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Ignition
Spark
Spark
Heat
Hazardous
location
Air
Gas
Presented by:
Amila Abeywickrama, B.Sc. (Engineering), AMIESL
Instrument Engineer
Introduction
Introduction
Explosion Triangle
A1
A2
Equipment
- Apparatus Group
- Area Classification
Introduction
A3
Propane-air (1 atmos.)
1.0
Introduction
Ethylene-air
(1 atmos.)
Flammable Range
Ignition Energy
(milli Joules)
Hydrogen-air
(1 atmos.)
0.1
Material
Flammable Range
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume concentration (%)
70
80
90
Minimum Ignition
Energy (MIE)
0.01
A4
100
UEL
Minimum *
ignition energy
propane
2%
9.5 %
180J
ethylene
2.7 %
34 %
60J
hydrogen
4%
76 %
20J
* of most easily ignitable mixture
A5
Introduction
A6
Gas classification
Representative
(test) gas
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
IEC countries
(including Europe)
Ignitability
USA & Canada
100
Methane
Propane
Ethylene
Hydrogen
Acetylene
Hydrogen
Ethylene
Propane
Group IIC
Group IIC
Group IIB
Group IIA
Class I, Group A
Class I, Group B
Class I, Group C
Class I, Group D
Methane
Group I (mining)
(No classification)
Metal dust
Carbon dust
Flour, starch,
grain
(Dusts not
classified)
More
easily
ignited
Class III
Flammable Range
A7
Introduction
Temperature
classification
Maximum
surface
temperature
of that material
T1
450 C
T2
300 C
T3
200 C
T4
135 C
T5
100 oC
Tamb = 40oC
unless otherwise
stated
Operation above
stated Tamb will
require re-assessment
Ignition Temperature
o
o
Better
Apparatus
T6
85 C
Introduction
Temperature classification
T class
A9
Introduction
T1
450
T2
300
T2A
280
T2B
260
T2C
230
T2D
215
T3
200
T3A
180
T3B
165
T3C
160
T4
135
T4A
120
T5
100
T6
85
700
Gas Ignition
Temperature
Apparatus is marked with either T rating
or maximum surface temperature
User has responsibility to ensure that the
T-rating is below the Spontaneous
Ignition Temperature ( SIT )
Ammonia 630
Hydrogen 560
Methane 537
Propane 470
Ethylene 425
600
A10
Apparatus
Temperature
Classification
500
T1
400
Butane 365
300
T2
200
T3
Cyclohexane 259
Diethyl Ether 170
T4
Carbon Disulphide 95
Tamb =
A8
100
T6
T5
40oC
Introduction
A11
Introduction
Gas/equipment compatibility
A12
Flashpoint
Exception:
Introduction
Compound
Vapour
Density
Acetone
Ammonia
Butane
Carbon Disulphide
Cyclohexane
Diethyl Ether
Ethylene
Hydrogen
Kerosene
Methane
Propane
2.00
0.59
2.05
2.64
2.90
2.55
0.97
0.07
0.55
1.56
LFL UFL
2.0
15
1.5
1.0
1.2
1.7
2.7
4.0
0.7
5.0
2.0
13
28
8.5
60
7.8
36
34
75.6
5
15
9.5
Ignition
Temp C
535
630
372
95
259
160
425
560
210
537
470
Introduction
Flashpoint Definition
A13
A14
T
Apparatus
Class
Group
T1
T1
T2
T6
T3
T4
T2
T1
T3
T1
T1
IIA
IIA
IIA
IIC
IIA
IIB
IIB
IIC
IIA
I / IIA
IIA
Probability of
Gas/Air Mixture
being present
Probability of
Source of
Ignition
Acceptable
Risk
Reasoning : The higher the probability of the gas/air mixture being present demands a lower
probability of having a source of ignition and vice versa. Hence in Zone 0 we use IS;
in Zone 2 we perhaps use Type N or Exq,Exo,Exm, etc
Takenfrom
from BS.5345
IEC 79-10:1995
Extract
Part 1
Introduction
Properties of Gases
A15
Introduction
A16
Division 1
Zone 0:
Zone 1:
Zone 2:
Division 2
Hazardous atmosphere is unlikely to be present in normal operation
Introduction
A17
Introduction
A18
Introduction
Property
Volume
Concentration
0.1 ppm
10
50
40,000 (4%)
460,000 (46%)
Note! Figures for safe working levels vary, the above are from a
Middle East location.
Personnel Hazards
A19
Zone 2
Zone 0
Zone 1
Zone 1
Zone 0
Inside of pipe or
process vessel
Zone 2
Liquid surface
A20
Outside of pipe
Key
Tank vents
Area Classification
for a fixed-roof tank
with heavier than air
vapour
Introduction
Division 1
Division 2
Bund wall
Introduction
Equipment
Code
A21
Description
Equipment
Category
Ex ia
0, 1, 2
1G
Ex ib
1,2
2G
Ex d
Flameproof protection
1,2
2G
Ex p
Purge/pressurized protection
1,2
2G
Ex e
Increased safety
1,2
2G
Ex m
Encapsulation
1,2
2G
Ex o
Oil immersion
1,2
2G
Ex q
powder filling
1,2
2G
Ex n
Type - n protection
3G
Introduction
Ex ia Zone 0,1,2
Ex ib Zone 1,2
Introduction
A22
A23
Introduction
A24
Introduction
Introduction
A25
Introduction
Introduction
A27
EncapsulationType - Exm
A28
Introduction
A26
A29
Introduction
A30
Sparking
contacts
are
sealed
against ingress of the surrounding
atmosphere, hot surfaces are
eliminated
Introduction
A31
Introduction
IEC Marking
Example:
IP 54
Introduction
Introduction
A33
A32
A35
A34