model was
gy to capture base parameter changes addition of second well to project during main contract Tender negotiations. Results/Conclu
es consist of a subsea template-manifold above each of the Laggan and Tormore reservoirs with production from up to eight subsea we
ave been implemented within the Alwyn field (producing since 1987) in the Northern North Sea. These production enhancement measur
e extreme WAD conditions. The drilling risk associated with Strategy-A was greater than with Strategy-B but to compensate Strategy-A
as caprock integrity and sour gas production the conversion of existing oil&gas well producers into gas injectors and producers the pr
The safety and environmental issues related to caprock integrity and sour-gas production. The conversion of existing oil and gas wells in
he short term objective is to maintain production by optimizing the injection capacity. Difficulties to model reservoir performance have re
This paper presents a simplified and pragmatic approach partial probabilistic addition. A hierarchy of resource containers is defined
eparators pumps or flow-meters. The loop includes a large three-phase storage tank (10m3). Gas and liquids are flowing separately tow
rk focuses on the oil droplets deposition profile. The mechanisms and laws governing the internal damage with oil are different from tho
stalled on the NCS. In relation with the various water management actors (operators manufacturers researchers authorities) Total E&P
eters. Advanced parameterization techniques are used to constrain the fine scale geostatistical model. The gradual deformation met
ase. By using the exponential integral solution for radial heating in a long cylinder and superposition in space for multi-heating sources t
ncertainty quantification and ranking and focuses on specific examples. The result of implementing such a workflow leads to reservoir
orrelations and parameter trends in a global search space. In addition the original manual history match was further improved by adoptin
per reliable modeling of this critical heterogeneity remains a pitfall often preventing efficient reservoir simulation and development.
e fault transmissibilities. Modifications of such parameters strongly affect the flow pattern in the reservoir and ultimately the recovery fac
geomechanical tool which computes the actual stresses and reports the modifications of the petrophysical properties (porosities and pe
fications of porosities and permeabilities back to the reservoir simulator. This paper presents a new iterative scheme that allows any re
ut at lower velocity. During the past 40 years until recently several formulations have been proposed. In order to review compare and v
ytical methods have been continuously improving there are a number of parameters and effects which are not fully taken into consider
heme was further validated by running compositional simulations in different sectors of the reservoir. We used the analytical method of
we detail the way the dynamic model was build using a novel discrete fracture network (DFN) approach developed internally. The meth
orithms. They also involve numerous parameters a large part of which cannot be estimated from available data. In-between there is a
del of a particular carbonate reservoir. The results obtained with the conceptual model confirm that a substantial (3-fold) reduction in C
and sand transport (fluid mechanics) are solved simultaneously by an iterative coupled scheme at the wellbore scale. Sand production e
t of relationships valid at reservoir-scale) by tuning a fine-scale existing pem adjusting the most sensitive and relevant paramete
urpose of understanding the microscopic flow behavior and producing predicted estimates for the variation of multi-phase flow propertie
n be used to choose an optimal time step size. The objective here is to derive and verify the stability criteria for a given time step selecti
opment was undertaken and completed recently nine years after kick-off. Even so the expected recovery factor remained low and the
servoir surface and by the structural depth. On the crest it forms a connected network of a few tens of mD of equivalent permeability i.e
de range of fracture lengths modeled by either scale-limited laws (e.g. log normal) or power laws. In this paper we extend the applica
he need for effective Change Management. Deployment and Change Management are seen as the major challenges facing the creatio
s depends obviously on some specific precautions: Enough information about reservoir conditions geology and rock properties must be
ismic and a possible limitation for WAG monitoring a 4D well seismic exercise was simulated which overcame those limitations. Introd
(4D tracers ..) wells pipeline flow assurance rotating equipments emphasizes recent applications of the Total corporate integration s
lectrical submersible pumps (ESP): the presence of a by-pass tubing at pump level makes it extremely challenging to perform a cla
reject) or use other waste handling and disposal methods. SAGD water treatment also faces some additional specific challenges compa
intervals and how to ensure full coverage of treatments is a recurrent topic of debate several approaches have been discussed in the l
fields and are being developed with a reduced number of wells with departures of up to 4 Km @ 1500 m TVD/RKB. The drilling scena
the lowest part makes it difficult to reach the best results by means of a unique fracture. Within the optimization process that is followe
ortunity to re-stimulate lower-performing wells of the field. Several options were considered for this purpose from mechanically-diverted
timulation of the limestone with retarded emulsified hydrochloric acid and ball sealers. This paper describes a new and different appro
e reservoir permeability is ranging between 0.1 and 5 millidarcies (mD) An engineered oil-based mud was used as drill-in fluid to preve
ing to foregone opportunities to extend production by perforating new intervals or reperforating existing producing zones. With casingles
MZ completions and five wells have the new Single String-STMZ technology. These 19 wells embody 77 frac packs / gravel packs. The
w unconsolidated sand-stone reservoir at approximately 1000 m TVD but also minimization of impact to the environment. To minimize
airment on these wells was related to either screen plugging by mud particles while running the screens to bottom in the NAOBM and/or
ng well start-up and ramp-up and also well steady-state production will be given. This paper will provide an overview of the behavior of
on the resolution of the equations of equilibrium at the interface between the intact zone and the slurry made of eroded sand and oil. A
and thin section analyses revealed the rocks to be extremely hard and strong and therefore highly unlikely to sand. These findings co
e of remediation and treatment as discussed previously in SPE 94865.In late 2004 however zinc and lead sulphide scale deposits w
cal professionals. The criteria used to judge the usefulness of these logs was the present or not of communication behind casing as det
the acquired static data cannot confirm that the wells will drain sufficient reserves. Evaluation of reservoir connectivity over large distan
A compact dual-energy gamma-ray Venturi multiphase flow meter (MPFM) was selected and placed under field trial to assess whether
ple statistical tools such as StatDiff StatDev and StatExp derived from time series analysis to identify possible unseen features diagnos
ce transformation. For reference Mireles and Blasingame used a similar scheme to solve the real gas flow problem conditioned by t
nd the resulting pressure wave then provides formation characteristics such as permeability and skin in the vicinity of the well. This tech
m real tests. In a wireline vertical interference test we perform a drawdown test followed by a buildup test. Because of the delay of res
wellbore storage distorted pressure test data is problematic in theory this process is possible but in practice without accurate mea
of geological storage. Measurements have been carried out in a range of pressures extending up to 150 bar both with CO2 and H2S an
water; not release bicarbonate (HCO3) to the formation water. Then the released cations react with HCO3 resulting from the d
production rates is assessed. This enables to better check the quality of production tests or the need to question or update the model
en carried out in the year 2000 and was successfully completed in 2003. Today its Geoscience and Reservoir division has applied an in
w measurement (metering) systems; and the resulting added value : in improving production allocation along with reservoir and surface
opment of a medium viscosity field. Powder polymer supply is achievable for deep offshore fields either with a specific bulk carrier or us
field. Powder polymer supply is achievable for deep offshore fields either with a specific bulk carrier or using standard international con
o the associated fields. HC miscible gas injection and WAG injection can be considered mature technologies in the North Sea. The mos
sses of less than 1 m. Most of these reservoirs were perforated and produced commingled throughout the lifetime of a well. Efficient wa
mmercial oil soluble DRAs have been tested on various fluids including a paraffinic crude oil. The experimental results have shown that
ons performed with the simulation code OLGA originally used for the design of the subsea production system. The comparison focused
0 ppm. At that time high values were considered measurement problems. In 2001 the first horizontal producers started to cut water wi
mics (MD) simulations. In this paper Both EoS and MD simulations were applied for the calculation of the fluid distribution in reservoirs.
udy permitted to track the main effects of the gas injection and define reservoir management guidelines for the other lean gas injection r
6C at wellhead and very high gas liquid ratio (GLR). AKPO is not only a giant condensate field but also a gas field with 1 Tcf planne
bles is modeled under a multivariate Gaussian model. The local distributions of uncertainty have been checked with cross validation and
nalysis permits to constrain depositional environments within the McMurray Formation. We document in detail facies associations corre
tic flow of the capillary phenomena and multiphase flows analysis in 3D form or in dynamic flow in 2D form. The in-situ measurements a
ch raw production data the steady-state relative permeabilities calculated from such models commonly predict much slower gas satura
quires relative permeabilities tables that are not universal but depend at least on the depletion rate and possibly on other parameters. I
echnology has been developed to meet the high temperature requirement of SAGD and other thermal recovery processes. Three model
el of technical innovation from project conception right through to recent drilling achievements has provided valuable experience not on
es. While several publications mention these on HP/HT fields little information is available on downhole inhibitor squeeze. Scale remov
ne single average density. Fluid segregation mechanisms involve complex thermo-convective phenomenon in association to gravity wh
minimum formation damage. The improvement in water block removal after treatment with A5 is tested by injecting gas into brine-satu
se flow experiments are interpreted. The methodology of interpretation provides the petrophysical data specific to the rock-fluid system:
l of uncertainty was the fact that the Cenomanian has never been fracture stimulated. This paper will detail the planning process from b
e multi-azimuth VSP technique is used to link these measurements with the surface seismic data. Initial logging measurements carried
saturations during the invasion of the fracturing fluid as well as during the gas back flow are monitored thanks to a XRay equipment. Ad
and use the corresponding isotropic geometric factor. Consequently the FRA-estimated permeability does not represent the true spher
be test in a horizontal well depends on the geometric average of horizontal and vertical permeabilities when the probe is set vertically ag
ions. A further major difficulty is the spatial distribution of rock-types in reservoir models each linked to different sedimentological and d
rrent belief based upon decades of paper sections interpretation of low fold 2D data is that fault planes are in some rare occasions iden
s devised and specific properties namely density orientation apertures and porosity of each fracture type wherever applicable were
rmore the predicted fracture gradient (LOT) values yielded by the various correlations were compared with actual LOT from a particular
e Sonic Scanner dipole radial profiling showed some radial property change at several zones. The altered zone radial extent was qu
an deliver in addition to conventional porosity and permeability information a continuous fluid log of oil gas water and OBM filtra
on texture models. The accuracy of the model is a key point for confidently linking images and physical or geological properties. This ap
where input porosity values are obtained by interpolation. The core-scale regression equation generally underestimates permeability b
eted Sw and bulk volume of water (BVW) and fluid volumetrics agree with the geological model. RT-guided saturation-height functions
these panels has specific reservoir and fluid characteristics. Discovered in 1973 the field did not start production until 1994 owing to th
eability. Geostatistical scaling laws are applied to correct the permeability values. This paper presents a permeability modeling proce
d offshore Niger Delta in OML130 (ex OPL246) approximately 135km from the shore in water depth ranging from 1100m to 1700m. Th
ale to the reservoir one. This upscaling is constrained by the dominant seismic facies and/or constrained by pseudo-petrophysical seism
utes including impedance derived by model based inversion was selected on the basis of ranking of error factors. The network was trai
oil producers are dual-lateral with approx. 1.5 km horizontal reservoir sections equipped with down-hole ICVs (Inflow Control Valves) a
The initial dynamic model was used to optimise well location and perforation strategy. With 35 development wells drilled and almost fiv
er negotiations. Results/Conclusions Dissertation on the challenges faced and overcome to deliver the Jura project: Multiple con
ction from up to eight subsea wells commingled and exported multiphase to the Shetland Islands via two 18" 140km rigid steel flowlines.
roduction enhancement measures relate to a number of different disciplines ranging from topsides modifications to well interventions to
B but to compensate Strategy-A offered the prospect of lower capex and earlier production. This development decision involved compl
injectors and producers the processing of cycled gas (including sour gas treatment) the cost of the project compared to more conven
on of existing oil and gas wells into gas injection and production wells. The processing of cycled gas (including sour-gas treatment). Th
el reservoir performance have resulted in implementation of an intensive monitoring program. This is to limit water production and to ma
resource containers is defined from individual reservoirs to total project level and resources are aggregated from bottom upward usin
iquids are flowing separately towards a mixing point by the way of a compressor and centrifugal pumps. The mixture is sent to the multi
age with oil are different from those concerning solid particles. Like solid particles oil tends to deposit preferentially at the core entrance
searchers authorities) Total E&P Norges R&D department is strongly involved in the issues related to installation and operation of
el. The gradual deformation method allows smooth transformations of the facies model realization while conserving the overall statistica
pace for multi-heating sources the proposed model can be used to predict these temperature profiles provided that the steam tempera
ch a workflow leads to reservoir models which honour the production history of the modelled field. To achieve a history match the work
was further improved by adopting a pressure match using an Evolutionary Strategy. Best matched cases were selected based on the g
mulation and development. This paper recaps the traditional upscaling methods used for heterogeneity modeling and highlights the
r and ultimately the recovery factor. To capture the link between flow and in-situ stresses it becomes essential to conduct coupled rese
cal properties (porosities and permeabilities) back to the reservoir simulator. In the classical iterative scheme at each stress equilibratio
ative scheme that allows any reservoir simulator to be coupled with any nonlinear finite-element-method (FEM) package for the stress a
order to review compare and validate some of them this work first analyse the main recovery drivers in two-phase systems like draina
are not fully taken into consideration by these methods and therefore result in unrealistic production forecasts. These factors include
e used the analytical method of King et al1 both in its original form and in a modified version. We refer to the original form as map-base
h developed internally. The method populates the static parameters at the full field scale using a geo-statistical process guided by a geo
ble data. In-between there is a need for reasonably complex models and methods to generate them in a consistent way with various fr
ubstantial (3-fold) reduction in CPU time could be achieved compared to a conventional approach using high permeability values to rep
ellbore scale. Sand production experiments in the laboratory on cohesionless sand samples carried out under CT-scan are used to cali
sensitive and relevant parameters by an optimisation procedure. Some previous studies already addressed downscaling problems (fr
on of multi-phase flow properties: this is undertaken at two PVT extremes (fluid samples separated by a depth interval of 200m from th
eria for a given time step selection in simulations based on a Thermal Adaptive Implicit Method (TAIM). Our linear stability analysis acco
ery factor remained low and the reservoir model unmatched. This paper describes the extensive work program implemented to better un
mD of equivalent permeability i.e. about 10 times the matrix permeability. Large scale fractures forming a connected network on the cre
his paper we extend the applicability of the percolation approach to a system with a distribution of size. For scale-limited distributions w
ajor challenges facing the creation of Smart Fields. During the Forum it became apparent that companies do not have a common visio
logy and rock properties must be available to allow detailed fracture planning. In particular time must be spent to obtain a representativ
ercame those limitations. Introduction The Bu Hasa Field onshore Abu Dhabi is a super giant carbonate oil field. The Lower Cretaceou
the Total corporate integration strategy dedicated to improve overall field performance. This activity is implemented in a single program
challenging to perform a classical PLT in production mode. This paper describes the various attempts to rise to this production alloc
tional specific challenges compared with oil fields worldwide such as the high silica content in the produced water. An overview of the c
es have been discussed in the literature. In the particular case of NKossa this issue was not only rendered difficult by the length o
m TVD/RKB. The drilling scenario for Carina/Aries phase 1 included two horizontal wells to be drilled from the platform CARINA-1 (85 m
ptimization process that is followed in the development of this field the implementation of a strategy of selective stimulation through the
ose from mechanically-diverted acid squeeze to propped hydraulic-fracturing or acid-fracturing this later option being ultimately selected
ribes a new and different approach which involves leaving drains in openhole condition and using a slow acting stimulation treatment
was used as drill-in fluid to prevent any damage to the reservoir. A carbonate particle-based filtercake was used to create a thin and relia
producing zones. With casingless completions even this option is not available. A downhole orienting and imaging platform has the uni
7 frac packs / gravel packs. The average completion time has been 11.3 rig days/well for DS-STMZ wells. SS-STMZ completions have a
the environment. To minimize cost and still accomplish the project goals the wells were drilled from a single platform. Introduction
to bottom in the NAOBM and/or the plugging induced by a mixture of formation sand mud and filter cake when draw-down was applied
e an overview of the behavior of both sand control techniques after 5 years of production and injection. An in depth analysis of the differ
made of eroded sand and oil. An algorithm in 2-D was developed and implemented in a finite element code. Two calculations are alter
ikely to sand. These findings contradicted with initial impression and previous expectation on this sandstone that it should have been sa
d lead sulphide scale deposits were also identified.These had not been predicted during the initial scaling studies.This resulted
munication behind casing as determined by the physical test. For the twenty-eight wells examined twenty-five of the cement log interpre
oir connectivity over large distances from the well requires relatively long and expensive well tests. In this paper we review a number of
der field trial to assess whether this technology could reduce the uncertainty on oil production by removing any impact of imperfect sepa
ossible unseen features diagnose key flow regime for reservoir description and act as checkmate/alternative to the derivative approach
as flow problem conditioned by the constant rate inner boundary condition. In this work we provide a direct solution scheme to solve the
the vicinity of the well. This technique eliminates the disadvantage of shutting-in a well and maintains the production with a modulating
est. Because of the delay of response the pressure at the observation probe continues to drop for some time during the buildup period
n practice without accurate measurements of flowrates this process can not be employed. In this work we provide explicit (direct) d
bar both with CO2 and H2S and with mineral substrates representative of caprock minerals such as quartz and mica as well as with a
h HCO3 resulting from the dissolution of the injected CO2 and precipitate new carbonate minerals. In this study the CO2 mineraliza
o question or update the model of a well. This study highlights the parameters which have the main influence on well models outputs. It
ervoir division has applied an integrated data and information management practices starting from subsurface activities (well and reserv
along with reservoir and surface material balance in reconciling surface and subsurface monitoring for production and reserves optimi
with a specific bulk carrier or using standard international containers to transport big bags (750 kg). Although the on-deck option is sim
using standard international containers to transport big bags (250 kg). Even in the case where no room is left on the existing FPSO ma
ogies in the North Sea. The most commonly used EOR technology in the North Sea has been WAG and it is recognized as the most su
he lifetime of a well. Efficient water shut-off is very critical when water breakthrough occurs at some of these reservoirs in order to optim
imental results have shown that either the presence of waxy crystals or emulsified water droplets can alter the DRA efficiency while the
system. The comparison focused on the overall pressure drop between manifolds and topside and on the transition between stable and
producers started to cut water with similar high values to those observed in some well tests. Since then a multidisciplinary study was lau
he fluid distribution in reservoirs. MD results provide insights on time evolution/stability of the fluid distribution and the calculated profile
for the other lean gas injection reservoirs. In the same time dynamic synthesis has been performed in all accumulation in Handil Field
also a gas field with 1 Tcf planned gas export. With such particular reservoir conditions the AKPO development scheme is very challen
hecked with cross validation and with more than 100 new wells drilled during the last two drilling seasons. Resource uncertainty across
n detail facies associations corresponding to continental (fluvial/palustral/paleosols facies) estuarine (interaction between tide and fluvia
orm. The in-situ measurements are realized in reservoir conditions of extra-heavy oils. The aim of the measurements is first to contribut
predict much slower gas saturation build-up than that found experimentally. Some previous authors have related this low gas saturation
possibly on other parameters. In this paper we keep the conventional Darcy scale point of view and the Darcy law with relative permea
ecovery processes. Three models of the Metal PCP are now available to cover a wide range of flow rates for heavy oil production. This
ded valuable experience not only for the Total group and Elgin/Franklin partnership but also for the industrys HP/HT challenges.
inhibitor squeeze. Scale removal lab studies included dissolution of the recovered scales and corrosion tests. A different fluid package
non in association to gravity which are strongly related to the temperature gradient in the well bore. Segregated phase distribution has
d by injecting gas into brine-saturated cores at different pressure gradients and measuring volume of displaced brine. Higher volumes
specific to the rock-fluid system: the absolute permeability the relative permeability damage due to hysteresis and the capillary pressur
etail the planning process from both the operator and the service provider perspectives with specific well control issues related to an ove
al logging measurements carried out over the field show a very clear correlation between open fracture azimuths (determined by boreho
thanks to a XRay equipment. Adding alcohol in the fracturing fluid has a striking effect on resolving the water block. Cake formation on
oes not represent the true spherical permeability. In contrast the spherical permeability can be estimated from buildup analysis without
when the probe is set vertically against the borehole. One of the important applications of the solution is to estimate horizontal and vertic
different sedimentological and diagenetic processes and each with their own but interdependent geometrical characteristics. In order to
are in some rare occasions identified as individual reflectors on our seismic sections faults are generally recognized by their throws cha
type wherever applicable were generated. These fracture properties were used as input to upgrade the existing reservoir model to stud
with actual LOT from a particular deep offshore field in the Niger Delta and the results analyzed. The results of the analysis showed tha
altered zone radial extent was quantified. The MDT-IPTT tests quantified the virgin zone effective gas permeability and permeability
of oil gas water and OBM filtrate (OBMF) at multiple depths of investigation. The radial fluid profiling allows discrimination of OBMF ve
or geological properties. This approach is demonstrated through stochastic synthesizing procedure proving a fundamental link between
y underestimates permeability by at least a factor of 2. The origin of the bias lies in the reverse transformation from logarithmic to arithm
ided saturation-height functions proved a good method for modeling water saturation in the simulation model. The technique emphasiz
production until 1994 owing to the high levels of complexity and geophysical uncertainty. Compartmentalisation with limited or no int
ts a permeability modeling procedure with application to the Surmont Lease in Northern Alberta Canada. The mini-model construct
anging from 1100m to 1700m. The block was awarded during the first round of deep offshore blocks allocation under the Production Sha
by pseudo-petrophysical seismic cubes (Vclay Porosity). Reservoir connectivity geological organization and fine sandy channel defini
or factors. The network was trained with effective porosity available at well locations. It subsequently recognized not only that pattern b
e ICVs (Inflow Control Valves) and gas lift. Both main bore and laterals will have 8.5 hole diameter made possible by using 8 expanda
pment wells drilled and almost five years of production (1st oil in July 2003) the significant impact of vertical shale barriers was confirme
Jura project: Multiple contractors / vendors directly managed by Total E&P UK at diverse locations (USA Germany France Holla
o 18" 140km rigid steel flowlines. A new gas processing facility sized for 500 MMscfd and operated by TEPUK will be constructed on
ifications to well interventions to sub-surface. As these disciplines originate from different departments within the Company a well perfor
opment decision involved complex interactions between conflicting issues and the best way forward was not obvious. Decision Risk Ma
roject compared to more conventional UGSs. The main benefits expected from the project are: the development of a sizeable workin
cluding sour-gas treatment). The cost of the project compared to more conventional UGSs. The main benefits expected from the proj
imit water production and to maintain/increase water injection capacity. For the long term it is believed that potential resources not acc
egated from bottom upward using either arithmetic or probabilistic additionwhichever is more appropriate. This amounts to setting we
The mixture is sent to the multiphase equipment to be tested before coming back to the storage tank. The loop is completely equipped
eferentially at the core entrance but quickly a moving front of oil droplet is generated. According to our experimental results a simple me
to installation and operation of these technologies. The work described in this study was performed in order to set guidelines to define
conserving the overall statistical characteristics. In addition a new history matching technique has been implemented to constrain the a
provided that the steam temperatures or pressures are known during the circulation period. Knowing temperature profiles between and
chieve a history match the workflow should consist of the following steps: Probabilistic multi-realizations of the reservoir model taking i
es were selected based on the global and partial objective values of each match. Predictions runs were performed in order to investigate
eity modeling and highlights their limitations when applied to carbonates. It presents an innovative line of thinking to overcome these lim
ssential to conduct coupled reservoir-geomechanical simulations. This paper compares the use of five types of approach for the reserv
eme at each stress equilibration step the reservoir simulation needs to be restarted from the previous converged step. This restart bas
d (FEM) package for the stress analysis without any limitation on the functionality of either simulator. The convergence of this new schem
n two-phase systems like drainage and imbibition under capillary and gravity forces on the basis of explicit (single-porosity) simulations
orecasts. These factors include non-Darcy effects along the fracture multiphase flow condensate banking flow convergence and res
to the original form as map-based approach and the modified form as average-based approach. Map-based approach can be character
atistical process guided by a geological driver. Using an innovative technique (the Elementary Patch) a fast calculation of fracture perm
a consistent way with various fracturing and dynamic data in order to produce conditional models. This paper presents such an approa
g high permeability values to represent the conduits. The full field model was built using proprietary geo-statistical techniques developed
under CT-scan are used to calibrate the model and show its ability to reproduce the main sand production features. The results of this
essed downscaling problems (from reservoir to geological/seismic scale) but no previous work has proposed any solution for an upsc
a depth interval of 200m from the top and bottom of the oil bearing column) and for two extremes of rock permeability (5mD and 252m
Our linear stability analysis accounts for mass and heat convection heat conduction capillary mixing and compressibility. The TAIM sta
ogram implemented to better understand early-time reservoir behavior and find ways to increase recovery. Starting with a "back to the
g a connected network on the crest of the structure. They are associated with N30 corridors and N90-N140 trending faults yielding an eq
For scale-limited distributions we use the hypothesis seen in the literature that the connectivity of fractures of variable size is identical t
nies do not have a common vision of what a truly Smart Field will look like and this contributes to the difficulty of assigning a value to
e spent to obtain a representative mini frac and a correct interpretation; Requirements for hydraulic power and pressure rating must be
te oil field. The Lower Cretaceous Shuaiba member of the Thamama formation is the main reservoir with porosity above 30%. This
mplemented in a single program named Field Monitoring and focused on the following topics: reservoirs wells networks plants and IT
pts to rise to this production allocation challenge in a complex carbonate field located offshore Qatar. An enhanced monitoring program
uced water. An overview of the current water treatment process options for SAGD will be presented followed by a new patented proces
rendered difficult by the length of the perforated intervals (up to 1200m) but also derived from the combination of lithology and permeab
om the platform CARINA-1 (85 m water depth) and two horizontal wells from the platform ARIES (65 m water depth) for a targeted prod
elective stimulation through the pumping of two hydraulic fractures directed to reach different challenges provides the best option for o
option being ultimately selected. However the rather adverse conditions existing both downhole and at surface rendered such an oper
ow acting stimulation treatment for damage removal and stimulation. The stimulation treatment comprises a starch enzyme to degrade
s used to create a thin and reliable filter cake. While drilling this well it was believed that reservoir damage was minimized. It was also b
and imaging platform has the unique capability to orient guns along the PFP for optimal fracturing efficiency while simultaneously avoidin
s. SS-STMZ completions have averaged of 22.2 rig days/well inclusive of NPT and the upper completion. Including the time and cost re
a single platform. Introduction Project Challenges.The Carina field contains a considerable amount of oil and gas accumulation a
ke when draw-down was applied during cleanups. Based on collaborative laboratory work between the operator and a service company
An in depth analysis of the different productivity/injectivity characteristics such as drawdown values applied and PLT observations during
code. Two calculations are alternatively performed: one on the intact zone (rock mass) and one on the slurry respectively considered a
stone that it should have been sand-prone formation. Facing these apparent inconsistencies the investigation moved beyond an initial fo
caling studies.This resulted in the well being shut in and the squeeze treatments designed for carbonate scales (see SPE 94865)
ty-five of the cement log interpretations matched the communication test results. One well which communicated had 10 feet of apparent
is paper we review a number of critical points associated with design and execution of such tests. The key here is to ensure that the
ing any impact of imperfect separation. 20 tests were performed considering 15 wells over a period of 10 days to assess MPFM perform
ative to the derivative approach to interpret complex features. Result from channel sand low and high permeability reservoir infinite co
rect solution scheme to solve the constant pressure inner boundary condition problem. Our new semi-analytical solution was developed
he production with a modulating periodic pattern. In addition the WTPL can be easily applied to commingled reservoirs to estimate the in
e time during the buildup period at the source interval. The maximum pressure drop at the observation probe with regard to the maximu
ork we provide explicit (direct) deconvolution of wellbore storage distorted pressure test data using only those pressure data. The value
uartz and mica as well as with a substrate sampled from the caprock of a depleted gas reservoir. We observed that the wettability a
n this study the CO2 mineralization process is modelled taking into consideration various possible reactive pathways. In the first step
uence on well models outputs. It shows the accuracy of these models which can also be used to carry out virtual flow metering. It provid
surface activities (well and reservoir production data) to surface facilities (production and/or process data (eithier non-realtime or realtim
production and reserves optimization. It evidences in particular : That DVR implementation associated with flow modelling improves
hough the on-deck option is simpler even in the case where no room is left on the existing FPSO marine options can be found to safe
is left on the existing FPSO marine options can be found to safely process the polymer on a barge connected to the FPSO (depending
d it is recognized as the most successful EOR technology. The main problems experienced were injectivity (WAG SWAG and FAWAG
hese reservoirs in order to optimize gas production from the other reservoirs. Production logging measurements are used to identify the
ter the DRA efficiency while they are not affected by waxy deposits or low temperature. 1. Introduction Drag reduction is defined as th
e transition between stable and unstable flow with decreasing gas lift rate. The work was conducted in two steps. First updating the mo
a multidisciplinary study was launched aiming at defining and characterizing all water sources using well tests (15 vertical wells) and wa
bution and the calculated profile were used to tune the parameters of the EoS model for current applications. On systems for which an
all accumulation in Handil Field with objective to identify potential by-passed oil and un-drained areas. Following the study an inte
lopment scheme is very challenging and maximizes the use of proven and generic technologies whenever possible. The development
ns. Resource uncertainty across the entire lease area and a number of arbitrary development areas is derived from the 2D maps of unce
eraction between tide and fluvial processes) and marine environments (wave-tide to wave dominated processes). A particular attention
easurements is first to contribute to a predictive bubble population balance which will then be integrated in a network flow model compu
ve related this low gas saturation build-up to the difference in the definition of critical gas saturation between reservoir simulators and po
e Darcy law with relative permeabilities. The key difference however is that relative permeabilities are not fit to experiments but obtained
s for heavy oil production. This paper presents an update on the Metal PCP development and the results of the worlds first SAGD
ustrys HP/HT challenges. With hindsight using this experience combined with a decade of further progress in technology som
n tests. A different fluid package was selected for downhole and SCSSV conditions. Scale remediation using downhole acid washes pr
gregated phase distribution has been observed on some available static pressure gradient surveys where three gradients were identifie
isplaced brine. Higher volumes of brine clean up and lower flow initiation pressure gradient are observed after the treatment. Introduc
eresis and the capillary pressure curve. In addition simulations are presented for the evaluation of the impact of various operational pa
l control issues related to an over-pressured reservoir. Review of the well conditions and operational constraints indicated the best appr
azimuths (determined by borehole electric imaging) the direction of fast shear azimuths (determined by dipolar sonic analysis) and the d
water block. Cake formation on the simulated fracture face is also discussed. Numerical simulations are performed to assess relative p
d from buildup analysis without prior knowledge of permeability anisotropy. Therefore there is a discrepancy between the permeability e
to estimate horizontal and vertical permeabilities from two probe tests. If two tests are conducted at the same measured depth with the
etrical characteristics. In order to optimise the current production of reservoirs as well as future field development plans it is therefore ne
y recognized by their throws characterized by a lateral phase shift on time sections related to a sharp impedance contrast. With moder
e existing reservoir model to study their influence on reservoir production. The relationship of the faults from the images with the seismic
sults of the analysis showed that some of the correlations studied especially Matthew & Kelly can be used to reliably predict the facture
as permeability and permeability anisotropy as well as gave a fair idea of the open hole skin factor. Combination of the results gave
allows discrimination of OBMF versus native oil. Additionally within the hydrocarbon column the NMR measurements can be used to pro
ing a fundamental link between texture perception and rock physical properties. The proposed workflow is (i) to use 3D scanned cores i
mation from logarithmic to arithmetic scale. To avoid this pitfall a new permeability estimator is proposed based on the quantile curves o
model. The technique emphasizes the importance of oil/brine capillary pressures measured under reservoir conditions and of collecting
entalisation with limited or no interaction between panels was a major obstacle in assessing the potential of the field. (Coombes et al 1
a. The mini-model construction flow simulation of the mini-models and derivation of representative porosity-permeability statistics a
cation under the Production Sharing Contract (PSC) of 1993 and the study area is fully covered by a 3D survey shot between 1998 and
on and fine sandy channel definition are better preserved by this optimized upscaling than with a standard arithmetic average. This new
cognized not only that pattern but also similar patterns by generalization in the study area. The effective porosity cube was generated b
de possible by using 8 expandable liners Important reservoir management and simulation issues are: Tyrihans consists of two stru
tical shale barriers was confirmed and 4 main dynamic units were identified in the R4 reservoir. Data acquisition during the developmen
s (USA Germany France Holland Norway Ireland and UK multiple locations). Technical solutions achieved HIPPS Chemica
EPUK will be constructed onshore close to the existing Sullom Voe oil terminal. Anew 30" 230km gas export pipeline sized for cir
within the Company a well performance team was created with the objective of coordinating all production optimisation studies and their
s not obvious. Decision Risk Management (DRM) provided a structured and auditable analysis of the optimum development strategy ta
development of a sizeable working volume (in the order of one billion cubic meter) which would secure additional gas storage for the Fre
benefits expected from the project are: The development of a sizeable working volume in the order of one billion cubic meters in an i
that potential resources not accessible with current wells could effectively double the remaining reserves. For this purpose complemen
riate. This amounts to setting weak correlations to 0 and strong correlations to 1. Expert opinion is solicited only concerning the strength
The loop is completely equipped with basic instrumentation to qualify both the different in/out fluids and the tested equipment: flow mete
xperimental results a simple method for modeling the evolution of the internal damaged permeability is presented and finally an attemp
order to set guidelines to define strategy regarding R&D future directions within water management foreseeing worldwide more restricti
n implemented to constrain the average facies proportions over given regions. As an example new geologically-based parameters like s
mperature profiles between and along the horizontal wells is of great importance when deciding how to design the circulation parameter
ns of the reservoir model taking into account static uncertainty using JACTATM; Calculation of the impact of static uncertainties on the h
performed in order to investigate the effect on the cumulative oil produced and the STOIIP. Finally an uncertainty assessment of the mo
of thinking to overcome these limitations grounded on robust geological concepts and tied to core and log data. The corresponding res
types of approach for the reservoir simulations: A classical approach with rock compressibility using only a reservoir simulator. A loos
converged step. This restart based scheme can be difficult to implement in practice within an industrial IT environment. This paper pres
e convergence of this new scheme is discussed and results are presented for three cases described below. The first case is a validatio
plicit (single-porosity) simulations of flows between fracture and a single matrix block on a fine mesh characterised by the final value an
king flow convergence and reservoir layering and geometry; they can be realistically simulated using explicit fracture modeling. The u
ased approach can be characterized as a local dynamic method which uses each grid cell properties of 3D framework in the calculation
fast calculation of fracture permeability in each grid cell and automatic calibration on the well test data can be made. We also discuss h
paper presents such an approach which has been developed as a workflow. The approach is based on an original conceptual model o
-statistical techniques developed by Total. It included a large number of conduits represented as lines of grid blocks of very high perme
ion features. The results of this fully coupled scheme show the importance of the transport of sand within the reservoir in particular the
posed any solution for an upscaled PEM. The main results of this study using real field data are the following: upscaling is necess
ck permeability (5mD and 252mD). It is found that the very low gas-oil interfacial tension at the onset of the pressure decline induces st
nd compressibility. The TAIM stability criteria are obtained using a von Neumann approach. We found the stability criteria to be sharp. Th
ery. Starting with a "back to the rocks" approach a wide range of studies and additional measurements were undertaken culminating in
140 trending faults yielding an equivalent permeability of a few hundreds of mD which is highly anisotropic with a main axis consistent w
ures of variable size is identical to the connectivity of fractures of the same size whose length is given by an appropriate effective length
fficulty of assigning a value to Smartness.There is a tendency to assign value to discrete technologies as opposed to the holist
wer and pressure rating must be properly assessed. Both the necessary pumping means and the proper down hole equipment (sand scr
ir with porosity above 30%. This field has been producing since 1963 and production mechanism is involving peripheral water injection
s wells networks plants and IT architecture Total has gathered all the above-mentioned tools and technologies within its E&P Field M
n enhanced monitoring program was put in place over two years to try test and standardize the most promising tools available in the m
owed by a new patented process called SIBE (ie Silica Inhibition and Blowdown Evaporation). The principle of this new process is base
nation of lithology and permeability contrasts existing in the formation: indeed the reservoir is an alternation of rather tight carbonates (w
water depth) for a targeted production plateau of 12 MSm3/d of gas with 3 to 4 MSm3/d by well at relatively low pressure (80 bars WHF
es provides the best option for obtaining better results. In order to stimulate the base of the zone the first stage of fracture includes an a
surface rendered such an operation quite challenging. In the first place the tectonically active nature of this region (West of Ural) led to
ses a starch enzyme to degrade the most troublesome polymer and an organic compound that reacts with the carrier brine to release o
age was minimized. It was also believed that there would be no need to cleanup the mud and filtercake left in the hole and that the well
ncy while simultaneously avoiding damage to complex downhole completions without the expense of workover. This technology enable
n. Including the time and cost related to NPT issues both STMZ technologies compare favorably to the Operators expectations for
nt of oil and gas accumulation and is made up of two to three main sandstone sequences generally with good reservoir properties hav
operator and a service company to design a treatment fluid for removing NAOBM filter cake material for water injection wells a microem
ied and PLT observations during these 5 years allow us to draw some general recommendations for these types of sand control techniq
slurry respectively considered as a poroelastic medium and a Newtonian fluid. For each time step it implies an iterative process to de
gation moved beyond an initial focus of sanding risk evaluation and sandface completion optimization. The final results revealed that the
bonate scales (see SPE 94865) being delayed to allow further chemical selection. It was recognised however that the prediction of
unicated had 10 feet of apparent good cement with the remainder poor. Its cement log suffered from eccentralization which negatively a
he key here is to ensure that the data acquired during the test will contain sufficient information to draw conclusions about the reservoir
0 days to assess MPFM performance and repeatability in a wide range of conditions. In most cases it was found that the meters p
permeability reservoir infinite conductivity fractures dual porosity and/or permeability reservoir show same trend as the derivative appro
nalytical solution was developed and implemented in the form of a direct (non-iterative) numerical procedure and successfully verified a
gled reservoirs to estimate the individual permeability and skin for each layer. This effort has also resulted in the development of a down
probe with regard to the maximum pressure drop in the source interval is time-delayed. Using this time delay and the maximum pressur
those pressure data. The value of this work is that we provide explicit tools for the analysis of wellbore storage distorted pressure data
We observed that the wettability alteration of mica is moderate in the presence of dense CO2 but pronounced in the presence of dense
ctive pathways. In the first step the different reactive pathways are investigated in terms of reactive potential CO2 mineralization poten
ut virtual flow metering. It provides guidelines on how to keep well flow models updated which is a key issue to sustain real-time produ
a (eithier non-realtime or realtime data capture methods) by having Geoscience Data Management (GaDaMa) and Production Data Man
ed with flow modelling improves the reliability and accuracy of the production estimates and of the subsea and downhole measurement
ne options can be found to safely process the polymer on a barge connected to the FPSO (depending on the sea conditions) but the o
nnected to the FPSO (depending on the sea conditions) but the on-deck option is more simple. The need for an injectivity pilot is comp
vity (WAG SWAG and FAWAG projects) injection system monitoring and reservoir heterogeneities (HC miscible gas injection WAG
urements are used to identify the water producing reservoir to be isolated. This paper presents a successful field application of chemica
Drag reduction is defined as the reduction of skin friction in turbulent flow below that of the solvent alone [1]. This phenomenon also te
two steps. First updating the model of each flowline to implement the details of the as-built geometry then performing extensive numer
l tests (15 vertical wells) and water production data (150 horizontal wells). This information has then been integrated with geological inte
ions. On systems for which an analytical solution of the thermo-gravitational problem exists it is shown that the molecular simulations
eas. Following the study an intensive Light Work Over campaign has been launched and three pilot wells each with different completio
ver possible. The development is taking place at a time when the supplier market is very buoyant. This in turn has created additional c
erived from the 2D maps of uncertainty. A combined P-field/LU simulation approach is used; the global uncertainty is consistent with the
rocesses). A particular attention has been paid to the nature size geometry and bounding surfaces of architectural elements (i.e. fluvia
d in a network flow model computation. This step is required to develop physical models to obtain a more efficient reservoir simulation. M
ween reservoir simulators and pore-network models. However the dentritic nature of gas-cluster topology in network models especi
t fit to experiments but obtained through physically-motivated explicit formulas. These expressions or formulas are based on the analys
ts of the worlds first SAGD field trial of this type of pump currently on-going in Canada in the Joslyn field. Field performance data a
ther progress in technology some of Elgin/Franklin development features could have been further optimised. This presentation deta
using downhole acid washes proved efficient by increasing wells production. The upper part of the completion on well G6 was cleared
ere three gradients were identified. They correspond to three different phases i.e. gas at the top condensate in the middle and supercr
ed after the treatment. Introduction The accumulation of water near the wellbore or fracture face can decrease the relative permeabil
impact of various operational parameters like pressure draw-down on the gas productivity. It is shown that permeability hysteresis must
nstraints indicated the best approach would be a multi-stage pinpoint stimulation method incorporating hydrajet perforating and sand plu
dipolar sonic analysis) and the direction of tectonic maximum stress. Furthermore the depth intervals with significant anisotropy corres
e performed to assess relative permeabilities from the experimental results. It is shown that the hysteresis of gas and water relative perm
ancy between the permeability estimates from the two analysis methods. In addition if considered separately neither FRA nor buildup
same measured depth with the probe set vertically in one test and horizontally in the other two permeabilities are obtained. Then the h
velopment plans it is therefore necessary to understand the main diagenetic phases and develop approaches which effectively incorpora
mpedance contrast. With modern seismic and the contribution of image processing tools such as the HEF tool in our example below (fi
rom the images with the seismic faults and the fractures were also studied. Interpretation of high-resolution image data from 24 we
sed to reliably predict the facture gradient for deep offshore fields. Introduction Fracture pressure is the minimum pressure required to
Combination of the results gave altered zone radius altered zone permeability virgin zone permeability and anisotropy on a comparative
easurements can be used to provide continuous logs of oil viscosity and gas-oil ratio (GOR). With this information acquired before the s
is (i) to use 3D scanned cores images as a vector of continuity for automatically describing petrophysical facies and (ii) to extrapolate p
d based on the quantile curves of the Phi-k crossplot. This estimator is data driven and does not assume a priori any particular function
voir conditions and of collecting an adequate number of Archie saturation and cementation exponents to reduce uncertainties in well-log
al of the field. (Coombes et al 1996) The field has so far produced more than 280 MMBoe. Better understanding of the reservoir beha
porosity-permeability statistics are described and documented in this context. A comparison of SAGD flow simulation results (recov
D survey shot between 1998 and 1999. The 3D seismic data set was processed and interpreted for the location of first exploratory well A
rd arithmetic average. This new strategy based on seismic attributes allows a combined detection of geological facies organization an
e porosity cube was generated by the processing of 3D seismic data with this trained network. The representative sections extracted fro
: Tyrihans consists of two structures which cannot be produced independently. Handling gas and water coning in a two-front system
quisition during the development phase and early production life of the field with pressure data interference tests and gas tracers yielde
s achieved HIPPS Chemical Injection and Towhead design. Logistical innovation for towhead transportation. Introduction Ju
m gas export pipeline sized for circa 665 MMscfd will transport the processed gas to a tie-in point on the FUKA pipeline close to the aban
on optimisation studies and their implementation on the field. During the course of this paper more details about the structure of the tea
ptimum development strategy taking risks and uncertainties into account. A decision risk model was constructed which involved fifteen u
dditional gas storage for the French and/or Spanish market an improved oil recovery (the annual cycling of the gas would allow for 20%
f one billion cubic meters in an ideal location to serve the French and possibly Spanish market. An improved oil recovery as the annua
s. For this purpose complementary developments have to be proposed to target clearly identified attic oil or by-passed regions. A pragm
ted only concerning the strength of dependencies rather than being asked to specify elusive correlation coefficients. The validity of the
the tested equipment: flow meters on each single phase line upstream and downstream from the device pressure transmitters tempera
presented and finally an attempt is made to extrapolate these results to the well scale for both matrix and fractured flows. Introduction
eseeing worldwide more restrictive legislation. The paper presents a methodology based upon experience from the NCS to help to me
ogically-based parameters like shale proportions in flow barriers or sand proportions in channel sequences can be considered in the inv
design the circulation parameters where to modify the process and when to switch to the SAGD production phase in a timely manner.
ct of static uncertainties on the history match by means of reservoir simulation; Calculation of the impact of dynamic uncertainty on the
ncertainty assessment of the most recent history match was carried out using an experimental design matrix. The results of the experim
log data. The corresponding reservoir modeling involves the dual porosity structure not for fracture modeling but for splitting the porou
nly a reservoir simulator. A loose coupled approach between a reservoir simulator (finite volumes) and a geomechanical simulator (fini
IT environment. This paper presents a new iterative scheme which allows: any reservoir simulator to be coupled with any nonlinear
elow. The first case is a validation case used by other SPE papers. The second case is a synthetic model of a highly compacting reserv
aracterised by the final value and the kinetics of the recovery. Varying the main dynamic parameters these simulations give a set of refe
explicit fracture modeling. The use of numerical modeling enables the user to utilize detailed reservoir properties and to simulate the flo
3D framework in the calculation. Average-based approach can be characterized as a global dynamic method which evaluates variations
can be made. We also discuss how the best choice for the simulation model (single porosity vs double porosity) depends not only on the
n an original conceptual model of fracture systems and a notion of scale-dependent effective properties. It is also a two-step modeling a
of grid blocks of very high permeability (pseudo relative permeability curves were also used). The models suffered from convergence dif
hin the reservoir in particular the effect of a non homogeneous slurry viscosity for a proper modeling of the sand production process. In
following: upscaling is necessary depending on the degree of static and dynamic heterogeneity; the optimisation procedure is suc
the pressure decline induces strong gas buoyancy effects even at the pore scale. Moreover the variation in PVT properties along the
e stability criteria to be sharp. That is mild violations of the stability limits lead to unstable solutions both in the saturation and temperatu
were undertaken culminating in full field reservoir simulations. Innovative modeling and interpretation techniques were implemented to
pic with a main axis consistent with the maximum horizontal stress azimuth. The originality of the work is based on the following: Inte
y an appropriate effective length. It is then necessary to define the percolation probability based on the excluded area arguments. In this
nologies as opposed to the holistic full project value associated with the business process that has been improved by the application of
down hole equipment (sand screens must be equipped with alternate path system) must be available. The completion efficiency of suc
olving peripheral water injection and crestal gas and water injection. (Figure 1) The monitoring of this field is essential to optimize th
hnologies within its E&P Field Monitoring program so as to accelerate the implementation of technological breakthroughs by: capitaliz
promising tools available in the market. Tractored production PLTs attempts were performed enabling significant improvements in the op
ciple of this new process is based on TOTALs research in the area of silica inhibition and an optimized application of conventional w
ation of rather tight carbonates (with permeabilities as low as 1 mD) and porous sandstones (which permabilities sometimes reach up to
vely low pressure (80 bars WHFP). Maximizing the Wellhead Pressure The surface project includes the two platforms respectively loca
st stage of fracture includes an aggressive design of high conductivity with the aggregate in some cases of Relative Permeability Modi
f this region (West of Ural) led to anticipate significantly high fracturing gradients and difficulties to initiate a fracturing regime. Secondly
with the carrier brine to release organic acid in situ over a period of several hours. The breaker fluid is introduced to the openhole sectio
left in the hole and that the well would cleanup by itself easily once it started producing. After disappointing production results from this
orkover. This technology enables the enhanced production from wells that may otherwise have been uneconomical. The technique was
Operators expectations for conventional technology. The STMZ completions are saving 1 to 2 rig days per gravel pack zone comp
th good reservoir properties having an average porosity of 35% and an average permeability of 1 Darcy. The reserves to be produc
r water injection wells a microemulsion spotting fluid was formulated to remediate the damage in the two Rosa wells. The formulation c
se types of sand control techniques when used in a similar geological environment. Impact of the measured drawdown values on the s
mplies an iterative process to determine the unknown fluid pressure and solid displacements at the interface. The boundary between th
The final results revealed that the problems facing the field were other than conventional sanding and formation failure and that they inv
ed however that the prediction of sulphide scale and the methodologies available for their laboratory assessment especially in brines c
centralization which negatively affected the cement bond log interpretation. Two wells with long intervals of excellent cement on logs suf
conclusions about the reservoir connectivity and to estimate the reservoir volume that is in communication with the well. We discus
was found that the meters performance compares favorably with that of the test separator located in line. Furthermore the high-fre
ame trend as the derivative approach and also diagnose unseen features such as dual permeability geologically interpreted as layered r
dure and successfully verified against numerical simulation. Introduction Mireles and Blasingame [Mireles and Blasingame (2003)] dev
ed in the development of a downhole flow modulation tool capable of creating the cyclic flow patterns needed for the new testing metho
delay and the maximum pressure drop at the observation probe we developed a new technique to estimate vertical and horizontal perm
storage distorted pressure data specifically we utilize the following techniques: Russell method (1965) (very approximate a
unced in the presence of dense H2S. In contrast the wettability of quartz and of the real caprock substrate is not altered by den
ential CO2 mineralization potential and consequences on the porous network. In the second step simulation of flow and dissolution of
issue to sustain real-time production optimization tools. The conclusions of this study are now implemented in TOTAL Congo and Gabo
DaMa) and Production Data Management System (PDMS). A unique data or information management system was implemented by inte
ea and downhole measurement devices The high potential of DVR in analyzing qualifying and interpretating large amounts of measur
on the sea conditions) but the on-deck option is more simple. The need for an injectivity pilot is compulsory to demonstrate the operabi
ed for an injectivity pilot is compulsory to demonstrate the operability of the facilities and the injectivity of the polymer solution The desi
HC miscible gas injection WAG SWAG and FAWAG projects). Approximately 63% of all the reported EOR field applications have been
ssful field application of chemical water shut-off at Peciko field. In this application the chemical water shut-off is the unique solution due
ne [1]. This phenomenon also termed as Tom's effect has been shown to occur with the addition of small amounts of certain materials
hen performing extensive numerical simulations and post-processing of the selected operational cases. Particular attention was paid to
en integrated with geological interpretation and reservoir characterization. In this paper a static model is developed using well test inform
n that the molecular simulations results are consistent with expected profiles. The MD simulations confirmed a non negligible impact of t
ls each with different completion type have been successfully put on production and became the model for the next Handil developme
in turn has created additional challenges with respect to the availability of skilled resources and obtaining quality products on time. Th
uncertainty is consistent with the local uncertainty. Introduction The McMurray formation contains a large oil-sands resource. A small po
architectural elements (i.e. fluvial or estuarine channels IHS/point-bars tidal bars incised valley emerged surfaces). Stratigraphic corre
e efficient reservoir simulation. More precisely we focus our attention on a quasi static model of bubble nucleation which appears decisi
ology in network models especially in the presence of other forces such as gravity or strong viscous pressure gradients clearly sugges
rmulas are based on the analysis of the mechanism of gas phase flow based on the geometry of the bubbles and its consequences on
n field. Field performance data are discussed comparing high temperature ESP and metal PCP in actual LP-SAGD conditions. Four SA
mised. This presentation details some of the most significant feedback and provides an insight into the future of Elgin/Franklin as a m
mpletion on well G6 was cleared from scales by a coiled tubing operation in mid-2005 and the integrity of the SCSSV was restored. To p
nsate in the middle and supercritical gas at the bottom of the well. This phenomenon of having a low density fluid below a higher densit
decrease the relative permeability of oil/gas.[1-5] This restriction to flow of oil/gas due to increase in water saturation is known as water
hat permeability hysteresis must be considered to explain the low gas recoveries at short term. On the long term the natural clean-up is
hydrajet perforating and sand plug isolations using a stimulation vessel especially designed for such work. Additionally a comprehensive
with significant anisotropy correspond to the producing reservoir units. Multi-azimuth VSP surveys are used to tie the interpretations of a
sis of gas and water relative permeabilities has a strong impact on the rate of water removal. Sufficiently high pressure draw down is cru
arately neither FRA nor buildup analysis can decompose the estimated permeability into its horizontal and vertical components. This pa
abilities are obtained. Then the horizontal and vertical permeabilities at the measured depth can be estimated by combining these two p
aches which effectively incorporate them into the static reservoir model. This paper presents a synthetic modelling workflow applied to a
EF tool in our example below (fig.1) we observe on our workstation screens indications of faults with little or no throws on our reservoir
esolution image data from 24 wells indicates the presence of an organized fracture network within the Arab reservoirs. The impact of suc
e minimum pressure required to overcome the formation pore pressure and the strength of the rock matrix as to induce fractures in the f
and anisotropy on a comparative basis between different zones. Moreover the results from both dipole radial profiling and MDT-IPT
nformation acquired before the sampling operation it is easier to ensure that a full suite of representative samples are acquired and tha
al facies and (ii) to extrapolate petrophysical properties along cores in order to produce a high resolution core petrophysical log. A valid
e a priori any particular functional relationship between Phi and k such as an exponential-regression function. One of the simplest diag
o reduce uncertainties in well-log interpretation. Introduction The heterogeneous carbonate reservoir in this study is composed of both
erstanding of the reservoir behaviour relies on our ability to better define the size of the connected volumes through a combination of se
GD flow simulation results (recovered bitumen and steam-oil-ratio) with different permeability modeling procedures is presented to suppo
ocation of first exploratory well Akpo 1 which turned out to be a success in 2000. To date four appraisal wells with two geological sidetr
geological facies organization and small scale internal heterogeneities as well as their preservation during the upscaling phase. It provid
esentative sections extracted from this volume highlight the limited extent of reservoir sands within the sequences which has also been
ater coning in a two-front system and keeping track of fluid contacts are challenging. The northern structure consists of an 18 m thin o
ence tests and gas tracers yielded very significant results essential to optimise the development strategy and to establish a proper rese
transportation. Introduction Jura discovered in November 2006 represents the largest discovery for Total E&P UK Ltd (TEPUK) since
FUKA pipeline close to the abandoned MCP01 platform. Development of the Laggan-Tormore gas fields would represent a major achie
ils about the structure of the team would also be provided along with further justification outlining how the team has helped in increasing
structed which involved fifteen uncertainties and calculated the drilling completion and hook-up schedules production profiles and corr
ng of the gas would allow for 20% to 30% of additional oil to be produced). These studies also confirmed that the development of a siz
roved oil recovery as the annual cycling of the gas would induce production of an additional 20 to 30% over current projections. These
oil or by-passed regions. A pragmatic approach was adopted based on 2G model review material balance study and fluid contact updat
n coefficients. The validity of the approach is investigated by applying partial probabilistic addition to a synthetic portfolio of fields with th
e pressure transmitters temperature sensors two viscometers and two gamma densimeters. Moreover specific instrumentation is imple
nd fractured flows. Introduction Models to reproduce injection injectivity of water solid suspension in wells are available2 3 4. In these m
nce from the NCS to help to meet upcoming issues in produced water management. Efficiency and operating window of various produc
ces can be considered in the inversion process. A successful application to the Girassol field is presented. Girassol is a large comp
ction phase in a timely manner. The results can be optimized under various operational conditions wellbore profiles tubing sizes and c
ct of dynamic uncertainty on the history match using experimental designs; Evaluation of the relative importance of uncertain static and
matrix. The results of the experimental design were used to generate a proxy which is used in a Monte Carlo simulation to develop P10/
deling but for splitting the porous medium between the fluid portion mainly involved in pressure support and the one sweepable liable to
a geomechanical simulator (finite elements). At given user-defined steps the hydrocarbon pressures calculated by the reservoir simula
o be coupled with any nonlinear FEM package for the stress analysis with no limitations on the functionality of either simulator. This is
el of a highly compacting reservoir sensitive to water saturation. The third case is a full-field reservoir model. Introduction The importan
se simulations give a set of reference cases to benchmark the dual-medium models like the classic Kazemi transfer function the Quan
properties and to simulate the flow from matrix to fracture as it occurs in the reservoir. Numerical simulation of fractures is even more e
ethod which evaluates variations in average layer properties. The resultant optimum number of upscaled layers and layering scheme ca
orosity) depends not only on the fracture-to-matrix permeability ratio but also on the magnitude of the shape factor and on the productio
. It is also a two-step modeling approach in which the fracture system is first characterized then converted into equivalent flow propertie
s suffered from convergence difficulties and extremely long simulation times. Using our proposed method a 6-fold reduction in CPU tim
the sand production process. Introduction Sand production has always been a double-sided issue in the oil and gas industry. On the on
he optimisation procedure is successful in calibrating a fine-scale pem to get a reservoir-scale PEM; the procedure is sensi
ion in PVT properties along the oil bearing column coupled to permeability differences causes a transition of behaviours in the reservo
h in the saturation and temperature profiles. The instabilities lead to significant deviations from reference solutions for small CFL (Coura
echniques were implemented to extract maximum information from formation pressure and pressure build-up measurements. Where ke
is based on the following: Intensive use of 3D seismic imaging to characterize the spacing of the large scale fractures which were po
excluded area arguments. In this research work we also validate the applicability of this idea to fracture networks having a uniform Gau
n improved by the application of that technology. The essential foundations for a Smart Field are:People and Skills effective Data
The completion efficiency of such Frac-Pack is not always guaranteed. Global skin may be affected by induced (or not) partial penetrati
his field is essential to optimize the production parameters and the value of using seismic information (4D) as an additional reservoir mo
cal breakthroughs by: capitalizing on existing asset specific tools dedicated to real time monitoring and optimisation ensuring quick
gnificant improvements in the operation methodology and tools but highlighting the high-risk nature of such an acquisition. Injection PLT
zed application of conventional water treatment equipment with Zero Liquid Discharge process (e.g. evaporators and Crystalliazer). An e
mabilities sometimes reach up to 400mD). The contrast in permeability is unfavorable as the high permeability layers are often encounte
e two platforms respectively located at 80 Km and 30 Km from shore one 24 main multi-phase sea line from CARINA-1 to Rio-Cullen p
s of Relative Permeability Modifier additive (RPM) in the frac fluid for water control. In the top of the zone the second stage is characte
e a fracturing regime. Secondly the weather conditions with surface temperatures ranging from +20C in summer to -50C in win
ntroduced to the openhole section in a neutral pH condition thus enabling it to be distributed over the entire interval of interest. Enough
nting production results from this well zero production was achieved a decision was taken to investigate the effect of the mud on well pr
economical. The technique was applied during a pre-fracturing perforating job for Total E&P USA Inc. (Total) in their Bethany field locat
days per gravel pack zone compared to conventional techniques. Up to five sand control zones per well have been successfully comple
Darcy. The reserves to be produced from the CARINA sands belong to the Springhill formation and are reasonably heterogeneous with
o Rosa wells. The formulation contains a surfactants blend acetic acid and brine. The remediation was performed using a Coiled Tubin
ured drawdown values on the sand control robustness will be described. Introduction The Girassol fields were discovered in May 1996
erface. The boundary between the slurry and the porous medium evolves as sand is produced. The problem to solve has then a geome
rmation failure and that they involved some rather interesting and misleading phenomena such as precipitation of salt from production
sessment especially in brines containing high dissolved iron concentrations are not as well developed as those for the more conventio
of excellent cement on logs suffered behind casing communication. The reasons for this remain unresolved but are a source of constan
ion with the well. We discuss the well test sequences used for this purpose the tools and operational aspects of well test execution
n line. Furthermore the high-frequency high-resolution output of the meter allowed the operator to assess well efficiency and stability a
ologically interpreted as layered reservoir system and also double porosity model with high degree of accuracy. Introduction In the oil an
eles and Blasingame (2003)] developed a closed form Laplace domain solution for the flow of a real gas from a well producing at a cons
eeded for the new testing method. Introduction In developed fields a pressure buildup test is the main tool for monitoring well productiv
mate vertical and horizontal permeabilities based on the line source solutions. We have also worked out a novel numerical scheme. The
thod (1965) (very approximate approach). "Beta" deconvolution (1950s and 1980s). "Material Balance" deconvolution
k substrate is not altered by dense CO2 or H2S. In addition to those substrate- and acid gas-dependent wettability effects the much low
ulation of flow and dissolution of CO2 together with geochemical reactions is performed to examine the mineralization process in space
nted in TOTAL Congo and Gabon affiliates as a positive part of the change management involved in Digital Fields implementations to m
ystem was implemented by integrating Information/Data Management tools (i.e. Web Based Application 1).DecisionPoint MS Exce
etating large amounts of measurements and in providing more information from existing sensors which is of particular interest when ke
sory to demonstrate the operability of the facilities and the injectivity of the polymer solution. A single well test has been designed and i
of the polymer solution The design of a pilot that would demonstrate the efficiency of the polymer is a more difficult and open question a
OR field applications have been initiated on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS) 32% on the UK continental shelf and the remainde
hut-off is the unique solution due to the thickness of the reservoir to be isolated (>8 m) not feasible using current mechanical techniques
all amounts of certain materials in various aqueous or organic liquids. These substances include surfactants fibers wood pulp and mor
Particular attention was paid to the first step to achieve the best compromise between model accuracy and computation speed. The op
developed using well test information from the area. The model explains why different ranges of water salinities were observed in the oi
med a non negligible impact of thermodiffusion phenomenae on the concentration profiles. In addition simulations have shown that the
el for the next Handil development wells; horizontal well equipped by gas lift to recover viscous sandy reservoir in very shallow zone gra
ing quality products on time. The paper addresses the challenges of AKPO development and in particular some of the key technical iss
ge oil-sands resource. A small portion of oil sands can be recovered by surface mining; most of the bitumen resource will be produced b
ed surfaces). Stratigraphic correlations combined with cartographic analysis allow to evaluate how these sedimentary bodies are relate
nucleation which appears decisive and we demonstrate how to simulate the whole bubble nucleation and the corresponding experiment
essure gradients clearly suggests that significant anisotropy may exist in relative permeability due to the balance of forces at this scale
bbles and its consequences on their motion. The theory involves a prediction of the aspect ratio of the bubbles and their velocities. The
l LP-SAGD conditions. Four SAGD well pairs were initially equipped with high temperature ESP. Another well pair was equipped with m
he future of Elgin/Franklin as a mature yet promising asset which today is at a crossroads for further investments to ensure its continue
f the SCSSV was restored. To prepare for scale prevention a benchmarking of inhibitors from four suppliers was performed in a third p
ensity fluid below a higher density fluid was referred to as gradient reversals" (Bender and Holden 1984). At that time it was assumed to
ater saturation is known as water block. The sources for excess water in the formation could be water based fluids used in drilling com
ong term the natural clean-up is very slow. The results derived from a real rock-fluid system are used to provide recommendations for
rk. Additionally a comprehensive review of the actual three-stage stimulation treatments will detail the perforating fracturing and sand p
sed to tie the interpretations of azimuthal anisotropy carried out at the seismic scale to the anisotropy and fracture measurements whi
high pressure draw down is crucial to overcome capillary forces and initiate alcohol assisted vaporization process. Water removal by w
nd vertical components. This paper presents the derived numerical values of several geometric factors. Using these factors we show t
mated by combining these two permeabilities. The analytical solution is validated by numerical simulation and the solution is shown to b
c modelling workflow applied to a large oolitic ramp derived from outcrop and field observations. This new approach is based on nested
tle or no throws on our reservoirs of interest that can be related to what we may see during our field trips to near by outcrops at the
ab reservoirs. The impact of such fracture systems on mature carbonate reservoirs can range from very restricted to conduit for fluid flo
rix as to induce fractures in the formation. Thus a knowledge of the pressure at which formation fracture will occur at all depths in the w
pole radial profiling and MDT-IPTT indicated that formation alteration not necessarily increases with overbalance. The results quantif
e samples are acquired and that we do not indulge in needless over sampling. When NMR data is acquired after the sampling operation
n core petrophysical log. A validation of this method is provided through comparison with hand made petrophysical facies descripti
nction. One of the simplest diagnostic tools to check the agreement between log and core porosity is a crossplot of one against the oth
n this study is composed of both limestone and dolomite layers frequently separated by non-reservoir anhydrite layers (Ghedan et al. 20
mes through a combination of seismic horizon and fault picking followed by refined geological and reservoir models. A full re-evalua
rocedures is presented to support the relative importance of modeling permeability. The legitimacy of any particular permeability mo
l wells with two geological sidetracks have been drilled as at summer 2002 and the resulting total of seven penetrations have been delin
g the upscaling phase. It provides more suitable data for quantitative estimation of the uncertainties related to the reservoir properties.
equences which has also been supported by the simulations of lithofacies with Sequential Gaussian method using well data. The trajec
ucture consists of an 18 m thin oil zone with a gas cap. To simulate recovery from thin oil zones is challenging. The simulation model h
y and to establish a proper reservoir management scheme of the Amenam-Kpono field. A limited number of corrective actions were imp
Total E&P UK Ltd (TEPUK) since Elgin in 1991. The estimated reserves of 170 million barrels of oil equivalent (boe) increases Alwyn Are
s would represent a major achievement for the license partnership and a significant milestone in the overall development of the West o
e team has helped in increasing the production from a number of wells. A large variance in production gain has been observed from the
les production profiles and corresponding cash-flow profiles. The model identified the set of decision options that generated the best n
ed that the development of a sizeable UGS is long-term difficult and complex project. The decision to launch the project is mainly depe
over current projections. These studies also confirmed that the development of a sizeable UGS is a lengthy difficult and complex pro
ce study and fluid contact updates (with regular saturation survey campaigns) to identify additional reserves potential. The progress of
ynthetic portfolio of fields with the same log-normal size distribution. The study indicates the feasibility of estimating a global P90 with a
specific instrumentation is implemented inside the tested separator: two interface probes allow to determine flow hydrodynamic behavio
lls are available2 3 4. In these models the physical formulation of internal damage is based on the classical deep bed filtration concept
erating window of various produced water treatment technologies have been defined according to water inlet quality and field characteris
ed. Girassol is a large complex and faulted turbidite field located offshore Angola. A detailed geostatistical model was built first from
bore profiles tubing sizes and convection flow effects. The proposed model is easy to use provides quick results and ideal for updatin
portance of uncertain static and dynamic parameters; Hybrid geostatistical simulations; Calculation of the impact of the dynam
Carlo simulation to develop P10/P50/P90 oil forecasts. Introduction The focus of this study is to assess the Valhall field reservoir simula
and the one sweepable liable to be readily swept. This innovative workflow coupled to smart experimental designs matching techn
alculated by the reservoir simulator are transmitted to the geomechanical tool which computes the actual stresses and feeds back itera
ality of either simulator. This is achieved by performing the pressure/stress iterations at the end of a complete reservoir simulation. Po
odel. Introduction The importance of geomechanics in problems such as wellbore stability hydraulic fracturing and subsidence is well
zemi transfer function the Quandalle-Sabathier one and a new formulation recently proposed by Blunt et al. These dual porosity single
ation of fractures is even more essential for horizontal wells. In addition to removing skin and increasing the equivalent wellbore radius
d layers and layering scheme can be significantly different by these two approaches. Detailed comparison between these two approach
hape factor and on the production mechanism. The final dual porositydual permeability model integrates the intermediate scale fract
ted into equivalent flow properties for reservoir simulation purposes. Key aspects of the approach include the geostatistical modeling of
od a 6-fold reduction in CPU time was achieved for the history match period with no significant difference in the results. For the predicti
e oil and gas industry. On the one hand it causes production problems and can generate safety and environmental hazards but on the
PEM; the procedure is sensitive to the Backus averaging parameters which must be defined carefully; this workflow is performed
tion of behaviours in the reservoir: from vertical gravity-driven gas flow in virgin systems to more capillary-controlled isotropic gas patte
e solutions for small CFL (Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy) violations and oscillations for larger CFL violations. Our analysis indicates that over
ild-up measurements. Where key uncertainties remained specific solutions were sought in terms of enhanced data acquisition and mon
e scale fractures which were poorly sampled by the existing wells. Advanced use of pressure build up and interference tests to charac
networks having a uniform Gaussian exponential and log-normal length distribution. However in the case of the power-law length dis
eople and Skills effective Data Management and Industry Wide Standards appropriate Hardware and Systems Architecture.High
induced (or not) partial penetration. The longer the interval the higher the risk. Introduction Over the last 10 years frac packing has be
D) as an additional reservoir monitoring tool has been assessed [2]. Although seismic is not always considered as fit for purpose for lime
nd optimisation ensuring quick deployment of new developments across assets and disciplines promoting collaborative work and data
such an acquisition. Injection PLTs tractored in oil producers were tested and adopted as a reliable way to get adequate information abo
aporators and Crystalliazer). An estimate of the economic benefit of the new SIBE process relative to conventional process schemes will
ability layers are often encountered at the heel of the drains. Finally the reservoir temperature is 150C (300F) leading to the ne
from CARINA-1 to Rio-Cullen production facility and one secondary 18 line from ARIES jacket to the main pipe. The production schem
ne the second stage is characterized for being a fracture of greater length diminishing the convection effects. This work summarizes th
C in summer to -50C in winter and logistical issues necessitated adjustments to the fracturing fluids and job design. Finally other fa
ntire interval of interest. Enough acid is generated over the subsequent 12 hours to remove the filter cake and clean up the crushed zo
e the effect of the mud on well productivity consecutive interventions were planned to remove one potential damage mechanism at a tim
Total) in their Bethany field located in east Texas. The job addressed the dual objectives of orienting the perforations along the PFP
have been successfully completed in a single service string trip consisting of both gravel-packs and frac-packs across long intervals. To
reasonably heterogeneous with eight main defined sand types. While the Carina sands are largely heterogeneous in nature they are p
s performed using a Coiled Tubing (CT) equipped with a rotating jet blaster to spot the treatment fluid inside the screen assemblies. Eac
lds were discovered in May 1996 and were appraised in 1997 with two additional wells. Fields are in Block 17 located offshore Angola
blem to solve has then a geometry varying with time but no a priori assumptions are made on the shape of the altered zone. Modelin
cipitation of salt from production tubing scale spalling of borehole wall with drawdown and cavings bridge (cavings might fall into and be
as those for the more conventional sulphate and carbonate scales.This paper therefore focuses on the detailed assessment and m
olved but are a source of constant discussion. Possible explanations for the mismatch between cement evaluation log interpretation and
al aspects of well test execution the data acquisition the well test analysis techniques the accuracy and the degree of uncertainty of te
ess well efficiency and stability and to understand the behavior of the gas lift system. It was shown that such wells have a tendency to be
curacy. Introduction In the oil and gas industry accurate reserve estimate well capacity and efficient reservoir management in field dev
from a well producing at a constant rate in a bounded circular reservoir. More importantly they proposed a new approach that uses
ool for monitoring well productivity (permeability and skin) and reservoir pressure. However operators are reluctant to perform such a te
a novel numerical scheme. The new technique is compared with the previous methods and shows its superiority in accuracy. In addition
Material Balance" deconvolution (1990s). Each method has been validated using both synthetic data and literature field cases and each
t wettability effects the much lower water/acid gas IFTs as compared to water/hydrocarbon gas IFTs are responsible for a loss in capilla
mineralization process in space and time for two different time scales: 1000 years with a finer grid to examine how chemistry interacts
gital Fields implementations to monitor and optimize the performance of production wells. Introduction To address the challenge of pro
n 1).DecisionPoint MS Excell etc) as an interface for reporting and data accessing to geosciences and production databases. D
h is of particular interest when key measurements fail or are non available Introduction The main objective of the digital oilfield concep
ell test has been designed and is planned fall 2008 in Luanda on one of the well of the Camelia reservoir. A skid dedicated to the injecti
ore difficult and open question and may lead to a phased development as single well injection using a dedicated semi-submersible rig m
tinental shelf and the remainder on the Danish continental shelf. Statoil has been the leader in conducting EOR field applications in the
g current mechanical techniques and the interest of keeping a full bore access to allow future mechanical water shut-off for the other d
tants fibers wood pulp and more generally macromolecules. They are named drag-reducing agents (DRAs) and have lead to many pra
and computation speed. The optimum was met when the model run with the Slug Tracking option was able to reproduce the transition
salinities were observed in the oil and water zones. This model was corroborated qualitatively with log information. Dynamic data confirm
simulations have shown that the transient behavior of both isothermal and non-isothermal segregation follows a diffusion process dynam
servoir in very shallow zone gravel pack equipped by ESP to recover sandy reservoirs in shallow zone and monobore multi-target well
lar some of the key technical issues. A unique hybrid condensate production/gas export development scheme which maximizes hydroc
men resource will be produced by advanced heavy-oil-recovery technology such as the SAGD process. Accurate estimation of the in-sit
se sedimentary bodies are related in time and space. The McMurray Formation has been previously sub-divided into three units: the fluv
d the corresponding experimental results to corroborate the experimental observations. We focus here on the influence of the gas avail
e balance of forces at this scale. In the present work we describe how the nave process of scaling up steady-state relative permea
bubbles and their velocities. The aspect ratio of the bubbles depends on the characteristics of the porous media in terms of pore size dis
er well pair was equipped with metal PCP. This well has been running since mid October 2006 without problems in spite of low pressure
vestments to ensure its continued growth. Introduction The Elgin and Franklin gas condensate fields were discovered respectiv
pliers was performed in a third party lab over a period of more than two years. Appropriate equipment was put in place and the methodo
). At that time it was assumed to be only due to the increasing temperature with increasing depth but not explicitly related to the thermo
ased fluids used in drilling completion matrix or fracture treatments; cross flow of water to dry gas zones or water imbibition into tight
to provide recommendations for improving back flow procedures. This methodology can be applied to any case of damage due to the al
erforating fracturing and sand plug isolation after each stage. With BH memory gauges just below the jetting tool assembly post-frac r
and fracture measurements which have been carried out inside the wells. Such well-seismic surveys should help to guide the surface s
on process. Water removal by water vaporization is assessed and compared to the experimental results. Introduction Tight reservoirs c
. Using these factors we show that the discrepancy between the permeabilities estimated from FRA and from the conventional buildup
on and the solution is shown to be the same as a published analytical solution for a vertical well in an isotropic formation. Examples to e
w approach is based on nested stochastic simulations geologically-driven and derived from the relationships between dolomite type st
ps to near by outcrops at the same scale. Despite their area consistency they are not always systematically tracked interpreted and
y restricted to conduit for fluid flow. The exact implications depend on the type of fracture filling geometry connectivity and density.
e will occur at all depths in the well is essential for well planning and drilling operations as well as for well stimulation and injection oper
balance. The results quantified nearby formation alteration showed this as a possibility and can further help in selecting the best pe
ired after the sampling operation the continuous logs of viscosity and GOR can be calibrated with WFT data to provide fluid information
de petrophysical facies description . Synthetic petrophysical properties curves have also been compared to curves issued from convent
crossplot of one against the other. In the absence of bias the points are expected to be distributed along the y = x line. In reality they e
nhydrite layers (Ghedan et al. 2002). Because of its heterogeneity this reservoir like other carbonate reservoirs contains long saturatio
voir models. A full re-evaluation of the field was launched in 2007. It includes a PSDM3D reprocessing of the third 3D seismic su
of any particular permeability model can only be compared to or validated with comparison to actual flow performance at some time in th
ven penetrations have been delineated into five reservoirs. The main reservoir (Reservoir A at the top of the structure) is a channel-levee
ated to the reservoir properties. Methodology The aim of this paper is to describe a new methodology to improve the consistency of the
ethod using well data. The trajectory of the proposed lateral wells are designed in sequences-2 & 4 to intersect the porous sand at the o
enging. The simulation model has horizontal grid in order to have the required vertical resolution of the oil zone. Correct modelling
er of corrective actions were implemented mainly with 4 additional wells in 2007-2008 drilled to sustain pressure and/or to enhance rec
valent (boe) increases Alwyn Area reserves by 50% and extend the Alwyn production plateau beyond 2012. At plateau the two Jura gas
erall development of the West of Shetland region. The "Shetland Islands Regional Gas Export" system (SIRGE)will offer a new expo
gain has been observed from these operations dependent on the nature of the intervention this ranged from 50 boe/d to nearly 2 500 bo
ptions that generated the best net present value (NPV). Drilling from the existing E/F platforms (Strategy-A) gave the highest expected
aunch the project is mainly dependent on the results of the future pre-project studies regulations and market conditions. Introduction W
ngthy difficult and complex project. The decision to launch the project is mainly dependent on the results of the future preproject studi
rves potential. The progress of the study is presented for one of the layers of the field. Introduction OBAGI is an oil field located onsho
of estimating a global P90 with a controlled error whereas for a P10 the error can become quite large. The method is then discussed us
mine flow hydrodynamic behaviour and phase composition (foam emulsion). The GOwSP is under pressure and temperature control (P
sical deep bed filtration concept which needs to be calibrated with two parameters: The filtration coefficient and the formation damag
inlet quality and field characteristics. The results are presented through a database to compare and rank performances and to set up a
atistical model was built first from 3D high resolution seismic data. The major challenge was to integrate 4D seismic data to constrain the
uick results and ideal for updating during operations. This model is also advantageous compared to numerical simulation because it red
ation of the impact of the dynamic reservoir parameters on the history match using an experimental design technique; Adjustment of dy
the Valhall field reservoir simulation model using Evolutionary Algorithms and uncertainty assessments in order to improve the manual
rimental designs matching techniques was applied to a mature carbonate field in the Middle East. It enabled to reach a first-time succe
al stresses and feeds back iteratively the modifications of the petrophysical properties (porosities and permeabilities) to the reservoir sim
omplete reservoir simulation. Porosity and permeability modifications at various times are calculated and the complete reservoir simulat
acturing and subsidence is well known. In recent years there has been growing awareness of the importance of the link between fluid f
et al. These dual porosity single-block transfer functions are easily discretised in time and coded. The main findings are the disqualifica
g the equivalent wellbore radius fracturing in horizontal wells enhances the production by improving the vertical communication betwee
on between these two approaches and their pros and cons are presented in this paper using an actual field case study. Each
ates the intermediate scale fractures implicitly and the conductive faults explicitly whereas the smallest scale is discarded as it has a ne
de the geostatistical modeling of fracture densities scale-dependent calculation of equivalent within-layer horizontal permeability tensors
ce in the results. For the predictive simulations the results were different but further analysis led us to conclude that those obtained with
nvironmental hazards but on the other hand it helps improving productivity by increasing the inflow performance of the well. Therefore t
ully; this workflow is performed at wells in this study but could be extended to reservoir scale when a fine-scale geological model is a
ry-controlled isotropic gas patterns under conditions of lower permeability heavier oil and/or high water saturation. In particular under
Our analysis indicates that overall a TAIM-base approach is a promising candidate for simulation of thermal displacement processes o
hanced data acquisition and monitoring programs from petrophysical measurements on full size cores to injection PLTs in oil producers
and interference tests to characterize the fracture permeability field i.e. average value anisotropy ratio and extension. The diffuse frac
case of the power-law length distribution we have found that the scaling parameters (e.g. correlation length exponent) have to be modi
Systems Architecture.High quality data is a fundamental building block of Smart Fields and it needs to be treated as an asset ma
st 10 years frac packing has become the most common sand control technique in cased hole wells. It over-performed gravel packing in
sidered as fit for purpose for limestone reservoir monitoring because of the stiffness of the rocks Bu Hasa field is a favourable case bec
oting collaborative work and data sharing addressing complex operation issues (deep offshore ) introducing systems to spawn con
to get adequate information about the production allocation. Different fiber-optic distributed temperature sensors were tested in various
nventional process schemes will be presented. Introduction The steam/oil ratio for the production of extra heavy oil or bitumen via SAG
C (300F) leading to the need for retarded acid systems. Building on the experience acquired from the successive treatments perf
ain pipe. The production scheme does not include offshore compression (Figure 2). In this context limiting pressure drop from the sand
effects. This work summarizes the designs operational planning and results of the new methodology of implemented hydraulic fractures
s and job design. Finally other factors such as a high tendency of the Khariaga crude to precipitate wax the presence of H2S or the flow
ake and clean up the crushed zone. This system has recently been used on several occasions on this field with openhole drain length
ntial damage mechanism at a time and investigate the effect on well performance. Upon the completion of all the intervention steps the
g the perforations along the PFP while simultaneously avoiding the parallel completion which if perforated would open a communication
c-packs across long intervals. To date the longest gross interval is greater than 1 000 m. In the case of the DS-STMZ completions the
erogeneous in nature they are poorly sorted. Effective sand control in these reservoirs is imperative for project success. As such and
side the screen assemblies. Each treatment was allowed to soak. After the placement of the treatment pills on each well cleanup meas
ock 17 located offshore Angola 210 km northwest of Luanda in water from 1 250 to 1 400 m (Fig. 1). Girassol field is one of several fie
pe of the altered zone. Modeling of the laboratory sand production experiments allows the ability of this model to reproduce the obser
ge (cavings might fall into and become wedged in the openhole forming a bridge with no material beneath). The investigation conclude
n the detailed assessment and methodology development required in order to assess the problem in the Elgin/Franklin Field.Scale
evaluation log interpretation and the physical test results are explored. Introduction Evaluation of cement integrity and its ability to preve
d the degree of uncertainty of test results. We illustrate this application of well testing for reservoir connectivity with several real test
uch wells have a tendency to behave erratically at very high frequency leading to fast and significant variations of the well productivity
eservoir management in field development depend on precise analysis and result of reservoir monitoring techniques such as pressure tr
posed a new approach that uses pseudopressure to linearize the spatial portion of the diffusivity equation (i.e. the left-handside (LH
are reluctant to perform such a test as it involves shutting-in their producing well. Shutting-in results in loss of revenue and in some wells
uperiority in accuracy. In addition our technique can be used in any situation with different test configurations. Application issues in real
d literature field cases and each method should be considered valid for practical applications (the Russell method was not used). Our p
e responsible for a loss in capillary-sealing potential of a given caprock when a hydrocarbon gas is replaced with acid gas especially wh
xamine how chemistry interacts with the CO2 dissolution process; and 18 000 years with a coarser scale to reach geochemical equilib
To address the challenge of production optimization on a daily or even real time frequency many oil companies are strongly involved in
and production databases. Data entry is carried out either manually through MS-Excell and Web-based application gadgets or auto
tive of the digital oilfield concept is to maximize production and recovery by integrating the production operations from the reservoir to e
ir. A skid dedicated to the injectivity test has been designed assembled and constructed to prepare a mother solution of polymer from p
edicated semi-submersible rig may be too expensive for a long duration. Introduction Deep offshore reservoirs may be good candidate
ting EOR field applications in the North Sea. The majority of future research will concentrate on microbial processes CO2 injection and
cal water shut-off for the other deeper reservoirs while isolating the water source located above. Sealing quality at the isolated water zo
RAs) and have lead to many practical benefits in ship-building industries fire-fighting operations biomedical applications etc. This pape
able to reproduce the transition to unstable flow observed onsite. To investigate future operating conditions of the Girassol field this m
formation. Dynamic data confirmed and detailed further the initial model. An exponential decrease of water salinity is generally observe
ollows a diffusion process dynamic based on the mutual diffusion coefficient. Comparison of MD results and EOS based model were m
and monobore multi-target well equipped by gas lift to recover reservoirs in main zone. The production has been increased by nearly 1
scheme which maximizes hydrocarbon recovery Reservoir management requiring massive pressure maintenance facilities extensive u
Accurate estimation of the in-situ resource range and associated risks is important for reservoir planning and development. Detailed 3D
b-divided into three units: the fluvial dominated lower McMurray the fluvio-estuarine middle McMurray and the marine dominated upper
on the influence of the gas availability in the porous media (diffusivity GOR or porous media morphology). Introduction More than a m
up steady-state relative permeabilities obtained from pore-scale network models to the laboratory scale may contribute significantly to t
s media in terms of pore size distribution and is obtained based on the Invasion Percolation in Gradient theory. The resulting model is a
roblems in spite of low pressure at pump intake close to steam flashing conditions. Production rate reached 200m3/d of liquid at 340rp
fields were discovered respectively in 1991 and 1986 in the Central Graben Area of the North Sea. The reservoirs (shore face sandston
as put in place and the methodology was optimised. The tests were conducted in anaerobic conditions with thermally aged chemicals.
ot explicitly related to the thermo-dynamical behaviour of the critical fluid. In this case we show that the fluid densities numerically estim
nes or water imbibition into tight zones.[6] The excess water is trapped in the formation due to high capillary pressure in the porous rock
ny case of damage due to the alteration of rock-fluid properties. Introduction Following Holditch definition a tight reservoir is a reservoir
jetting tool assembly post-frac reviews of downhole pressure data is compared with the live annulus data used for real time decisions d
ould help to guide the surface seismic anisotropy processing by identifying the most suitable anisotropy attributes. It should also help to
s. Introduction Tight reservoirs contain large resources. These reservoirs have usually a very low permeability (less than 0.1 mD) and m
d from the conventional buildup analysis is attributable to the permeability-anisotropy effect. A correct geometric-factor value must be us
otropic formation. Examples to estimate horizontal and vertical permeabilities from synthetic tests are presented. Introduction A singleships between dolomite type stratigraphic position palaeogeographic position depositional facies and proximity to fault/fracture zones
matically tracked interpreted and included in the reservoir models under the argument that they are not significantly impacting the dynam
y connectivity and density. The fractures observed on the images have been classified into continuous and discontinuous open co
ell stimulation and injection operations in secondary recovery.9 Much has been written on the subject of formation pore and fracture pre
ther help in selecting the best perforation strategy. Introduction In the tight and laminated sands of East Kalimantan Indonesia obtaini
T data to provide fluid information in places where WFT did not sample. Here we show through several examples how continuous NMR
d to curves issued from conventional kriging of core data. Blind test procedures were used to evaluate the efficiency of our technique in
ng the y = x line. In reality they either are or they are not according to which variable is plotted along the x-axis. This apparent paradox
servoirs contains long saturation-transition zones of significant sizes. Transition zones are conventionally defined as that part of the res
essing of the third 3D seismic survey on the field shot in 2001. Use of the latest time processing and depth imaging techniques has
w performance at some time in the future which is a difficult task.Even with actual flow data this is a difficult task. This will occur at the S
the structure) is a channel-levee system situated on the eastern flank of the Akpo structure and is the focus of this paper. The area is ch
o improve the consistency of the direct assignment of facies associations and petrophysical properties to the reservoir model. Using sei
tersect the porous sand at the optimum location to ensure good drainage of these reservoir units. The reservoir sand corresponding to u
e oil zone. Correct modelling of pipeline flow and flow assurance. The long single pipeline tie-back makes well testing difficult. Res
n pressure and/or to enhance recovery in the under developed R4 bottom unit. Introduction The offshore Amenam field discovered in 1
012. At plateau the two Jura gas wells produce 50 000 boe per day. From day one the strategy of the Jura Project was to develop it
(SIRGE)will offer a new export route for gas from an area previously bottlenecked by the existing limited gas export infrastructure. L
rom 50 boe/d to nearly 2 500 boe/d. Introduction The literal definition of the word optimisation from the Compact Oxford English D
y-A) gave the highest expected NPV. The decision to pursue Strategy-A was robust and Strategy-B only became the favoured option wh
arket conditions. Introduction While Europes gas consumption is increasing domestic gas production is declining and gas import
ults of the future preproject studies regulations and market conditions. Introduction While Europes gas consumption is increasing
BAGI is an oil field located onshore Nigeria (Figure 1) and discovered in 1964. The OOIP has been estimated to 1.2 Gbbls split in 26 st
The method is then discussed using a real LNG case study. Partial probabilistic addition is a practical method. It is easy to understand a
ssure and temperature control (Pmax 55bars TCmax80C). Fluids used are crude oil salted water and natural gas with flows up
ent and the formation damage coefficient . The filtration coefficient was extensively studied experimentally and a wide range of valu
k performances and to set up a global vision of water treatment capabilities. The requirements of offshore facilities operating criteria e
4D seismic data to constrain the reservoir model in a quantitative way. The gradual deformation method has shown a major impact on
merical simulation because it reduces computational time if many well pairs are involved in the study and models accurately any variatio
ign technique; Adjustment of dynamic parameters to obtain a final history match. This workflow provides the industry with the long-aw
in order to improve the manual history match of this model; this is done in turn to increase the reliability and confidence of the simulatio
abled to reach a first-time successful history matching and to highlight significant additional development potential. Conceptually simple
ermeabilities) to the reservoir simulator. A one-way coupling: this approach is a simplification of the loose coupled approach in that the
d the complete reservoir simulation is then repeated. Iterations are continued until convergence is achieved. The convergence of this n
rtance of the link between fluid flow and geomechanics in the management of stress-sensitive reservoirs (Chen and Teufel 2001; Gutier
main findings are the disqualification of Kazemi formula even with a gravity term to represent any mechanism where the gravity is not n
e vertical communication between the reservoir layers and by connecting all the layers to the wellbore. This can practically be modelled
an actual field case study. Each approach was validated and QCed based on streamline simulation results. Introduction The most o
scale is discarded as it has a negligible impact. In summary we present a complete and innovative workflow process for a geoscience s
r horizontal permeability tensors based on spatially periodic discrete fracture networks analytical calculations of vertical inter-layer perm
onclude that those obtained with our approach are the more accurate because of a better representation of injection potential. The me
ormance of the well. Therefore the option of installing downhole sand control equipment may not always be the best solution for the eco
a fine-scale geological model is available Introduction This study was motivated by the use of 4D seismic data in particular in Histo
r saturation. In particular under strong buoyancy conditions anisotropy in gas flow during depletion is seen to be time dependent with
ermal displacement processes of practical interest. Introduction Thermal recovery methods in general and steam injection in particular a
o injection PLTs in oil producers. Integrated static and dynamic syntheses reviewed all resulting information to better assess critical rese
and extension. The diffuse fractures were modeled using a DFN. The drivers (depth and curvature) used for the populating of the diffus
ngth exponent) have to be modified. The main contribution is to show how the critical exponents vary as a function of the power-law exp
ds to be treated as an asset managed effectively with staff assigned to ensure the integrity of the data management systems. The key
ver-performed gravel packing in terms of productivity and mechanical skin. At its beginning frac-packing was derived from hydraulic fra
sa field is a favourable case because of the high porosities encountered. (up to 30%) Bu-Hasa oil is light and very compressive; therefo
troducing systems to spawn conservation efforts and reduce GHG emission intensity through a close surveillance of their origin Within
sensors were tested in various acquisition protocols clarifying the strategy for optimum acquisition and the corresponding potential for
ra heavy oil or bitumen via SAGD is typically between 2 and 4 bcwepd/bopd during the production plateau i.e. one barrel of bitumen re
m the successive treatments performed on NKossa the methodology and treatment design fluids and diversion have been continuo
ting pressure drop from the sandy reservoirs up to the wellhead was paramount. Productivity oriented sand control technique and a 95/8
implemented hydraulic fractures. Introduction Aguada Pichana field is located in central part of the Neuquen Basin. The field produces
the presence of H2S or the flow-back through the ESP called for additional precautions. In this paper we will show that despite these
field with openhole drain length ranging from 530 to 1890 m (1 740 to 6 200 ft) and treatment volumes ranging from 20 to 115 m3 (12
of all the intervention steps the well started to produce. A pressure buildup test performed one month after the intervention showed tha
ed would open a communication path between reservoirs with different pressures. Introduction The potential of fracturing techniques to
the DS-STMZ completions the incidence of NPT has dropped from 21% to 6%. The last three SS-STMZ completions averaged 7.7% N
r project success. As such and since there is a lack of experience in this geographical area a horizontal well trajectory was needed to
pills on each well cleanup measurements indicated significant PI improvements close to expected values. Production Logging Tests (PL
irassol field is one of several fields in this prolific block and Jasmin is considered as part of the same reservoir. Under a production shar
is model to reproduce the observed sand production mechanisms to be assessed. The influence on the results of numerical (temporal
ath). The investigation concluded that installing sand control facilities were unnecessary which otherwise would have cost millions of do
e Elgin/Franklin Field.Scale prediction identified that the major scales that could be formed were calcium carbonate iron carbonat
nt integrity and its ability to prevent fluid and gas migration in the annular space behind casing is a challenge. Historically three measur
onnectivity with several real test examples. Introduction Well testing is one of the techniques used for reservoir and well evaluation
ariations of the well productivity that could not be captured by conventional means and could potentially lead to erroneous results as we
g techniques such as pressure transient analysis. This prompted the introduction of the fluid flow diffusivity model using only one fraction
on (i.e. the left-handside (LHS)) as was done traditionally but for the right-handside (RHS) (i.e. the "time" portion) Mireles and
ss of revenue and in some wells with hydrate problems or excessive water production it also could be difficult to bring the well back on
ations. Application issues in real testing conditions are discussed. Finally two field tests are analyzed using this technique. Previously t
ell method was not used). Our primary technical contribution in this work is the adaptation of various deconvolution methods for the exp
ced with acid gas especially when the acid gas is rich in H2S. This potential as evaluated by the displacement or capillary breakthroug
ale to reach geochemical equilibrium in the aquifer. This work shows that a limited amount of non-carbonate reactive minerals (for a giv
mpanies are strongly involved in the development of Digital Fields technology. Total is one of them. It has developed a fit-for-purpose too
sed application gadgets or automatically captured with source of data from Distributed Control System (DCS) on several sites. Integrati
perations from the reservoir to export and by using the suitable models and optimization techniques. The combination of both existing a
mother solution of polymer from powder. Tested in France (no injection) the skid has been shipped to Luanda for installation on the FPS
servoirs may be good candidates for EOR by polymer injection: they are generally shallow (below sea floor) which means rather lo
al processes CO2 injection and WAG (including SWAG) injection schemes. In this review laboratory techniques global statistics simu
g quality at the isolated water zone was confirmed by a production logging job performed after the chemical water shut-off operation. Th
dical applications etc. This paper focuses on the use of polymeric drag-reducing agents in the oil industry. Actually oil soluble and long-c
tions of the Girassol field this methodology will help to establish a confidence level in multiphase simulation. This work can also serve a
ater salinity is generally observed with increasing water production or water cut. This phenomenon is explained by probable water influx
s and EOS based model were made for various systems to evidence the limitation and the relevance of the thermodynamic approach. G
has been increased by nearly 100 percents from 12 500 BOPD in 2003 to 23 000 BOPD nowadays. Integrated reservoir study and the
aintenance facilities extensive use of intelligent and selective completions and subsea multiphase flow measurements A developmen
g and development. Detailed 3D models of heterogeneity are useful. They provide numerical models consistent with small-scale well da
nd the marine dominated upper McMurray. We notably demonstrate on the base of size and amplitude of IHS that the middle McMurra
gy). Introduction More than a match for energy resources the productivity of Extra-Heavy oil reservoir is one of the main challenges for
may contribute significantly to the difficulty in history-matching experimental production. By considering the influence of the various forc
theory. The resulting model is analyzed and solved in two different ways. First we describe a new type of approximate solution assumin
ached 200m3/d of liquid at 340rpm giving a volumetric efficiency of 53%. Intake temperature is 160oC due to the LP-SAGD condition of
reservoirs (shore face sandstones of Late Jurassic age) are 5 500m deep and present abnormally high pressures (1100bar) extreme t
with thermally aged chemicals. Two scale inhibitor squeezes were deployed although progress is still to be made for exotic" scale prev
e fluid densities numerically estimated from each phase composition at the corresponding pressure and temperature in the tubing are c
llary pressure in the porous rock and viscous fingering of gas through water. The presence of clays migrating fines reservoir heteroge
on a tight reservoir is a reservoir that cannot be produced at economic flow rates and in which economic volumes of natural gas cannot
ta used for real time decisions during the stimulation stages. Post-frac well cleanup and early production data will be included. Backgro
attributes. It should also help to tie the 3D fracture interpretations to the well anisotropy and fracture observations. Optimized multi-azi
ability (less than 0.1 mD) and most of the time do not yield any flow after initial perforations. Stimulation via hydraulic fracturing is used
eometric-factor value must be used to estimate permeability correctly. On the basis of the permeability-anisotropy effect we present the
resented. Introduction A single-probe test is initiated when the probe of a formation-testing tool is set and sealed against a borehole wa
proximity to fault/fracture zones. In addition to the initial depositional model three diagenetic phases are modelled successively in orde
significantly impacting the dynamic behaviour of the reservoirs. We will show in this paper that such an argument is invalid subtle faults
uous and discontinuous open continuous and discontinuous closed types. The Upper Arab reservoirs contain significantly more open th
f formation pore and fracture pressure gradient estimation. The methods for determining geopressures could be classified as (1
t Kalimantan Indonesia obtaining pressures with Wireline Formation Testers has always been difficult. This naturally affects the su
examples how continuous NMR fluid scan logs can help to: - select and optimize pretest
he efficiency of our technique in regard to porosity density Archies formation and cementation factors and mineralogy (clay volume
e x-axis. This apparent paradox is elucidated by bivariate regression theory and related to the difference of investigated volume between
ly defined as that part of the reservoir between the FWL and the level at which water saturation reaches a minimum near-constant (irred
d depth imaging techniques has enabled us to better understand the results of Phase III drilling (2005 2007) and improve our under
icult task. This will occur at the Surmont project at some point in the future. Introduction The thermal SAGD process developed by Dr
ocus of this paper. The area is characterised by Miocene reservoirs which consist of turbiditic lobe and channel complexes deposited in
o the reservoir model. Using seismic attributes this optimized two-step approach yields a better geological facies organization and a be
eservoir sand corresponding to upper sequence-4 shows widespread development in the western part of the area of interest with be
makes well testing difficult. Reservoir monitoring and management must then be based on subsea flow meters and gauges. Productio
re Amenam field discovered in 1990 is an oil and gas condensate field located 35 km south of the Niger Delta (Fig.1). Water depth of A
ura Project was to develop it Fast Track with the ambitious objective of a First Gas date 18 months after discovery. However with 6
mited gas export infrastructure. Linked to the new onshore gas processing terminal SIRGEshould reduced the development cost for
m the Compact Oxford English Dictionary is defined as make the best or most effective use of (a situation or resource). Production
y became the favoured option when the high step-out drilling durations became more than double the expected value or the WHP cape
ction is declining and gas imports are on the rise. Therefore Europe is eager to secure additional gas imports cater for seasonal gas de
s gas consumption is increasing domestic gas production is declining and gas imports are on the rise. Therefore Europe is eager to se
mated to 1.2 Gbbls split in 26 stacked reservoir levels (Figure 2). Oil production started in 1966 and the maximum of 70 000 bopd was r
ethod. It is easy to understand and to explain. It can be summarized in a single table where a color code indicates how its value was ca
er and natural gas with flows up to 15m3/h for fluids and 22 Am3/h for gas. First tests on GOwSP were performed to characterise a vert
entally and a wide range of values of this parameter for a variety of solid particles was published5. In our knowledge no values of this p
ore facilities operating criteria etc. are also taken into consideration and are recorded in the database. By use of the database combine
d has shown a major impact on production history since the changes in the facies distribution affect the connectivity in sandy channels
d models accurately any variation in distance between the wellbores. Generic data is used in this paper to illustrate the model applicatio
es the industry with the long-awaited possibility of addressing subsurface uncertainties in a systematic and objective manner. The histo
y and confidence of the simulation model utilized by Total E&P Norge AS and its partners. The Valhall field is a complex field with rock c
nt potential. Conceptually simple and numerically efficient this methodology could be extended to other highly heterogeneous fields. In
ose coupled approach in that the modifications are not fed back to the reservoir simulator. A simplified approach using permeability an
ved. The convergence of this new scheme is discussed and results are presented for two cases described below. Introduction The imp
s (Chen and Teufel 2001; Gutierrez et al. 1994 1995; Gutierrez and Lewis 1998; Osorio et al. 1999; Settari and Mourits 1998; Somervil
hanism where the gravity is not negligible especially in mixed-wet water-oil systems. Quandalle-Sabathier and Blunt transfer functions p
This can practically be modelled using explicit flow simulation. The above considerations are demonstrated in the simulation study con
results. Introduction The most obvious way to reduce the simulation running time is to work with a coarser model. Especially at the ear
kflow process for a geoscience study on NFR and demonstrate its application in a real case study. The need for full data integration to a
ations of vertical inter-layer permeabilities and conditioning to well-test permeabilities by using steady-state flow-based evaluation of re
on of injection potential. The method is potentially applicable to all reservoirs containing Karstic conduits. Introduction Karst is a generic
s be the best solution for the economy of a project. To assess the best way to complete and operate a potentially sand producing well i
smic data in particular in History-Matching. One possible approach consists of applying the matching loop at the elastic domain level
een to be time dependent with vertical gas flow at low gas saturations dominating the process initially. The gradual formation of a gas c
nd steam injection in particular are the most popular EOR processes. The governing equations that describe multiphase flow in reservo
tion to better assess critical reservoir heterogeneity levels. A specifically designed dual-porosity simulation model was built to properly re
ed for the populating of the diffuse fractures in the full field model were also used for the large scale fractures since data suggest that bo
s a function of the power-law exponent. To validate the approach we used outcrop data of mineralized fractures (vein sets) exposed on
management systems. The key processes are built on this foundation and deliver the business result.These processes are suppo
ng was derived from hydraulic fracturing and was applied to reservoirs with higher and higher permeability. Initial frac-packing limits were
ht and very compressive; therefore the mechanical behaviour of the oil is closer to gas than water. This means injected water front move
rveillance of their origin Within a unique simple and long-lasting IT architecture the Field Monitoring tools are web based and remotel
the corresponding potential for production allocation. Overall more than fifteen production allocation-related acquisitions were perform
au i.e. one barrel of bitumen requires the injection of 2 to 4 bcwepd (barrels of cold water equivalent per day) of steam the majority of
nd diversion have been continuously evolved. The treatments currently involves two phases: An injectivity initiation is performed via Coi
and control technique and a 95/8 production tubing was then selected to maximize and ensure sustained wellhead pressure while minim
uquen Basin. The field produces gas and condensates from the sandstones of Mulichinco formation (Valanginian to Hauterivian). The M
we will show that despite these rather adverse conditions successful acid-fracturing treatments can be implemented in this region; we w
s ranging from 20 to 115 m3 (125 to 725 bbl). Losses from these wells occurred after the predicted elapsed time. Details are provided o
fter the intervention showed that the well was producing with a damage skin value of zero. The different interventions the laboratory re
ential of fracturing techniques to enhance production in low-permeability formations is increased if the perforations are aligned with the
MZ completions averaged 7.7% NPT for the Sand Control Completions. STMZ techniques are on track to achieve a significant net cost s
tal well trajectory was needed to achieve effective field drainage and the required well productivity. Because of the sandface conditio
s. Production Logging Tests (PLT) analysis indicates that both wells are producing from almost all screen lengths. Despite the challeng
servoir. Under a production sharing agreement with Sociedade Nacional de Combustveis de Angola (SONANGOL) the Angolan sta
e results of numerical (temporal and geometrical discretization) parameters is also discussed. Introduction CHOPS (Cold Heavy Oil P
se would have cost millions of dollars without correctly addressing the real problem that this field was facing. The study highlighted the i
alcium carbonate iron carbonate iron sulphide lead sulphide and zinc sulphide. Given the predicted oversaturation of various mine
enge. Historically three measures are evaluated to check for isolation between reservoir units: (1) pressure testing (2) physical commu
for reservoir and well evaluation. Well testing studies dynamic reservoir behavior in response to changing flow conditions at the wel
lead to erroneous results as well as sub-optimal well performance. The field test proves that the multiphase metering solution used in t
ity model using only one fraction of data by Muskat (1934) and Theis (1935). However in 1949 Van Everdingen and Hurst simplified the
the "time" portion) Mireles and Blasingame used a special convolution formulation to account for the pressure-dependent non-linear te
difficult to bring the well back on production. Moreover closing a well for a pressure buildup test might damage the near wellbore by asp
sing this technique. Previously these tests could not be analyzed to determine vertical permeability using published methods because o
convolution methods for the explicit analysis of an arbitrary set of pressure transient test data which are distorted by wellbore storage
acement or capillary breakthrough pressure should be determined very carefully when planning an acid gas geological storage operatio
onate reactive minerals (for a given time scale) can contribute to the mineralization of CO2 that is significant for an industrial CO2 storag
s developed a fit-for-purpose tool which was installed as a pilot on the mature field in Congo (ref. 1). This tool called WPM standing
(DCS) on several sites. Integrating PDMS into a new Plant Information Real Time Data Management (2)PI-RTDB) deployed in Total E&P
he combination of both existing and leading-edge technologies ensures to constantly reach the field optimal efficiency. Today most of th
anda for installation on the FPSO during summer 2008. Future of the project will depend on the injectivity tests results and on-going stu
sea floor) which means rather low temperature; waterflooding is the preferred basic recovery mechanism for pressure maintenance a
echniques global statistics simulation tools and economical evaluation were not considered and are considered outside of the scope o
ical water shut-off operation. This successful chemical water shut-off reduced the water production rate from 4 000 bwpd to less than 1
ry. Actually oil soluble and long-chain polymers are known to reduce the frictional pressure drop caused by turbulence in a pipeline. As a
ation. This work can also serve as a reference for other deepwater-field developments.
plained by probable water influx in the form of fingering from the low salinity aquifer continously displacing high salinity formation water.
the thermodynamic approach. Gravity segregation calculations are widely used for the reservoir fluid evaluation and for the initialization
tegrated reservoir study and the successful application of Light Work Over and Infill Well to recover by-passed oil and un-drained a
measurements A development drilling strategy and well architecture. A subsea layout compromise aiming at maximum reliability and
onsistent with small-scale well data measures of connectivity and visualizations that appear realistic. The challenge of 3D models in the
of IHS that the middle McMurray may be sub-divided into stratigraphic sub-units. We also point out the significance of oxidized surface
s one of the main challenges for oil companies. Numerous Enhanced Oil Recovery processes are available to product this very viscous
g the influence of the various forces (capillary gravity viscous) on the topology of the growing gas clusters and by accurately incorporati
of approximate solution assuming extremely slow degassing. A simple partial differential equation similar to a kinematic wave equation
ue to the LP-SAGD condition of the field. However this pump is rated up to 350oC. This first field trial shows the metal PCP as a prom
pressures (1100bar) extreme temperatures (200C) and significant levels of CO2 and H2S. Facilities consist of two wellhead pl
o be made for exotic" scale prevention. This paper presents the Elgin/Franklin scale-control strategy from a thorough fluids selection to
d temperature in the tubing are comparable to the densities derived from the measured gradients. Based on this a robust correlation m
grating fines reservoir heterogeneity and the other forms of formation damage such as wettability alterations can increase the severity
c volumes of natural gas cannot be recovered unless the well is stimulated by a large hydraulic fracture treatment. There is a significant
n data will be included. Background Of the initial 50 wells in the field only two producers were completed in the Cenomanian instead of
bservations. Optimized multi-azimuth VSP surveys have been designed to link the ongoing surface seismic azimuthal anisotropy analys
n via hydraulic fracturing is used commonly in the industry to increase productivity or deliver commercial gas rates 1 2. During the proce
nisotropy effect we present the procedures to estimate horizontal and vertical permeabilities by combining FRA permeability and buildu
nd sealed against a borehole wall and a measured volume of fluid is withdrawn from the formation through the probe. The test continue
re modelled successively in order to restore the complex spatial relationship existing between diagenetic alterations. The outcome of th
argument is invalid subtle faults may act as barriers (fig.2) or as percolation paths for the fluids and they deserve in general a thorough
ontain significantly more open than closed fractures while Lower Arab reservoirs appear to have equal proportions of closed and open f
es could be classified as (1) Predictive methods and (2) Verification methods.3 7 18 The term geopressure includes pore pressures
This naturally affects the success of sampling and downhole fluid analysis performed subsequently after the probe pressure measu
select and optimize pretest and sample points - identify compositional oil gradients
ors and mineralogy (clay volume). Also as lower performance is observed for permeability estimation an alternative solution is propose
of investigated volume between core and log data. Direct input of upscaled cell porosity into an exponential core-scale permeability tra
s a minimum near-constant (irreducible water saturation Swirr ) high in the reservoir (Masalmeh 2000). For the purpose of this paper ho
2007) and improve our understanding of compartmentalisation to better define new targets including the undeveloped volumes in th
SAGD process developed by Dr. Roger Butler in 19781 2 for in-situ heavy oil recovery is being widely implemented for heavy oil recove
hannel complexes deposited in a deep water environment. Results from the wells have confirmed the complex nature of hydrocarbon d
cal facies organization and a better facies continuity at the reservoir scale. 1. Litho-seismic cubes prediction Previo
art of the area of interest with better connectivity but is shaling out eastward of the field. The paper focuses on the methodolog
w meters and gauges. Production optimization will be performed from an onshore support centre. With the chosen reservoir develop
r Delta (Fig.1). Water depth of Amenam Field is 40 meters. The Amenam Field is part of the OML 99 and has been unitized with the Mo
after discovery. However with 600 barg pressure at the wellhead and 120C Jura was also a technical challenge. Indeed Jura is st
duced the development cost for new entrants thereby promoting the future growth potential of the region. The West of Shetland region
uation or resource). Production normally needs to be optimised once the producing assets mature and the production start to dwindle fr
xpected value or the WHP capex was reduced by about 45%. This structured and open approach enabled the Partners to move forwar
mports cater for seasonal gas demand and prevent supply shortages. One of the means to achieve these targets is the development of
Therefore Europe is eager to secure additional gas imports cater for seasonal gas demand and prevent supply shortages. One of the
maximum of 70 000 bopd was reached in 1983. Both oil and gas productions are currently valorised thanks to Obite Gas Plant start-up
e indicates how its value was calculated for each cell. These features facilitate technical interchange and quality control which are key
performed to characterise a vertical gas-liquid separation unit. The tested equipment consisted in a vertical scaled-down separator tank
ur knowledge no values of this parameter are available for oil and sSolid particle suspensions flow. The coefficient was for a long time
By use of the database combined with the EIF approach identifying the most harmful compounds of a produced water discharge and q
e connectivity in sandy channels and the position of shaly barriers. A good match of water and gas breakthrough was obtained over one
to illustrate the model application. Introduction In the oilsands of Alberta Canada the SAGD process has become the common opera
and objective manner. The history matching process shifts from deterministic to probabilistic and results in a more realistic reservoir mo
eld is a complex field with rock compaction as its main energy drive. This contributes to many challenges which include the reduction of
highly heterogeneous fields. Introduction The complexity of carbonate rocks can largely be linked to their more complex intrinsic s
approach using permeability and porosity multipliers inside a reservoir simulator. These multipliers are user-defined curves and vary wit
bed below. Introduction The importance of geomechanics in problems such as wellbore stability hydraulic fracturing and subsidence is
ttari and Mourits 1998; Somerville and Smart 2000; Stone et al. 2000; Tran et al. 2002). New needs for coupled simulations appear suc
ier and Blunt transfer functions perform better but the gravity forces remain difficult to be captured. The two first transfer functions are a
rated in the simulation study conducted for multiple fracturing of a new horizontal well in the Dunbar Field operated by TOTAL E&P UK
ser model. Especially at the early stage of field development the large-scale uncertainties such as structural uncertainty and well dens
need for full data integration to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the flow mechanisms involved during production is underline
state flow-based evaluation of reservoir model responses. All these aspects rely on innovative and CPU-time efficient methods. They are
s. Introduction Karst is a generic term for the effects of meteoric (rain) water on carbonate rocks. Karstification may occur in reservoir ro
potentially sand producing well it is necessary to be able to estimate the rate and ultimate volume of sand to be produced during the life
loop at the elastic domain level and at the reservoir scale making use of a petro-elastic model to convert fluid properties and static ro
The gradual formation of a gas cap however slowly increases the extent of horizontal flow near the top of the system. In light of these o
cribe multiphase flow in reservoirs are nonlinear and coupled. The solution to nonlinear fluid flow problems in reservoirs using the fully i
on model was built to properly represent the smallscale heterogeneity impact and successfully history matched. In less than two years
tures since data suggest that both scales develop in the same areas. A strategy is proposed to lump together the two fracture scales in
fractures (vein sets) exposed on the southern margin of the Bristol Channel basin. We show that the predictions from the percolation a
These processes are supported by detailed workflows with corresponding enabling technologies.The business processes and w
ty. Initial frac-packing limits were a few hundred of mD short intervals and low angles. Then with development of more efficient gel syst
means injected water front movements should be more easily detected than injected gas front (in the oil).
ools are web based and remotely accessible. Data validation advanced calculation and simulation are associated to generate useful pie
elated acquisitions were performed including several world firsts resulting in an improved knowledge of the production split along th
er day) of steam the majority of this steam returns to surface together with the oil as hot water. Environmental regulations are likely to re
ty initiation is performed via Coiled-Tubing creating an artificial thief zone at the toe of the well; then a massive treatment based on emu
d wellhead pressure while minimizing the CAPEX. Flow Insurance Well longevity was another key word for the following reas
langinian to Hauterivian). The Mulichinco is characterised by a relatively thick sedimentary column ranging from 150 to 250 meters with
mplemented in this region; we will discuss some of the key parameters that helped base the choice of treatment type and we will descri
psed time. Details are provided of how the jobs were carried out and the results achieved. Introduction The Al Khalij offshore oilfield i
t interventions the laboratory results and the effect of each taken step on well productivity are discussed in this paper. Overall results o
perforations are aligned with the preferred fracture plane (PFP). The PFP is aligned with the maximum formation stress minimizing the f
o achieve a significant net cost saving as compared to conventional technology.
Because of the sandface conditions the horizontal openhole gravel pack method using an Alpha- and Beta-wave placement technique
n lengths. Despite the challenging placement of the treatment fluid in the SAS assembly the diffusion of the microemulsion with acid a
(SONANGOL) the Angolan state oil company partners in the field include Total E&P Angola (40% operator) Esso Exploration Angola
ction CHOPS (Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand) is a technology which allows higher production rates than conventional technique
cing. The study highlighted the importance of a thorough investigation of the mechanism and source of sanding rather than premature c
d oversaturation of various minerals preliminary laboratory tests were conducted in order to ensure that the scale formed was represe
sure testing (2) physical communication tests between formations and (3) cement bond log interpretation. Pressure tests are restricted
anging flow conditions at the well. The dynamic reaction of well bottomhole pressure to rate changes depends on the reservoir and w
hase metering solution used in this trial can be used successfully and is presenting a reliable alternative or complement to conventional
erdingen and Hurst simplified the complex model using Laplace transformation in flow problem and published solutions of the diffusivity
ressure-dependent non-linear term. Consequently the Mireles and Blasingame semi-analytical solution eliminates the use of pseud
amage the near wellbore by asphaltine deposits or by water crossflow from higher pressured zones to more depleted layers. Another lim
g published methods because of the poor data quality. Introduction In this paper we present a new technique to estimate vertical perm
distorted by wellbore storage without the requirement of having measured sandface flowrates. Objectives The objective of this wo
gas geological storage operation. 1. Introduction As an increasing number of H2S-containing (sour) gas reserv
cant for an industrial CO2 storage project. As such the identification of the reactive pathways leading to CO2 mineralization is a key ste
is tool called WPM standing for Well Performance Monitoring is being industrialized and deployed at a corporate level. This tool is
)PI-RTDB) deployed in Total E&P Indonesie is underway to enable auto-capturing of high frequency data mainly on well flowline parama
mal efficiency. Today most of the production systems require accurate raw production data. All measured data contains various types o
vity tests results and on-going studies on a phased approach. Introduction Deep offshore reservoirs may be good candidates for EOR b
sm for pressure maintenance and sweeping; very often the reservoir oil is rather viscous as a result of biodegradation which has occ
onsidered outside of the scope of this paper. Introduction In the North Sea current average recovery factors (Hughes 2004; Xia 2004;
from 4 000 bwpd to less than 100 bwpd and allowed an instantaneous gas production gain of 10 MMscfd with an estimated cumulative
by turbulence in a pipeline. As a result the operating pressure can be diminished while keeping the same flow rate or the throughput ca
ng high salinity formation water. The exponential curve shape would depend on the tortuosity and length of the path between the water
aluation and for the initialization of the reservoir model. This paper gives an in depth investigation of the underlying physics and direct v
by-passed oil and un-drained areas supported by EOR techniques to maintain the reservoir pressure and sweep the tertiary oil becom
aiming at maximum reliability and availability. Extensive qualification and testing program of equipment to meet with the reservoir condi
he challenge of 3D models in the context of our problem is two-fold: the size of the models and the requirement for realistic summaries
e significance of oxidized surfaces overlain by abrupt grain size changes. Such surfaces are important clue for sequential analysis and m
able to product this very viscous and dense oil but primary production techniques are always used. The low environmental and economi
ers and by accurately incorporating anisotropic network-model relative permeabilities we show that high gas saturation build-up consist
ar to a kinematic wave equation results. This approach is more powerful than the asymptotic expansion described in previous wirk of the
shows the metal PCP as a promising artificial lift technology for hot production. Following this encouraging trial a second metal PCP ha
cilities consist of two wellhead platforms one being normally unattended (Franklin) and the other located over the Elgin field and bridgem a thorough fluids selection to the field deployments. Results and optimisation are discussed. Introduction Calcium Carbonate (CaCO
d on this a robust correlation methodology has been developed to derive the static bottom-hole pressure from the well-head shut-in pre
rations can increase the severity of trapping.[1] Experimental studies by Kamath and Laroche [7] and Mahadevan and Sharma[8 9] ha
treatment. There is a significant literature on the productivity of fractured tight reservoirs and the way to minimize fractured well product
ed in the Cenomanian instead of the Albian reservoir. Although this reservoir constitutes a major part of the oil reserves of the field its lo
mic azimuthal anisotropy analysis to available well measurements. The survey design is based on both 3D anisotropic modeling and sy
gas rates 1 2. During the process of a fracturing job large quantities of fluid are injected into the formation. These fluids contain sever
ing FRA permeability and buildup permeability or by history matching. These procedures are verified with a simulated probe test. Analys
ugh the probe. The test continues with a pressure buildup when fluid withdrawing is halted. The tool monitors pressure continuously thro
c alterations. The outcome of this modelling workflow after a stage testing coherence with PC and Kr values and dynamic rock-typing d
y deserve in general a thorough seismic interpretation. The example below (fig.2) is a photograph taken from a Simsima (Upper Cretac
proportions of closed and open fractures. Open fractures show a dominant NE-SW strike direction for most of the wells both in the Uppe
pressure includes pore pressures fracture pressures and overburden pressures. For drilling operations these pressures are most often
after the probe pressure measurements. Until recently higher temperatures six inch hole size and Oil Based Mud (OBM) limited th
tify compositional oil gradients - identify fluid differences that highlight potential reservoir
n alternative solution is proposed for improving the prediction of this latter property. Introduction Estimating continuous profiles of cores
ential core-scale permeability transform amounts to forcing geometric permeability averaging which may again lead to serious underes
For the purpose of this paper however we define transition zones as those parts of the reservoir between the FWL and the dry-oil limit
g the undeveloped volumes in the Triassic southern horst. Regional Setting The Dunbar Field is situated in the south-central part of the
mplemented for heavy oil recovery in Northern Alberta when mining is not economically posssible. Steam is injected in an upper inje
omplex nature of hydrocarbon distribution in this turbidite depositional system. With the advent of new technological innovations it was
seismic cubes prediction Previous Girassol studies have shown that the IP/IS (Acoustic Impedance/Shear Impedance) seismic cross-p
aper focuses on the methodology of identification of thin lenticular high porosity reservoir sands to plan for side-tracking existing deeper
th the chosen reservoir development strategy high recovery is obtainable. The simulated oil recovery in the southern part is 52% and t
d has been unitized with the Mobil (Exxon) Kpono Field.(OML70) The unit agreement was signed in 1997 between NNPC (60%) Mobil (
cal challenge. Indeed Jura is still the highest HP/HT (High Pressure / High Temperature) subsea development that Total operates world
n. The West of Shetland region is unique for its combination of extreme metocean conditions and a demanding environmental context
he production start to dwindle from the plateau. In this scenario the production from each well needs to be carefully analysed and then
led the Partners to move forward and sanction Strategy-A. Introduction Both Glenelg and West Franklin are high pressure high tempe
e targets is the development of new Underground Gas Storage (UGS) and it is estimated that Europe UGS capacity must at least doub
nt supply shortages. One of the means to achieve these targets is the development of new underground gas storage (UGS) and it is es
anks to Obite Gas Plant start-up in 1999 (also located on OML58). Therefore although Obagi is mainly an oil field 5 gas caps are also
d quality control which are key to reducing as much as possible the degree of arbitrariness inherent in the modeling of dependencies.
cal scaled-down separator tank placed downstream two parallel pipes of different diameter and length. Then tests on a horizontal sepa
coefficient was for a long time difficult to determine experimentally for solid suspensions and from our knowledge no values of this co
produced water discharge and quantifying the potential environmental benefits of PW management actions the most appropriate techn
kthrough was obtained over one year of production data. The addition of new geological constraints allowed us to better honor the 4D se
has become the common operational process to recover bitumen. To initiate a SAGD process in an oilsand formation as shown in F
in a more realistic reservoir model which can further be used for true risk assessment prediction. The workflow proposed increases the
es which include the reduction of porosity and permeability with time and the continued change of the reservoir thickness due to compac
to their more complex intrinsic structure compared with clastic ones. Depositional environments and bioclastic shapes are much more c
user-defined curves and vary with the pressure of the oil phase. This approach uses only a reservoir simulator. A coupled approach in
ulic fracturing and subsidence is well known. In recent years there has been growing awareness of the importance of the link between f
coupled simulations appear such as assessing the integrity of the overburden for heavy-oil recovery using thermal mechanisms (e.g. S
two first transfer functions are available in some commercial flow simulators and their results on the same set of cases are consistent.
eld operated by TOTAL E&P UK PLC. The objectives of the study were to assess the feasibility of fracturing to determine the optimum
uctural uncertainty and well density are most dominant. The use of a coarser model might be sufficient for the purpose of characterizing
ed during production is underlined. Introduction and scope The full workflow of a fracture study from characterization to modeling on a f
-time efficient methods. They are introduced and illustrated by case-study results. Introduction Three main reasons explain the tremend
fication may occur in reservoir rocks as a result of sea-level variations during deposition for example. Resulting features include rock di
nd to be produced during the life of the well. Only then can the value of installing a sand control completion -or not- can be evaluated. I
ert fluid properties and static rock properties into simulated elastic properties. This was developed during the HUTS project [Ref. 1 2
of the system. In light of these observations the issue of flow anisotropy and its impact on gas-oil relative permeability is examined in s
ems in reservoirs using the fully implicit method (FIM) is unconditionally stable but computationally expensive per time step although it a
matched. In less than two years a full field redevelopment plan was defined that is expected to double the recovery factor. The innovat
gether the two fracture scales in a dual porosity dual permeability reservoir model. The resulting dynamic model was easily history matc
edictions from the percolation approach are in good agreement with the results calculated from field data with the advantage that they c
The business processes and workflows required to manage a mature field appear to be similar for many operators. The majority o
opment of more efficient gel systems such as cross-linked polymer gels the limits of the technique were progressively extended. The op
associated to generate useful pieces of information such as KPIs alarms and diagnosis wizards. This paper provides the details of
ge of the production split along the well bore the identification of the most reliable tools-tractors combinations successful reperforation
mental regulations are likely to require that this produced water has to be partial or even totally recycled. In Athabasca most boilers use
massive treatment based on emulsified acid and ball-sealer diversion is bullheaded from a stimulation vessel. This paper will discuss de
key word for the following reasons: Limited number of wells. Huge cost of work-over linked with rig and service equipment availabilit
ging from 150 to 250 meters with 30 to 80 meters of pay zone from South to North. In Aguada Pichana the reservoir level being produc
reatment type and we will describe the lessons learnt during such treatments. In addition as the data-set available for this acid-fracturin
The Al Khalij offshore oilfield is in the northern part of the Qatar sector of the Arabian Gulf. The oil bearing Mishrif reservoir is a strat
d in this paper. Overall results of the interventions will be shown and a complete solution for bringing new openhole horizontal wells into
ormation stress minimizing the forces that act to close the fracture. Other advantages include lower injection pressures to break the frac
Beta-wave placement technique was adopted. Although this type of sand-control completion is used quite extensively world wide and th
of the microemulsion with acid allowed break up and removal of blocking solids from the completion screens and filter cake residues fro
erator) Esso Exploration Angola (Block 17) Ltd (20%) BP Exploration (Angola) Ltd (16.7%) Statoil Angola Block 17 A.S (13.3%) and N
ates than conventional techniques but this benefit can be coupled to large expenses caused by for example the sand separation and
sanding rather than premature conclusions based initial and potentially misleading evidence. It also highlighted how the integration of in
at the scale formed was representative of the field scale. This showed that small variations in brine composition can have a relative
on. Pressure tests are restricted to localized areas of the casing such as the casing / liner shoe and squeeze perforations. Communicat
s depends on the reservoir and well properties. Hence studying the dynamic pressure behavior in response to appropriately designe
e or complement to conventional test separators for flow metering in low-pressure high water cut wells under gas lift providing operation
ished solutions of the diffusivity equation which is the basis of pressure transient analysis.
ution eliminates the use of pseudotime for this case. Although being rigorous the Mireles and Blasingame solution relies on evaluation o
more depleted layers. Another limitation of a conventional buildup test is in its application to commingled reservoirs where it only provide
chnique to estimate vertical permeability from the time delay and horizontal permeability from the maximum pressure drop at the observ
ectives The objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive study of the analytic techniques that can be used to explicitly deconvo
H2S-containing (sour) gas reservoirs are being exploited around the world there is a growing interest for injecting and storing in geologic
o CO2 mineralization is a key step to evaluate the long-term fate of the injected CO2 in a geological storage project. Introduction Geolo
at a corporate level. This tool is providing data visualization tools a first-class alarming system. Some of these alarms are based on mo
a mainly on well flowline paramaters. Thus a daily and integrated Geoscience Data Management and Production Data Management S
red data contains various types of errors : intrinsic measurement errors gross errors noise . Moreover when real time measuring sys
y be good candidates for EOR by polymer injection : they are generally shallow (belo
of biodegradation which has occurred due to temperature conditions; recovery by water injection is then adversely affected by an unfav
actors (Hughes 2004; Xia 2004; Hansen and Westvik 2000; Blaker et al. 2006) are above 40%. As of 2003 the estimated oil reserves (O
cfd with an estimated cumulative gain of 10 Bscf in 3 years. Introduction Peciko is a giant offshore gas field in the Mahakam delta at E
me flow rate or the throughput can be increased while applying the same pressure. In spite of extensive experimental studies and soph
h of the path between the water and the produced oil zones. Static and dynamic data are consistent and confirm our model of water pro
e underlying physics and direct validation of EoS modeling through molecular simulations. Introduction An accurate knowledge of the in
and sweep the tertiary oil become the key elements to revive the mature Handil Field. Introduction The Handil field is located in the Ma
to meet with the reservoir conditions. An FPSO concept pushed to the limit to handle high volume of high-pressure (HP) fluids togethe
uirement for realistic summaries of reservoir quality at each location. The study area is more than 500 km2 the thickness is on the orde
lue for sequential analysis and may have a regional extent. They should be taken into account as a potential accurate correlative tool fo
low environmental and economical cost of the primary production in comparison to steam injection for example is very decisive to selec
gas saturation build-up consistent with experimental observations can be obtained from reservoir simulation. Introduction Depletion o
described in previous wirk of the authirs as it allows for the stauration to exhibit gradients and even shocks. Second we solve the full s
ng trial a second metal PCP has been installed with success in the same field and more installations were decided eventually. Thus al
d over the Elgin field and bridge-linked to an integrated permanently manned Process-Utilities and Quarters platform (PUQ). Glenelg
ction Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) is the most common self-scaling specie found in oil and gas fields. Scale deposition is a widesp
re from the well-head shut-in pressure using thermodynamic modeling. Introduction Elgin and Franklin are deep HP/HT gas condensat
Mahadevan and Sharma[8 9] have shown that removal of water from the formation occurs in two stages: an initial displacement stage w
minimize fractured well productivity impairment1-4. Two main factors are affecting fractured well productivity: fracture face damage and
he oil reserves of the field its low permeability (10mD) and poor formation quality (argillaceous siltstones) always result in a low produc
3D anisotropic modeling and synthetic multi-azimuth VSP data analysis. This paper presents preliminary results on the multi-azimuth s
ation. These fluids contain several chemicals of which high concentrations of gelling agent which may cause formation damage3 4. Wa
th a simulated probe test. Analysis of three actual tests is presented. Introduction A formation test is initiated when a probe from a form
nitors pressure continuously throughout the test. A schematic of probe settings in a vertical well and in a horizontal well is shown in Fig. 1
alues and dynamic rock-typing definition is fed into a dynamic simulator in order to assess the potential impact on field behaviour prod
n from a Simsima (Upper Cretaceous) outcrop in Jebel Rawdah at the border between the Sultanate of Oman and the U.A.E. The actua
ost of the wells both in the Upper and Lower Arab reservoirs. The closed fractures on the other hand are dispersed in their orientations
these pressures are most often expressed in the form of a gradient that can be compared with the drilling mud density. Initial well plann
Oil Based Mud (OBM) limited the use of dual packer tools in this environment which could be a better solution depending on the numb
that highlight potential reservoir compartmentalization - confirm gas cap existence
ting continuous profiles of cores petrophysical parameters is one of the most important steps in reservoir characterization as it provides
y again lead to serious underestimation of the true upscaled permeability when heterogeneity is significant. Introduction Porosity/perm
en the FWL and the dry-oil limit (DOL) where both water and oil are mobile irrespective of the saturation level. Both water and oil are m
d in the south-central part of the East Shetland Basin approximately 135 km east of the intermediate terrace region between the East S
team is injected in an upper injection well to lower the viscosity of surrounding oil allowing it to drain along a growing cone-shaped steam
echnological innovations it was decided in 2003 to reprocess the original 3D seismic data. The objective was to use long offset AVA (Am
ear Impedance) seismic cross-plot is the best domain for predicting Facies Groups defined with well data calibration. A Facies G
or side-tracking existing deeper wells and drilling appraisal & delineation wells. Introduction The South Umm Gudair Field is a structur
n the southern part is 52% and the gas recovery in the northern part is 80%. INTRODUCTION Tyrihans is an oil and gas condensate
97 between NNPC (60%) Mobil (9.6%) and EPNL (30.4%) as operator.
opment that Total operates worldwide. Jura Project Overview Jura is an HP/HT subsea gas condensate development in 113 m water de
manding environmental context characterised by its distinctive wildlife and rugged onshore terrain. The long distance subsea tie-back ch
be carefully analysed and then maximized to ensure as high a recovery factor as possible. A wide number of production optimisation m
n are high pressure high temperature gas condensate reservoirs (see Figure 1). Glenelg comprises a main panel and a northeast pane
UGS capacity must at least double in the next 25 years (1). France has not been endowed with a proliferation of oil and gas bearing res
d gas storage (UGS) and it is estimated that Europe UGS capacity must at least double in the next 25 years (Plan Indicatif 2006). Fran
an oil field 5 gas caps are also considered for future production. All produced water is reinjected into the field to minimise environmenta
he modeling of dependencies. Introduction The portfolio of gas sources to supply gas to an LNG project may be very diverse. It may in
Then tests on a horizontal separator were performed. Preliminary results are presented for several operating conditions of pressure flo
r knowledge no values of this coefficient are available in the literature for oily or oil and solid particle suspensions. A new method was re
ons the most appropriate technologies can be selected on a given field. Fewer field trials will have to be performed and new technologi
wed us to better honor the 4D seismic information (extent of gas injection and of depleted zones). This was achieved by constraining av
oilsand formation as shown in Fig. 1 a circulation phase or startup phase is required. In this phase during which both injector and prod
workflow proposed increases the chance of attaint the history match. Combining the structural geological and dynamic uncertainties co
servoir thickness due to compaction. The compaction can also affect different parts of the reservoir differently for example the reduction
clastic shapes are much more complex to start with. Moreover as there is usually no significant transportation phase before deposition
mulator. A coupled approach in which the structural and the flow unknowns (displacement pressure and saturations) are solved simult
importance of the link between fluid flow and geomechanics in the management of stress sensitive reservoirs1-9. New needs for couple
ing thermal mechanisms (e.g. SAGD technique) or for acid-gas injection. Standard reservoir simulation of compaction drive accounts fo
ame set of cases are consistent. Introduction Representing the correct behaviour of recovery mechanisms in naturally fractured reservo
turing to determine the optimum number of parallel fractures and to forecast the production. Fracturing operations are very costly; pr
or the purpose of characterizing uncertainties at this level. This is particularly true in defining the vertical heterogeneity distribution.
aracterization to modeling on a field operated by TOTAL in Africa is described in this paper. Particular attention is given to the integration
ain reasons explain the tremendous research work on naturally fractured reservoirs. They represent a large proportion of the world's h
esulting features include rock dissolution conduits sink-holes etc which may have extremely high permeability. The representation of
ion -or not- can be evaluated. In a different context heavy oil reservoirs can sometimes benefit from letting the sand be produced with
ng the HUTS project [Ref. 1 2 3)]. Coupling such a rock physics module or petro-elastic model (PEM) with fluid flow modelling the si
ve permeability is examined in some detail by computing network fluxes in both the horizontal and vertical (along-gravity) directions. Int
nsive per time step although it allows large time steps to be taken. The IMPES method (Implicit Pressure Explicit Saturation) on the ot
the recovery factor. The innovative acquisition interpretation and modeling techniques developed in the process could fruitfully be appli
c model was easily history matched and required only slight adjustments. Introduction The A reservoir in S Field is a fractured and fault
ta with the advantage that they can be obtained very quickly. As a result they may be used for practical engineering purposes and may
any operators. The majority of the technologies that we require to create Smart Fields are already in place although we did identify
progressively extended. The operating envelop usually accepted in Total nowadays is: perforated interval within 100 inclination lo
his paper provides the details of one implementation of this strengthened concept demonstrating and turning into reality the corporate s
ations successful reperforation operations and a clear assessment of the way forward. Introduction The typical well on Al Khalij is a su
In Athabasca most boilers used in enhanced oil production with steam injection are gas-powered Once Through Steam Generation (O
essel. This paper will discuss design considerations and operational aspects of the acid treatments performed of these ERD wells. We w
nd service equipment availability/mobilization because of extreme remoteness of the location (rig not scheduled in the area before five
the reservoir level being produced is composed of sandstones deposited in a fluvio-tidal to littoral environment characterized by low to
et available for this acid-fracturing treatment is unusually comprehensive with image logs production profiles pre and post-frac thermal
earing Mishrif reservoir is a stratigraphic trap in the upper Cenomanian limestone. Laid down with several repeating phases of depositio
w openhole horizontal wells into production will be proposed. Introduction The Tambora field lies in the swamp environment of the uppe
ction pressures to break the fracturing job minimized screen-out effects limitation of micro-annulus effects and the maintenance of cas
ite extensively world wide and the technology is considered well proven documented data regarding its application in shallow horizonta
eens and filter cake residues from the wellbore walls allowing full production. Introduction The Rosa field was discovered in January 19
ola Block 17 A.S (13.3%) and Norsk Hydro (10%). High productivity provided with horizontal drains allows to significantly reduce the nu
ample the sand separation and disposal costs. The typical production history of a CHOPS well is a large initial sand influx which grad
hlighted how the integration of information from different sources and disciplines were able to correctly identify and address a particular
composition can have a relatively significant impact on the type of scale formed in the laboratory tests and more significantly that this d
eeze perforations. Communication tests regarded as the most definitive method of testing behind casing isolation jeopardize casing int
esponse to appropriately designed sequence of well rate changes provides a way to evaluate some of these properties. This techniq
nder gas lift providing operational flexibility and additional information of interest to optimize well productivity. Introduction: Field and W
me solution relies on evaluation of the non-linear term based on the average reservoir pressure predicted from material balance. They d
d reservoirs where it only provides a total permeability-thickness and an average skin value. Usually permeability is then distributed betw
mum pressure drop at the observation probe in a vertical interference test consisting of a drawdown period followed by a buildup period.
an be used to explicitly deconvolve wellbore storage distorted well test data using only the given pressure data and the well/reservoir inf
injecting and storing in geological formations the H2S rich-acid gas that is separated from the (sour) natural gas in gas processing plan
age project. Introduction Geological storage of CO2 is an important option for tackling greenhouse gases emissions. In their 2007 sum
of these alarms are based on modeling by well flow model PROSPER. One of the workflow is the automatic modeling of production test
Production Data Management System Workflows are now uniquely operating in Total E&P Indonesie. Different entities (geologist petro
er when real time measuring systems such as multiphase flow meters are used errors may originate from the inaccuracy of the model
they are generally shallow (below sea floor) which means rather low temperature; w
n adversely affected by an unfavourable mobility ratio and can be improved by injecting viscosified water; the reservoirs are often turbi
03 the estimated oil reserves (OG21 2006) on the NCS are approximately 3850 million sm3 translating to an average recovery factor o
field in the Mahakam delta at East Kalimantan - Indonesia which covers an area of of 350 km2 with water depths of 30-40 meters.
experimental studies and sophisticated simulations [2-6] the complex mechanism of polymeric drag reduction remains unclear. Its und
d confirm our model of water production mechanism observed in the field. Introduction SINCOR is a joint venture company between PD
An accurate knowledge of the initial state of a petroleum reservoir is crucial in order to optimize its development plan. This relies on the
e Handil field is located in the Mahakam Delta East Kalimantan Indonesia. The field comprises of 555 unconnected accumulations/rese
igh-pressure (HP) fluids together with a very large gas inventory. The securing of resources in terms of dry dock slot marine spread an
m2 the thickness is on the order of 100m there are more than 10 variables of interest and we would need 100 or more realizations to
ential accurate correlative tool for the McMurray Formation. Introduction Since few years the oil industry shows a renewed interest dri
xample is very decisive to select this kind of process. In primary production we focus our attention on a process called solution gas driv
lation. Introduction Depletion or depressurisation of gas-oil systems is a proven recovery method that has successfully been implemen
cks. Second we solve the full set of Darcy-scale equations by way of a numerical solution based on a version of the IMPES method ba
ere decided eventually. Thus all ESP initially installed were replaced by PCP and ninewellsare producing with Metal PCPs currently. In
ters platform (PUQ). Glenelg and West Franklin are two HP/HT discoveries made after the initial development of Elgin/Franklin whic
ds. Scale deposition is a widespread problem that causes production deferment necessitates costly intervention and can compromise
are deep HP/HT gas condensate fields situated in the Central Graben of the North Sea. Main reservoir is Upper-Jurassic Fulmar sand b
s: an initial displacement stage where water is expelled from the core followed by a long-term evaporation stage. The amount of water
ctivity: fracture face damage and fracture conductivity impairment. The effect of fracture face damage on well productivity is mainly inve
es) always result in a low production index in perforated cased hole configuration. To show that a field development on such a reservoir
ry results on the multi-azimuth seismic anisotropy to well tie. Introduction Fracturing and fracture network identification are often parts o
cause formation damage3 4. Water blocks are commonly mentioned as the main mechanism responsible of permeability damage. In the
tiated when a probe from a formation tester is set and sealed against the formation. A measured volume of fluid is withdrawn from the fo
horizontal well is shown in Fig. 1. During a single-probe test in a vertical well the probe is always set horizontally against a sidewall of t
impact on field behaviour production profiles and well productivity. Introduction In carbonate environments depositional facies does n
Oman and the U.A.E. The actual fault plane filled by dense calcite deposits is visible across the complete section while no throw is mate
re dispersed in their orientations. However most of the studied wells in the Upper Arab show a major NW-SE trend perpendicular to th
ng mud density. Initial well planning is based on formation fracture data obtained by a predictive method. After casing is cemented in pla
solution depending on the number of test points desired. Though the fine laminations of the tight gas sands is a major reason for ob
onfirm gas cap existence - fill the gaps of missing fluid information in zones where sampli
ir characterization as it provides accurate data to be incorporated after a set of quality control and upscaling process in further reservo
ant. Introduction Porosity/permeability correlations are often used to predict permeability and to populate the cells of a dynamic reserv
n level. Both water and oil are mobile in the transition zone while only oil is mobile above the transition zone. By either definition the oi
rrace region between the East Shetland Platform and the North Viking Graben and is characterised by a series of pre-Cretaceous and
ng a growing cone-shaped steam chamber into a lower production well via gravity. The acceptance of the SAGD extraction method
e was to use long offset AVA (Amplitude Variation with Angle) attributes to ensure the best possible reservoir characterisation. This has
well data calibration. A Facies Group can be defined as an interpreted upscaled stratilog that can be detected in the seismic do
Umm Gudair Field is a structural extension of the Kuwait Umm Gudair Field (Fig.1). It is jointly operated by Saudi Arabian Texaco and
ans is an oil and gas condensate field offshore Mid-Norway (Figure 1). Tyrihans Sr (South) was discovered by well 6407/1-2 in 1982
e development in 113 m water depth located 20 km from the TEPUK Dunbar platform and 32 km from TEPUKs Alwyn North. The d
ong distance subsea tie-back chosen for Laggan-Tormore brings with it significant technical challenges in terms of flow assurance and
ber of production optimisation measures are currently being implemented on the Alwyn platform in the Northern North Sea of the coast o
main panel and a northeast panel which were assumed to be unconnected. A two well development of Glenelg was considered (G10 and
eration of oil and gas bearing reservoirs and as a result the vast majority of existing UGS belong to the aquifer type. However the develo
ears (Plan Indicatif 2006). France has not been endowed with a proliferation of oil- and gas-bearing reservoirs and as a result the vast
e field to minimise environmental impact and support the reservoir pressure.

ct may be very diverse. It may include associated gas from producing oil fields and nonassociated gas from fields at different stages of
rating conditions of pressure flowrates oil viscosity mixing-rates and liquid levels. Introduction The GOwSP platform is a semi-industr
spensions. A new method was recently proposed6 to quantify parameters and from laboratory pressure measurements using the
e performed and new technologies will be installed more efficiently in the produced water treatment line. This methodology has been val
was achieved by constraining average sand and shale proportions over channel and levee regions. Improved predictions of future produ
ring which both injector and producer are put under steam circulation it is necessary to initiate inter-well communication and to develop
al and dynamic uncertainties covers the whole uncertainty domain resulting in a multiple history matched reservoir models which coul
erently for example the reduction in the pore volume of one region due to compaction can vary from other regions. This can cause man
rtation phase before deposition they are less sorted and more mud-supported. In addition carbonates are much more chemically reac
nd saturations) are solved simultaneously. These approaches are compared for two validation cases and two field cases described in
ervoirs1-9. New needs for coupled simulations appear such as assessing the integrity of the overburden for heavy oil recovery using the
of compaction drive accounts for nonlinear porosity changes determined from uniaxial-strain tests on cores. In many cases laboratoryms in naturally fractured reservoir in flow simulators is a challenging task. For a large class of fractured reservoirs especially for multiph
ng operations are very costly; precise assessments must therefore be carried out before the operation takes place. Introduction
heterogeneity distribution.
tention is given to the integration of static and dynamic data and the way it allowed us to achieve a satisfactory characterization of the fr
large proportion of the world's hydrocarbon reserves. Fracturing is critical for oil recovery. The geology and flow behavior of naturally
meability. The representation of such features in a reservoir simulation model is problematic. One approach is to set a high permeability
tting the sand be produced with the oil. This technique known as CHOPS (Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand) allows higher product
) with fluid flow modelling the simulated elastic parameters (impedances) can be predicted before and during production. This can the
cal (along-gravity) directions. Introduction Solution gas drive is a natural drive recovery process where the energy for hydrocarbon mobi
e Explicit Saturation) on the other hand decouples the pressure equation and solves it implicitly. The pressure solution is then used to
process could fruitfully be applied to other complex fields. Introduction Al Khalij field operated by Total is located 110 km offshore Qat
n S Field is a fractured and faulted Lower Cretaceous carbonate capable of oil production from 3 intervals. It consists of layered chalky
engineering purposes and may aid decision-making for real field problem. Introduction Many hydrocarbon reservoirs are naturally frac
n place although we did identify seven specific areas where technology advances are recommended. Collaboration and visualization t
val within 100 inclination lower than 45 and permeability up to 500mD. Limitations to frac-packing A fracture develops in a vert
rning into reality the corporate strategy. This feed back is focussing mainly on software aspects rather than on hardware issues and bus
he typical well on Al Khalij is a sub-horizontal drain of 2500 to 3000 m which is crossing several layers with various petrophysical charac
e Through Steam Generation (OTSG) boilers. These were specially developed for thermal flooding applications and are commonly use
ormed of these ERD wells. We will discuss some of the observations made and present lessons learnt from such treatments. Introduct
cheduled in the area before five years after the end of current Total Austral drilling campaign). A Challenging Context Developmental p
onment characterized by low to very low permeabilities partly belonging to the Tight Gas Reservoirs category and thus requiring specif
ofiles pre and post-frac thermal logs bottom-hole gauges and extended post-frac decline an integrated evaluation of the treatment will
ral repeating phases of deposition and erosion the reservoir typically consists of sequences (20 to 30 ft) each alternating between po
swamp environment of the upper Mahakam delta six miles south of Badak/Nilam. Tambora is now primarily a gas field although there
ects and the maintenance of casing-to-cement and cement-to-formation bonds. These improvements in combination allow the use of la
s application in shallow horizontal gas reservoirs was limited. Nevertheless this technique was considered the best suited to the preva
eld was discovered in January 1998 with the Rosa 1 well and was appraised with two additional wells at the beginning of year 1999 and
ows to significantly reduce the number of well. It is a full subsea development tied back to spread-moored floating production storage an
rge initial sand influx which gradually decays within a few weeks (as a maximum) to a steady state influx rate. Several mechanisms a
dentify and address a particular borehole fill problem allowing for optimizing field operations field management and workover strategie
and more significantly that this did not completely tie up with predictions conducted using commercial thermodynamic models.The
ng isolation jeopardize casing integrity are costly and directed at preventing reservoir to reservoir communication. Cement evaluation lo
hese properties. This technique has been historically used for evaluation of formation permeability large-scale reservoir heterogene
ctivity. Introduction: Field and Wells Description Monitoring Testing Needs In 1972 a year after the creation of the UAE Federation Tot
d from material balance. They did not assess the nature and applicability of the average pressure approximation (APA) but exhaustivel
rmeability is then distributed between different layers based either on small-scale permeability measurements (mainly from cores) or on
od followed by a buildup period. We first describe the previous techniques on the subject emphasizing on vertical permeability. Then we
re data and the well/reservoir information. Introduction Previous Work: For the elimination of wellbore storage effects in pressure trans
tural gas in gas processing plants. For instance acid gas disposal in geological formations has been practised over the past 15 years in
es emissions. In their 2007 summary report for policy makers on Mitigation of Climate Change1 the Intergovernmental Panel on C
matic modeling of production test. Figure 1 is showing its logigram; WPM detects automatically new production tests in the corporate Pro
Different entities (geologist petrophysic reservoir and production sites) within the division have been taking full benefits of the implemen
rom the inaccuracy of the model used to compute the flow rates of the individual phases. Basing operating decisions on such data may
waterflooding is the preferred basic recovery mechanism for pressure maintenance and sweeping;
er; the reservoirs are often turbidites of very good characteristics allowing an efficient propagation of high molecular weight polymers; t
g to an average recovery factor of 45% as shown in Fig. 1. The Ministry of Petroleum and Energy of Norway established the OG21 Task
ater depths of 30-40 meters. The field has multilayer pay zones at around 2 000 4 000 meters subsea with an unfaulted structure
duction remains unclear. Its understanding is out of scope of the present paper. We only mention that polymer molecules are assumed
nt venture company between PDVSA (Petroleos de Venezuela SA) Total and Statoil. It aims at the cold production of 200 000 bbl/d of
lopment plan. This relies on the ability of describing correctly the spatial distribution of the fluid components. The compositional variatio
unconnected accumulations/reservoirs in structurally stacked and compartmentalized deltaic sands. The reservoirs are trapped by Hand
dry dock slot marine spread and deep offshore drilling units in a buoyant market. TOTAL with 24% interest is the operator on OML 1
eed 100 or more realizations to represent uncertainty. More than 20 billion numbers would need to be routinely manipulated to understa
ry shows a renewed interest driven by technological improvement and high oil prizes concerning heavy oil reservoirs. In north-eastern A
a process called solution gas drive [2]. An Extra-Heavy Oil solution gas drive reservoir is one in which most of the production is due to th
has successfully been implemented both in heavy-oil [Tang et al. 2006; Kumar et al. 2000; de Mirabal et al. 1977] and light-oil systems [
version of the IMPES method based on previous similar numerical approaches. We show comparisons between the two solutions. We d
ng with Metal PCPs currently. Introduction Recovery of the worlds huge reserve of extra heavy oil (mainly found in the oil sands of Cana
velopment of Elgin/Franklin which were put in production in 2006 and 2007 respectively. This paper presents a case history looking bac
ervention and can compromise safety systems. The situation can be more severe in high-pressure high-temperature (HP/HT) fields sin
is Upper-Jurassic Fulmar sand buried at more than 5000 meters depth and containing a rich fluid in supercritical conditions (1100 bars
ion stage. The amount of water displaced in the initial stage depends on the drawdown and the capillary pressure. In formations with h
n well productivity is mainly investigated by numerical simulations of gas production during back flow. The simulators are taking into acc
evelopment on such a reservoir could be economic it was needed to prove that effective fracturing operations could be performed on th
rk identification are often parts of development projects of tight sand reservoirs. As illustrated in Figure 1 the first step in any tight sand
e of permeability damage. In the case of low permeability formation the capillary pressure is high because of very small pores. Hence t
e of fluid is withdrawn from the formation through the probe. The test continues with a pressure buildup when fluid withdrawal is halted.
orizontally against a sidewall of the borehole (Position A). The relationship (solution) between the pressure at the probe and the rate at w
ments depositional facies does not constitute the main driving parameter of petrophysics as they are usually oberprinted by diagenesis.
e section while no throw is materialised by a lithological contrast on either side. The potential scatterer is the fault plane itself. It can be
W-SE trend perpendicular to the direction of the open fractures. Only two areas within the field show closed fractures oriented in the sa
. After casing is cemented in place the anticipated fracture resistance of the formation just below the casing shoe must be verified by a
s sands is a major reason for observing low success statistics of communicating with the formation other possibilities have been postula
ormation in zones where sampling is difficult such as thin beds poor borehole conditions tight formations and heavy oils. We conclude
caling process in further reservoir evaluation. Core measurements are punctual and generally in limited number. Representative elemen
ate the cells of a dynamic reservoir model. The passage from Phi to k typically involves three steps: In cored wells a regression equati
zone. By either definition the oil/water transition zone contains a sizable part of this fields oil in place. Predicting the amount of rec
a series of pre-Cretaceous and structurally aligned tilted fault blocks. The Dunbar Field is limited to the north and east by a major NNW
of the SAGD extraction method drives Canada to second (after only Saudi Arabia) on a world list of proven reserves with some 175 billi
rvoir characterisation. This has resulted from the experience of TOTAL that long offset AVA has been proven to be a very useful explora
an be detected in the seismic domain and globally represents a facies type or a rock type. The following workflow is applied to compute
d by Saudi Arabian Texaco and Kuwait Gulf Oil Company. It is located at north-western corner in the Partitioned Neutral Zone between K
overed by well 6407/1-2 in 1982 as the first discovery on Haltenbanken offshore Mid-Norway. The well test showed a rich gas-condens
EPUKs Alwyn North. The development consists in a two well subsea tie-back to the existing Forvie subsea manifold via a 3km long
in terms of flow assurance and construction / installation planning together with a complex regulatory framework associated with enviro
Northern North Sea of the coast of Scotland. The Alwyn North Field is located in block 3/9 of the UK Northern North Sea (see figure 1 be
lenelg was considered (G10 and G11). West Franklin has one existing well (F7z) which required a workover and three new wells were
aquifer type. However the development of this type of UGS is now facing more stringent environmental regulations; therefore TOTAL ha
servoirs and as a result the vast majority of existing UGS are of the aquifer type. However the development of this type of UGS is now
from fields at different stages of development. Some of these gas fields are producing others are delineated but undeveloped others a
OwSP platform is a semi-industrial test bench built mi-2006 on the IFP-Lyon site at Solaize in order to carry out tests to provide more in
essure measurements using the called 3 point pressure method. Other models7 8 dedicated to simulate produced water re-injection un
This methodology has been validated by Total E&P Norge on several cases on the NCS where new technologies have been implemen
roved predictions of future production and of a new seismic survey have been obtained using the matched model. Introduction In this p
l communication and to develop an initial steam chamber.
ed reservoir models which could be used for forecast calculation with more confidence.
er regions. This can cause many problems to the history matching process in which changing a particular parameter can have opposite
are much more chemically reactive and as a consequence more impacted not only by post-deposition tectonics but also by post-depos
nd two field cases described in the following.
for heavy oil recovery using thermal mechanism (SAGD technique ..) or for acid gas injection. Standard reservoir simulation of compac
ores. In many cases laboratory-derived compressibility must be adjusted to match the contribution of compaction to total hydrocarbon r
reservoirs especially for multiphase production mechanisms the standard (single-medium) numerical simulators cannot capture the tw
takes place. Introduction
Hydraulic fracturing is a high-cost operation that if successful can significantly benefit the profitability o
factory characterization of the fracture network. A new DFN tool developed by TOTAL has been used for the modeling of this field. For c
y and flow behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs are highly complex and require uneasy and time-demanding modeling approaches.
oach is to set a high permeability in the grid blocks affected by dissolution or through which conduits pass. An example is shown in Figu
with Sand) allows higher production rates than conventional techniques. There again the productivity and ultimate delivery of the well w
during production. This can then enable the changes in rock and fluid properties to be compared with the changes inferred from the se
he energy for hydrocarbon mobilization is provided by the expansion of a gas phase that maintains the reservoir pressure. Being a cold
pressure solution is then used to obtain the saturations. The method is computationally inexpensive but only conditionally stable and th
is located 110 km offshore Qatar within the Block 6 with a water depth of approximately 60 m. The field was discovered in 1991 after
als. It consists of layered chalky intervals with relatively high porosity (~20%) and poor matrix permeability (2-10 md) interbedded with de
bon reservoirs are naturally fractured. The conventional approach to investigate the impact of geological uncertainties on reservoir perfo
Collaboration and visualization technologies are enablers and are required in order to integrate across the core business processes an
king A fracture develops in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of maximum stress which is the direction of least resistance. In devia
han on hardware issues and business processes presenting comprehensive information about the Field Monitoring integration strategy:
with various petrophysical characteristics and productivity potential (Fig. 1). The drain is drilled in 81/2 and cased with a cemented 65/8 o
lications and are commonly used as they offer several advantages over conventional drum boilers (100% quality steam): OTSGs require
rom such treatments. Introduction Located 60 Km offshore from the Congolese coast the NKossa field was discovered in 1984 an
nging Context Developmental problems to fulfill the above well requirements included: No or few case history for 95/8 completion and
ategory and thus requiring specific stimulations through hydraulic fractures. Aguada Pichana field conditions have changed through its p
d evaluation of the treatment will be proposed. Introduction The Kharyaga field lies 60 km north of the polar circle (fig 1.1) in the Nene
t) each alternating between poor permeability matrix intervals and highly productive diagenetically weathered layers (drain layers)[1].
marily a gas field although there are small oil rims to the north (produced before 1990). Tambora field is operated by TOTAL E&P Indone
combination allow the use of larger proppant sizes and lead to a homogeneous bi-wing fracture when shot in 0 to 180 degree phasing.
red the best suited to the prevailing conditions and defined deliverables. Since the service company experience in running long horizon
the beginning of year 1999 and at the end of 2000. The field is located in Block 17 offshore Angola 210 km northwest of Luanda in av
d floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) unit (Fig. 2). All reservoirs in this field are constituted of highly unconsolidated san
ux rate. Several mechanisms are accountable for the oil rate enhancement in CHOPS wells. Firstly the sand influx increases fluid flo
agement and workover strategies. Introduction The consequence of sanding is well known: obstructing production eroding downhole a
hermodynamic models.The paper describes the importance of proper test methodology and describes more sophisticated test pro
munication. Cement evaluation logs are time efficient cover the majority of the casing and inexpensive compared to communication test
arge-scale reservoir heterogeneities and boundaries reservoir connectivity well productivity and for diagnosing possible well productivi
ation of the UAE Federation Total was granted a concession to develop the Abu Al Bukhoosh field. At that time the reserves to be produ
oximation (APA) but exhaustively validated the APA approach using numerical simulation for the case of a constant rate inner boundary
ments (mainly from cores) or on the flow profile derived from interpretation of the results from production logging testing PLT (with ques
on vertical permeability. Then we describe the mathematical model numerical schemes and verification of the technique. Next issues i
storage effects in pressure transient test data a variety of methods using different techniques have been proposed. An approximate
actised over the past 15 years in Western Canada where more than 3 Mt of H2S and 3 Mt of CO2 have been injected with a maximum
e Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) describes this option as one of the key mitigation technologies and practices curr
duction tests in the corporate Production Dabase Management System (noted PDMS). Downloading the averaged results of the tests fro
ing full benefits of the implementation of data and information management. QC and validation before loading data into corporate datab
ing decisions on such data may directly impact the reserves calculations computed from a wrong material balance using such back allo
maintenance and sweeping; very often the reservoir oil is rather viscous as a result o
gh molecular weight polymers; the wells are quite prolific for both production and injection; injecting a viscous solution should not be an
way established the OG21 Task Force in 2001 to address the challenge of targeting a 50% average oil recovery factor set by the Norwe
ubsea with an unfaulted structure. The producing layers are in Upper Miocene formations with a mud dominated delta environment and
olymer molecules are assumed to undergo a dynamic chain elongation that interacts with eddies in the flow altering the whole energy b
d production of 200 000 bbl/d of 8.5 API extraheavy oil and at upgrading its quality to 30-32 API in its refinery. The field is located
ents. The compositional variations when the fluid column is not subjected to a global convection are mainly due to gravitational segreg
e reservoirs are trapped by Handil Anticline which is cut by a major impermeable fault dividing the field into two compartments North an
nterest is the operator on OML 130 on behalf of Petrobras of Brazil Sapetro of Nigeria China National Offshore Oil Corporation of Chin
outinely manipulated to understand Surmont at a relatively coarse discretization of 50501 m. The second challenge is more sub
y oil reservoirs. In north-eastern Alberta (Canada) the lower Cretaceous MacMurray Formation is the main reservoir unit of the Athabasc
ost of the production is due to the expansion of the originaly dissolved gas phase [3 6]. Theoretically oil is undersaturated when reservo
t al. 1977] and light-oil systems [Gallagher et al. 1999]. In addition to the unexpectedly large oil recoveries from some heavy oil depress
between the two solutions. We discuss how the formation of strong gradients of the gas phase saturation depends on gravity and visco
nly found in the oil sands of Canada and Venezuela) by thermal processes have been on the increase thanks to the high oil price. Key to
sents a case history looking back at some of the key decisions taken since the Elgin/Franklin field development was submitted 12 years
h-temperature (HP/HT) fields since the changes in pressure and temperature are potentially greater and because the formation water in
percritical conditions (1100 bars and 190 degC). The fields have been on-stream since 2001. After eight years of production the reservo
y pressure. In formations with high capillary pressure and low drawdown a high saturation of water is left in the formation after gas bre
he simulators are taking into account common physical processes known as affecting gas productivity5-8. However most of the physica
ations could be performed on the third well drilled early in 2007 in this structure. No similar operation had been undertaken in West Af
1 the first step in any tight sand development project which seeks to take advantage of the natural or induced fracturing is to find a cle
use of very small pores. Hence the ratio of drawdown to capillary pressure has a significant effect on return permeability5. Addition of al
when fluid withdrawal is halted. Pressure in the tool is continuously monitored throughout the test. The flow pattern during the formation
ure at the probe and the rate at which fluid withdraws from an anisotropic formation has been published (Dussan-V. and Sharma 1992).
sually oberprinted by diagenesis. Original porosity and permeability can be strongly modified by early or late diagenesis. This is especial
s the fault plane itself. It can be observed that such a fault may act as a powerful barrier for fluids.
osed fractures oriented in the same direction as the open fractures. This fact tends to confirm the interpretation of complex structural tre
asing shoe must be verified by a pressure test before drilling can be continued to the next planned casing depth. Such pressure tests inc
er possibilities have been postulated. One of the possibilities is the alteration of near formation properties due to drilling fluid invasio
ns and heavy oils. We conclude that the addition of the continuous NMR fluid properties log to existing methods is beneficial to formatio
number. Representative elementary volume (REV) of plug measurements is lower than logging tools one. Checking consistency be
cored wells a regression equation or transform is established between core porosity and core permeability or more exactly between
ce. Predicting the amount of recoverable oil in a transition zone through simulation depends on (among other things) the distribution of
north and east by a major NNW-SSE fault which down throws to the east and runs southwards on trend from the Ninian - Hutton comp
ven reserves with some 175 billion barrels3. Approximately 40 major Albertan oilsands projects are underway or planned with an exp
oven to be a very useful exploration tool for deep offshore Africa. Ultimately seismic derived pseudo-Vclay cube was generated for the
workflow is applied to compute litho-seismic cubes: Crossplot analysis to statistically determine the best links between geological and
rtitioned Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. This field is a multi-accumulation structure with the most prolific producer o
test showed a rich gas-condensate. Tyrihans Nord(North) was discovered the following year proving a gas cap with a thin oil zone
subsea manifold via a 3km long bundle assembly. The Jura development comprises of the following infrastructure: 2 No Xma
amework associated with environmental considerations multiple stakeholders and land access approvals. Reaching this milestone has
thern North Sea (see figure 1 below). It is approximately 500 km (300 miles) northeast of Aberdeen in 130m of water. The Alwyn North i
kover and three new wells were considered (F8 F9 and F10). Two development strategies were initially identified for the five new wells
regulations; therefore TOTAL has undertaken studies to convert one existing depleted oil field into an UGS. This paper describes the fe
ment of this type of UGS is now facing more stringent environmental regulations and therefore TOTAL has undertaken studies to conve
eated but undeveloped others are discovered but not delineated and some are still exploration targets. For nonoperated fields ther
carry out tests to provide more in-depth knowledge of three-phase separation gas and two liquid components in the context of ultra-dee
e produced water re-injection under fracturing conditions the depth of the internal damage is simply calculated from the injected volume
chnologies have been implemented. Introduction Produced Water Management is a worldwide concern with the growing number of ma
ed model. Introduction In this project advanced methods for history matching of production and 4D seismic monitoring have been app
lar parameter can have opposite effects on a well or region therefore it is extremely difficult to history match this type of field. Other ch
tectonics but also by post-deposition diagenetic processes. As a result of these complex deposition and diagenetic processes bioc
d reservoir simulation of compaction drive accounts for nonlinear porosity changes determined from uniaxial strain tests on cores. In ma
ompaction to total hydrocarbon recovery. Geomechanical effects such as stress arching and nonunique stress path are among the caus
imulators cannot capture the two-scale heterogeneity and the two-timescale flow behaviour. The dual-medium approach using a trans
nificantly benefit the profitability of a new well. There are however high associated risks that are result of the large number of variables t
r the modeling of this field. For confidentiality purposes the field will be designated as reservoir R in the paper. The field is an o
manding modeling approaches. Typically once directional fracture-sets i.e. fracture orientations and types have been identified from
ss. An example is shown in Figure 1. Conduits are generally much smaller in width and thickness than the simulator grid blocks althoug
nd ultimate delivery of the well will heavily depend on the amount of sand being produced. Therefore the ability to anticipate the sand pro
the changes inferred from the seismic surveys thus providing additional information for computer-aided history matching. Other studie
reservoir pressure. Being a cold production mechanism this technique has a number of advantages such as low financial and environm
only conditionally stable and the maximum stable time step is typically extremely small. Yet it gives the most accurate computation of s
eld was discovered in 1991 after the interpretation of 2D seismic acquired in 1989 and developed in a phased way through horizontal w
ty (2-10 md) interbedded with dense highly fractured layers. The overall structure of the field is a broad gently dipping dome with slight
l uncertainties on reservoir performance is to build a detailed reservoir model using available geophysical and geological data upscale
the core business processes and permit people working with these processes to assimilate the huge and diverse volumes of data and
tion of least resistance. In deviated wells if the well path is not parallel to the direction of maximum stress a fracture initiated along the
d Monitoring integration strategy: how do Total structure its program how do Total implement it Introduction It is undeniably true tha
d cased with a cemented 65/8 or 7 liner. The zones of interest are perforated and massively stimulated with Emulsified Acid. The divers
% quality steam): OTSGs require less maintenance and can tolerate fairly hard water with a relatively high content in (soluble) solids m
a field was discovered in 1984 and put on production in 1996. The current installation includes two wellhead platforms a floating produc
history for 95/8 completion and high velocity gas well horizontal sand control. The Extended Reach Departure nature of wells (Figure 3
tions have changed through its productive life. The Middle Mulichinco formation is producing gas from sandstones at 1650m depth with
polar circle (fig 1.1) in the Nenets Autonomous Territory. It was discovered by Ukhtaneftegaz-Geologia in 1970 and has been delineated
athered layers (drain layers)[1]. Permeability estimated from test data ranges between 100 mD to a few Darcy in drain layers but in co
operated by TOTAL E&P Indonesie as part of their operations in Indonesias East Kalimantan region. In the same region TOTAL is
shot in 0 to 180 degree phasing. Aligning the guns along the PFP is therefore an important step in attaining the optimal perforation for fr
xperience in running long horizontal well completions had been quite extensive in Brazil operator confidence in attempting this type of c
0 km northwest of Luanda in average water depth of 1 400 m (Fig. 1). Rosa field is one of several fields in this prolific block. Under a pr
ed of highly unconsolidated sands which require the wells to be completed with sand-control techniques. The wells have high productiv
he sand influx increases fluid flow rates because there is a rise of the Darcy velocity relative to the solid with the matrix deformation. In
production eroding downhole and surface facilities and demanding additional process and exposal cost. It will be quite straightforward
bes more sophisticated test protocols and processes for ensuring that the laboratory tests replicate field production conditions.The
ompared to communication tests. Their interpretations however occasionally do not predict behind casing communication creating a pe
gnosing possible well productivity problems. Depending on test objectives a well test may last from several days to several weeks and
at time the reserves to be produced were estimated at 194 MMstbo the field having an expected life span of 15 to 20 years. Today af
a constant rate inner boundary condition. The effort of Mireles and Blasingame should be considered to be an empirical demonstration
n logging testing PLT (with questionable uniform skin assumption). In both cases such a distribution can result in erroneous reservoir c
of the technique. Next issues in practical application of the presented technique are discussed. Application of this technique to two fiel
n proposed. An approximate "direct" method by Russell (1966) "corrects" the pressure transient data distorted by wellbore storage in
e been injected with a maximum up to 83% of H2S in one of the 40 storage sites (deep aquifers or depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs; Ba
technologies and practices currently commercially available. Among the geological storage options CO2 storage in saline aquifers app
averaged results of the tests from PDMS and from the Reservoir Database (the OFM software) the reservoir static pressure and the pr
oading data into corporate database has been applied by entities using a Web-based application (Decision Point) or manually by other a
rial balance using such back allocation volumes. The traditional approach to overcome these issues by combining best practices and m
oil is rather viscous as a result of biodegradation which has occurred due to temperature conditions; recovery by water injection is then
iscous solution should not be an issue. Despite this long list of positive criteria there is still no implementation of polymer injection in d
recovery factor set by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD). This will yield 600 million sm3 additional oil. Among other technologi
minated delta environment and thin sand stone reservoirs generally less than 1 meter in thickness. Due to the complexity of the field a
flow altering the whole energy balance of the turbulence. This chain stretching occurs under high shear and explains why drag reductio
n its refinery. The field is located in the south of Anzuategui state Venezuela and the refinery is to the north. The oil is transported via 2
ainly due to gravitational segregation (Hier and Whitson 2001; Montel et al. 2007) and to a less extent to thermodiffusion phenomen
nto two compartments North and South. The reservoirs are found between 200 mSS and 3500 mSS in the surface of 10 km long and
Offshore Oil Corporation of China (CNOOC) and Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) of Nigeria. AKPO achieved Project
e second challenge is more subtle. Reservoir management decisions depend on many factors (such as the thickness of good-quality re
ain reservoir unit of the Athabasca bitumen oil sand region (Fig.1). The paleogeography of the study area is characterized by a complex
is undersaturated when reservoir pressure is above the bubble point pressure. Below the bubble point oil is saturated the gas bubbles
es from some heavy oil depressurisations a combination of lower green house gas emissions and relatively low operating cost have en
on depends on gravity and viscosity.
hanks to the high oil price. Key to this recovery process is artificial lift which is required due to the very high density and viscosity of the
opment was submitted 12 years ago. These decisions are analysed to see what could have been done differently either from expe
because the formation water in such fields is often of very high salinity. Initial scale control philosophy. The Elgin/Franklin Field is a pla
years of production the reservoir pressure has declined by approximately 700 bars. HP/HT reservoirs have posed new challenges for
eft in the formation after gas breakthrough creating a water block. A long time is required in such a situation to recover gas production
8. However most of the physical laws introduced in the simulators use coefficients which are not validated for the conditions of the simu
had been undertaken in West Africa on a hard low perm rock where the core samples appear to come from a well in Texas instead of o
nduced fracturing is to find a clear relationship between the production profiles of the well and the open fracture characteristics. The app
urn permeability5. Addition of alcohols or surfactants decreases the capillary pressures by a surface tension interfacial tension and con
low pattern during the formation test using a probe is believed to be close to spherical flow. Because of the geometry of the wellbore an
(Dussan-V. and Sharma 1992). In a horizontal well the probe can be set either horizontally against a sidewall (Position B) or vertically a
late diagenesis. This is especially the case with dolomitisation processes1 2. One of the main challenges for dolomitic reservoirs is the
retation of complex structural trends in these zones indicated from seismic and production data. The faults identified on the images we
g depth. Such pressure tests includes leak off tests (LOT) and Formation integrity Test (FIT).
erties due to drilling fluid invasion. Some mechanisms that can cause damage due to OBM invasion are: i. Emulsion blocking em
methods is beneficial to formation tester sampling and pretesting operations in reservoirs with complex fluids distributions. Introduction
one. Checking consistency between logging tools based interpretation and core plug data requires that these latter are extrapolated
bility or more exactly between core porosity and the logarithm of permeability. In uncored wells log-derived porosity is used as input to
g other things) the distribution of initial oil saturation as a function of depth as well as the mobility of the oil in these zones (Masalmeh 20
d from the Ninian - Hutton complex. Internally the field is compartmentalised by a number of N-S faults and a secondary alignment
underway or planned with an expected yield of 1.8 million barrels per day by 20104. Reservoir performance is often forecast with flow s
clay cube was generated for the field and extensively used for the interpretation.
est links between geological and seismic parameters. Application of these links to predict reservoir properties cubes in the whole seism
with the most prolific producer of hydrocarbon from the Lower Cretaceous Ratawi Formation (Fig.2) specially the Oolitic Member since
ng a gas cap with a thin oil zone. An appraisal well in Tyrihans Nord in 1996 was drilled through the OWC and proved an 18 m thick oil
g infrastructure: 2 No Xmas trees & associated protection structures (see Figure 3)

ls. Reaching this milestone has involved a significant investment in both financial and human resources to complete the technical engin
30m of water. The Alwyn North installation comprises of two platforms linked by a bridge. The NAA Platform consists of drilling facilities
y identified for the five new wells and the proposed locations of the drilling rigs are indicated by red squares in Figure 1. For a given targ
GS. This paper describes the feasibility studies performed and the particular challenges overcome to evaluate the project. The Pco
has undertaken studies to convert the depleted Pcorade oil field into a UGS. The Pcorade field is situated in South West France
ets. For nonoperated fields there is little or no control on how resource figures are calculated. To support the final investment decision
onents in the context of ultra-deep offshore and heavy crude applications (1). The unit is designed so as to also enable multiphase produ
culated from the injected volume of oil assuming an oil saturation and a fixed damaged permeability in the invaded zone. For other work
n with the growing number of mature fields and stringent discharges regulations set in many countries. The discharge in the North S
eismic monitoring have been applied successfully to the Girassol field. The main objective was to test on a real field case the feasibility o
match this type of field. Other challenges include a variable production profile due to well instabilities chalk production and downtime w
and diagenetic processes bioclastic carbonates often exhibit an extremely heterogeneous porous network geologically structured as a
axial strain tests on cores. In many cases laboratory-derived compressibility must be adjusted to match the contribution of compaction
stress path are among the causes of discrepancy between laboratory-derived and field compressibility factors. If compressibility varies
medium approach using a transfer function (TF) to represent the exchange term between fracture (flowing domain) and matrix (stagnan
f the large number of variables that must be considered in the planning and design process. In order to accurately forecast the post-pr
in the paper. The field is an oil and gas accumulation forming a WE anticline truncated to the East by a fault (Fig 1). It is located in a
ypes have been identified from cores or borehole images the reliability of naturally fractured reservoir models relies on the following cr
he simulator grid blocks although they may extend over several grid blocks in length. A pseudo relative permeability curve may thus als
ability to anticipate the sand production mechanisms in terms of sand rate and volumes as well as sand producing patterns in the rese
d history matching. Other studies [Ref. 4 5] also propose similar quantitative work each applying a different approach in terms of the
ch as low financial and environmental costs or ease of implementation: for this reason it benefits a large number of applications worldwi
e most accurate computation of saturation fronts and breakthrough times. The Adaptive Implicit Method (AIM) is a reservoir simulation
hased way through horizontal wells since 1997. The field being marginally eruptive production wells are activated by a wide range of ce
gently dipping dome with slight elongation oriented NE-SW (Fig.1). The average thickness of the two main sub-units is about 304 ft. P
al and geological data upscale it and then perform flow simulation. In fractured reservoirs this can be done by using equivalent contin
nd diverse volumes of data and information. Introduction and Context During the past decade the concept of the Smart Field has dev
ss a fracture initiated along the well bore will change its direction to find the way of least resistance. The more deviation to the maximum
oduction It is undeniably true that the oil and gas industry is a conservative business that has been very cautious to capture opportunitie
with Emulsified Acid. The diversion is obtained through high pump rate viscosity and the use of bioballs. (Ref. 1). Due to the field depl
gh content in (soluble) solids monovalent cations anions and silica as only 80 per cent of the feed water is vaporized in a single pass
ead platforms a floating production facility and two hydrocarbons storage floating facilities (one for oil one for LPG). The water depth v
eparture nature of wells (Figure 3). A tight schedule between the drilling go ahead and the request for first gas delivery (18 mon
andstones at 1650m depth with an average permeability varying from 0.1 to 5 mD. Reservoir pressure has fallen from the original 2500
n 1970 and has been delineated until 1982 by 58 wells. The field area covers 50 km by 15 km along a NW-SE axis. Six groups of reser
w Darcy in drain layers but in contrast matrix permeability is 1 50 mD. The oil bearing strata are shallow at about 1200 m TVD. To
n. In the same region TOTAL is also operating Tunu Peciko Bekapai Handil and Sisi-Nubi fields. TOTAL is the major contributor for ga
ing the optimal perforation for fracturing as described by Behrmann and Nolte (1998): An ideal perforation for fracture i
dence in attempting this type of completion was increased.[1 2] Geographics and Logistics To provide insight for the reader into t
s in this prolific block. Under a production sharing agreement with Sociedade Nacional de Combustveis de Angola (SONANGOL) th
s. The wells have high productivity up to 40 000 barrels of oil per day (BOPD) because of the excellent reservoir characteristics. Press
d with the matrix deformation. In the early stages sand content may approach 40-45 % by volume of the total (gas free) produced mate
t. It will be quite straightforward to detect and identify sanding problem if massive sand is produced to surface. However situation is qui
d production conditions.These techniques were then used to select an appropriate chemical for field treatment.Field treatment
ng communication creating a perception of unreliability. Determining the confidence which can be placed upon cement log interpretation
veral days to several weeks and even months. The longer the test the larger is the reservoir volume investigated during the test.
pan of 15 to 20 years. Today after 36 years and a cumulative production of 510 MMstbo oil is still being produced and will continue to
o be an empirical demonstration of validity of the APA for all (realistic) values of pressure. Again the need for such a (direct) solution ar
an result in erroneous reservoir characterization. In addition in case of significant skin contrast between layers the total permeability-thi
ation of this technique to two field test examples is presented. Prior Arts Burns1 generated type curves based on the uniform-flux solut
a distorted by wellbore storage into the equivalent pressure function for the constant rate case. Despite its simplicity it has several s
eted hydrocarbon reservoirs; Bachu 2007). The reinjection of H2S-rich acid gases in massive quantities is currently being considered in
O2 storage in saline aquifers appears to be the most promising option in terms of worldwide CO2 storage capacity. This capacity was es
servoir static pressure and the productivity index of the well WPM models the test with PROSPER using two computation techniques
ion Point) or manually by other applications (i.e. 3)Geolog6 and MS-Office).
combining best practices and measurement devices is not sufficient any longer. In the upstream activity new sensor technologies inclu
covery by water injection is then adversely affected by an unfavourable mobility ratio and can be improved by injecting viscosified water
entation of polymer injection in deep offshore conditions and only one single off shore pilot operation [1] whereas on-shore polymer injec
onal oil. Among other technologies EOR is one of the solutions to meet this goal. Since 1982 several major Norwegian increased-oil-r
e to the complexity of the field a phased development was applied in order to minimize the risk and to optimize the field production. 5 ph
r and explains why drag reduction is generally accepted as a near-wall phenomenon. As the action of the polymer is mainly located at th
orth. The oil is transported via 200 Km of pipeline (Figure 1). The area of Sincor has been divided in cluster areas of 3.2 Km x 1.6 Km.
ent to thermodiffusion phenomena induced by the geothermal gradient (Ghorayeb et al. 2003; Montel et al. 2007). Usually a good estim
n the surface of 10 km long and 4 km wide.
Nigeria. AKPO achieved Project sanction on 25 April 2005 when OML 130 was awarded by the Nigerian authorities. AKPO is currently u
the thickness of good-quality reservoir presence of top- or bottomwater structure of the base reservoir and geological variability). The
a is characterized by a complex network of paleovalleys or major paleochannels that converges toward a main paleotalweg the MacMu
oil is saturated the gas bubbles form or nucleate at the bubble point pressure and expand with continued decreasing pressure [5]. How
ively low operating cost have ensured that the process continues to attract interest from researchers and industry. Several experimental
high density and viscosity of the crude and relatively low reservoir pressures. Although gaslift remains an artificial lift option when highpre
one differently either from experience and hindsight or because of new technology available today. From Field Development Plan to no
The Elgin/Franklin Field is a platform development in the Central Graben area of the North Seas UK sector (Block 22/30b 22/30c
have posed new challenges for field developments and new challenges appear as these fields mature. One of these challenges is drop
ation to recover gas production by evaporation of the liquid. For drawdowns greater than capillary pressure water does not pose a pro
ted for the conditions of the simulatons. In some cases various damaging scenarii are tested and the results in terms of return permeab
rom a well in Texas instead of offshore West Africa. Furthermore a fines stabilizer chemical agent was pumped to provide a treatment
fracture characteristics. The appreciation/development wells can then be designed and located in accordance with the orientation and d
nsion interfacial tension and contact angle effect. With a water wet rock sample alcohol is mainly decreasing the interfacial tension. In a
the geometry of the wellbore and the sealing effect of mudcake however such spherical flow is imperfect. To account for deviations fro
dewall (Position B) or vertically against the top (Position C) or bottom wall of the borehole. When the probe is set horizontally against a s
es for dolomitic reservoirs is the optimization of the production and future development plans. The aim of this study is to develop approa
aults identified on the images were subdivided into major and minor ones depending on their scale and relationship with seismic faults p
are: i. Emulsion blocking emulsions may form between the filtrate formation fluids and connate water. ii. Relative permeability effe
fluids distributions. Introduction Traditionally resistivity and nuclear logs are used to estimate porosity and water saturation Sw prior
at these latter are extrapolated along the entire core section and upscaled. This consistency check is a baseline for further petrophysic
erived porosity is used as input to this equation to predict permeability. The same equation is sometimes used again to distribute perme
oil in these zones (Masalmeh 2000). Therefore the characterization of transition zones in terms of original water and oil distribution has
ults and a secondary alignment of NE-SW faults which cross cut and often offset the main N-S faults. The larger scale faults down t
ance is often forecast with flow simulators such as CMG STARS5. Such simulators model the transfer of heat from steam to the surr
erties cubes in the whole seismic volume. Based on this workflow: i.A dominant seismic facies cube is pre
ecially the Oolitic Member since 1966. The evidence of oil accumulation in interbedded sands within the Ratawi Shale Member has bee
WC and proved an 18 m thick oil column. In 2002 an appraisal well in Tyrihans Sr showed a 35 m oil column below the gas cap. W
s to complete the technical engineering and sub-surface studies as well as the complex commercial negotiations to define the eventual
form consists of drilling facilities miscible gas injection utilities offices and accommodation. The NAB Platform consists of oil and gas p
ares in Figure 1. For a given target location the drilling rig location determines the step-out length of the well. In this analysis the wells w
valuate the project. The Pcorade field is situated in South West France 150 km from Bordeaux and has produced oil since 1978 (F
s situated in South West France 150 km from Bordeaux and has produced oil since 1978 (Fig. 1). The field was selected as a possible
rt the final investment decision the resources of all these fields need to be consolidated into project-level representative numbers. Thes
to also enable multiphase production assistance equipments such as separators pumps measurement sensors monitoring etc. to be
he invaded zone. For other works9 the concept of Barkman and Davidson is still used to simulate produced water injectivity decline. To
es. The discharge in the North Sea is regulated by the Convention for Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (O
n a real field case the feasibility of the integration of 4D seismic based on assisted history matching techniques. The long term perspecti
alk production and downtime which contribute to the history match and prediction complications. An Evolutionary Algorithm will be utiliz
work geologically structured as a continuous poly-medium throughout the porous volume. When these small-scale heterogeneity levels
the contribution of compaction to total hydrocarbon recovery. Geomechanical effects such as stress arching and non-unique stress pat
factors. If compressibility varies linearly with the mean reservoir pressure then predictive reservoir modeling can be achieved without co
ng domain) and matrix (stagnant domain) is a possible answer. It has been attempting with some success since its introduction in the
accurately forecast the post-production rates it is essential that they are calculated using a reliable methodology that adequately repre
y a fault (Fig 1). It is located in a complex folded and faulted transfer zone active during the reservoir deposition of Eocene age. The m
models relies on the following critical steps. Calculation of fracture densities along wells for each directional fracture-set. Full-field mo
permeability curve may thus also be needed for flow in the direction of the conduits (see Figure 2). The pseudos represent the fact that
d producing patterns in the reservoir is paramount for an optimized development of such fields. Sand production results from the comb
ferent approach in terms of the objective function used to minimising the mismatch between observed seismic and computed im
number of applications worldwide in reservoirs with different rock types or fluid conditions. Nevertheless there are several physical mec
d (AIM) is a reservoir simulation method that treats some primary variables as implicit while the others as explicit. In other words on a gr
e activated by a wide range of centrifugal pumps. The increasing knowledge gathered on the field has lead to reassess its potential sinc
main sub-units is about 304 ft. Production tests data core observations and FMI/FMS image logs confirm high fracture permeability wit
done by using equivalent continuum models (i.e. dual porosity) discrete network models or a combination of both [see Warren and Ro
ncept of the Smart Field has developed from a twinkle in the eye of the visionaries in our industry to a position where several operators
e more deviation to the maximum stress direction and the more contrast between maximum and minimum stresses the sharper the turn
cautious to capture opportunities offered by Digital Oil Field techniques for deployment and use at scale whereas the technologies to a
s. (Ref. 1). Due to the field depletion and low gas associated to the oil all the wells are currently activated by Electrical Submersible Pu
ter is vaporized in a single pass. Especially for Silica the boiler evaporization rate is directly related to concentration of silica in the wat
one for LPG). The water depth varies between 150 m to 300 m in the field. Gas and water injection are used for pressure support in the
est for first gas delivery (18 months). A harsh environment location remote from any offshore oilfield over a days sailing time to re
has fallen from the original 2500 psi to 900 psi in the most productive areas. The following section is a detail of possible reasons explain
NW-SE axis. Six groups of reservoirs (Objects) can be found between 1250 m and 3700 m .The sweet oil bearing sandstones rese
hallow at about 1200 m TVD. Total thickness of the Mishrif formation can be as much as 150 m (~500 ft). The formation is normally pre
AL is the major contributor for gas production in the region. Fig. 1 shows a map of the different fields location. The Tambora field produ
An ideal perforation for fracture initiation would have a minimum injection pressure initiate only a single fracture (either a dominant sing
ovide insight for the reader into the extreme remoteness of the area of operation these fields are located in the very southern tip of Sou
eis de Angola (SONANGOL) the Angolan state oil company partners in the field include Total E&P Angola (40% operator) Esso Explo
reservoir characteristics. Pressure maintenance of the field is achieved with seawater injection and re-injection of produced gas for a li
e total (gas free) produced material. However as sand production decreases this effect appears to become negligible with time. The
urface. However situation is quite different if it is not the case. Since it first went on to production in the year 1969 the field has been re
d treatment.Field treatments have now been conducted by downhole squeeze application using a treatment package similar t
d upon cement log interpretations is an objective of this task force. Behind casing communication of hydrocarbons via the cemented an
e investigated during the test. When used for exploration and reservoir appraisal these tests normally involve flowing hydrocarbons
g produced and will continue to be for many years to come (Fig. 1). In order to achieve such a result extensive continuous efforts have
ed for such a (direct) solution arises in the analysis of both gas well test data and gas well production data where both analyses hav
layers the total permeability-thickness can be underestimated. This paper introduces a new well testing method named Well Test
based on the uniform-flux solution by integrating a unit impulse point source with respect to time and space. The boundary effect is con
pite its simplicity it has several shortcomings such as limited accuracy and erroneous skin factor estimation. In short the Russell (1
s is currently being considered in some reservoirs such as the Kashagan oil field in the North Caspian Sea. These reservoirs usually co
ge capacity. This capacity was estimated to be between 1000 and 10 000 billion tonnes of CO22. For comparison purposes the worldwi
g two computation techniques System Calculation and Quick-Look described in the following paragraphs. For each OUTPUT
y new sensor technologies including three-phase metering and virtual metering have emerged. They still remain a challenge especially
ed by injecting viscosified water; the reservoirs are often turbidites of very good char
whereas on-shore polymer injection may be qualified as a mature EOR technique when considering the hundreds of operations that we
major Norwegian increased-oil-recovery (IOR) programs (Hinderaker et al. 1996) as listed in Table 1 have been initiated for additional o
ptimize the field production. 5 phases of development have already been performed to develop the field. There are around 100 develop
e polymer is mainly located at the near-wall region only a few tens of parts per millions by weight of product are required. The low conc
uster areas of 3.2 Km x 1.6 Km. In the middle of each cluster a vertical well is drilled and used as an observation well to obtain geologic
al. 2007). Usually a good estimation of the convection free steady state spatial distribution of the components is obtained by thermody
n authorities. AKPO is currently under development with drilling and construction underway with first production planned before the end
and geological variability). These factors are for the most part areal summaries of the reservoir. They can be reliably calculated from
a main paleotalweg the MacMurray paleovalley. This major fairway displays many reservoirs which is the main target for the oil sand in
ed decreasing pressure [5]. However the bubble point measured during the experiments whatever in porous media or in PVT cells and
d industry. Several experimental [Tang et al. 2006; Sahni et al. 2004; Kumar et al. 2000] theoretical [Yortsos and Parlar 1989] and netw
n artificial lift option when highpressure gas is available pumping techniques are more popular due to their relatively higher efficiency an
m Field Development Plan to now Field Development Plan 1997 The Elgin/Franklin field development plan was approved in 1997.
UK sector (Block 22/30b 22/30c and 29/5b) approximately 240 kilometers East of Aberdeen. Production started in March 2001 from 10
One of these challenges is dropping below dew point which will impact well performance field production measurement limitations and
sure water does not pose a problem.[4 10] The slow clean up of water blocks by evaporation can be enhanced by addition of volatile
esults in terms of return permeability are calculated9. Although this exercise is very interesting it does not give useful information unless
pumped to provide a treatment solution to lock the migrating fines in place to minimize the potential damage to the formation and maint
rdance with the orientation and density of the natural and induced fractures to optimize their productivity. On the other hand open fract
asing the interfacial tension. In addition the volatility of alcohols may contribute to a better flow of gas and water. The clean up occurs in
ect. To account for deviations from spherical flow several correction factors have been proposed. These correction factors include flow
obe is set horizontally against a sidewall the solution for a horizontal well is the same as that for a vertical well. However when the prob
of this study is to develop approaches to improve reservoir property representation. In these reservoirs a complex diagenetic history con
relationship with seismic faults present in the field. A total of 8 major and 51 minor faults were observed with a dominant NW-SE strike
ater. ii. Relative permeability effects most pronounced in tight water-wet gas sands where oil based mud filtrate is the third phase in
and water saturation Sw prior to WFT operations. Castelijns et al. (1999) show the use of NMR continuous permeability k to select te
baseline for further petrophysical extrapolation outside core zones. A dedicated methodology has been developed for that purpose kn
s used again to distribute permeability in 3D at the scale of the cells of a reservoir model where input porosity values are now obtained
nal water and oil distribution has a potentially large effect on reservoir recoverable reserves and in turn reservoir economics.
The larger scale faults down throw to the east and subdivide the field into three main areas; the West Flank Central Panel and Front
er of heat from steam to the surrounding reservoir. Thermal simulators of this type can be used to quantify SAGD production perform
inant seismic facies cube is predicted. It is based on interpreted upscaled stratilogs (Facies Groups) and calibrated on all available petr
e Ratawi Shale Member has been confirmed in a few wells. Thick reservoir sand encountered in the upper part of the Ratawi Shale
il column below the gas cap. With total in-place volumes of 71.4 million Sm3 oil and 57.4 billion Sm3 gas an independent developmen
gotiations to define the eventual development concept and gas evacuation route.The Third Party Investment Process carried out in 2
Platform consists of oil and gas processing and export water injection and utilities.
well. In this analysis the wells were divided into three well types according to the well length namely: High departure drilling (HDD) (ap
d has produced oil since 1978 (Fig. 1). The field was selected as a possible UGS after a screening study of the oil and gas fields situat
field was selected as a possible UGS after a screening study of the oil and gas fields situated in the area. Pcorade presents the fol
el representative numbers. These may be deterministic estimates 1P/2P/3P of proved proved + probable and proved + probable +
nt sensors monitoring etc. to be tested. Multiphase loop description The GOwSP platform shown on figure 1 is a closed loop in whic
ced water injectivity decline. Towards this persevering difficulty to measure correctly the bed filtration coefficients especially when oil is
ment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) [1]. The purposes of the recommendations issued within OSPAR are amongst others to preve
niques. The long term perspective is the development of an operational monitoring methodology to facilitate the exploitation of new rese
volutionary Algorithm will be utilized in order to enhance the history match of this field. This algorithm will assist in exploring different me
small-scale heterogeneity levels reveal to be key drivers of fluid flow proper modeling of the reservoir behavior becomes highly challeng
ching and non-unique stress path are among the causes of discrepancy between laboratory-derived and field compressibility factors. If
eling can be achieved without coupling between stress and flow. However geomechanical effects are rarely linear for a number of reas
ss since its introduction in the 60s by Barenblatt et al (Barenblatt 1960) to accurately simulate this dual behaviour and produce re
ethodology that adequately represents both the large range of influential reservoir parameters and their inherent uncertainty. The mos
eposition of Eocene age. The morpho-structural pattern of the transfer zone is constrained by N150 normal faults with possible salt diap
ional fracture-set. Full-field modeling of the spatial distribution of fracture densities for each directional fracture-set. Calculation of (sc
pseudos represent the fact that water will flow rapidly through the conduits so that a high fractional flow of water into the next block do
roduction results from the combination of two mechanisms: i) rock failure through which free sand grains are generated and ii) transport
ed seismic and computed impedances (PEM) and/or domain scale. There are indeed various scales to be considered and accou
s there are several physical mechanisms underlying the process including two and three-phase flow issues multi-phase diffusion and p
s explicit. In other words on a grid block basis it treats some grid blocks with the FIM while the others are treated with the IMPES meth
ad to reassess its potential since exploration time leading to a stabilized oil production plateau since 2005. Al Khalij reservoir presents
rm high fracture permeability with open fractures oriented N30E across the crest of the structure. The interpretation of 3D seismic shows
tion of both [see Warren and Root (1963) Quenes and Hartley (2000) and Dershowitz et al. (2000)]. The nature of fluid flow in fracture
osition where several operators notably BP Chevron Norsk Hydro Saudi Aramco Shell and Statoil have flagship fields where many
um stresses the sharper the turn. Sharp turns induce tortuosity that creates resistance to slurry flow. It may also reduce the length of co
e whereas the technologies to acquire store and transmit data in real time have been available and well understood for some time [1].
ed by Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) and produce through a 41/2 tubing. One of the key uncertainties at the well scale is to confirm
concentration of silica in the water because of the silica salt deposition risk in the boiler tubes (silica concentration specification below 1
used for pressure support in the field. The general set-up is showed on fig 1. The reservoir is of Albian age (Senji formation) and is loca
ver a days sailing time to reach the operational base (Punta Quilla) in a tax free area with associated administrative issues making
detail of possible reasons explaining the low production post-frac flows obtained in wells that were completed along the 2004-2005 comp
oil bearing sandstones reservoirs constituting Objects 1 4 5 6 have been produced by Komitek since 1989. The Kharyaga field O
). The formation is normally pressured and bottomhole temperature is low at about 53C. During the initial development stage of th
ation. The Tambora field produces from a series of interbedded deltaic sandstones shales coals and locally limestones. These format
fracture (either a dominant single or bi-wing) and generate a fracture with minimum tortuosity (turning from the initiated
ed in the very southern tip of South America in Terra Del Fuego Punta Quilla Argentina.The shore base for this project is 3 200 km
gola (40% operator) Esso Exploration Angola (Block 17) Ltd (20%) BP Exploration (Angola) Ltd (16.7%) Statoil Angola Block 17 A.S (1
njection of produced gas for a limited time. The variations expected in sand qualities and reservoir configurations indicated that more th
come negligible with time. The second and dominant sanding mechanism is the advancement of piping channels known as wormho
year 1969 the field has been reported to have been experiencing sanding problems. For example the openhole completed well AA04
g a treatment package similar to that identified in SPE 94865 and the results from these field treatments are discussed. Details of the
ydrocarbons via the cemented annular space means expensive remedial cement squeezes to cure the problem. The expense is conside
ly involve flowing hydrocarbons to surface and disposal of some of these hydrocarbons through flaring. Completion of a reservoir ap
xtensive continuous efforts have been deployed over the years to further develop Abu Al Bukhoosh resources in response to the growi
ata where both analyses have traditionally used approximate methods such as the pressure or pressure-squared methods [Rawlins
g method named Well Testing by Production Logging (WTPL) which does not require shutting down the production in order to obta
pace. The boundary effect is considered by the image method. He used type-curve matching method to estimate vertical permeability b
tion. In short the Russell (1966) method should not be used. Rate normalization techniques [Gladfelter et. al. (1955) Fetko-vich a
Sea. These reservoirs usually contain CO2 along with H2S as associated gases which are both separated in the gas plant. The injection
mparison purposes the worldwide CO2 atmospheric emission was around 30 billion tonnes in 20041. To ensure that CO2 will remain s
paragraphs. For each OUTPUT the difference between the modeled data and the actual average test data is computed. As soon as thi
l remain a challenge especially in deepwater subsea applications where the repair or the replacement of equipment involves huge cos
ften turbidites of very good characteristics allowing an efficient propagation of high molecular weight polymers;
e hundreds of operations that were conducted all over the world. Several key issues have to be faced in deep offshore that are a majo
ave been initiated for additional oil recovery. Approximately 50 million USD has been invested in these Norwegian research programs (1
. There are around 100 development wells already drilled in Peciko located on 6 production platforms. The production was started at th
oduct are required. The low concentrations make these chemicals economically attractive. They are all the more easy to handle and are
servation well to obtain geological and petrophysical data. Well tests are occasionally performed and monitoring devices are installed in
ponents is obtained by thermodynamic modeling based on an Equation of State (EoS) (Halldrsson and Stenby 2000). Nevertheless
duction planned before the end of 2008.
can be reliably calculated from the well data; however they are not as reliably estimated from 3D models. High-resolution geostatistica
he main target for the oil sand industry in Alberta.However because of important lateral and vertical facies changes and of a lack of wel
rous media or in PVT cells and the bubble density which is the most critical parameter to obtain high OOIP are mainly dependant on th
rtsos and Parlar 1989] and network modelling [Bondino et al. 2005; McDougall and Sorbie 1999; McDougall and Mackay 1998] works
eir relatively higher efficiency and ability to generate more head at surface for delivery to treating plant. The main challenge however w
ment plan was approved in 1997. The development was based on 12 wells (7 on Elgin 5 on Franklin) and included the recovery of tw
n started in March 2001 from 10 wells. The Fulmar and Pentland reservoirs in Elgin/Franklin produce a retrograde condensate gas and
on measurement limitations and future developments. In terms of well performance the main related issues are condensate loading in
enhanced by addition of volatile solvents. Successful cases have been reported in literature where solvents have been used to clean u
ot give useful information unless physical parameters for a particular rock-fluid system are known. Particularly there is a number of very
mage to the formation and maintaining the production flow rates of the well. This offshore field is currently operated from two primary pl
y. On the other hand open fractures produce changes in the mechanical behavior of rocks. These changes impact seismic wave propag
nd water. The clean up occurs in two regimes: displacement of the fluids from the formation followed by vaporization by the flowing gas6
e correction factors include flow shape factor (Steward and Wittmann 1979; Wilkinson and Hammond 1990; Dussan and Sharma 1992;
al well. However when the probe is set vertically against the top or bottom wall the solution for a horizontal well is not available in the li
a complex diagenetic history controls porosity and permeability distributions. This diagenetic overprint has to be represented reliably and
with a dominant NW-SE strike direction consistent with the trend of the major faults interpreted from the seismic data. The majority of
mud filtrate is the third phase introduced into a two-phase system thereby reducing the relative permeability to gas. This usually results
uous permeability k to select test points at the most permeable zones. However what are missing are continuous hydrocarbon type a
n developed for that purpose known as petrophysical log [1]. In very heterogeneous formations as for instance carbonates conventiona
orosity values are now obtained by interpolation because most cells are not traversed by a well. Each step has its own complexities an
reservoir economics.
t Flank Central Panel and Frontal Panel (Figure 1) with the flanks of the resultant fault blocks dipping gently in a westerly direction.
uantify SAGD production performance summarized by cumulative oil production (COP) instantaneous oil rate (IOR) cumulative steam-
d calibrated on all available petrophysical data. ii.Seismic facies probability cubes are predicted for each lithofa
upper part of the Ratawi Shale Member in drilled wells suggests the need for a complete review and evaluation of this sand potential.
as an independent development of Tyrihans was not economical feasible. In the meantime the neighbouring gas-condensate field Kris
estment Process carried out in 2008 offered the key West of Shetland stakeholders an opportunity to invest in a gas evacuation system
High departure drilling (HDD) (approximately 4 500m step-out) S-shaped drilling (approximately 2 500m step-out) Vertical drill
dy of the oil and gas fields situated in the area. Pcorade presents the following advantages: it is situated nearby an existing gas ne
ea. Pcorade presents the following advantages: It is situated near an existing gas pipeline network. It has a proven gas capacity a
able and proved + probable + possible volume respectively or probabilistic low best high estimates P90/P50/P10. For example th
gure 1 is a closed loop in which pressure is adjusted by adding gas by means of a loading compressor. It comprises a set of equipmen
oefficients especially when oil is involved an alternative approach was chosen. It consists to quantify directly the permeability decline wi
R are amongst others to prevent and eliminate pollution by oil and other substances caused by discharge of produced water into the s
itate the exploitation of new reserves located in particular deep offshore or in complex geological environments. 4D seismic provides a
l assist in exploring different methods and strategies that have never been tested on this field before. The algorithm will be used as part
ehavior becomes highly challenging. Modeling heterogeneity: limitations of averaging techniques How to best respect the critica
d field compressibility factors. If compressibility varies linearly with the mean reservoir pressure then predictive reservoir modeling can b
arely linear for a number of reasons. These include load variations because of modification of pressure temperature and saturation; ch
dual behaviour and produce results accurate enough and close to what fine-grid simulations would give. Nevertheless it provides a pr
inherent uncertainty. The most common way of estimating post-fracture production has been to use analytical software such as noda
mal faults with possible salt diapir activity paralleling the rifts and bounding 3 sedimentation domains. They cut folds with N80 axes part
fracture-set. Calculation of (scale-dependent) equivalent flow properties for the overall fracture system including all fracture-sets eve
w of water into the next block downstream will occur even at very low average water saturation in the block itself (when water has swept
s are generated and ii) transport of those free grains by the effluents into the wellbore and up to surface. Most current sand production r
les to be considered and accounted for within the above mentioned 4D history matching workflow or any quantitative approach: labora
sues multi-phase diffusion and phase transition supersaturation and dynamic effects such as bubble coalescence and break-up. Thes
are treated with the IMPES method. For example the flow around the wellbore requires rigorous analysis since there are large changes
005. Al Khalij reservoir presents some striking features (Ref. 1 2). It is quite wide (some 250+ km2) and thin (in most areas under 50 m
terpretation of 3D seismic shows numerous low displacement NW-SE striking normal faults cutting the reservoir (Fig.2). These faults ar
he nature of fluid flow in fractured reservoirs of low matrix permeability depends strongly on the spatial distribution of the conductive natu
have flagship fields where many but probably not all of the Smart Field Technologies have been deployed.The development and de
may also reduce the length of connection between the fracture and the well bore. As a result treating pressure will be increased proppa
l understood for some time [1]. Nevertheless some brilliant initiatives already proved in the past the potential of the digital technologies
nties at the well scale is to confirm that the production distribution along the wellbore is consistent with the petrophysical characteristics o
centration specification below 100 mg/l for OTSG). Silica deposits increase the local thermal resistance and can lead to the tube failure
age (Senji formation) and is located between 3100 m and 3400 m in TVD; it consists in a succession of carbonated layers and sandston
ed administrative issues making logistics critical (Figure 4). Build/Re-build a learning curve (last Tierra del Fuego offshore campaign in
leted along the 2004-2005 completion campaign. Review of Previous Treatments In Aguada Pichana field the Standard well-completio
nce 1989. The Kharyaga field Objects 2 and 3 development is covered by a Production Sharing Agreement (KPSA) which was signed i
he initial development stage of this field it was considered that vertical or slightly deviated wells activated by means of ESP (Electrical
ocally limestones. These formations are classified into four main zones: D E F and G. The G reservoir is characterized by its low perm
uosity (turning from the initiated fracture into the PFP) at an achievable fracture initiation pressure. Table 1 shows the tradeoffs betwee
base for this project is 3 200 km (1 990 miles) south of Buenos Aires and 500 km (310miles) which is an 8-hour drive south of Comod
%) Statoil Angola Block 17 A.S (13.3%) and Norsk Hydro Dezassete A.S. (10%). After analysing several development options the solut
igurations indicated that more than one completion method would likely be required. Field Geologic and Reservoir Description The Gir
ng channels known as wormholes" or the development of a cavity. Actually different explanationscan be found in the literature: th
openhole completed well AA04 was reported to have fill up to 1094 ft from TD in September 1971 in a period of 18 months. Sanding in
ts are discussed. Details of the developed test methodologies and chemical selection process undertaken for these more exotic scale
problem. The expense is considerably higher if the communication problem is discovered after the well is drilled and the rig has left locat
Completion of a reservoir appraisal well and subsequent well testing is a long and very expensive operation which carries significan
ources in response to the growing maturity of the field. A remarkably wide variety of means and techniques have been deployed throug
sure-squared methods [Rawlins and Schellhardt (1935) Aronofsky and Jenkins (1954)] or rigorous but tedious pseudovariables [Al-Hu
n the production in order to obtain formation permeability and skin. WTPL imposes short periodic variations of flowrate which result in si
estimate vertical permeability by time match and horizontal permeability by pressure match. Kamal2 also generated a series of type cu
elter et. al. (1955) Fetko-vich and Vienot (1984)] have also been employed to correct for wellbore storage effects and these rate norma
ed in the gas plant. The injection of the resulting acid gas stream in a geological formation is interesting for the two following reasons:
To ensure that CO2 will remain safely stored in aquifers in the long term it is necessary to model the fate of CO2 and its impact on the a
data is computed. As soon as this difference is greater than a specified cut-off an alarm is triggered. On a theoretical point of view this
of equipment involves huge costs. One solution is to combine physical measurement data coming from physical sensors with with virtu
olymers; the wells are quite prolific for both production and injection; injecting a visco
n deep offshore that are a major step out versus existing commercial onshore projects: the range of salinities to be met over field life
Norwegian research programs (19821995). In 2003 the Oil and Gas in the 21st Century (OG21 Task Force) identified nine technolog
The production was started at the end of 1999 with a peak production of around 1 400 MMscfd in 2005. The current gas production of
he more easy to handle and are known to reduce the effect of diffusion controlled corrosion [7]. This drag reduction study is divided into
onitoring devices are installed in these wells. Horizontal producers of 1400m are then drilled from the center of each cluster. In eight yea
and Stenby 2000). Nevertheless this heuristic approach is unable to yield the time required to establish a segregated profile nor to provi
els. High-resolution geostatistical models do not reproduce all of the complex geological features and trends. This challenge is addresse
es changes and of a lack of well defined reliable regional stratigraphic surfaces optimized exploitation of these heterogeneous reservoi
OIP are mainly dependant on the decline rates. Thus for higher pressure decline rates greater numbers of bubbles are formed [4]. Th
ougall and Mackay 1998] works carried out over the years have significantly improved our understanding of solution-gas drive systems
The main challenge however with hot pumping is the rather high temperatures often required (up to 260C for SAGD and 350C
) and included the recovery of two pre-drilled appraisal wells. Provision was included for a second Elgin wellhead platform also brid
retrograde condensate gas and are characterized by very harsh conditions temperature close to 200C initial pressure up to 110
sues are condensate loading in the well and consequently cyclic degradation of well performance and condensate banking near the we
vents have been used to clean up water and condensate blocks.[1 2 11-13] However solvent based clean up is temporary as the well h
cularly there is a number of very specific questions concerning tight rocks. Regarding absolute permeability damage and the filtration of
tly operated from two primary platforms set in about 140 m of water. Most of the oil production has been from the 48 wells completed in
ges impact seismic wave propagation and may cause azimuthal variations in seismic wave properties such as velocity and amplitude. M
vaporization by the flowing gas6-8 . It can take a very long time to clean up. In a previous paper the two phase flow mecanism was inve
990; Dussan and Sharma 1992; Goode and Thambynayagam 1992) geometric shape factor (Proett and Chin 1996) and geometric fac
ontal well is not available in the literature. As more and more pretests are conducted in horizontal wells using measurement-while-drilling
as to be represented reliably and efficiently. Diagenesis can be expected in particular locations and conditions. The characterisation of p
he seismic data. The majority of these faults are closed in nature.
ability to gas. This usually results in longer cleanup times especially in tight formations. iii. Fines migration another reason for near
continuous hydrocarbon type and properties logs. For example it is impossible to detect compositionally graded oils from Sw and k
stance carbonates conventional approaches (by representativity interval built from core images interpretation or by kriging using core l
step has its own complexities and pitfalls. This paper will mention just a few.
ently in a westerly direction. A fourth area largely undeveloped apart from two platform wells draining its northern limits is the Dunb
oil rate (IOR) cumulative steam-oil-ratio (CSOR) and cumulative water injection (CWI). Several reservoir parameters and their associa
es are predicted for each lithofacies (Facies Group) defined at the calibration wells.
valuation of this sand potential. The petrophysical properties estimated through geostatistical techniques rely mainly on a linear fit betwe
bouring gas-condensate field Kristin was under development. It was decided to develop Tyrihans as a subsea (SS) field tied back to the
vest in a gas evacuation system sized for the region. This paper summarises the Laggan-Tormore development process to date as wel
500m step-out) Vertical drilling HDD had not previously been attempted under WAD conditions. Strategy-A involved four HDD we
uated nearby an existing gas network it has a proven gas capacity as it contained an initial gas-cap it is depleted with reservoir press
. It has a proven gas capacity as it contained an initial gas cap. It is depleted with reservoir pressure having declined from an initial pr
s P90/P50/P10. For example the three numbers 67/100/150 Bcf mean that there is a 90% chance of having 67 Bcf or more a 50% cha
r. It comprises a set of equipments which makes it possible to implement a three-phase flow of gas and two-component liquid such as c
ectly the permeability decline with an empirical law. Once the law is calibrated on core flood data the law parameters are then extrapola
arge of produced water into the sea. The current legislation concerns only dispersed oil concentration where present limit is 30mg/l (was
onments. 4D seismic provides a source of invaluable information about the evolution in space and time of the distribution of hydrocarbo
he algorithm will be used as part of the relatively new software Multipurpose Environment for Parallel Optimization (Mepo). Quantifi
How to best respect the critical heterogeneity levels is a question faced in most reservoirs at the upscaling step. All techniques have t
edictive reservoir modeling can be achieved without coupling between stress and flow. However geomechanical effects are rarely linear
temperature and saturation; change of the mechanism of production; and progressive activation of faults and fractures that affect mec
e. Nevertheless it provides a practical solution because data requirement is substantially less and the speed of computation is much gr
analytical software such as nodal analysis software with fracture modeling capabilities or to use specialized hydraulic fracture analytical
hey cut folds with N80 axes partially interpreted as reactivation of previous normal faults. The western domain of the transfer zone is co
m including all fracture-sets everywhere within the reservoir model. Conditioning of the equivalent flow property models (mainly perme
ock itself (when water has swept only the conduits). Simulation models built using this approach often suffer from convergence difficultie
. Most current sand production risk models concentrate on the rock failure analysis and as such can only determine the conditions for
any quantitative approach: laboratory cores and well logs geological and seismic grids fluid flow simulator models. Since the PEM is to
oalescence and break-up. These are responsible for making the whole modelling exercise somewhat difficult and the understanding of
s since there are large changes in pressure saturation and temperature in the vicinity of the well. Away from the well these changes te
d thin (in most areas under 50 m) monocline (Fig. 1). Oil-bearing reservoirs are Cenomanian limestones of the Mishrif formation capped
eservoir (Fig.2). These faults are oriented perpendicular to the dominant trend of the open fracture system and predate the formation o
distribution of the conductive natural fractures. We use the term fracture to mean any discontinuity within a rock mass that develop
yed.The development and deployment of these technologies has normally been in Partnership between a major operator and one
essure will be increased proppant will have more difficulty to fill the fracture and the final fracture conductivity will be reduced. When lo
tential of the digital technologies. In most cases the surveillance and the optimisation of production/drilling operations at a relatively hig
he petrophysical characteristics of the perforated intervals in order to validate our well architecture and completion strategy with long mu
and can lead to the tube failure. Boiler tube replacement due to silica plugging is costly. In SAGD operations production water afte
carbonated layers and sandstones sometimes silts. The carbonates occur as silto-sandy calcites or and silty dolomites. The calcites ar
del Fuego offshore campaign in 1997) with limited number of wells. Minimizing Technical Risk This was done through several acti
eld the Standard well-completion program included the stimulation of Middle Mulichinco Formation through a one-stage hydraulic fractu
ment (KPSA) which was signed in December 1995 between the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation and the Nenets A
ed by means of ESP (Electrical Submersible Pump) would be appropriate as it appeared that the natural high permeability drains coul
r is characterized by its low permeability. Its productivity while produced through vertical wells is low and deemed not satisfactory. For th
le 1 shows the tradeoffs between different perforating parameters for non-oriented perforating; oriented perforating avoids many of thes
an 8-hour drive south of Comodoro the nearest area supporting any form of ongoing oilfield operations. This along with maximum tide
l development options the solution chosen was subsea development and connection of the field (tie-back) via subsea pipelines to the G
d Reservoir Description The Girassol/Jasmim reservoirs in this field consist of unconsolidated fine to very coarse sands deposited on th
can be found in the literature: the process of liquefaction and transport of solids can create either remolded zones of high porosity or c
period of 18 months. Sanding in the cased and perforated well AA05 had been reported that since 1970 it got fill of 882 ft in four months
aken for these more exotic scales together with results from the field trial are described.In addition discrepancies between the therm
s drilled and the rig has left location. Because of the importance and criticality of the zonal isolation between oil bearing formations for re
peration which carries significant operational risks. A decision to perform a well test and accept these costs and risks should only be
ues have been deployed throughout its development to curb the decline in production and extend its life such as phased development
tedious pseudovariables [Al-Hussainy et al (1966) and Agarwal (1979)]."

ons of flowrate which result in similar cyclic pressure variations. The resulting reservoir response is recorded bottomhole using a PLT st
so generated a series of type curves assuming spherical flow into the point source and observation point. Pratss solution3 is based
age effects and these rate normalization methods were successful in some cases. The most appropriate appli-cation of rate normali
for the two following reasons: i) to avoid atmospheric emissions of CO2 and ii) to avoid H2S desulphurization through the Claus pro
e of CO2 and its impact on the aquifer. Basic processes are CO2 dissolution into the formation water CO2 speciation into HCO3 and
n a theoretical point of view this approach implies implicitly that well flow models are linear which is not true: the OUTPUTs computed w
m physical sensors with with virtual metering and Data Validation and Reconciliation models. This is an innovative approach that has bee
n and injection; injecting a viscous solution should not be an issue. Despite this long list of positive criteria there is still no implementati
alinities to be met over field life particularly if sea water is to be injected (most existing -on shore- projects are injecting almost fresh wa
Force) identified nine technology target areas to obtain the average recovery factors of 50% for oil and 75% for gas on the NCS (Blaker
5. The current gas production of the field is close to 1 000 MMscfd and the condensate to gas ratio is around 15 bbl condensate / MMsc
ag reduction study is divided into two parts. The first one aims at evaluating the effectiveness of polymeric additives thanks to an origina
nter of each cluster. In eight years more than 400 horizontal wells have been drilled. After one year of production some horizontal wel
a segregated profile nor to provide any direct information on the stability of the fluid column. In addition apart from the intrinsic limitation
ends. This challenge is addressed by research. In summary the advantages of using 2D geostatistical modeling include good estimate
of these heterogeneous reservoirs using SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) and aerial mining technologies remains challenging.
rs of bubbles are formed [4]. The number of bubbles formed was also observed to depend on the gas diffusion rate through the oil whic
g of solution-gas drive systems which are generally characterized by nucleation of bubbles growth of bubbles by mass diffusion across
0C for SAGD and 350C for Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS)) The dominant pumping technologies available are Beam/Jack Pum
lgin wellhead platform also bridge connectable to PUQ to be installed later if warranted. The project included the installation of a no
0C initial pressure up to 1100 bar and a high salinity formation water close to 300 000 mg/l. The hydrocarbons also contain aro
condensate banking near the well-bore inside the reservoir causing production degradation compositional changes and GOR increa
an up is temporary as the well has to be retreated with solvents if a water block problem reoccurs. Evaporation of water in the formati
bility damage and the filtration of fracturing fluids the following questions remain with no definitive answer as far as low permeability rock
n from the 48 wells completed in the Albian reservoir. This reservoir below the Cenomanian is a moderate permeability carbonate forma
uch as velocity and amplitude. Multi-azimuth seismic techniques infer the fracture characteristics indirectly through the analysis of the a
o phase flow mecanism was investigated. It is shown that the water displacement is hindered by a relative permeability hysteresis induc
d Chin 1996) and geometric factor (Kasap et al. 1999). Although they have different forms or names their physical meaning is the sam
using measurement-while-drilling tools the solution to the described problem becomes the timely need. This paper presents the mathem
ditions. The characterisation of prevalent parameters requires a strong sedimentological knowledge of the studied platform. Classical w
ion another reason for near wellbore formation alteration could be wettability change due to OBM invasion. Such drilling fluids u
ly graded oils from Sw and k logs and therefore insufficient sampling might result. On the other hand excessive pretests and rig time
etation or by kriging using core logs as external drift) are difficult to apply and may lead to poor quality plug data extrapolation. The use
g its northern limits is the Dunbar South Horst (Figure 1).

oir parameters and their associated uncertainties impact the prediction of SAGD production. Of all such geological engineering flow
s rely mainly on a linear fit between seismic attributes and reservoir properties could not resolve the problem of identification of thin res
ubsea (SS) field tied back to the Kristin platform. A subsea development makes investments in a platform/vessel unnecessary. Howe
elopment process to date as well as the key technical challenges to bring this major new project to fruition and establish a new gas expo
trategy-A involved four HDD wells and one S-shaped well whereas Strategy-B involved one HDD well three S-shaped wells and one v
is depleted with reservoir pressure having declined from an initial pressure of 26.5 MPa to todays 10 MPa it has a proven cap ro
having declined from an initial pressure of 26.5 MPa to todays 10 MPa. It has proven caprock integrity. However the reservoir is d
aving 67 Bcf or more a 50% chance of having 100 bcf or more and a 10% chance of having 150 Bcf or more. The low value 1P or P90
two-component liquid such as crude oil and water for instance (2). From a large storage tank named Vst (10600 litres) the three phas
w parameters are then extrapolated to the well scale. Empirical laws were already proposed for solid suspensions in the literature10 11
here present limit is 30mg/l (was 40 mg/l until 1st of January 2007) but the long term objective is that by 2020 discharges shall present
of the distribution of hydrocarbons inside reservoirs. Seismic monitoring thus makes it possible to optimize the recovery of hydrocarbon
ptimization (Mepo). Quantification of uncertainty is common practice and the most important parameters should be assessed over a
caling step. All techniques have their limitations whose impact grows with the degree of small-scale (i.e. core or even plug-scale) hetero
chanical effects are rarely linear for a number of reasons. These include load variations due to modification of pressure temperature an
lts and fractures that affect mechanisms such as stress arching and a nonlinear stress path. Unlike standard compaction-drive simulati
speed of computation is much greater (Ramirez et al 2007).
zed hydraulic fracture analytical simulators. The advantage of this method is simplicity and speed. However there are a certain aspec
domain of the transfer zone is constrained by tectonic activity during the Eocene reservoirs deposition with: High subsidence under ope
w property models (mainly permeability) to dynamic data yet preserving the consistency of the underlying fracture model. Fracture dens
uffer from convergence difficulties and extremely long simulation times. In the case of one particular reservoir operated by Total the full
nly determine the conditions for the onset of sand production. In the model described here the rock mechanical aspects are coupled to
ator models. Since the PEM is to be used for seismic modelling and history matching of reservoir models it can be applied at any of th
fficult and the understanding of reservoir performance more uncertain.
from the well these changes tend to be small enough such that using FIM is a waste of computational effort. In these regions the IMPE
of the Mishrif formation capped by Turonian Laffan shales. These carbonates were deposited in a shallow shelf environment and range
em and predate the formation of open fractures. A second set of fractures is sub-parallel to the fault trends but since they are described
within a rock mass that developed as a response to stress. Fractures exist on various length scales from microns to kilometres. They a
ween a major operator and one or more key suppliers. Each of the major operators have their own terminology for Smart Fields as
ctivity will be reduced. When long interval are fractured the leak off is increased and more flow rate is required to reach fracturing pres
ing operations at a relatively high frequency are two major contributors to get the most from oil fields (e.g. increasing or sustaining prod
ompletion strategy with long multi-layered drain with cemented liner and acidized perforated intervals. Another key uncertainty at field s
perations production water after circulating in the ground contains high concentrations of silica (experience shows concentration up to
d silty dolomites. The calcites are usually of relatively low permeability: 1 to 50 mD and the dolomites have better petrophysical propertie
s was done through several actions: Purchase best in class products. Perform detailed and extensive Factory Acceptance Tests (
ugh a one-stage hydraulic fracture. In general although the net productive interval to stimulate was greater only 10-15 meters were pe
an Federation and the Nenets Autonomous Territory administration representing the Russian State and the company Total Exploration
ral high permeability drains could be expected to provide good productivity[2]. However a change in plan was brought about when
deemed not satisfactory. For this reason development of this field through horizontal openhole drains is necessary to achieve accepta
perforating avoids many of these tradeoffs. Bethany Field The Bethany field is located on the Sabine Uplift in extreme east Texas adja
s. This along with maximum tides of more than 12 m (39.5ft) (which limit supply-vessel access to the harbor to once per day in the har
ck) via subsea pipelines to the Girassol Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) unit located at a distance of between 15 an
ry coarse sands deposited on the Block 17 area after passing through the canyon of the Congo River. Girassol/Jasmim Oligocene struc
lded zones of high porosity or cavities filled with slurry composed of sand oil water and gas. Because these zones keep growing w
it got fill of 882 ft in four months and up to 906 ft in ten months. To date no sand control or sand management techniques have been im
discrepancies between the thermodynamic scale prediction models and the laboratory data are also discussed indicating that further m
ween oil bearing formations for reservoir management ZADCOs policy is to confirm isolation by physical communication tests regar
se costs and risks should only be supported if the test will provide the information that is critical to shaping the appropriate reservoir deve
e such as phased development secondary reservoirs development well activation optimization of production mechanisms use of eme
orded bottomhole using a PLT string. The amplitude ratio and phase lag of the pressure relative to the flowrate can then be analyzed to
t. Pratss solution3 is based on a continuous point source of a constant rate using the method of images. He derived a simple form
riate appli-cation of rate normalization is its use for pressure transient data influenced by continuously varying flowrates. The application
phurization through the Claus process which has many drawbacks both environmental and economical (Abou-Sayed et al. 2005). The
O2 speciation into HCO3 and H+ (the latter acidizes the water) and mineralization. CO2 mineralization is the result of chemical reac
true: the OUTPUTs computed with the averages of the INPUTs are not equal to the average of the OUTPUTs which would be computed
nnovative approach that has been proven in the downstream area and that effectively helps increase oil production and recovery. Data
eria there is still no implementation of polymer injection in deep offshore conditions and only two small off shore pilot operation [1-2] whe
cts are injecting almost fresh water) the larger well spacing: 500m to 1500m instead of 150m to 400m the facilities: multi-well injection
75% for gas on the NCS (Blaker et al. 2006). On the basis of the IOR potential for each method and an evaluation of the importance an
ound 15 bbl condensate / MMscf gas. The well potentials currently range from 1 to 30 MMscfd of gas. A typical Peciko well is a deviated
ric additives thanks to an original experimental methodology. It involves two complementary devices: a rheometer and a small-scale flow
production some horizontal wells started to cut water. The rate of increase of their water cut was different depending on the area and th
apart from the intrinsic limitation of the EoS such an approach needs an ad hoc correlation to take into account thermodiffusion which
modeling include good estimates of reservoir quality consistent with available well data uncertainty at each location and simple and fas
chnologies remains challenging. In order to be more predictable especially using subsurface data it is essential to characterized sedim
iffusion rate through the oil which tends to give rise to demonstrate bubble competitiveness and / or Ostwald ripening. Various works on
ubbles by mass diffusion across gas-oil interfaces expansion and possible migration.
es available are Beam/Jack Pumps Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP) and Elastomer Progressing Cavity Pumps. But all these pumps
t included the installation of a normally unmanned wellhead platform on the Franklin field with Franklin production transferred to Elgin P
e hydrocarbons also contain around 3 mol% CO2 and traces of H2S in insufficient quantity to be measured in produced fluid. The pote
sitional changes and GOR increase. The change of the fluid composition and the difficulty to sample regularly introduce inaccuracies in
aporation of water in the formation can also decrease the permeability due to brine precipitation. Zuluaga et al.[14] have reported 15-30
er as far as low permeability rocks are considered: Is there a filter cake to control the filtration rate and therefore the fluid invasion distan
ate permeability carbonate formation with a varied degree of natural fracturing present. It is typically completed using a large volume HC
ctly through the analysis of the azimuthal changes in seismic properties or azimuthal anisotropy. Multi-azimuth seismic techniques have
ve permeability hysteresis induced by the imbibition of the fracturing fluid. Gas return permeability is strongly affected by the amount of
eir physical meaning is the same. We use a general term geometric factor to represent these correction factors in this paper. The phys
This paper presents the mathematical formulation and derivation of the solution to the problem for a probe test in a horizontal well whe
he studied platform. Classical well log signatures in dolomitised rocks do not provide distinctions between the different superimposed di
vasion. Such drilling fluids usually have surfactants as additives and an excess amount may change the wettability of water wet par
excessive pretests and rig time might have been spent to acquire fluid information in difficult environments such as thin beds washou
plug data extrapolation. The use of new tools like X-ray scanner can be helpful for improving the resolution of the petrophysical log given
uch geological engineering flow simulation and economic parameters the inherently uncertain spatial distribution of petrophysical prop
oblem of identification of thin reservoir sands. The probabilistic neural network technique was applied to detect these heterogeneous hig
orm/vessel unnecessary. However long tie-backs are challenging with respect to oil recovery and flow assurance. This paper will focu
on and establish a new gas export infrastructure serving the West of Shetland region in years to come."
three S-shaped wells and one vertical well (see Figure 2). Consequently drilling risk was lower with Strategy-B but Strategy-A involved
10 MPa it has a proven cap rock integrity. However the reservoir is deep by UGS standards (2500 m) and contains hydrogen sulphi
grity. However the reservoir is deep by UGS standards at 2500 m and contains hydrogen sulphide. These are major disadvantages an
more. The low value 1P or P90 is of special interest for project approval because it is compared with a predefined resources threshold.
Vst (10600 litres) the three phases water crude oil and gas are separately characterized in terms of temperature pressure and mass f
uspensions in the literature10 11 which enables to correlate permeability decline with the fluid-rock system. Recently an empirical law fo
2020 discharges shall present no harm to the marine environment.
mize the recovery of hydrocarbons through a better understanding of the production mechanisms. Although growing the use of 4D seism
eters should be assessed over a range of uncertainty. Uncertainty assessment in the past has been slow and inefficient; it was normally
core or even plug-scale) heterogeneity faced. When heterogeneous networks at small-scale are identified as dynamically impacting tra
tion of pressure temperature and saturation change of the mechanism of production progressive activation of faults and fractures tha
ndard compaction-drive simulation there is no simple linear method to account for the effects of stress on permeability especially for fr
wever there are a certain aspects of the problem that are not considered when using these methods that may influence the results sub
th: High subsidence under open lagoonal and marine influence characterized by thick Upper R Nummulitic limestone facies lim
g fracture model. Fracture densities or spacings are generally computed along wells using moving-window averaging. The fracture den
ervoir operated by Total the full field model contained only 125000 active grid blocks. However simulating 28 years of production to
chanical aspects are coupled to the sand transport problem. By that means the interaction between the solid matrix and the slurry flow c
s it can be applied at any of these above-mentioned scales. Other authors [Ref. 6] propose the geological scale as the domain for the
effort. In these regions the IMPES method should suffice. AIM therefore tends to find a balance between FIM and IMPES. AIM is condi
low shelf environment and range from lagoonal muddy deposits to Rudist shoal facies. The uppermost part of the reservoir series is par
nds but since they are described as mineralized these are assumed to be healed and have little effect on fluid flow. Oil is strongly unde
m microns to kilometres. They appear as tensile (e.g. joints or veins) or shear (e.g. faults) and can act as hydraulic conductors or barri
minology for Smart Fields as listed below.Throughout this paper the term Smart Field has been used based on its use at the S
required to reach fracturing pressure. In addition to that long intervals have a higher risk of permeability heterogeneity. Once the fractur
g. increasing or sustaining production/recovery rates and reducing production costs). This is driving oil companies to improve speed of
Another key uncertainty at field scale is to understand the water production mechanism: bottom coning vs. edge coning; possible active
ience shows concentration up to 400 mg/l). Silica removal is expensive owing to the consumption of chemicals. Its cost represents 80%
ve better petrophysical properties with porosities between 15 to 27% and permeabilities between 10 and 100 mD. The natural fracturing
sive Factory Acceptance Tests (FAT). Setup a workshop in the operational base including a mobile test bunker and bucking machi
eater only 10-15 meters were perforated in order to stimulate Mulichinco zone in a single stage. Simulations with 3D models were done
d the company Total Exploration Production Russie (TEPR) as Investor and Operator. The KPSA became effective in January 1999 and
n plan was brought about when the drain permeability was found to be very irregular. Good permeability was found to occur in random
s necessary to achieve acceptable level of production. Openhole completed reservoirs will lead to higher productivity index but usually
Uplift in extreme east Texas adjacent to the Louisiana state line as shown in Fig. 1. Bethany was discovered in 1916 and has produced
arbor to once per day in the harbor of Punta Quilla) introduced significant logistical concerns. To further complicate the operational stra
d at a distance of between 15 and 20 km from Rosa with new installations on the FPSO unit for processing the production from Rosa (F
Girassol/Jasmim Oligocene structure evolution is driven by gravity tectonic evolution. Late Cretaceous to Oligocene ischaracterized
use these zones keep growing with sand production the well behaves as if it had an increasing radius with time. The third mechanism
gement techniques have been implemented on a field wide basis for the field. Due to fill in the borehole the production for this field is o
scussed indicating that further model tuning may be required for these less common scales. Introduction Scale deposition is a widesp
ysical communication tests regardless of the quality of cement interpreted from cement bond logs. The policy is applied selectively howe
ng the appropriate reservoir development plan. There are alternative techniques for evaluation of formation rock properties through wel
uction mechanisms use of emerging technologies understanding heterogeneities and replacement and upgrading of equipment. The
owrate can then be analyzed to provide formation properties such as permeability and skin factor. A specific flow modulation device was
mages. He derived a simple form of drawdown solution at large times. He treated perforation interval and measuring interval as two poin
arying flowrates. The application of rate normalization requires the sandface rate measurements and generally yields a shifted results tr
(Abou-Sayed et al. 2005). The implementation of this option on a large scale requires a proper assessment of the effects induced by
ion is the result of chemical reactions between HCO3 and other ions which precipitate new carbonate minerals. This process contro
TPUTs which would be computed with real-time data INPUTs.
l production and recovery. Data quality issues Building strong and robust field monitoring systems assumes that the right and
ff shore pilot operation [1-2] whereas on-shore polymer injection may be qualified as a mature EOR technique when considering the hu
the facilities: multi-well injection through common subsea lines FPSO with no/reduced room for additional facilities the logistics to sh
evaluation of the importance and complexity of the technology gap they proposed the following ranking of the different recovery metho
A typical Peciko well is a deviated well of 20-60 degree deviation with 3 500 4 000 meters subsea total depth. Most of of the wells ha
heometer and a small-scale flow loop. Both apparatus are described in the experimental section of the paper with their respective proce
nt depending on the area and the stratigraphic level from which the wells produced. Together with these variable water production beha
o account thermodiffusion which is not readily available for all mixtures despite recent improvements for some kind of mixtures (Artola et
ach location and simple and fast modeling of variables required for decision making. There are several geostatistical techniques that ca
essential to characterized sedimentary systems and to evaluate their spatial and temporal distribution. In the Fort MacMurray surroundin
wald ripening. Various works on a predictive modeling of bubble density report a need to fit the various parameters [2 4 6]. Our objecti
vity Pumps. But all these pumps have their peculiar limitations for hot production: while Beam Pumps offer high temperature service the
production transferred to Elgin PUQ via a multiphase interfield pipeline system (Figure 1). The total estimated cost for the project wa
ured in produced fluid. The potential for scale deposition primarily sodium chloride (NaCl) and Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) wa
gularly introduce inaccuracies in surface measurements well allocations and eventually in proper evaluation of further development opt
ga et al.[14] have reported 15-30% loss in absolute permeability due to precipitation. An alternate method to enhance water removal is
herefore the fluid invasion distance ? Does the polymer macromolecules (incase of a polymer based fracturing fluid) enter the pores ?
mpleted using a large volume HCl acid-frac stimulation after perforating. These wells account for more than 97% of the pre-2007 produc
azimuth seismic techniques have been used since the early 1990s to map fault and fracture patterns at the field level in addition to field
ongly affected by the amount of gas trapped during the imbibition. Even at high draw down water removal is difficult and gas return perm
n factors in this paper. The physical meaning of these factors is that because the actual relationship between pressure and flow rate in
obe test in a horizontal well when the probe is set vertically against the top or bottom wall. The solution is validated by numerical simula
en the different superimposed diagenetic phases involved in rock transformation. The derived log types represent a merge of initial depo
e the wettability of water wet particles in the formation to oil wet. These particles which are originally immobile may then be mobilize
ents such as thin beds washouts near wellbore alterations tight formations etc. where it may be more efficient to utilize NMR data. Hy
ion of the petrophysical log given a link between images and physical properties is establishes. In many applications human operators p
distribution of petrophysical properties is perhaps the most important6. The spatial distribution of facies porosity water/oil/gas satu
detect these heterogeneous high porosity reservoir sands because of its ability to build non linear relationship between target porosity a
assurance. This paper will focus on the SS development facilities and how high oil recovery will be obtained on Tyrihans.
ategy-B but Strategy-A involved lower capex and earlier production. The following issues were initially believed to be important when de
m) and contains hydrogen sulphide; these are major disadvantages and drive the development cost of UGS up. Therefore a feasibility st
ese are major disadvantages and drive the development cost of UGS up. Therefore a feasibility study was launched and completed to
predefined resources threshold. [According to SPE terminology the word resources is used rather than reserves when comme
mperature pressure and mass flow rate. Each phase is put into circulation in independent lines by their own circulation component: com
m. Recently an empirical law for internal formation damage was coupled12 with reservoir flow and geo-mechanics to reproduce Pwri fr
gh growing the use of 4D seismic by oil companies often remains qualitative due to lack of suitable interpretation techniques. The mu
w and inefficient; it was normally done by varying one parameter at a time and running simulations in order to assess the results[15]. O
ied as dynamically impacting traditional upscaling techniques limitations cannot be mitigated and specific methods have been adopted
vation of faults and fractures that affect mechanisms such as stress arching and a non-linear stress path. Unlike standard compaction dr
on permeability especially for fractured systems in which the changes of permeability might be directional localized and strongly nonl
at may influence the results substantially. Production forecasting in horizontal wells suffers even more when using simplistic methods b
Nummulitic limestone facies limited to paleo-highs generated by the growing anticlines. Thin low energy bioclastic limestone and dol
dow averaging. The fracture density (also denoted FD hereafter) may be expressed indifferently as a number of fractures per unit length
ulating 28 years of production took up to 14 days of cpu time using a conventional commercial reservoir simulator. In this paper we pr
solid matrix and the slurry flow can be analyzed and translated into quantitative sand production. In parallel to the development of that
gical scale as the domain for the history matching thereby simulating the PEM at the same scale as the geostatistical simulation grid i.
n FIM and IMPES. AIM is conditionally stable and its time steps can be controlled using a stability condition. In this paper we derive the
part of the reservoir series is partially eroded as a consequence of a regional uplift of the platform northwards. Moreover the monoclina
on fluid flow. Oil is strongly undersaturated and the bubble point is about 2800 psi below the initial reservoir pressure. Oil production from
as hydraulic conductors or barriers to flow movement. Conductive fractures may be connected in a complicated manner to form a comp
used based on its use at the SPE Forum and it is intended that any of the following terminology could be substituted by the readershi
y heterogeneity. Once the fracture is opened the flow is directed toward the highest permeability layer which acts as a thief zone. There
companies to improve speed of technology adoption to effectively monitor optimize and manage over time the performance of producin
vs. edge coning; possible active fracture corridor vertical vs. lateral water sweeping. The ideal acquisition to obtain a maximum of infor
emicals. Its cost represents 80% of water treatment costs (which represent 0.7 $/bbl) and 30% of the investment costs. Silica removal a
d 100 mD. The natural fracturing is poor the production is from the matrix porosity. The sandstones are fine to very fine with porosities
e test bunker and bucking machine to re-test all the critical assemblies before sending offshore.
tions with 3D models were done in order to predict downward fracture growth into the underlying sands containing movable water. After
me effective in January 1999 and the production started in October 1999. Effective January 1999 Norsk Hydro Sverige A.B (40% of part
y was found to occur in random zones of around 200 500 m and this prompted the decision to develop the field using horizontal we
er productivity index but usually damage due to drilling mud is a concern. During the recent years mud systems evolution was remarka
vered in 1916 and has produced over 1.6 Tcf gas and 53 million barrels liquid from Cretaceous and Jurassic reservoirs. The Cotton Vall
r complicate the operational strategies the extreme tidal-wave conditions also generate very strong currents and these make equipme
sing the production from Rosa (Fig. 2). The adopted development scheme includes the drilling in the base case of 25 wells (14 produc
o Oligocene ischaracterized by the development of a NW-SE trough bounded by passive salt ridges. The Upper Oligocene correspo
with time. The third mechanism which induces production enhancement is related to exsolution of dissolved gas. The pressure drawdo
the production for this field is obstructed to a lower level which lead to significant economical loss. A geomechanics and sanding stud
on Scale deposition is a widespread problem that causes production deferment necessitates costly intervention and can also compro
policy is applied selectively however. Only cement barriers between formations where production is planned are tested (Figure 1). Interv
tion rock properties through well logging and the use of modern formation evaluation tools. These methods allow estimation of the s
d upgrading of equipment. The Abu Al Bukhoosh oil field is located 80 km offshore Abu Dhabi. It is a large NE-SW anticline affected by
ecific flow modulation device was developed to generate periodic bottomhole rate and pressure oscillations. This tool can be combined w
d measuring interval as two points. He used the pressure drop data to estimate vertical permeability. As we will see later the pressure d
enerally yields a shifted results trend that has the correct slope but incorrect intercept in a semilog plot (incorrect skin factor). Johnston
sment of the effects induced by the presence of acid gas on the integrity of the formation. This assessment is the subject of many resea
te minerals. This process controls the long-term fate of CO2 as it consumes CO2 from the aqueous phase and results in a safe storag
assumes that the right and correct measurement and data are made available for further processing at the right time . This constitu
hnique when considering the hundreds of operations that have been conducted all over the world. Several key issues have to be faced
onal facilities the logistics to ship the polymer the incremental oil evaluation in fields with little to no water injection history A very thor
g of the different recovery methods: Priority 1: (a) HC gas injection WAG/SWAG and FAWAG; (b) CO2 flooding; and (c) MIOR. Priority
al depth. Most of of the wells have a monobore completion with a production tubing size of 4.5 or 5.5(Figure-1). There are more than 50
paper with their respective procedures. The second part of this research program is dedicated to the effect of the transported crude oil o
e variable water production behaviors anomalies in some water salinities (higher values) were also observed. Initially these anomalies w
some kind of mixtures (Artola et al. 2008; Kempers 2001; Shukla and Firoozabadi 1998; Wiegand 2004). In many reservoirs the comp
geostatistical techniques that can be used to integrate different data into a geological model including Gaussian-based Bayesian updat
n the Fort MacMurray surroundings (Fig.1) high resolution sedimentological section measurements both on outcrops and cores allow u
parameters [2 4 6]. Our objective is to answer to this question thats why we first have been interested in developing a Harvey
fer high temperature service they are limited in the flowrate they can deliver. ESPs on the other hand can handle high volumes of low v
estimated cost for the project was 1.6Bn which represented a hefty investment especially in the low hydrocarbon price environmen
ium Carbonate (CaCO3) was recognized early in the project phase. Preliminary studies were performed in 1995 and 2000 based o
ation of further development options."
hod to enhance water removal is to increase the volume displaced in the initial stage by decreasing the capillary pressure of the forma
cturing fluid) enter the pores ?
han 97% of the pre-2007 production of the field What enhances the value of the Cenomanian formation as a producing reservoir (while
the field level in addition to field geology and regional tectonic studies.
val is difficult and gas return permeability reach a plateau because of the very low relative permeability to water when the gas saturation
tween pressure and flow rate in a probe-type test cannot be described by a spherical-flow equation these factors are added in the sphe
is validated by numerical simulation. The paper also proposes a method to determine horizontal and vertical permeabilities with the aid
represent a merge of initial depositional facies and subsequent diagenetic overprints which means that reservoir characteristic spatial d
y immobile may then be mobilized and can cause near wellbore formation damage. iv. Plugging by particulates particularly fluid loss co
efficient to utilize NMR data. Hydrocarbon type is usually inferred from well logs or from prior field knowledge. Sometimes large densit
applications human operators perform image segmentation using their eyes and brain. These descriptions are interpreter dependent a
cies porosity water/oil/gas saturation and permeability have a significant effect on production performance. Permeability is often th
onship between target porosity and seismic traces.

ained on Tyrihans.
believed to be important when deciding between Strategies-A or -B: The Partners had different views of the risks of drilling HDD wells.
GS up. Therefore a feasibility study was launched and completed to assess the possibility of economically converting this oil field into a
was launched and completed to assess the possibility of economically converting this oil field into a UGS. This paper describes the feasi
han reserves when commerciality is not proved (SPE 2001).] Producing an estimate of minimum resources that can be used reliab
own circulation component: compressor for gas centrifugal pump for crude named Poil and an other centrifugal named pump Pwater
-mechanics to reproduce Pwri fractured well behavior. In the present paper a quite similar concept has been used just to compute the d
erpretation techniques. The multidisciplinary nature of 4D monitoring is emphasized by Calvert [1]. Seismic geologic and reservoir eng
rder to assess the results[15]. One of the most important uncertainties is the oil production forecasts which are evaluated as the oil reco
ific methods have been adopted involving subtle averaging of Kr and Pc curves. Various averaging techniques have been develope
h. Unlike standard compaction drive simulation there is no simple linear method to account for the effects of stress on permeability espe
nal localized and strongly nonlinear. There are several ways to achieve the coupling between flow and stress (Charlier et al. 2002; Sa
when using simplistic methods because the vertical communication caused by fractures is not properly modelled. In recent years
rgy bioclastic limestone and dolomite in Lower R. The field was appraised by three wells. W01 drilled vertically on the crest fo
mber of fractures per unit length perpendicular to some averaged fracture plane a cumulative length of fractures per unit area or a cum
ir simulator. In this paper we propose an alternative way of representing the conduits as long horizontal wells with no net productio
allel to the development of that numerical model a series of sand production experiments have been carried out in a purpose build labo
e geostatistical simulation grid i.e. generating synthetic saturation/pressure with the fluid flow simulator downscaling to the fine geolog
ition. In this paper we derive the stability conditions for the thermal systems of a 1-D two-component oil-water black oil model using vo
wards. Moreover the monoclinal trap reveals a stratigraphic component as a lateral seal is provided by muddy deposits developed west
voir pressure. Oil production from the A reservoir started in the seventies from one well drilled on the apex of the structure and showing
mplicated manner to form a complex network. The connectivity of such networks is a crucial parameter in controlling flow movement whi
be substituted by the readership.1 2 OperatorTerminology BPField of the Future Chevroni-field ShellSmart Fields A
hich acts as a thief zone. Therefore the slurry will fill this high permeability fracture quicker. Once the screen out is obtained in this zone
ime the performance of producing reservoir wells and surface facilities. This unexpected fancy for DOF technologies is made facing a n
on to obtain a maximum of informations is a Production Logging (PLT) associated with a S log acquisition (for cased-hole saturation eva
vestment costs. Silica removal also generates environmental problems due to the production of sludge (approx. 120 kg of sludge for 1 k
fine to very fine with porosities values between 8 and 20% and permeability between 50 and 200 mD sometimes up to 400mD. The sa
containing movable water. After fracture stimulations the perforated interval showed to be in the most convenient area to start up fractu
Hydro Sverige A.B (40% of participating interests) and Nenets Oil Company (10%) joined the project becoming together with TEPR (50
lop the field using horizontal wells[2] the intention being to drill very long horizontal sections to intersect the productive zones.
systems evolution was remarkable. The objectives are to achieve: Very low leakoff to the reservoir by the design of optimized filtercak
ssic reservoirs. The Cotton Valley reservoirs at Bethany consist of multiple tight gas sands mostly blanket in nature from approximately
rents and these make equipment loading and offloading to and from the rig very tide dependant. The environmental conditions also in
ase case of 25 wells (14 production wells and 11 water injection wells). Production from the Rosa site is scheduled to begin during the 2
. The Upper Oligocene corresponds to the deposition of turbidites along NE-SW channelized systems within this NW-SE basin between
olved gas. The pressure drawdown in highly viscous oils induces the desaturation of the fluid thus generation of "foamy oils" which p
geomechanics and sanding study was initiated in the year 2004 to investigate sanding mechanism and to provide the contingency plan t
ntervention and can also compromise safety systems. Scaling in gas and gas-condensate fields is mainly induced by the reductions in
ned are tested (Figure 1). Intervals between reservoirs not planned for production are not tested. Since the majority of cement squeeze
methods allow estimation of the short-term productivity of the well. However these techniques cannot confirm that the well is connec
ge NE-SW anticline affected by NW-SE trending faults which straddles the border between the United Arab Emirates and Iran. Curren
ons. This tool can be combined with standard production logging tools and can be configured for both production and injection wells in s
we will see later the pressure drop is actually mainly affected by horizontal permeability.
incorrect skin factor). Johnston (1992) showed that "material balance deconvolution" is a practical approach for the analysis of pressur
ent is the subject of many research studies mostly conducted in the context of CO2 geological storage. A large part of this effort addres
ase and results in a safe storage of CO2 as carbonate (solid) minerals. The world largest CO2 aquifer storage operation is ongoing at
g at the right time . This constitutes a real challenge for existing and upcoming installations in the upstream area where both instrumen
eral key issues have to be faced in deep offshore that are a major step out versus existing commercial onshore projects: the range of s
ater injection history A very thorough feasibility study has been achieved on a typical deep offshore case which demonstrates that hig
2 flooding; and (c) MIOR. Priority 2: (a) waterflooding; (b) massive depressurization; and (c) air injection. Priority 3: (a) gas condensate;
gure-1). There are more than 50 sandstone reservoirs perforated in a well and production is commingled throughout the life time of a w
ect of the transported crude oil on the performance of the DRA. Particular attention is paid on the influence of waxy crystals and emulsi
erved. Initially these anomalies were interpreted as measurement problems. During more than 3 years the multidisciplinary team create
). In many reservoirs the compositional gradients are different from the calculated one assuming stationary state. The deviations are g
Gaussian-based Bayesian updating (Doyen et al. 1996) collocated cokriging and full cokriging (Deutsch and Journel 1998; Goovaerts 1
h on outcrops and cores allow us to propose an overview of lower cretaceous facies encountered within this fluvio-estuarine setting. Th
sted in developing a Harveys nuclei (pre-existent bubble nuclei) model which permits to qualitatively predict or confirm the whole bu
an handle high volumes of low viscosity fluids but are still limited in terms of maximum operating temperature. For the PCP the limitati
w hydrocarbon price environment of circa $20/bbl prevailing at the time.

rmed in 1995 and 2000 based on water samples taken during DST in 1991 and 1995. Initial scale prediction studies identified a low risk
capillary pressure of the formation. The reduction of capillary pressure to very low values allows for water block clean up even at low
as a producing reservoir (while increasing the complexity of drilling and completion operations) is that this reservoir is significantly over
o water when the gas saturation increases. Water cannot be expelled even by maximizing the draw down. The improvment in gas perm
se factors are added in the spherical-flow equation to correct for the actual flow relationship. These correction factors are a function of p
rtical permeabilities with the aid of this solution. Mathematical Formulation The papers objective is to determine the relationship b
reservoir characteristic spatial distribution is difficult to assess. The complex relationship between permeabilities porosities Pc Kr and
iculates particularly fluid loss control additives certain additives may cause damage by plugging pore throats in an irreversible mann
wledge. Sometimes large density-neutron separation allows us to distinguish gas from oil but in other cases lithological effects could m
ons are interpreter dependent and reach their limit when describing high frequency changes. Texture is a domain property rather than a
ance. Permeability is often the single most important variable due to its relatively high sensitivity to flow responses. The subject o
f the risks of drilling HDD wells. The Partners models of the reservoirs had different gas initially in place (GIIP) gas potentials and
ally converting this oil field into an UGS. The study had to face several challenges. Size Up the Working Volume In the year 2000 whe
S. This paper describes the feasibility studies performed and the particular challenges overcome during the project evaluation.
esources that can be used reliably as a decision tool is no easy task. It involves two aspects: (a) Which numbers to add? and (b) how to
entrifugal named pump Pwater for water. The flow of each phase is then adjusted by means of regulation valves and recirculation lines
been used just to compute the damaged reservoir permeability in matrix flow and then extended to fractured flow. The empirical law rep
smic geologic and reservoir engineering domains must be considered together for a reliable interpretation of 4D data. A direct interpreta
ich are evaluated as the oil recovery factor or the cumulative oil production[14]-[21] another important parameter is the Stock Tank Oil
techniques have been developed throughout the years. Fundamentally they are all essentially lumping processes aimed at representin
ts of stress on permeability especially for fractured systems where the changes of permeability might be directional localized and stron
d stress (Charlier et al. 2002; Samier et al. 2006; Yale 2002; Chen and Teufel 2000; Koutsabeloulis and Hope 1998; Lewis and Ghafouri
modelled. In recent years numerical simulation for hydraulic fracture modeling has been introduced to the industry. Numerical sim
1 drilled vertically on the crest found gas in the Upper R and oil in the Lower R. W02 drilled vertically on the flank was
fractures per unit area or a cumulative surface of fractures per unit volume. The calculation must take into account the dispersion of or
ontal wells with no net production to the surface but in which cross-flow can occur. In the following sections we outline the motivation be
arried out in a purpose build laboratory apparatus with the objective of better understanding the sand production processes in uncement
downscaling to the fine geological model scale and then computing the elastic properties.
l-water black oil model using von Neumann method . The derived stability conditions are tested using MATLAB7.
muddy deposits developed westwards. The resulting rock structure is a layer cake of matrix low-permeability (circa 10 mD) and av
ex of the structure and showing large productivity that could only be related to fractures. Production was temporarily suspended three y
n controlling flow movement which in turn depends on the geometrical properties of the network such as fracture orientation spacing o
-field ShellSmart Fields Also during the past decade there has been an increasing appreciation within the industry that much of
creen out is obtained in this zone i.e. the proppant has packed the fracture and the screen to casing annulus all flow to lower zones is
technologies is made facing a number of obstacles to performing these tasks efficiently. These difficulties include: Time devoted to mo
on (for cased-hole saturation evaluation in Al-Khalij salted formation water environment) in production mode. Due to the difficulty linked
approx. 120 kg of sludge for 1 kbwpd). For OTSG boiler feed water treatment the use of silica scale inhibitors can replace silica remova
sometimes up to 400mD. The sandstone mineralogy can vary from relatively clean to quite carbonated as the carbonate content can oft
convenient area to start up fracturing. The design volume was fit to limit the vertical growth of fracture without growing down into possib
ecoming together with TEPR (50%) the Kharyaga PSA Investors. Objects 2 and 3 are Devonian and Permian complex carbonate reser
ct the productive zones.
the design of optimized filtercake this will prevent the reservoir damage due to mud invasion Easy removal of the filtercake by applyin
ket in nature from approximately 8 000 ft to 10 000 ft in depth. Porosity ranges from 6% to 15% and permeability from 0.01 md to 7.0+ m
environmental conditions also included an average temperature of 7.7 C (46 F) and wind speeds up to 70 knots with sustained
scheduled to begin during the 2nd quarter 2007. All reservoirs in this field are constituted of highly unconsolidated sands which requir
within this NW-SE basin between peripheral salt ridges.
neration of "foamy oils" which participate to sand destabilization and helps fluid and solid drive. Finally it appears that solids motion in
o provide the contingency plan to properly address the problem and maximize economic production. The study started with data acquis
nly induced by the reductions in pressure and temperature inherent throughout the production system known as self-scaling. In particu
the majority of cement squeeze decisions are based on the results of physical communication tests the value of continuing to run cem
t confirm that the well is connected to a sufficiently large volume and will be able to drain sufficient reserves. Well testing still remain
Arab Emirates and Iran. Currently on Total ABK field well testing of around 65 oil producers is performed on two test separators. Total
oduction and injection wells in several casing/tubing sizes for both high and low flowrates. In commingled wells it can be sequentially d
oach for the analysis of pressure transient data distorted by wellbore storage effects. In particular this approach remedies the issue
. A large part of this effort addresses the different possible leakage mechanisms by which CO2 may escape from the geological formatio
storage operation is ongoing at Sleipner in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. Injection started in 1996 with more than 8 million to
eam area where both instrumentation and associated measurements are subject to deficiency and inconsistency. Another issue is the l
onshore projects: the range of salinities to be met over field life particularly if sea water is to be injected (most existing - on shore- proje
e which demonstrates that high molecular weight hydrolysed polyacrylamide may be used with sea water and produced water base
. Priority 3: (a) gas condensate; (b) water additives; and (c) N2 and flue-gas injection. Apart from these research programs it is importa
d throughout the life time of a well. The main challenge in the monobore completion is to optimize production from gas reservoirs when
nce of waxy crystals and emulsified water. 2. Experimental section 2.1 Chemicals Four different commercial DRAs provided by differe
he multidisciplinary team created to study these anomalies gradually improved its understanding of the water behavior and eventually r
onary state. The deviations are generally explained by the slowness of the diffusion process leading to a partial segregation situatio
h and Journel 1998; Goovaerts 1997). The Bayesian updating approach is used because of its reliability and simplicity in data integration
n this fluvio-estuarine setting. The analysis of sedimentary facies permits to characterize local depositional environments and associated
y predict or confirm the whole bubble expansion during the depletion [5]. In this way we have been interested in a pore scale approach t
erature. For the PCP the limitation is operating temperature of the elastomer (maximum 150C). Through research work conducted
ction studies identified a low risk for calcium carbonate scaling in the upper tubing of wells with less than 100m3 of water per day. Of m
ater block clean up even at low drawdowns. The capillary pressure can be decreased by altering the wettability decreasing the interfac
his reservoir is significantly overpressured. The reservoir pressure in these zones required the use of a 1.40 sg completion fluid (mixed
n. The improvment in gas permeabilities with the addition of alcohol can occur due to two possible reasons: (1) the decrease of the inte
ection factors are a function of permeability anisotropy among other parameters. Similarly the concept of geometric factor is applied to
s to determine the relationship between the pressure at the probe and the rate at which fluid withdraws from an anisotropic formation. In
eabilities porosities Pc Kr and sedimentological facies remain a headache. The distinction between involved depositional and pos
e throats in an irreversible manner.

ases lithological effects could mask it. Hydrocarbon type can also be interpreted from pressure gradient plots. However a reliable press
a domain property rather than a pixel property. It represents a specific perceptual view of the area on which it is defined. This area is ca
ow responses. The subject of this paper is focused on constructing robust permeability models for SAGD flow simulation. Permeab
place (GIIP) gas potentials and oil-gas ratios (OGR). Sand control workovers (SCWOs) of E/F wells would interrupt drilling from the E
g Volume In the year 2000 when it was decided to launch the feasibility study the Pcorade field had only been covered by 2D seism
the project evaluation.
numbers to add? and (b) how to add them? The first question refers to the longtime debate between deterministic and probabilistic estim
on valves and recirculation lines connected to the storage tank Vst. Each line is provided with an independent temperature control syste
ured flow. The empirical law reproduces damaged permeability evolution for oil and solid particle emulsions. This law has the particular
on of 4D data. A direct interpretation of 4D seismic data without any knowledge of the fluid flow behavior in the field may lead to indeterm
parameter is the Stock Tank Oil Initial in Place. In order to increase the acceptance of the results from the history match the uncertainty
processes aimed at representing through a single set of parameters a highly heterogeneous porous network without jeopardizing its d
e directional localized and strongly non-linear. There are several ways to achieve the coupling between flow and stress 10-20. The mo
Hope 1998; Lewis and Ghafouri 1997; Settari and Walters 1999; Mainguy and Longuemare 2002; Dean et al. 2006; Gutierrez and Lew
ed to the industry. Numerical simulation allows detailed reservoir properties layering pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) and field an
rilled vertically on the flank was water bearing. W03 drilled slanted and up dip of W02 crossed the WOC and triggered the decision to
nto account the dispersion of orientations of the directional fracture-set the well-path direction and possibly the borehole diameter (Na
ons we outline the motivation behind the proposed approach then present tests that demonstrate the efficiency of the method first on a
oduction processes in uncemented reservoirs as well as providing high quality data sets for calibrating the model. This paper begins wit
MATLAB7.
ermeability (circa 10 mD) and average porosity (circa 20%) carbonates alternated with drain high permeability (in the Darcy range) a
s temporarily suspended three years later and resumed in the eighties. Three extra wells were added at that time. Maximum production
s fracture orientation spacing or length distribution.
within the industry that much of the future lies with the effective management of existing production and the continued development of
nulus all flow to lower zones is stopped and they are left with little proppant in the fracture and in the annulus. Another difficulty in long
es include: Time devoted to monitoring drudgery Technical workforce appointed to monitoring activities typically has limited tim
ode. Due to the difficulty linked with this type of acquisition alternative solutions were put in place over two years: PLT in injection mod
hibitors can replace silica removal units (eg WLS HLS ). and an optimized process of Zero Liquid Discharge OTSG boiler water treat
as the carbonate content can often vary between 10 to 30%. Fig 2 gives an illustration of poro-perm data. The bottom hole temperature
ithout growing down into possibly water bearing levels.

ermian complex carbonate reservoir accumulations occasionally fractured and/or karstified which contain paraffinic oil with H2S. Backg
moval of the filtercake by applying a minimum drawdown to the formation. This will enable maximum productivity from the reservoir witho
rmeability from 0.01 md to 7.0+ md. Water saturation can vary from 20% to 50%. Hydrocarbons are gas-condensate in depletion with pa
ds up to 70 knots with sustained winds above 40 knots more than 35% of the time. A high-performance jack-up drilling unit suitable for
onsolidated sands which require the wells to be completed with sand-control techniques. The wells have high productivity up to 30 000
it appears that solids motion in the near wellbore region eliminates fines trapping or asphaltene deposition. Asphaltenes precipitate w
he study started with data acquisition. Various wireline logs such as microresistivity image log and dipole sonic log were acquired from s
known as self-scaling. In particular pressure drops cause evaporation of water and/or loss of carbon dioxide from the produced water
e value of continuing to run cement bond logs was questioned. Conversely applying the policy of communication tests was costly and t
rves. Well testing still remains the only method for direct evaluation of reservoir connectivity over large distances from the well. Dev
ed on two test separators. Total ABK wishes to improve the accuracy of testing its production wells by using a multi-phase flowmeter wh
ed wells it can be sequentially deployed above each producing zone to provide permeability and skin values for each layer. Field exam
his approach remedies the issue of a poor skin factor estimate that is typically obtained using rate normalization. Material balance d

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Reservoir Engineering Related

Shared Earth Modelling

Incorporating Seismic Characterization Results into Bul Hanine Geological Model

e field to minimise environmental impact and support the reservoir pressure.

takes place. Introduction

g infrastructure: 2 No Xmas trees & associated protection structures (see Figure 3)

duction planned before the end of 2008.

he seismic data. The majority of these faults are closed in nature.

tedious pseudovariables [Al-Hussainy et al (1966) and Agarwal (1979)]."

g its northern limits is the Dunbar South Horst (Figure 1).

onship between target porosity and seismic traces.

w hydrocarbon price environment of circa $20/bbl prevailing at the time.

e throats in an irreversible manner.

ithout growing down into possibly water bearing levels.

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