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Chapter 20 Fungi
20.1 Introduction to Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
20.2 Diversity of Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
20.3 Ecology of Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
iv
Chapter 15 Evolution
15.1 Darwins Theory of Natural Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
15.2 Evidence of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
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chapter
1
section
Introduction to Biology
-!). )DEA
Read to Learn
Biology is the science of life. In biology, you will learn the
origins and history of life and once-living things. You will also
learn structures, functions, and interactions of living things.
Summarize Information
Make an eight-tab Foldable from
a sheet of paper. Label the tabs
with the question heads in this
section. As you read, summarize
the answers under the tabs.
What
biologist do
s do?
3TUDY #OACH
Picture This
1. Highlight each
characteristic of life in the
table as you read about
it in the section. Use the
descriptions in the table to
review what you have learned.
Description
Made of one or
more cells
The cell is the basic unit of life. Some organisms have one cell only. Others have
many cells.
Displays organization
The organization of a biological system begins with atoms and molecules. Each
organized structure in an organism has a specic function. For example, an
anteaters snout is long because it functions as a container for the long tongue.
Reproduces
Organisms reproduce and pass on traits to the next generation. Reproduction must
occur for a species to continue to exist.
Responds to stimuli
Reactions to stimuli from inside and outside the body are called responses. For
example, a cheetah responds to the need for food by chasing a gazelle. The
gazelle responds by running away.
Requires energy
Energy is needed for life processes. Many organisms get energy by taking in
food. Other organisms make their own food.
Maintains homeostasis
Homeostasis is the process that keeps conditions inside the bodies of all organisms
stable. For example, humans perspire when hot to lower body temperature.
Adaptations evolve
over time
Adaptations are inherited changes that occur over time and help the species
survive.
Characteristic of Life
4. Summarize the
importance of homeostasis.
chapter
2
section
-!). )DEA
characteristics of science
how to distinguish science from
pseudoscience
the importance of the metric
system and SI
What is science?
Science is a body of knowledge based on the study of nature
and its physical setting. The purpose of science is scientic
inquirythe development of explanations. Scientic inquiry
is a creative process as well as a process involving observation
and experimentation.
Reading Essentials
Read to Learn
4WO FINGERS
"IRD
"AT
&OUR FINGERS
(UMAN
&OUR FINGERS
Picture This
chapter
3
section
Methods of Science
Read to Learn
Ask a Question
Scientic inquiry begins with observation. Observation is
a direct method of gathering information in an orderly way.
It often involves recording information. For example, if you
want to identify a bird, you observe it. You note how it behaves
and what it eats. You might draw or photograph it.
Scientic inquiry involves asking questions and using
information from reliable sources. By combining information
from other sources with your observations of the bird, you
could start making logical conclusions. This process is called
making inferences, or inferring. For example, if you saw a
photo of a bird that was similar to your bird, you might infer
that your bird was related to the bird in the photo.
Biologists work in many settings. They work in the eld.
They work in laboratories, universities, and museums. No
matter where they work, all biologists use similar methods to
gather information and to answer questions. These methods
are an organized series of events called scientic methods.
Throughout the process, biologists continue to observe and
make inferences.
Reading Essentials
-!). )DEA
3TUDY #OACH
Form a Hypothesis
Picture This
2. Sequence After
a researcher draws a
conclusion, what does he
or she do next, whether
or not the hypothesis is
supported? (Circle your
answer.)
a. draw another conclusion
b. conduct another
experiment
c. compare results again
#OLLECT INFORMATION
-AKE OBSERVATIONS
!SK QUESTIONS
5SE PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
2EVIEW RELATED RESEARCH
$ESIGN AN EXPERIMENT
TO TEST THE CHOSEN HYPOTHESIS
#ONDUCT AN EXPERIMENT
AND RECORD THE DATA
#OMPARE
ACTUAL RESULTS
EXPECTED RESULTS
2EPEAT EXPERIMENT
MANY TIMES UNTIL RESULTS
ARE CONSISTENT
$RAW A CONCLUSION
(YPOTHESIS IS SUPPORTED
2EFINE AND TEST AN
ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS
(YPOTHESIS IS NOT SUPPORTED
Reading Essentials
&ORM A HYPOTHESIS
Picture This