Chap 1 and 2 PDF

Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
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CONVENTIONAL COMPLETIONS
ADVANCED WELLS AND COMPLETIONS
RESERVOIR AND TUBING PERFORMANCE
SELECTION AND DESIGN OF ARTIFICIAL LIFT
GAS LIFT
PERFORATING
FORMATION DAMAGE
MATRIX ACIDISING
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
UNSTABLE FORMATIONS AND SAND CONTROL
FIELD DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND FLUID PROCESSING
RESERVOIR AND TUBING PERFORMANCE TUTORIAL
EXAMINATION AND MODEL SOLUTIONS
Petroleum Engineering
Conventional Completions O N E
Initiate Design
Selection of
Production
Conduit
Bottom Hole
Completion
Technique
Completion
String
Facilities
Conceptual Design
Casing
String
Design
Detailed
Completion
String Design
Well
Productivity
Objective of
this chapter
Well
Performance
Optimisation
Final Design(s)
C O N T E N T S
INTRODUCTION
1 BOTTOM HOLE COMPLETION TECHNIQUES
1.1 Open Hole Completion
1.2 Screen or Pre-slotted Liner Completions
1.3 Cemented and Perforated Casing / Liner
2 SELECTION OF FLOW CONDUIT BETWEEN
RESERVOIR AND SURFACE
2.1 Tubingless Casing Flow
2.2 Casing and Tubing Flow
2.3 Tubing Flow Without Annulus Isolation
2.4 Tubing Flow With Annular Isolation
3 COMPLETION STRING FACILITIES
3.1 Basic Completion String Functions and
Facilities
3.2 Additional Completion String Functions
3.3 Composite Completion String
4 COMPLETION STRING COMPONENTS
4.1 Wellhead / Xmas Tree
4.2 Production Tubing
4.2.1 Tubing Diameter
4.2.2 Tensile Strength
4.2.3 Internal Pressure
4.2.4 External Pressure
4.2.5 Corrosion
4.2.6 Coupling Types

4.3 Annular Pressure Seal
4.3.1 Ease of Retrieval
4.3.2 Setting Mechanism
4.3.3 Ability to Withstand Differential Pressure
4.3.4 Number of Packer Bores
4.4 Seal Between Tubing and Packer
4.5 Sub-Surface Safety Valves
4.6 Side Pocket Mandrel (SPM)
4.7 Sliding Side Door (SSD)
4.8 Landing Nipples
4.9 Perforated Flow Tube
4.10 Flow Coupling
26/06/14
5 MULTIPLE COMPLETIONS

5.2
Multiple Zone Depletion Concepts
5.2.1 Co-mingled Flow
5.2.2 Segregated - Multiple Zone Depletion
5.2.3 Alternate Zone Well Completion Stratege
5.2.4 Selection of Development Strategy
!
5.3.1 Dual Zone Completion
5.3.2 Completions for Three or More Zones
5.4
Multiple Completion Equipment
5.4.1 Tubing Hanger Systems
5.4.2 Multiple Tubing Packer Systems
5.4.3 Blast Joint
6. WIRELINE SERVICING OF COMPLETION
ACCESSORIES
6.1
The Wire
6.2
Surface Monitoring Equipment
7 TUTORIALS
7.1
Well Completion Designs
7.2
Completion Tutorials: Spot The Errors
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Having worked through this chapter the Student will be able to:
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make a recommendation based on well integrity and reservoir management
requirements.
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production and injection applications.
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for a variety of situations.
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equipment components.
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mechanisms/operational problems with equipment.
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multiple reservoir units.
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zones simultaneously.
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trees for multiple completion strings.
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INTRODUCTION
The development of a hydrocarbon reservoir requires a large number of wells to be
drilled and completed to allow the structure to be depleted. The drilling and completion
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objectives. The design and completion of both production and injection wells must:
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of the completed well
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characteristics or development constraints.
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a conceptual design (Figure 1):
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This conceptual design process is initiated on the basis of data from exploration wells.
Considerable uncertainty may exist as to the validity and accuracy of that data. Thus
a number of alternative designs for well completions will normally be selected and
contingency designs may be developed. The detailed design evaluation and costing
of the selected completion concept will then be undertaken to:
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It is essential that an interactive approach is adopted at both the conceptual and detailed
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and production technologists.
26/06/14
Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University
Initiate Design
Selection of
Production
Conduit
Bottom Hole
Completion
Technique
Well
Productivity
Completion
String
Facilities
Objective of
this chapter
Conceptual Design
Casing
String
Design
Detailed
Completion
String Design
Well
Performance
Optimisation
Final Design(s)
Figure 1 Completion design strategy.
Well Integrity is the process that sets the Standards and Policies which the completed
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maintained to these (company) standards and policies. These standards and policies
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Well integrity encompasses:
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Wellhead & X-mass tree
Casing & Cement Integrity
Shoe bond & window cement bond tests
CBLs
Casing Corrosion Logs
Zonal Isolation
Well bore integrity
Etc.
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Wellhead & X-mass tree integrity management
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Accessibility assurance (i.e. no obstruction)
Annulus Management
Gas Lift & Gas Injection

Pump Integrity Assurance
Etc.
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Scale Management
Asphaltene Management
Corrosion Management
Etc.
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Examples of well integration failure are presented in Table 1.
FAILURE EVENT
OPERATIONAL
CONSEQUENCES
CONCERN
IF NOT REPAIRED
Tubing failure in wall leak

or coupling
Tubing Annulus communication
Well safety
Packer failure
Annulus reservoir
communication
Well safety
Seal failure
Annulus reservoir
communication
Well safety
Tubing hanger leak
Tubing - annulus
communication
Well safety
Xmas tree seal leakage
External leak
Well safety
Wellhead leakage
External or annulus
leak
Well safety
Circulation sleeve seal failure
Annulus communication
Well safety
Sub Surface Safety Valve

failure
Inability to isolate well

Inability to land flow
control devices
Well safety and loss

of flow
Gas lift valve leak
Tubing annulus
communication
Well control limitation
Gas lift valve closure
Inability to lift well at

valve depth
No or limited
production
Downhole pump failure
Failure to lift well
No production
Table 1 The nature and consequence of completion failure.
26/06/14
BOTTOM HOLE COMPLETION TECHNIQUES
The three alternative approaches for the completion of the reservoir zones are:
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1.1
Open Hole Completion
The simplest approach to bottom hole completion is to leave the entire drilled reservoir
section open after drilling (Figure 2). Such completions are sometimes referred to
as barefoot completions and the technique is widely applied. Since no equipment
requires to be installed there are savings in both costs and time. However this type of
completion does mean that the entire interval is open to production and hence does
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recommended for production or injection wells where distinctive variations in layer
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wellbore unless the entry pour is at the base of the well where isolation with a cement
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dictating multizone depletion cannot be corrected with this type of completion.
This lack of zonal control for production or injection is the major limitation on the
application of this technique.
OPEN HOLE
Figure 2 Open hole completion.
Open hole completions can only be applied in consolidated formations as the borehole
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cases either total collapse of the formation or the production of sand may occur.
6
The above characteristics of open hole completions explains why they are used in:
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contact between fracture and well
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1.2
Screen or Pre-slotted Liner Completions
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(Figure 3) once the drilling through completed reservoir section has been completed.
The screen or liner is installed to prevent sand production into the wellbore and tubing.
The success of the completion in controlling sand production is dependent upon the
screen or slot sizes and the sand particle sizes. The screen will only become 100%
effective if it totally restrains sand production which requires that the slot size be equal
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This system is also used in high angle angle wells to prevent major borehole collapse
or facilitate the passage of logging tools.
PRE SLOTTED LINER

( or Alternative)
Figure 3 Well completed with wire wrapped screen or slotted liner.
This technique shares the inability for zonal control of production or injection with
open hole completion. It may also only effectively control sand production over a
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conventional sand screens restricts the technique's application to reservoir rock that
consists of relatively large and homogenous sand grains. The introduction of woven
mesh screens and in particular expanding sand screens has greatly extended its range
of applicability.
26/06/14
1.3
Cemented and Perforated Casing/Liner
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surface or a cemented liner which extends back into the shoe of the previous casing
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the wellbore and formation.
CEMENTED AND
PERFORATED
LINER OR CASING
Figure 4 Cemented and perforated production casing or liner.
The integrity and selectivity of the completion depends on an effective hydraulic

seal being provided in the casing-formation annulus by the cement placed during
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which it was assumed to be isolated. It may be possible to regain annular isolation or
close off unwanted perforations by a remedial cement squeeze operation.
This type of completion involves considerably greater costs and time than the previous
options. The cost of a full length of casing from the surface to the base of the well

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the additional rig time. The use of a liner helps to reduce the required length (and
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into zones are essential to a large number of developments. This has resulted in the
cemented and perforated liner or casing being the most widely applied bottom hole
completion technique.
SELECTION OF THE FLOW CONDUIT BETWEEN THE

RESERVOIR AND SURFACE
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the well by minimising corrosion or erosion.
The following alternatives exist for a single zone completion:
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These options are depicted in Figure 5

(a)
(b)
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TUBINGLESS
COMPLETION
TUBING COMPLETION
WITHOUT PACKER
(with optional
annulus production)
TUBING COMPLETION
WITH ANNULUS PACKER
Figure 5 Alternative production conduits for a single zone.
2.1
Tubingless Casing Flow (Figure 5a)
Once the well has been drilled and the bottom hole completion technique implemented
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is produced up the inside of the casing. This technique is very simple and minimises
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the above can result in potential burst of the casing at the wellhead if the well changes
from oil to gas production.
26/06/14
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greater than reservoir pressure in this type of completion can only be accomplished by
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particulates will be carried in the perforation or the formation matrix. Thus killing
such wells will result in a compromise between safety and subsequent productivity. In
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inhibiting the squeeze process.
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drilled passed all the zones and individual tubing strings located opposite each zone.
The entire borehole is then cemented and each tubing string perforated with orientated
guns. This is not a simple multi-zone completion but its design precludes workovers
if problems subsequently arise.
2.2
Casing and Tubing Flow (Figure 5b)
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has the very important advantage of providing a circulation capability deep in the
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required density to provide hydraulic overbalance on the reservoir. This capability

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necessity for reinjection into the reservoir. It also does not require the high pressures
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Tubing Flow Without Annulus Isolation (Figure 5b)
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consideration should be given to closing the annulus at surface and preventing annular
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tailpipe. Some gas will accumulate in the annulus resulting in an increased casing head
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the annulus when it off-loads as a gas slug into the base of the tubing and is produced.
This production instability will be cyclical and is referred to as annulus heading.
In this type of completion the casing is exposed continuously to the potentially corrosive
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when the annulus is not left open to production.
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2.4
Tubing Flow with Annular Isolation
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casing. The packer is normally located as close to the top of the reservoir as possible
to minimise the trapped annular volume beneath the packer. Hence the volume of gas
which can accumulate there is minimised; simplifying downhole pressure management
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such as a sliding side door which allows annulus communication. Alternatively one can
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This completion system is by far the most widely used and offers maximum well
security and control.
COMPLETION STRING FACILITIES
There are many capabilities which can be included in the string design. Some of these
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design with a large number of components. Such inbuilt complexity compromises the
reliability of the completion string. The design process should thus initially identify
the minimum functional requirements. Any additional options are then assessed on
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3.1
Basic Completion String Functions and Facilities
The basic facilities provided by a completion string must allow it to continue the
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safe operation of the well at all times and also reliably allow for its shutdown in a
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act as a composite high pressure system which prevents the unintended escape of
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Tree into the surface processing facilities.
The following (see also Figure 6) are considered to be the essential for the majority
of completion string installations to allow the well to be produced in a safe and
controlled manner:
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26/06/14
11
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annulus between the production casing and the tubing.
(c) The ability to affect downhole shut-in either by remote control or by automatically

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(d) A means to establish circulation between the annulus and the tubing.
(e) The ability to block the tubing by the installation of a plug. This allows pressure
testing of the tubing etc.
Surface Isolation
(wellhead / Xmas tree)
Tubing Isolation (SSV)
Circulation between
Annulus & Tubing (SSD)
Annulular Isolation (packer)

Tubing Isolation (nipple)
Figure 6 Basic well completion schematic.
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Consider each of the functions in turn:
Pressure and Flow Containment

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the casing and tubing annulus is protected from the reservoir or injection pressure if a
packer is installed at the bottom of the production tubing. The tubing size is selected
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from which each casing string is suspended will be rated for maximum anticipated
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12
is provided by the valve system located on top of the wellhead. This Xmas tree usually
comprises an in-line valve with a backup valve to shut in the well and side outlets
with valves for both choke and kill line attachment during well killing procedures.
Annulus Isolation
Annulus isolation is required in the majority of production wells for reasons of tubing
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necessary to isolate the annulus to prevent surface injection pressures being exerted
on the wellhead and possibly giving rise to burst of the production casing. This occurs
in injection wells and during well stimulation operations.
This annular isolation is normally achieved by installing a packer at the bottom of the
completion string which is lowered into the wellbore with an elastomeric element
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is normally set quite deep in the well.
Downhole Closure of the Flow String

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tree valve is not possible. The installation of a sub-surface safety valve (SSSV) will
provide this emergency closure capability. The valve can be either remotely operated
from the surface {a surface controlled sub-surface safety valve (SCSSSV)} or will
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low bottom hole pressure) occurs in the well.
Circulation Capability
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without a production tubing) is the inability to kill the well by circulation. A coiled
tubing unit or snubbing unit could be used but is unlikely to be available at short notice
to carry out the well killing operation. Hence the majority of completions include
one of the following devices to provide circulation between the annulus and tubing:
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They can all be opened when required and subsequently closed. An alternative is to
use a tubing punch or a perforation gun with a low power tubing perforator charge.
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Tubing Isolation
A further means of physical isolation of the reservoir is installed at one or more places
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above and/or just below the packer. The isolation is normally provided by lowering
a plug on wireline down the inside of the tubing string until it lands and locks into
a wireline nipple which was incorporated into the design of the tubing string at an
appropriate depth.
26/06/14
13
3.2
Additional Completion String Functions
A range of other tubing functions may be necessary as a future contingency. Some of

the more prevalent are discussed below.
Downhole Tubing Detachment

Failure of a tubing string component often results in the necessity to pull the completion
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of equipment to be pulled from the completion while making this replacement. Thus
a point of easy detachment and reconnection would be useful. This is obtained by
installing a removable locator device that seals in the remainder of the tubing string
left in the well during the repair operation. A means of hydraulic isolation of the
tubing below the point of detachment is also required. Examples of such systems are

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and retrieved; or a downhole hanger system which suspends the tubing in the well
beneath the wellhead. Completion components that are more prone to failure and
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Tubing stresses
Temperature and pressure changes during normal well operations results in the tubing
string can expand or contract in length. The resulting changes in the tubing stress can
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and downhole in the packer.
These stresses can be avoided by installing a moving seal system which allows expansion
and/or contraction of the tubing without mechanical failure or disengagement from
the packer or seal bore. Various systems are available. They all feature a concentric
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moves while the other is stationary.
Ability to Suspend Pressure and Temperature Monitoring Equipment

It is frequently required to monitor the bottomhole pressure during production tests by
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entry point when the packer tail pipe is blocked by installation of the gauge.
Controlled Fluid Injection from the Annulus into Tubing

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counteract the impact of these characteristics. Examples of this may be the injection

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into the casing-tubing annulus and include in the tubing string a side pocket mandrel
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to lighten the hydrostatic head and maintain production at economic levels.
14

The selection of an electrical or hydraulically powered downhole pumping system or
of gas lift will require the inclusion of the pump or of multiple side pocket mandrels
in the completion string design. Important design issues will be:
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well.
Wireline Entry Guide

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Guide (WEG) aids retreval of the wireline tool string from the casing into the lower
end of the tail pipe of the tubing string.
3.3
Composite Completion String
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be considered. Figure 7 summaries the general completion components and their
functions.
COMPONENT
FUNCTIONALITY
XMAS TREE
Flow Control and

Surface Isolation
WELLHEAD
Tubing & Casing

Suspension
(SC) S.S.S.V.
Safety Isolation
Downhole
SIDE POCKET
MANDREL(S)
SLIDING SIDE
DOOR
SEAL ASSEMBLY
Circulation or
Fluid Injection
Tubing / Annulus
Circulation
Accomodate
Tubing Stress
PACKER
Annular
Isolation
NIPPLE
Tubing
Isolation
PERFORATED
JOINT
Alternative
Entry for Flow
NIPPLE
Landing T and P
Guages
W.E.G.
Wireline
Re-Entry
Figure 7 General well completion string schematic.
26/06/14
15
COMPLETION STRING COMPONENTS
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has numerous variants and each equipment supplier has their own particular designs.
In practice most companies use one supplier or have considerable experience with
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with a certain type of threaded coupling. Hence tubing completion equipment is of
necessity fairly standard and comparable between the different suppliers.
Equipment selection should be done on the basis that the component will provide a
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!!
& % *
under a range of operating scenarios. Each component adds undesirable complexity
to the completion. This must be compensated for by the fact that it is necessary or

. One approach to discussing whether a particular
*
!__! ! $ %
!%
%

$& !% & !!%!<! & &! !! &% ![ ],
can be assessed against the drawback of incremental complexity.
Each component in Figure 7 will now be discussed below in relation to its purpose in
production operations. It should be remembered at all times that the purpose of well
design is to minimise the wells "total life time cost" (i.e. the sum of the well construction
capital costs and the subsequent operating costs. Thus a range of reservoir depletion
scenarios should be considered during the above evaluation.
4.1
Wellhead/Xmas Tree
The wellhead provides the basis for the mechanical construction of the well at surface
or the sea-bed. It provides:
" ! ! &$&
!! & !;

,% *
" ', ! !

! >[*
& $
% *
This is ether a blow out preventer stack whilst drilling or the Xmas tree for
production or injection
" },&

!!% *
! *

&
between the production casing and tubing for well circulation
% K ! $ $ $& [*
% [&!&
&<
&
into the well. The Xmas tree is normally installed on the wellhead after installation
of the production tubing has been completed. The wellhead provides the facility for
all the casing strings and the production tubing are suspended from the well head
*%
%!! ! &,%
&
;% & % * %
!
K ! & !! +% !**$ $ !;
&
&% % <
; * @'&& ,;% %&
outlet (swab value) provides vertical access into the tubing for insertion of wireline
or coiled tubing tools into the well. The lower valve is the master valve. It controls
all hydraulic and mechanical access to the well. Well safety may require it to be
duplicated. All outlets have valves which may be manually operated or are remotely
controlled valves operated from a control room.
16
GAUGE VALVE
XMAS TREE
TOP CONNECTION
SWAB VALVE
FLOW FITTING
CHOKE
WING VALVE
MASTER VALVE
TUBING HEAD ADAPTOR

TUBING HANGER
TUBING HEAD
WELLHEAD
TUBING
CASING HANGER
CASING HAED
INNER CASING
INTERMEDIATE CASING
SEALING MEDIUM
CASING HANGER
CASING HEAD
OUTER CASING
Figure 8 Simple wellhead assembly including casing spools and Christmas tree.
4.2
Production Tubing
The bulk of the completion string comprises threaded joints of tubing which are coupled
together. The integrity of the tubing is vital to the safe operation of a production or
<
* % !

&
!
& ! &
%
%
&%,&

&! $! &;% ! &
$ & *
!& !% ! !
&$&
the following capabilities:
Y\% !& & % ! $& &
& [& $
,
minimise the total pressure loss (the tubing performance relationship).
(2) The tensile strength of the string (both tubing and coupling) must be high enough
to allow suspension of the complete string without tensile failure.
(3) The completion string must be able to withstand the maximum conceivable
internal (or burst) pressure.
(4) The completion string must be able to withstand the maximum concievable
external differential pressures between the annulus and the tubing (the collapse
pressure).
(5) The tubing must be resistant to chemical corrosion which may arise because of
[&

% * ; &% ,
! ,

one of the loads and stresses mentioned above (2)-(4).
26/06/14
17
Each of the above facets of tubing selection are discussed below.
4.2.1 Tubing Diameter

$ ,% !& & % !!
&% !& &
!& &,% * %
@ !!! $ % !* % Y!>\
^!>% * %
@ !!*[
% ! ! %%
steel as well as its resistance to failure with high internal (burst) or (collapse) external
!! & !% !%!!
& !
!& &
& !

* %>*%
%%!!
!% * %
@ !!
4.2.2 Tensile Strength

The maximum allowable tensile load of a joint of tubing is determined by the tensile
! %% ! ;% * %
@ !!% Y &%
% & \
and the tensile strength of the threaded coupling.
% ! $ ! & & & !! }_;_;_;_;_ &?_
The numbers after the letter grading signify the minimum yield strength in units of
a thousand psi. The letter grades indicate the manufacturing process or subsequent
% ! &,! !; % & & ! % &
$ !
! !+ ;% %% % , &! %
&,*@
% ! ;% !!
! & ,}2S.
% , &! %& !% ! ! %!% !
&!
&,% & * !
% ;%
% * %>
foot of the pipe also affects the tensile load. The joints nearest surface are under the
greatest tensile load due to weight of the suspended pipe since each joint suspends
the joint immediately beneath it.
% % & &
% !$& * !

!!, ! !
load up the tubing string and secondly to produce a connection which provides a seal
to retain internal pressure within the tubing.
The design of a completion string to withstand a given tensile load will obviously be
dependent upon the depth to which the completion string will be run but the following
aspects will also be considered.
(a) The minimum tensile strength of the pipe utilised for the design will be based
%
!& % !

+* &
&,%
application of a safety factor with a typical value of 1.6 to 2.0.
(b) The tensile load of a suspended string will cause it to become longer leading to
a reduction in the tubing's wall thickness. This will have to be taken into failure
conditions due to high external pressures by derating the nominal collapse resistance.
4.2.3 Internal Pressure

+!% & % ! !! % ! ; %
the differential pressure between the internal and the external pressures. The "highest"
burst condition is usually encountered at the surface where the external pressure is at
its minimum. The maximum design burst pressure is normally the pressure when the
18
!! ! & % % & !! = !% ! $ !! !
the hydrostatic head of gas in the well.
A safety factor which varies from 1.0 to 1.33 is normally used to reduce the tubing
manufactures test data.

The collapse condition occurs when the external pressure exceeds the internal pressure.
This condition is normally greatest at the bottom of the well when the annulus is full
[& &! $
&
The published minimum tubing collapse data are derated by a safety factor of 1.0 to
1.125.
4.2.5 Corrosion
There are two principal types of corrosion encountered in oil and gas production
wells namely:
(1) Acidic Corrosion due to the presence of carbonic acid (from CO2) dissolved
% &
&* %

&
% %,&
[&
(2) Sulphide Stress Cracking/Hydrogen Embrittlement due to the presence of
H2% [** [&!% ! $}2S can also be generated by
% *% &

! [&!; %
!_ !
or in the reservoir.
Most corrosion is selective (pitting) rather than an even reduction in wall thickness.
Corrosion inhibitor treatments will assist in minimising corrosion damage but must
be continiously applied. The alternative approach is to select a steel that is naturally
% &
&[&! ] ;* & ! !
& &! }2S

!! !!
% ! !!!!
; _
Figure 9 is an example of a completion metallurgy selection chart illustrating how
more complex and expensive alloys are required as the partial pressure of hydrogen
sulphide and carbon dioxide increases. Increasing reservoir temperature will further
complicate the selection process.
(3) Corrosion/erosion is also encountered due to the presence of produced solids
% * !&
& %% [*$
,
4.2.6 Coupling Types

There are two general classes of threaded coupling:
(1) Connections which require internal pressure to produce a pressure tight seal.
This type of coupling includes the API round thread and buttress connection whereby
a thread compound applied to the threads must be compressed by external pressure

%

! ,$&!
!*%%

(2) Metal to metal or elastomeric seal connection - Premium threads.
26/06/14
19
This class of coupling includes the Extreme Line as well as a range of specialised
!!

& !; },&~'& !!%
!
do not always utilise the threads to give the pressure seal but allow torque to be applied
to bring together seal shoulders or a tapered surface within the coupling.
^% !
! &
!;!
% ! ! ! !; !! &$&
additional seal system.
!
!! & ! Integral or couplings:
" ' ]
!
% !% ~'
Y \ = !%
thread be cut on each end of the tubing joints and while the coupling has two
female connection.
" ' ]
% !
$ * %
@ !!%
!

(Dc > D) giving it higher load capacity compared to an integral coupling. The
integral coupling (Figure 9b) has a male and female thread cut on opposite ends
of the pipe.
" ' ] !
! !
! &* %
@ !! &
% * % &
*%!

%
the tensile load carrying capacity.
" '[!%<! *%
%% ! + Y&&
\%%
the make up connection (Figure 9a).
" ' !
! *%
%% ! ! !
&
! &
Internal Diameter (d > dc) in the area of the coupling (Figure 9b).
1.0E+06
1.0E+05
DUPLEX STAINLESS
22 Cr- 5 NI - 3Mo
COLD WORKED 2205
15 Cr - 60 NI - 16 Mo
21 Cr - 61 NI - 16 Mo
25 Cr - 50 NI - 16 Mo
1.0E+04
QUENCH
ANNEALED
1.0E+03
27 Cr - 31 NI - 3.5 Mo
22 Cr - 42 NI - 3 Mo
1.0E+02
13 Cr
20 Cr - 25 NI - 4 Mo
1.0E+01
1.0E+00
1.0E-01
API J-55
N-80
NACE
API-80
C-75-2
85 SS
90 SS
1.0E-02
1.0E-03
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
Partial Pressure of H2S, psia
Figure 9 An example of a Completion Metallurgy Selection Chart
20
1.00E+06
a)
b)
D
d
D
d
dc
dc
Dc
Dc
Figure 9 \~'{' ,[!%

\' ; ,!

!"
% !!& & ,,% * &
$, ,!!*%
%& !%
optimum tubing internal diameter based upon the available sizes. Frequently the
completion string will contain tubings of different diameter with the diameter decreasing
towards the bottom of the well. The use of larger diameter tubing higher up the well

%
![*$
! !% [& ] &! & !! &
from solution as pressure declines up the tubing. The reduction in tubing size in the
lower sections of the well may be necessary because of limited equipment availability
&
%
; &
!& &
% & && ! ! &% %
%

&!Y !;! &
! \

&
% ! !!
&% !!

the tubing is summarised as:
26/06/14
Length
of tubing
tubing
OD
e.g.7000'
51/2
tubing
wt/ft
23 lb/ft
grade coupling
of steel
type
C-75
joint
length
Hydril Range 3
Super EU
21
4.3
Annular Pressure Seal
An annular seal or pack-off in production wells is necessary for:

" +$ &[*! , &&

" ?
% !!
!,! Y% &

! &
the wellhead).
" +! $ ! !&! &
!;
! *&
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permeability or for stimulation or pressure maintenance.
The most common method to provide an annular seal is the packer (Figure 10a). The
packer is anchored in position by pushing the steel teeth of the slips into the casing
wall while the pack-off is accomplished by expanding or extending the elastomer
element outwards from the packer body until it seals against the casing wall (Figure 10b).
a)
b)
Compression force moves

cone downwards moving
slips against casing well
and compressing sealing
element.
The greater the compression, the
greater the sealing force and the
resulting resistance to packer movement.
Drag Springs
Slips
Upper
Cone
Lower Cone
Cone
Lower
Sealing Elements
Lower Slips
Slips
Figure 10 a) Permanent packer. b) Schematic of setting a compression set packer.
The characteristics that determine which type of packer is most appropriate for a
particular application are:
4.3.1 Ease of Retrieval

This refers to how easy it is to release the packer for retrieval to the surface. This
& !% & &
,*@$ * & , !&

limitations in of the differential pressure that the packer can withstand:
22
" A Retrievable Packer The packer can be run as an integral part of the tubing
string. It is run to the setting depth where the setting mechanism is actuated.
It can be easily retrieved after installation by pulling tension on the tubing and
shearing a set of (weak) screws. This reverses the setting process.
" A Permanent Packer (Figure 10a) cannot be so easily retrieved. It is usually
&! ! ,; % *%*%% % !!
subsequently run and the packer engage to achieve a pressure seal within the
central bore of the packer. Packer retrieval involves milling away the packer's
internal sleeves to allow the rubber element to collapse.
Packer Retrieval
" ' $
@ !
$ &, !% %! !
shears a series of (weak) brass screws at a predetermined value that depends
on the number and strength of the screws. The packer setting action can now
be reversed. The slips disengage from the casing wall and the sealing element
collapses and the packer is released from the casing wall and can be pulled to
the surface.
" $
@ = ! * ,% ! $ ;*%
%
%&!% !!
%! ! !%
@ ;*%
%!* &

be pulled from the well. The milling operation normally takes between 3-6 hours.
% % &!& &%
@ & &
, & &;
*%
% !! !%%;%
@ Y \% ! ! &
with a retrieval tool and catch sleeve which collects the remains of the packer
*% % !
; &% $ &
Packer
Mill
Packer
Milling
Shoe
Catch sleeve prevents

packer falling into well,
allowing immediate
retrieval
Catch
Sleeve
Figure 11 Packer milling tool illustrating one trip milling and retrieval.
26/06/14
23
4.3.2 Setting Mechanism

The compression and extrusion of the rubber element during the setting of packers
can be accomplished by a number of mechanisms.
" Mechanically set e.g. by rotation of the tubing string.
" Compression or Tension using the suspended weight of the tubing. A cone
mechanism transfers the string weight to be transferred to the packer to compresses
the rubber element (Figure 10b). This setting mechanism is simple but is
unidirectional in terms of the setting force and ability to withstand a differential
pressure. This drawback can be avoided by installing an upper cone (see Figure
10a) which acts in the opposite direction and will withstand tensile forces.
" Hydraulic set utilises hydraulic pressure inside the completion string. The tubing
string must be isolated or plugged below the packer to prevent pressure being
exerted on the formation or the annulus during setting.
" Electrical The packer (plus tailpipe) assembly is lowered into the casing on an
electrical conductor cable. A small explosive charge is detonated at the required
! & %;
% !
% !
4.3.3 Ability to Withstand Differential Pressure

" Compression PackersY * %! \+%
! &
* !;
higher pressure below the packer compared to above counteracts the setting
mechanism. This type of packer is suitable for injection wells where the differential
pressure supports the setting mechanism.
" Tension Packer This is the opposite to the compression packer.
" Compression and Tension Set Packers Packers that can withstand pressure
from either direction.
4.3.4 Number of Packer Bores

+!
!! ,% $ %%%
@
%! ;&
or triple bore packers are available for multiple tubing string completions.
4.4
Seal between Tubing and Packer
Some completion designs anchor the tubing string mechanically to the production
casing at both the packer and the tubing hanger that was landed in the wellhead.
% ;
% !% [* & !!

!
or contraction of the tubing string. This may result in buckling or tensile failure of
% ! *% * %
@ & * % & !
$ , %!; !
!! !

!! &
&*% % % , * $

compensate for thermal expansion and contraction of the tubing i.e. dynamic or static
seal assemblies respectively (Figure 12).
24
(a)
(b)
(c)
Locator
Anchor seal
assembly
(d)
Locator with seal

assembly inside
polished bore
of packer
(e)
Locator seal assembly

with seal bore extension
(f)
Polished Bore Receptacle (PBR)
Packer seals liner annulus
Cemented production liner
Extra Long
Tubing Seal
Receptacle
(ELTSR)
Travel joint
Figure 12 Schematic views of various tubing seal assemblies.
" Static or Anchor Seal Assembly (no tubing movement). An external elastomer
elements seal at the bottom of the tubing. Tubing movements is prevented by
installing a mechanical latch assembly inside the seal bore (Figure 12a).
" Dynamic Seal Assemblies accommodate tubing movement.
" Locator Seal Assembly (Figure 12b) This consists of a series of standard elastomer
seal elements which are run inside the smooth (polished) bore of the packer. The
%% ! !!!
% % , *%%
@ *% %
experiences the maximum expected amount of expansion or contraction. A greater
seal contact area is provided by a seal bore extension run below the packer (Figure
12c). A locator (or shoulder) is included at the top of the seal assembly. It has an
outside diameter that is greater than that of the packer base. The point at which the
! !%
@ !& &,! $ &
%
string weight when the locator "hangs-up" on the packer.
"
"
!"

# (ELTSR Figure 12d) This device consists of
two concentric cylinders with elastomer seals between them. The outer cylinder
is attached to the tubing string by a threaded coupling. The inner cylinder is
latched into the packer with an anchor seal assembly as described above. The
typical ELTSR is 10 30 ft long.
" Travel Joint (Figure 12e) This device is very similar to an inverted ELTSR.
" Polished Bore Receptacle (PBR) This completion component simultaneously
provides both an annular pressure seal and a locator seal which permits tubing
movement. The PBR consists of a receptacle with a polished internal bore (Figure
12f) which is run on top of a production liner with packer. A seal assembly can
then be run on tubing and located inside the PBR.
26/06/14
25
4.5
Sub-Surface Safety Valves (SSSV)
The Christmas Tree's production wing valve and master valves are used for well
isolation or closure under normal operating conditions. The advantage of these valves
!% % ,
&
&*% &
,% ! $ $ ! %
primary closure system for the well. Well security is endangered in the absence of
an effective surface closure system. This can occur during:
(1) Xmas tree removal during workover preparations to pull tubing
(2) Removal of valves or valve components for servicing
(3) Accidental damage to Xmas tree
Y\ @ % * % &_K ! [ ! !
'$ $ !%[*!
& %% * % & ! % !,!
This Sub-Surface Safety Valve or SSSV is required when the Christmas trees valves
are not operational. These valves are based upon two different control philosophies:
(1) Direct Controlled SSSV which are designed to close when downhole well
&! !! >[* $ , ! & !$ !% ! $ $ !

often refered to as "storm chokes".
(2) Remotely or Surface Controlled SSSV (SCSSSV) whereby closure and
opening of the valve is actuated using a surface control system which feeds
hydraulic pressure directly to the downhole valve assembly.
Both valve systems provide a failsafe shutdown system for remote sub-surface isolation
e.g. in the event of a catastrophic failure of the Xmas tree.
" Remotely Controlled SSSV This is the more widely employed and more
%&% $ $ ! , ,%,&
!! ;! &
the downhole valve by a small 1/4" monel control line run in the annulus and
! &% ;@ % $ $ % $ $ ! ! , %
[ , Y ! &\& $
*! $
deploying and retrieving the valve:
" Tubing retrievable The valve is run as an integral part of the tubing string. It
, $ &,% % [* %

% $ % !
& !% '! [*& * $ $ $

! & % % $ $ %! *!* &

;%%
!!, * ;% $ $ !
" Wireline retrievable The valve nipple is run as an integral part of the tubing
the internal valve assembly being subsequently run and retrieved on wireline
% [* %% $ $ *% $ ! % % &

tubing. It should always be evaluated if this will restrict production at some time
in the wells life. (This is especially important for gas wells).
26
Pressurised
control line
Landing
nipple
Sheer pin
Depressurised
control line
Snap ring
Shifting sleeve up
Shifting sleeve
down
Spring
extended
Spring
compressed
Ball
Spring
extended
Spring
compressed
OPEN
CLOSED
Figure 13 Ball type Surface Controlled Sub Surface Safety Valve.
Open
Pressurised
control line
Depressurised
control line
Shifting
sleeve down
Spring
compressed
Shifting sleeve up
Flapper
open
Flapper
closed
Spring
extended
Closed
Figure 14 Flapper type Surface Controlled Sub Surface Safety Valve.
Annular safety values are installed at shallow depth for cases where it is required to
minimise the volume of annular gas released if wellhead assembly is damaged. This
is typically installed in offshore wells where gas lift is installed or where a downhole
packer has not been installed. An example completion is illustrated in Figure 28.
26/06/14
27
4.6
Side Pocket Mandrel
The side pocket mandrel (Figure 15a and 15b) contains an off-centre pocket with ports
% !'$ $ ;*%
%
!% [&[* * & !;
! &%

@ % *![&[* * & !
" Gas lift valves ! ;!%% % ![* * % !
and the tubing at a preset pressure at valve depth. They can either respond to
the pressure of gas injected into the annulus or to the tubing pressure {see also
% ;Y !\% ?&

%,&
" Chemical Injection Valves *% <
&

%
!;!
% !
!%!;& !! !;

;% % $ $ !
opened when the annular pressure exceeds a preset value.
" Circulation [&!% !% !
% $ &,!
a valve with a bursting disc which can be sheared. Communication between the
annulus and the tubing can only be stopped by replacing the shear valve by wireline.
The installation and recovery of the valves from the side pocket mandrel is also
described in Chapter 5 (Gas Lift) of the Production Technology module.
(a)
(b)
Orienting Sleeve
Cross section of Side Pocket Mandrel

with gas lift valve installed in pocket
Seal Element
Polished bore
Tool Discriminator
No restriction
to tubing
access
Valve Body
Polish Bore
Valve body
Pocket Assembly
Figure 15a and 15b Side Pocket Mandrel with valve installed.
28
4.7
Sliding Side Door (SSD)
The sliding side door (Figure 16) permits communication between tubing and annulus.
+
!!!*

! $ !;
!!% !;*% !
! !
between them. The inner sleeve can move up or down by wireline or coiled tubing.
This movement aligns the inner and outer openings. Its main application is to provide

!!% !

! &
[&!%
tubing or annulus by circulation (often for well killing).
The SSD's design features external ports through the tubing wall within which is
located an inner mandrel with slots and seal rings above or below the slots (Figure
\`%
! &;% & ! $ !
&!
%% % !%
outer tubing wall are isolated by seals above and below on the inner mandrel (Figure
16b). Movement of the inner sleeve upwards (Figure 16a) allows circulation between
the tubing and annulus by aligning the slots in the inner mandrel with the ports in the
outer tubing. Moving the inner sleeve in the reverse direction returns the circulation
device to its closed position after completion of the circulation operation.
Movement of the inner sleeve requires the running of a shifting tool to open and
close the sleeve. The shifting tool lands in the top or bottom of the inner sleeve and
,< ;% ! $
$ &&* ,$ % ! $
cannot be accomplished if a extremely high differential pressure exists across the
sleeve. Any number of sleeves of the same size can be run in the same completion.
&! % ! %
* & $ & % !

jarring can cause failure to close the sleeve. A separation sleeve can be run which will
land inside the sliding sleeve and seal in the seal bores above and below the slotted
section of the inner sleeve when it proves impossible to close the sliding side door
as described above.
Sliding (inner)
Sleeve
Seals
Ports on SSD body
Circulation
permitted
Circulation
prevented
Seals
Inner ports
a) Open
b) Closed
Figure 16 Wireline Operated Sliding Side Door.
26/06/14
29
4.8
Landing Nipples
' & Y \! !%;
!,*% *%

%
can accommode and secure a mandrel run into its bore on wireline or coiled tubing.
It provides a:
"
!!
%
,
@% &
! ! ] & @ ,!
" ? !! ! * % % &% !
%
mandrel.
% % ! &>
@ & ! *%
%%
mandrel (a plug or other equipment) may be selectively installed.
Selective Landing Nipple
Mandrel with correct profile

locked in place
Pressure Equalising
Sub allows retrieval
of mandrel
Subsurface
Flow Control
valve
Figure 17!
[*
& !
$ &
Nipples are installed at various points in the string to allow:

Y\+! % ! * !% ; *@$
hydraulically setting packers.
(2) A ported device which allows communication between the tubing and the annulus.
Y\#
,
! % [*
&, &

control.
Y\*% %% [*
30
(5) The installation of downhole pressure and temperature recording gauges.

The landing nipple maybe selective or non-selective. A selective nipple will only allow
the corresponding mandrel to lock into place e.g. seven or more different mandrels
of the same size can be selectively landed in the correct nipple installed in tubing.
There are three methods of obtaining selectivity in a landing nipple system:
Y \
$, ! & $
(b) Selectivity associated with the setting tool.
(c) Selectivity based upon pre-spaced magnets.
4.9
Perforated Flow Tube
% &<Y \ *![* % ! $ % !

%
@ ! &,;! ,; !! !
4.10 Flow Coupling

,%
!! !; & !;! &*% !;
*
! !
[*%
$
&&$

! !!
&
with entry to and exit from the nipple system will cause increased turbulence. This
turbulence can lead to substantial abrasive erosion of the tubing wall and nipple
system. Flow couplings (Figure 18b) are installed above and below the nipple to

![*! % & $
!% ,% $
! &* %
@ !! ! ]
allowance for erosion.
(a)
(b)
Flow Coupling
with increased
wall thickness
Turbulence
generated
by landing
nipples profile.
Landing Nipple
Flow Coupling
with increased
wall thickness
Figure 18 \? &[* \*

26/06/14
31
MULTIPLE ZONE COMPLETIONS
$%
&
Multiple zone completions are employed for reservoirs where more than one distinct
! $ , ! !
& , ! * & % ! % ;
= ;&
<
% ! , !! ,#
% ! $
% !;,& ;!* !! &; ! ;% * !_^_

and Water-Oil-Contact.
%

% ! ! $ , ]!! ,}* $ ;&

!

!& &! &; &% &
,& &!
% ] *%
%$
[*
! & ! $!

&,
% !
in depositional conditions resulting in layers having a variable degree of vertical
permeability. Each of the producing layers has to be treated as a separate reservoir if
a very low vertical permeability exists between the separate the layers.
5.2
Multiple-Zone Depletion Concepts
" % *$ ! !*%

%[& %
! $ ! !, [*! ! ! * !
producing up a single tubing string.
" Segregated, Multi Zone Depletion: multiple production conduits are installed
within the same wellbore. Each tubing controls the production of one reservoir.
" Alternate Zone Well Completion Strategy: each well is completed on more
% ! $}* $ ;, ! $!&
& !
at any particular time. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the above
techniques is discussed below.
5.2.1 Co-mingled Flow

Advantages
" % * ! &%
$ ! ;!! &!

%
well provides a drainage point in every reservoir
" % &
]
% ! $ !%&
% & =
@, !

the amount of drilling is minimised and so is the number of wells and the time
required to execute the drilling programme. i.e. production should be accelerated
compared to the other optional strategies
Disadvantages
" % ]&
&[&!% *
&! &$ ![&!
from one or more of the reservoirs have any of the following characteristics:
1 Corrosive or potentially corrosive materials
&!;}2;^2.
2 Produced sand has an erosive effect. The implementation of sand control
procedures may be more complicated.
3

compositions and hence differing economic
value.
32
4

%!*[
% $

lift performance of the total well system.
" Variation in individual zone pressures and permeability can lead to a back pressure
effect on the less productive or lower pressure reservoirs.
" !
"
#
$ %

"
Only the total well production rate can be effected by choke control.
" &
$"#

'
! [&!
!,
be diverted into individual layers without temporary isolation using sealants
(diverters) or bridge plugs.
" A change in the production characteristics of one zone e.g. water coning and the
! =
! `^*[
% &
% *
+ , &
&,*%
!% *
5.2.2 Segregated Multiple Zone Depletion

Advantages
" % &
&& [*
%
& & ,
controlled.
" % ! % &

%
!
! * [
%
others.
" , ! & *@ &$& !

!% &
*% * ,!
% &
% !;
!= ;
;

"
$
% !!!
" !&
% !!! %! !!!!
balance or reservoir simulation studies for reservoir management.
Disadvantages
" #
% = !!*!
!% %&

tubing and other completion equipment required. This requires an increase in
%
] & ;% &$& * ! &
!
the total time required to complete the drilling programme.
" %
%

], %
!
! & =
equipment malfunction can be expected during installation and in the future.
" % &
&! !
%
!
_
! , &

% [*

,% *
26/06/14
33
5.2.3 Alternate Zone Well Completion Strategy

Advantages
" #
$
!
! ! $& &*
!$& &
" `
! !,
% & % & ! , ! &;
changing a well from production to injection.
" ? !
& * &
!! ,[
%
,
% &
[&% ! &* !
" #
%* !
%
, $ ,! !% !@ &
to complexity.
Disadvantages
" ' * !% $ & & &
&
% $ % !
degree of depletion control and reservoir management. The same reservoir drainage

,*,
% $ &, !! ,
! & && $
cost.
" % &! &%!% &

!!;*
! & !!
the number of wells is increased.
5.2.4 Selection of Development Strategy

" Offshore or Onshore Development
Offshore developments have a higher well cost and a reduced number of wells
compared to comparable onshore developments
'

*

+;

#
<
The installation of complex multiple completions is problematic in high angle
* ! &
&!
&
! &
! !% &
!
excessive lost time while these problems are corrected.
'
=

>
#
#?

@
K>
%
! ! , % &
& [&! * [

% ,
+ &&;% & *%
%% & *&*
%! !!&
% ! ,[
%
%

completion:
34
+ &&;% [*

% % &!
! % ! ! &;
!
@!
*%% *
a multiple tubing completion.
$Q
U
<
K;
K"
` !

;
& , !*%% ! *
bore by simply increasing the amount of completion equipment installed to provide
! & [*

,% ! ! % ! *
&
!

The inherent advantage of the single wellbore completion are lost as the number
!%%
],; &%
%
;
! !
The optimum number of zones to be produced into any wellbore will depend on the
! $ Y % &
\; % * & ! Y % & $ \ &
the expected problems (e.g. completion component failure and expected operational
problems throughout the well's life).
5.3.1 Dual Zone Completion

There are a number of ways in which completions can be designed to produce two zones
Y \ !& !
_ &[* &&$& * >
% {
Casing/Tubing Flow
In this case a single tubing string is run with a single packer installed to provide isolation
between zones. The lower zone will produce up the tubing whilst the upper zone will
&
%
!_ !% &
,*%%!,
!
% & [*
&!*% $ $ ! % !
!!
! ,$ $ '!% &
&[&!

*%%
! &
,%!
! & ,
! !+ &&; !! !
the annulus with respect to casing burst may preclude stimulation of the zone which
produces via the annulus. These issues can be addressed by:
" (""%

&*% % [&!_
!$ ;
non-abrasive and where casing pressure limitations do not preclude stimulation.
" )%

this design can be considered in situations where the

*& ! [*% * [*
system requires one long and one very short tubing and two packers and a crossover
%!& !%* $ ;!
!!% !;

26/06/14
35
(a) Upper Zone Annular Flow
(b) Lower Zone Annular Flow
Nipple
Sliding side door for

upper zone production
Sliding side door for

upper zone production
Nipple
(c) Single String Selective
(d) Dual Tubing
Figure 19^!! && !;*

*%

'
&
!"
%!
% ! ! !
% + = !*
@ !;
one to isolate between zones and the other to isolate the upper zone from the
upper casing annulus. The depletion of each zone can be accurately monitored
&
&+ &&;% <
[&!
% ! &,
,% & !
%
! ! ! &%

&
* [&!% ,

% % %

!%* &'

*!
[*% &
&[&!Y $
!! \ = !
complex running procedure.
" Single String Selective
% * !
&* !;*% !% % ! & ! &
to selectively allow the production of either zone or to commingle both zones.
%
= !*
@ !; ! * ! &% %
! % !+ &&; ,! = &[&%
upper zone to enter the !%!
& &
! & !& ! &;
sliding side door (SSD). Finally producing the upper zone into the tubing closure
of the lower zone may be accomplished by setting a plug in a nipple at the base
of the tailpipe.
36
5.3.2 Completions for Three or More Zones

The options discussed for dual completions can be extended for wells to be completed
with or without some degree of zonal co-mingling on three or more zones.
Thus for Triple Zone Completions this can be accomplished with either:
" % !
!! [* &% $%
packers for isolation.
" *!
;*% ,[** !!
_ &
the tubing strings.
" [* &*!!&
! ,*
zones.
" *!
*% % %% !!
& *
selectively production from two of the zones. This requires two tubing strings
and three packers.
" !; !
$

5.4
Multiple Completion Equipment
+ !; = = !

! ,
based upon the equipment available for single string completions with the following
exceptions:
" % !,! !
"
@ !,! !
"
! &! =
Obviously the number of tubing strings will affect the completion procedure. The size
of the tubing and ancillary equipment will be dictated by the limitations imposed by
%
!!& & ; ! & &=
!* ,
!

5.4.1 Tubing Hanger Systems

The simplest way of landing multiple tubings in the tubing head spool is to use a
segmented hanger (Figure 20). Each tubing string requires a hanger segment. Upon
& % !!;% % !!%&
!

%
which also seals the annular space in the landing seat within the tubing head spool.
Normally each hanger segment is made up with a short (or pup) tubing joint above
and below which is attached to the rest of the string. The tubing strings can either be
run independently or simultaneously.
Provision must also be made for the control lines for each tubing string and valve
system when using a surface controlled sub-surface safety valve.
26/06/14
37
Figures 20 Split dual tubing hanger
5.4.2 Multiple Tubing Packer Systems

!,! !* , = % ;%
@ ! = !%
! &
&*
@ !* = & & ;&
tubing completion. The lower one is a single packer whilst the upper will be a dual

@ ,;%
@ !* = &;
! ! ;& &

@ % ;

Similar types of multiple string packers are available as these described for single string

@ !; % ,
% $ + &&;% ,
!
! %,&

%
!
& % * !
& ;
! = ,! &! % * ;! !
@
Although in most cases it is preferable to run retrievable multi-string packers since it
&! ! $ &,
]*@$ ;
packers are available and may be required in high pressure wells or wells where
!
$ & ! !! !
& % !
&
the packers must be such to allow pressure testing of all tubing to be carried out
independently before initiating the packer setting procedure.
All multiple string packers must offer a means of connecting tubing both above and
below the packer for each string. In some cases mechanical attachment exists e.g.
!
* &% ! %
@ *%!;%
! !;%
@ !
a seal bore.
The tubing strings will have different lengths in multiple string completions in
,
$$ !!% , & & !% !;%
intermediate string and the short string. This terminology is crucial to the running
procedures for the completion e.g. a packer may be run into the well on the long
!*%
%! & &; & , ! !%,&
!! % ,%
!,% !%! % ! ;
&%
@ ! &
landed off in the tubing hanger.
5.4.3 Blast Joints

The long string in a multiple completion is located in the casing opposite the perforated
!
! &
!% &
[&[*%%% !
% * ! , &
% * ]! &% [&[*!
!=
@,
% %%[*% % [& % *
38
Y %%$
, ![*\ ,% $ !

% *
% !; &%,&
!% ! *& !
,
!
! &% !& ! &
&
'%
@* &!
@* ! !<;! ,
& &%
string opposite the perforated intervals of the upper production zones to compensate
for the increased rate of erosion.
WIRELINE SERVICING OF COMPLETION ACCESSORIES
The majority of well completions with "dry" wellheads and deviation angles < 65
use wireline techniques either to operate equipment in the well or eliminate the need
to pull the completion string and replace components which have failed. Typical
wireline applications are the:
" +!
= % &

e.g. a packer and a tailpipe assembly.
" +! $ = *% % ! $ $ !;
!! !;

" ^ &*% = % &$ !%[&[*
a sliding side door or install a bridge plug
" $ !;*%
%% $ % !;!
% !* ]
sand.
" '&<! %
$
` $$ !* % !

%
! !!! & & % ! ! &* ; & &
% !; % , !* ;*
jarring effect on the tool and activate the setting or retrieval mechanism that will carry
% = &
' $ ,;
*%

&

an electric signal can be used to initiate the required action.
! * *; ,
! !; =
@ ;

$
to mobilising a drilling or workover rig to pull the tubing string to replace faulty
= }* $ ;% * % !
!%,!
,$ ,
from the downhole location where the tool must operate. This remoteness coupled
with the uncertainty of cable stretch (especially important in deviated wells) and the
small scale of the tools makes wireline a technique which requires highly skilled
!
$ }* $ ;
* & =
%
!& !$& !
! && [ ], !
well operations and servicing capability. Electric line allows real time information and
measurements to be conveyed to the surface operator. This means that the equipment is

% ] !$ &% !! %%, &}* $ ;% !
!

% $ !% = &,%
$ ;!
@;
wireline unit.
26/06/14
39
Wireline's greatest asset is the ability to conduct operations on a "live" well i.e. one
*%

]!! * % ! $;% * &% %
tubing. Hence pressure is present at the xmas tree during a wireline intervention and
the surface wireline equipment must allow:" * % !% Y&*% \*@
&!!! =
retrieval.
" % ! &%
!
" } & & ,!!% %
&% !

positioned vertically above the well prior for lowering through the Xmas tree
and into the tubing string.
" % ,! % !% $ * & $ !!! &
* [& !
% $
" '* $ *%
%*! % ! &%
&;
= &;
% *
The components of a conventional wireline system are shown in Figure 21.
Pulley
Stuffing Box
(Pressure Seal Around Wireline)
Lubricator
determines
maximum length
of toolstring
that can be inserted
into well
Lubricator (or Pressure Containment System)

consists of one or more tubing joints
Lifting Clamp
Portable Hoist
Wire
Lubricator Pressure Release
Blow-Out Preventor
Connection to Xmas Tree
Odometer
measures length
of wire inserted
into well
to Wireline Drum
Load Cell Measures Wireline Tension

Xmas Tree
Figure 21 Wireline Surface Equipment mounted on Xmas Tree
40
6.1
The Wire
$ * ;!

@* ;! ! ! ! &* % *
is normally made from high tensile steel so that the ratio of breaking strength (lbs)
to wire diameter (inches) is maximised. The minimum cable diameter is normally
used to reduce the weight of wire while still achieving the required breaking strength.
The wireline is normally wound onto a reel on a self contained skid which has its own
power supply for drum rotation and measurement of cable length and tension (Figure 22).
Work Platform
Wireline Unit
Portable Hoist
BOP Control
SC-SSV Control
Hydraulic Power Unit
Figure 22 Wireline Surface Equipment
6.2
Surface Monitoring Equipment
The important parameters that the wireline operator must be aware of at all times
during well operations are the tool string location (depth in the well) and the tension
on the cable. The length of cable in the well gives an approximate depth for the tool
string. It is measured by holding the cable without slippage against an odometer (a
wheel with a device that counts the number of rotations) as the tool string is lowered
into the well (Figure 21).
The cable tension is continuously monitored to ensure that the breaking strength of
the cable is not exceeded. The cable tension will:
" &
!% !!* &%% !
% !&
[& !! }

!

, $ ]
indication of tool position.
26/06/14
41
" +
! !% !!* &% * & %
!* %
the wire. Hence it will also decrease during recovery of the wire and tool string.
" +
! Y &,\% !% !_!
%, &*%
restriction during recovery of the wireline.
" $ ! ,; & ! % ! % * ; % ! *
reduce when it does not fall easily down the well due to increasing friction or a
downhole restriction.
The maximum well deviation angle for conventional wireline operations is 65 due
to the increasing friction of the wire and tool string against the tubing and production
casing or liner. Wireline servicing of such wells requires use of an electrically driven
tractor that pulls the tool string into the well. Tractors allow servicing of wells with
deviation angles greater than 90; but they require substitution of the slick (solid) wire
by a (more expensive) electrical cable as well as hire of the tractor itself.
TUTORIALS
7.1
Well Completion Designs
% !*

& !!; ! ]
&% *&
! &* $ !% $ ,& !! [
{
"

Well characteristics such as:

" ? !!
" ?&
$,<
$,& ]
" & !
"
@ ! &
&
"

Geographical factors:
"

" ` & %Y!% \
" ` %
&!
" '
!!,
" Operational design constraints:

" #$ !
" , !
!
" The number of producing zones.
A number of typical completion types are presented below. These designs have
been chosen to illustrate functional similarities and differences in a range of well
environments. They are all based on the concepts discussed in this chapter.
42
COMPLETION NO. 1 (Figure 23)

This completion features VAM tubing with an anchor seal assembly latched into a
permanent packer. The VAM tubing is required due to the production or injection of
gas with relatively high closed in surface tubing pressures. The permanent packer
would have been made up with its tailpipe and run in and set on drillpipe or with an
electric wireline cable. The absence of a moving seal assembly indicates that little
expansion or contraction will occur or that the need for good differential pressure
sealing integrity is paramount.
Hydraulic Control Line

Surface Controlled Sub Surface
Safety Valve
7" Production Casing
3 1/2" VAM Tubing
Wireline Operated Sliding Side Door
31/2 in 'X' Nipple
Anchor
Permanent Packer Seal Assembly
Millout Extension (Required for packer retrieval)
Crossover 51/2 in x 31/2 in
31/2 Hydril EU Tubing Tailpipe
31/2 in 'X' Nipple
31/2 in 'X' Landing Nipple
Figure 23 Single zone completion with no provision for tubing movement.
26/06/14
43

This design allows production through a tubing string with a moving seal assembly
located inside a permanent packer. Additional features include two nipples located in
% ;% !! ! % !! $ & &
the lower one for landing bottom hole pressure survey gauges.
Production Casing
Surface Controlled
Sub Surface Safety Valve
Production Tubing
Nipple
Wireline Operated Sliding
Slide Door
Locator
Seal Assembly
Permanent Packer
Seal Bore Protector
Packer Millout Extension

Cross Over to Smaller Tubing
Nipple

Nipple
Production Liner
Figure 24 Single zone completion utilising a locator seal assembly.
44

This design allows high production rates since the large bore tubing minimises the
frictional pressure drop in the tubing. The packer and tailpipe can be set on electric
cable or coiled tubing and the tubing string subsequently latched into the packer with
an anchor seal assembly at the base of an extra long tubing seal receptacle. The range
$ !,
,?&
!;;>&
or more are typical for this type of completion.
9 5/8" Production Casing

Surface Controlled Sub Surface
Safety Valve
7" Hydril Production Tubing
Wireline Operated
Sliding Side Door
Extra Long Tubing Seal
Receptacle with Nipple and
Anchor Seals on the Slick Joint
Permanent Packer Wireline Set

Mill-out Extension
4 Hydril Tailpipe
Nipple
Perforated Tube
Landing Nipple
7" Production Liner
Figure 25}%[*

with an extra long tubing seal receptacle for greater tubing movement.
26/06/14
45

%!
& ! %% [* &
<
! $
to Figure 23. It is referred to as a Monobore !% ! ; $ ,
!
diameter from surface to the reservoir. This consistent diameter facilitates concentric
access and intervention. It utilises a polished bore receptacle at the top of the 7" liner
which seals against a seal assembly installed at the base of the tubing string. The seal
assembly provides a moving seal area to accommodate expansion and/or contraction
% %!& !%! !
!^
&[*%
* % &% !'!!%*% ;% !
,! *
the PBR. This can be achieved by installing a packer and small tailpipe containing
a wireline nipple below the PBR. Circulation to kill the well is provided by a shear
valve in a side pocket mandrel instead of a sliding side door.
Surface Controlled Subsurface
Safety Valve
7" Production Tubing
Side Pocket Mandrel Permits
Circulation After Instalation of a
Chemical Injection or
Shear Valve
Nipple
Seal Assembly
Polished Bore Receptacle
Liner Packer and Hanger
7" Production Liner
Figure 26

%%[* <
>
production using a polished bore receptacle.
46

This completion provides gas lift to allow production to occur or to increase the
production rate. The string contains several side pocket mandrels containing gas injection
$ $ ! $ !& %!% & !! ! $
@ ;
%

if it is suspected that a completion will require mechanical repair at frequent intervals.

Surface Controlled Subsurface
Safety Valve
7" Production Tubing
Nipple
Side Pocket Mandrels Provide
Subsequent Gas Lift Once Suitable
Valves are Installed
Nipple
Retrievable Packer
Nipple
4 Tail pipe
Perforated flow Tube
Nipple
7" Production Liner
Figure 27 Single zone completion with gas lift.
26/06/14
47

%!
] & ! &
! [ ], %
!
*!
commingled production of both zones or for selective production from either of the
zones. Continuous gas lift using gas injected down a separate string. Gas injection
using the 2 7/8" tubing avoids excessive gas pressures being exerted on the production
casing (which mitigates a casing burst if the casing has deteriorated). The small gas
injection string and dual packer are also used in offshore situations when annular gas
pressure is not allowed. In this case the dual packer is normally set at a shallow depth.
4 1/2" Production Tubing

(x2) Surface Controlled Subsurface
Safety Valve
2 7/8" Tubing
Hydraulic Set Retrievable
Dual Packer
Nipple
9 5/8" Production Tubing
Gas Lift Mandrels
31/2" Production Tubing

Travel Joint
Locator Seal Assembly
Wireline Set Permanent Packer
Upper Zone
Perforations
Blast Joint
Sliding Side Door

Permanent Packer
Nipple
Lower Zone
Perforations
9 5/8" Casing
Figure 28 !;!

$ ;& &
!*% !
48

This design features a downhole ESP installed parallel to a bypass tubing which allows

!!% &
*% #? &
!$ ,!;

% $ %,&
!
@ !! &%! &
!Y_\% &
!
in pulling the string should the pump need replacing regularly. The run life for a
large capacity ESP can be as long as several years but this depends upon installation

, &%
$ !% Y'
\
of the Production Technology module.
Junction
Box
Surface
Power
Cable
Production
Wellhead Incorporating
Cable Penetrator
Retrievable Hydraulic Set Packer
Production Tubing
(3 1/2")
Downhole Cable
Clamped to Outside
of Tubing
Y-Tool
Selective Nipple
Bypass Tubing (2 3/8")
Pothead Connection
Pump (5.44" OD)

Pump Inlet
ESP / Bypass Tubing Clamps
Motor (5.44" OD)
Pressure Sensors
Bypass Tubing (3 1/2")
9 5/8" Casing
Figure 29 Single zone completion with Electric Submersible Pump (ESP)
26/06/14
49

%!
! ! * !!; * ! & &

% *% !
& ! $ % *
@ !
permanent packer and the longer tubing string is connected to it using a seal assembly.
%
@ ! $ ;&
@ ' = !&
&; *
!_!
! ,$ $ !;*

& $
!;
%
@* &<!@* !
Blast Joints are used to combat erosion on the longer string at the point of entry of
[&% % *
2 x 1/2" EU Tubing
2 x Surface Controlled Subsurface
Safety Valves
Crossover 3 1/2" x 2 7/8"
2 7/8" EU Tubing
Nipple
3 1/2" Sliding Side Door
Nipple
2 7/8" Sliding Side Door

Tubing Latch and Seal
2 7/8" Nipple
2 7/8" Tubing
2 7/8" Nipple
2 7/8" Wireline Entry Guide
Upper Zone
Perforations
3 1/2" Blast Joint

Nipple
Sliding Side Door
3 1/2" Locator Tubing Seal Assembly
Permanent Packer
Crossover 3 1/2" x 2 7/8"
Perforated Tubing
2 7/8" Tubing
2 7/8" Nipple
Figure 30 Dual completion with segregated production.
50
COMPLETION NO. 9 ( Figure 31)

%! ,
! % ! & $ ,
% }* $ ; ! !
% !
!&!
!! & +% ! &! !;
% && # ! &% '*% ! ;& &
!% $
! & !% Y'
\% ?&

%,&
Production Casing
Nipple
Direct Controled Surface
Controlled Subsurface Safe
Upper Zone Perforations
Wireline Isolating Nipple
Borehole Wall
Direct Controled S.S.S.V
Lower Zone Perforations
Cement Sheath
Figure 31 A "Tubingless" dual completion.
26/06/14
51
7.2
Completion Tutorials: Spot The Errors.
Indicate the correct position of the accessories shown on the completion below (Figure
\
!%! $& &!% ,
& *%!
and then compare it with a solution on the next page (Figure 33).
Depth
0
100
Tubing hanger
Sliding Side Door

Blast Joints
600
758
Landing Nipple
1055
Landing Nipple
Control Line
9 58 Casing
3 2 Production tubing
Surface controlled
sub-surface safety valve
2000
2550
20 Locator seal assembly
2562
Permanent packer
2610
7 Liner hanger
2632
2774
SPM
Side pocket mandrel
Sliding side door
Landing Nipple
2784
Wire line entry guide

2992
HUD (Hold Up Depth)
Figure 32 A completion with several errors.
52
Depth
0
100
Tubing hanger
Sliding Side Door

Blast Joints
600
758
Landing Nipple
1055
Landing Nipple
Control Line
9 58 Casing
Surface controlled
2000
2550
2562
Permanent packer
2610
7 Liner hanger
2632
2774
SPM
Side pocket mandrel
Sliding side door
Landing Nipple
2784

2992
HUD (Hold Up Depth)
26/06/14
53
Depth
0
100
Tubing hanger
Sliding Side Door

Blast Joints
600
758
Landing Nipple
1055
Landing Nipple
Control Line
9 58 Casing
Surface controlled
2000
2550
2562
Permanent packer
2610
7 Liner hanger
2632
2774
SPM
Side pocket mandrel
Sliding side door
Landing Nipple
2784

2992
HUD (Hold Up Depth)
54
Depth
Tubing hanger
Surface controlled
500
3 2 Tubing
2400
SPM
2488
Side pocket mandrel

Sliding Side Door
Retrievable packer
2520
9 58 Casing
2550
Blast Joints
2562
2570
2580
Sliding side door

Landing Nipple
Permanent packer
2610
2632
Cross over 5 x 32
2650
Landing Nipple
7 Liner
perforated flow tube
2665
Landing Nipple
2774
2784
2992
HUD (Hold Up Depth)
Figure 33 A solution.
26/06/14
55
FURTHER READING
? ` !
,#
& !;;` !; &_
; ?!% & , % ` , ! & , !!
TN871.2P487 1988 and ISBN 0 471 96938 9
` ! , ,; ~ $ !
Petroleum Science. First Edition published by Elsevier in 2009. ISBN 978-044-53210-7 and ISSN 0376-7361
56
True Vertical Depth
Advanced Wells and Completions T W O
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
41/2 Inch
7 Inch
14000
1500
TD 15.925 ft. MD
1000
1000
1500
500
2000
Ea
st
(ft)
t)
2500
500
(f
rt
3000
1000
3500 1500
26/06/14
C O N T E N T S
1 INTRODUCTION
2 HORIZONTAL WELLS
2.1 Horizontal Well Trajectory and Build Radii
2.2 Extended Reach Wells
2.3 Geosteering
2.4 Horizontal Well Completion
2.4.1 Smart/Intelligent Wells
2.5 Well and Reservoir Performance
2.5.1 Flow Regimes
2.5.2 Reservoir Drainage Area
2.5.3 The Well Productivity Improvement Factor
!} ` !
2.6.1 Increased Exposure to the Reservoir
2.6.2 Connection of Laterally Discontinuous Features
2.6.3 Changing the Drainage Geometry
2.6.4 Extending Field Appraisal Laterally
2.6 Disadvantages of Horizontal Wells
2.8 The Economics of Horizontal Wells
2.8.1 Costs
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3 MULTI-LATERAL WELLS
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Multi-Laterals
3.2.1 Multi-Lateral Interference in the Reservoir
_ +
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3.3 Impact on Recovery and Rate
3.4 Initiation Methods for Laterals
3.5 Principal Multi-Lateral Geometries
!_ ` !#

Technical
3.6.1 Application of Multi-Lateral Wells
3.6.2 A Multi-Lateral Well Example
26/06/14
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Having worked through this chapter the Student will be able to:
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INTRODUCTION
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True Vertical Depth
This chapter discusses the application of advanced wells to enhance the exploitation
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TD 15.925 ft. MD
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3500 1500
Figure 1 A "Designer" well

26/06/14
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well details in the area around the proposed well is the foundation of this planning

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4
HORIZONTAL WELLS
Introduction
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Drilling and completion of horizontal wells
5,000
50,000
4,000
40,000
3,000
30,000
2,000
20,000
1,000
10,000
Cumulative Wells
Annual Well Count
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1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
Annual
1996
1998
2000
2002
Cumulative
Figure 2+
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26/06/14
Long Radius
Profile
Medium Radius
Profile
Formation Top
Pilot Hole
abandoned after evaluation
Target Reservoir
Figure 3 A horizontal well with pilot hole.
2.1 Horizontal Well Trajectory and Build Radii

The trajectory from surface to an entry point close to the reservoir is drilled using
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Build Radius
Heel
Toe
Standoff
Figure 4 Horizontal well nomenclature
Hole Type
Build Radius for 90 turn (ft/m)
Long Radius
1,000-2,000 / 300-600
Medium Radius
300-800 / 100-250
Short Radius
30-200 / 10-60
Ultrashort Radius
1 6 / 0.3 - 2
Table 1 Build radii.

6
Oil
Water
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2.2
Extended Reach Wells
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"Smart Wells" are installed.
26/06/14
0
5,000
TVD, ft
10,000
15,000
Extended Reach
Drilling Envelope
20,000
25,000
Horizontal Reach
= 0.25
True Vertical Depth
30,000
35,000
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
Departure, ft
Figure 5 Examples of Extended Reach Drilling.
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has allowed economic development with very large "step-outs" in shallow reservoirs.
2.3
Geosteering
The successful drilling and completion of a horizontal well at the target location
depends on placing the well at the correct depth within the reservoir. The lateral
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Figure 6 Geosteering on a shale zone.
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to severe gas cresting if any part of the well is close to the gas-oil contact.
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2.4
Horizontal Well Completion
Horizontal Well Completions are one or two orders of magnitudes longer than
conventional completions.
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Well Capacity
Completion Design
Wellbore length
orientation etc.
Production Casing or Liner
Lift considerations
Reservoir
Mechanical
problems
Flow capacity
(diameters)
Excessive
water/gas
production
Sand
production
Completion type
Open hole
Perforation
productivity
Reservoir inflow
performance
greatly increased
by horizontal well
Natural
Formation
damage
Figure 7 Well Production Capacity.
26/06/14
Sketches of three type generic horizontal well completions are shown Figure 8.
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System
Advantages
Disadvantages
Open Hole
barefoot completions
(Figure 8a)
- low cost
- large internal diameter
- risk of hole collapse

- difficult to abandon
- no sand control
Open-hole liner
completions
(Figure 8b)
- liner provides access for

wireline or coiled tubing
- maintains access if hole
collapses
- provides sand control if
wire wrapped screen installed
- isolation and
selectivity
problematic
- difficult to abandon
Cemented and cased

completion
(Figure 8c)
- provides zonal isolation

- allows multiple hydraulic
fracturing treatments
- can be completed as
a smart well
- higher cost
- achieving a
good cement bond
requires good
practices
Table 2 Horizontal well completion options.
Production casing shoe set in the reservoir

above the heel of the well
Open hole
section
Figure 8(a) Open hole completion.
Tubing tail pipe installed

partially along lateral moves the
point of maximum drawdown to the
centre of the lateral
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wirewrapped screen
Figure 8(b) ^ %

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10
Total flow rate measured by Multi-phase Flow Meter

installed near the Christmas Tree
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tubuling along lateral
Interval control valve

adjusts zonal inflow rate
into the tubing
Packer separates zones
Figure 8(c) Selective completion divides the lateral into three zones.
2.4.1 "Smart" or "Intelligent" Wells

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26/06/14
11
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2.5
Well and Reservoir Performance
2.5.1 Reservoir Flow Regimes

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Top View
Side View
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Vertical Well
Horizontal Well
Figure 9 Flow regimes for vertical and horizontal wells in a homogeneous reservoir.
2.5.2 Reservoir Drainage Area

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5 vertical or deviated wells
(b) Field Development with

2 Horizontal Well
Figure 10 Horizontal and vertical well drainage areas compared.
12
2.5.3 The Well Productivity Improvement Factor

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Figure 11 shows the PIF value of a 500 m long well placed in a 15 m thick reservoir
as a function of the kv/kh ratio. At low k~/kh values the horizontal well performs more
poorly than a vertical well; while for k~/kh = 1 the horizontal well productivity is 4.3
times that of a vertical well.
5
4
PIF
3
2
Centrally placed
500 m horizontal
well in 15 m thick
reservoir
1
0
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0.01
0.1
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Figure 11% ?&

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26/06/14
13
[
\

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^
Horizontal well applications are summarised in Figure 12.
Increased Formation Exposure
Lateral Connectivity
Low permeabilty reservoirs
Layered reservoirs
Modified Drainage Geometry
High permeability sands
Reduced sand
production
Natural fractures
Hydraulic fractures
Viscous Oil
Fault blocks /
compartments
Enhanced gravity drainage
Vugular reservoirs
Oil rim coning
Reduce surface footprint
Reduce number of wells
Figure 12 Horizontal well applications.
2.6.1 Increased Exposure to the Reservoir

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the production rate is higher and in the long term the cumulative production from a
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minority of wells showed a PIF greater than 20.
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14
300
Mode
203 Fields
1,305 Wells
250
200
Number of Wells
Log normal distribution

Mean
150
100
50
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
PIF
20
22
adapted from SPE 30745
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5,000
Forecast
Oil Production b/d
4,000
Actual
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
A
Well Number
Adapted from SPE 30745
Figure 14 Performance of horizontal wells in one North Sea Field.
26/06/14
15
Production Rate bbls/day
1000
A typical horizontal well initially
produces at 150 - 200 bbls/d and
recovers 150,000 - 200,000 bbls
100
10
A typical vertical well initially
produces at 40 - 60 bbls/d and
recovers 50,000 - 70,000 bbls
1
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Horizontal Well
Year 4
Year 5
Vertical Well
Figure 15 ;

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reserves in a North American Field.
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early well production resulted in an increasing recovery is shown in Figure 15.
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2.6.2 Connection of Laterally Discontinuous Features

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horizontal well aligned normal to the stress direction at the time of fracture creation
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Figure 16(a)~
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Reservoir 2
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response while drilling the horizontal section may suddenly indicate a change from
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26/06/14
17
2.6.3 Changing the Drainage Geometry

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vertical wells and cresting for horizontal wells. Figure 17a shows that the drawdown
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Oil
Oil
New oil water contact

Original oil-water contact
Figure 17(a) Water "coning" phenomena.
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Original gas oil contact

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Gas
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Original oil - water contact
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Water
Figure 17(b) Gas "cusping" phenomena.
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horizontal well respectively.
18
Producing Wellbore
Water Crest
Water Cone
(a) Vertical Well
(b) Horizontal Well
Figure 18?&
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2.6.4 Extending Field Appraisal Laterally

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2.7
Disadvantages of Horizontal Wells
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drill the horizontal well.
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to the directional drilling specialist.
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for removal of the mudcake.
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in a horizontal well.
26/06/14
19
" %
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2.8
The Economics of Horizontal Wells
2.8.1 Costs
Horizontal wells normally take longer to drill than vertical wells in the same reservoir.
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have operating costs similar to a vertical well. The horizontal section will have additional
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The sum of the NCF for the period of the project is commonly referred to as Cumulative
Cash Surplus or Ultimate Cash Surplus. The discount factor
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dfi =
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(1 + d / 100)i 1/ 2
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+
+
+
df1
df2
df3
= 1N
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dfi
`% !?~! = %% &!

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20
NPV is the most direct and robust measure of value.

" ||`;
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}`#~
% ?+!& & !{Ultimate Cash Surplus

Total Capital Expenditure
+! , ! &!
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PIR(d )
NPV(d )
Capex(d )
`% ]Y&\!% #] & &!

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" Payback Time
%!!% *%
%%
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Unit Cost-per-Barrel=
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Where Opex is the Operating Expenditure

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* ! !%*!%
! &` ?&
$,+& ] ! ! $

% $ &, $ % &_ * ! !%*!
%*%! *! &
%
! = && $ &

capacity.
26/06/14
21
140
14
PI,
PI, STBD/Psi
STBD/Psi
Rate,
Rate, MBOD
MBOD
12
100
10
80
60
40
20
Production Rate MBOD
PI, bbl/day/psi
120
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
5.8
Reservoir Contact, Km
8.5
12.3
Figure 19 Well Productivity Index and Production Rate increases

, ] & & ! $

&& # ! &
Normalized Unit Cost

($/bbl/day of Initial Production)
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1
10
11
12
13
Reservoir Contact, Km
Figure 20
! && $
!$! ! $

&& # ! &
MULTI-LATERAL WELLS
Q%
`

&
'_
%* !& & ! * *%
%% ! % $
;
&
% % & & ! ! &

&
@ ! %
* %!!

! !_ !*%
%%
% ! %
or close to horizontal in the reservoir.
The main reason for drilling a multi-lateral well is to increase the return
on investment through improved reservoir drainage even though the initial
well cost is higher. For example the reported reserves per multi-lateral
% '! % @ Y ] !; '\ % $ & ! %
reserves per single lateral while the cost was 1.4 times that of a single lateral.
% % !
, &
! % ! _ !%!
! % !
&$ , !

! &% * !% $ % &$ !
22
$ !!%!
% & !;! % !&
@!* !
*% %
% !
& _ &! &!
$ ,% ! = !
have encouraged the service companies to invest in new methods of drilling and
completing multi-laterals. This particularly applied to the construction of the multilateral junction to achieve zonal isolation and allow re-entry.
The most common multi-lateral well has two or three laterals per well. They are often
& &!*% % * !* !
!! &%
!! $!
&
& ,% $ * * !!
!
one multi-lateral well thus made sense.
Q
@
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>

U |
There are many constraints in multi-lateral well design related to the operation of
!&
@% ,* &% !% % ! $Y!\
] ;% ,* , 1/2% *% & *% %
!&
@ , % *%= ! $ & & % ! $

&!
* % <
&% ! $% ! ,% $ & %!
&&
! ! !!
%

! !+% ,*
!%%,& $ &% % % ! * % !* !
&
%
!!_ * & ! $$ ! ! * Y&
\
& !; !! & ! $ ! ! !
,!!&
,
! [
% &
! *% % & , _ % ,
! & * ]! &! % % $ ! ]

% * !% +!
! !;
& & *&

= ] > ! & && &!!
!!; % &

&
><
& &
Q%
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`

!>
#
+% ! & &% ! ! $

! $!;
% & !* $ ,$ % ! & *
!!% *
% & ! % Y \}* $ ;
* , ! $! % ! & , ! &
!

&

*
% $ &

!
reduce production.
No F
l
Bou ow
ndar
y
Production Time Increasing

Figure 21+
* & % * !
26/06/14
23
Q
U |
`

!>
^
% ! !! ! ! $
* _

! $!Y
! =
!
@ & ! $!\+
* @
% * !!
&
!! &Y \+!
& &!

&

% * ! $! & !! Y
!![*\
reservoirs at the same pressure regime commingled production when producing dry

! ! !!! $ & & @ !
Y \
% &$ *
,
! !
@ !! ]
& ,
& % %% & !,% [&% $ ,
(a)
(b)
OWC
Water
Figure 22(a)_

!% *
Figure 22(b) ` @%%
!%

% ! _ *
3.3
Impact on Recovery and Rate
_ !!,
% &
&
!

$ ,%!

!*%
!! &!@! %%*% %
production rate from a single lateral is non-economic. Both acceleration and improved

$ ,Y \ = & ! &% !% &
$
[*% !% !% ! $*

& ,

!! ,$& $ !! !
! $
Increased recovery
Multilateral
Production Rate
Single lateral
Multilateral
with early decline
Time
Cumulative Production
or Reserves
Multilateral
Single lateral
or multilateral
showing early
decline
Time
Figure 23#

!_ !
24
Q
`
U>

!
&,{
" ^ % !&
@!& &*%*%*%!
@
" !&
@!
! &* !*% *%!
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@!%%% *% ! & *%!
@
% ! %&!! &
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*
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@
%% ! Y \'&! = &!
%!

&,
&&
Low Permeability
High Oil Saturation
High Permeability
Low Oil Saturation
Figure 24 & & $ , & ! $!
Q$

U |
;
(a) Stacked trilateral

in a multiple
layered reservoir(s)
(b) Planar trilateral in

a single reservoir
(c) Planar opposed dual

lateral in a naturally
fractured formation
Figure 25 Multi-lateral well designs.
% % !
!_ ! {
" Stacked
Y \!! && $ _

;
, & ! $+! !! ! !!$ ;* , ! $
*% % ! & ! &

*
% !
!!

26/06/14
25
" Planar
Y \!! & ,
& ! $!*%
% !!
,
% !
!! !
!
%
! !
% * ; !!% ! &!
!!$ ,
! &
" & |
Y
\% !% &$ $% !
& $ %* *%
%
heel of the well.
Q[
\

U |
^
;

!>
Technical advantages of multi-laterals centre on greater reservoir exposure at a lower
!%

!_ * ! ! %
% %
&
!
% ! $,% ! & & &
! &
_ !

% $ <
!% ,
!% &
& ,!
]!

%! $ ] & !! _ ! &
%

!!
%
! ! & !! &% !!
* &! ! &

,$ & $ !
% !

!% & $ !, &
% &! %
&
& % $ * * ! &!!* &
&!,
%%% $ ! !
&% $ * &
to the reduced impact of this smaller surface presence.
%

&! &$ !% &
! & % !
!@!*

& ! * !+%
% , &&
!! &
! % ! $ &

%

^ %
% ! , ]
*
! @%% & = &
!%_
_ ! , !@` $ * &

& ! $ & % = !!
% $ !
,
&!
&
_ !&
! *&
!
*
& ! &
&$&
% !
Q[%

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^
% !
!_ * !? ] !
& {
" Viscous oil reservoirs% $ &
$,% !; ;
! &,
, ; Y? ,>~!
!,@>\!*%!!
&;
*%% !!
&%%& *&*!, ] ]!
'
% $

[* ! = ! % ]! ; Y\
% %
! & % &
" Layered reservoirs

, ] &!% !
@ &_
Y \ ! @ $ % &

% !%
+% !! ! !
,
& % ,
!! ,! ! ! !

*%&*% [*
$ ! Y
\
26
'
+
@

;
#
%Y* ,\ & ,
& ! $!
] &!

!*%* ! ! & !Y\ &
Y\
%;
& ! $!
% ! $ ! !
*
!% ! $ ]!
!
$ ,%
naturally fractured case it depends on how well the natural fracture orientation is
known. If this orientation is relatively poorly known one could place laterals at
& !; !% &

% & *%
%!
% ! $ %
!! !% ]
!
'
@ and compartmentalised reservoirs are good candidates for multi-lateral

; !
,! %
!% $ ! $ ! *% $
*%
% &$& *
& <! &+&!
%* !;@* &
%
! & ]
&% *
Y \'%%_ !;! !
!$ ,*%&*
*
make well placement easier.
" Depleted or mature reservoirs
&& !_ * !;

especially when the pace of development in the various zones is different. Figure
!%*!* !; *%& ,;*! *% %
% % ! * , & ! % %% ,
,
&
= * %% $
* % * ,
! ! & % * % !&

rates from each two lateral.
Q[

U |
^
;
' ! $ % !

% ! $& & , % % & !
&Y ! &\%!* , ! &&
!&, !%
& !! &! % Y$
\* %! &* !!

%
** & !@ &$ % ! $ , !*!{
" % % ;% ;* * !
&% %% ,! &
<! $ % !_` _
Y \%!

! ]
&
$ & ! $& & % ! ! % =
" %
% * ,;;# &! &!*
$ !!% &
%!*

* !
%!
!

!
% $
,
" '! <
* % * !*% !
& ! &
!* !
&*%% ! $Y ! &\
" % ?+% _ * !
&% $
&!
$ ,*
26/06/14
27
-9,100
-9,200
Lateral
Zone F
Zone E
-9,400
Zone D
Horizontal Wellbore
-9,500
GWC
Zone C
-9,585
Zone B
-9,700
-9,800
Rotligendes Formation
Depth (SSTVD)
-9,300
Top Carboniferous
-9,900
Figure 26 % & &_

41/2" Tubing
Gauge Mandrel 7150

Casing Window 7560
Openhole juncton high in reservoir
7" Liner Window 9703
41/2" Slotted Liner
TD 13975
Openhole completion
41/2" Liner Top 9800
abandoned
pilot hole
7" Liner Shoe 9900
7" Liner
TD 13743
41/2" Slotted Liner
Figure 27 % &_

28

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Institute of Petroleum Engineering

Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University

Figure 1 Completion design strategy.

& %   %

Gas Lift & Gas Injection

Tubing failure in wall leak

Tubing Annulus communication

Tubing hanger leak

Xmas tree seal leakage

Circulation sleeve seal failure

Sub Surface Safety Valve

Inability to isolate well

Well safety and loss

Gas lift valve leak

Well control limitation

Gas lift valve closure

Inability to lift well at

Downhole pump failure

Failure to lift well

Table 1 The nature and consequence of completion failure.

Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University

BOTTOM HOLE COMPLETION TECHNIQUES

Open Hole Completion

!!% !!   ,   

Figure 2 Open hole completion.

Screen or Pre-slotted Liner Completions

'*  _*  &!

PRE SLOTTED LINER

Figure 3 Well completed with wire wrapped screen or slotted liner.

Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University

Cemented and Perforated Casing/Liner

%    ! !  % 

Figure 4 Cemented and perforated production casing or liner.

The integrity and selectivity of the completion depends on an effective hydraulic

SELECTION OF THE FLOW CONDUIT BETWEEN THE

%     ![ &[*!

!;[*!   ,;   ,

  !!

These options are depicted in Figure 5

Figure 5 Alternative production conduits for a single zone.

Tubingless Casing Flow (Figure 5a)

!!}* $  & !% $ !& ! &$   ! !,;% &

; !  !  [* & 

Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University

% !  =     *@$  ! %  % *  ! %,& 

Casing and Tubing Flow (Figure 5b)

'    $   !!

%   &%  _

Tubing Flow Without Annulus Isolation (Figure 5b)

+!   !*%   [* 

Tubing Flow with Annular Isolation

COMPLETION STRING FACILITIES

Basic Completion String Functions and Facilities

Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University

Y\    ! $  [ &

Tubing Isolation (SSV)

Annulular Isolation (packer)

Figure 6 Basic well completion schematic.

Pressure and Flow Containment

Downhole Closure of the Flow String

!!% K ! 

Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University

&% %

!!% !!,

'* _* &!

% !! %

% ![&[*!

!;[*! ,; ,

!!

!!}* $ & !% $ !&! &$ !!,;% &

; !! [* &

% ! = @$ ! % % ! %,&

' $ !!

% &% _

+! !% [

Y\ ! $ [&

!!% K !

!!% * %%

% & && !%

! ,

Figure 9 \~'{' ,[!%

&% % % , $

&! !! >[* $ , ! & !$ !% ! $ $ !

, $ &,% % [* %

% [ %% $ $ % $ ! % % &

! &%

!%!;& !! !;

!!% !

' & Y \! !%;

!,*% *%

% &<Y \ ![ % ! $ % !

Figure 18 \? &[ \