AAF Ingles Aula-01Online ToodMarshall MatProf

LFG Concursos
Concurso para
para::
Analista Tributrio
e Auditor Fiscal
da Receita Federal
Materials edited by
Todd Irwin Marshall
Essential Books to Study

Understanding and Using English
Grammar,, Betty Azar
Grammar
Azar,, Longman
Advanced Language Practice,
Practice,
Michael Vince, Macmillan
Practical English Usage,
Usage, Michael
Swan, Oxford
Useful Sites for Vocabulary

www.thesaurus.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.thefreedictionary.com
Online/Hard Copy Dictionaries:
Oxford
- Macmillan
Cambridge
- Longman
Useful sites
for reading texts
The Economist
Business Week
Newsweek
Time
www.economist.com
www.businessweek.com
www.newsweek.com
www.time.com
The Washington Post
www.washingtonpost.com
The New York Times

The Wall Street Journal
The Times
CNN / BBC
www.nytimes.com
www.wsj.com
www.thetimes.co.uk
cnn.com / bbc.com
Common Themes
World/Global Economy
International Negotiations/Talks
Foreign Trade
International Relations
Brazilian Economy
Questions about the Euro and the Dollar
International Investments and Stock Exchanges
Financial Issues
Information Technology
The 2014 World Cup In Brazil
The 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro
Descri
Descri
es Principais
Estratgias de leitura:
compreenso geral do texto;
reconhecimento de informaes
especficas;
capacidade de anlise e sntese;
inferncia e predio;
reconhecimento do vocabulrio mais
frequente em textos no literrios;
palavras cognatas e falsos cognatos.
Descri
Descri
es Principais
Estratgias discursivas:
tipo de texto;
funo e estrutura discursivas;
marcadores de discurso;
elementos de coeso.
Descri
Descri
es Principais
Aspectos gramaticais:
uso de artigos definidos e indefinidos;
conhecimento dos tempos e modos verbais;
uso de preposies,
conjunes, pronomes e modais;
concordncia nominal e verbal;
formao e classe de palavras;
relaes de coordenao e subordinao;
voz passiva, discurso direto e indireto.
Main Principles to be Studied

Class 1:
Main Ideas and Text References
Relative Clauses
Class 2:
Verb Tenses
Modal Verbs / Conditional Statements
Class 3:
Directly Stated Information
Inference Questions

Class 1:
Thesis statement strategy
Identification of type of text
Association of vocabulary terms
Pronoun Reference
Relative Clauses

Class 2: Grammar References
Verb tenses and forms
Modal verbs
Conditional Statements

Class 3:
Directly Stated Information
Linking Words
Vocabulary Synonyms
Paraphrasing
Inference Questions
True / False questions
Prepositions
in / on / at
prepositions with statistics and graphs
Phrasal Verbs / Fixed Expressions
Main Ideas
Main ideas of texts can be found by simply
reading the first sentence of each paragraph
and determining what the common subject is.
Strategy::
Strategy
Read the first sentence of each passage and
choose which option you feel best describes
the main ideas of the following passages.
Then read the entire passage and see if you
would change your mind.
Main Ideas
PASSAGE 1:
The story of the motel business from 1920 to the start of World
War II in 1941 is one of uninterrupted growth.
growth. Motels (the term
comes from a combination of the words motor and hotels)
spread from the West and the Midwest all the way to Maine and
Florida.. They clustered along transcontinental highways such as
Florida
U.S. Routes 40 and 66 and along the north
north--south routes running
up and down the east and west coasts There were 16
16,,000
motels by 1930 and 24
24,,000 by 1940.
1940. The motel industry was
one of the few industries that was not hurt by the Depression of
the 1930
1930s
s.. In fact, their cheap rates attracted travelers who
had very little money.
money.
What does the passage mainly discuss?
a) How the Depression hurt U.S. motels
b) The origin of the word motels
c) Two decades of growth for the motel industry
Main Ideas
PASSAGE 1:
The story of the motel business from 1920 to the start of World
War II in 1941 is one of uninterrupted growth.
growth. Motels (the term
comes from a combination of the words motor and hotels)
spread from the West and the Midwest all the way to Maine and
Florida.. They clustered along transcontinental highways such as
Florida
U.S. Routes 40 and 66 and along the north
north--south routes running
up and down the east and west coasts There were 16
16,,000
motels by 1930 and 24
24,,000 by 1940.
1940. The motel industry was
one of the few industries that was not hurt by the Depression of
the 1930
1930s
s.. In fact, their cheap rates attracted travelers who
had very little money.
money.
What does the passage mainly discuss?
a) How the Depression hurt U.S. motels
b) The origin of the word motels
c) Two decades of growth for the motel industry
Main Ideas
PASSAGE 2:
An old but still useful proverb states: Beware of oak, it draws
the stroke. This saying is particularly handy during
thunderstorm season. In general, trees with deep roots that tap
into groundwater attract more lightning than do trees with
shallow, drier roots. Oaks are around 50 times more likely to be
struck than beeches. Spruces are nearly as safe as beeches.
Pine are not as safe as these two but are still much safer than
oaks.
What is the authors main point?
a) Old proverbs often contain important truths.
b) Trees with shallow roots are more likely to avoid lightning
than those with deep roots.
c) The deeper a trees roots, the safer it is during a
thunderstorm
Main Ideas
PASSAGE 2:
An old but still useful proverb states: Beware of oak, it draws
the stroke. This saying is particularly handy during
thunderstorm season. In general, trees with deep roots that tap
into groundwater attract more lightning than do trees with
shallow, drier roots. Oaks are around 50 times more likely to be
struck than beeches. Spruces are nearly as safe as beeches.
Pine are not as safe as these two but are still much safer than
oaks.
What is the authors main point?
a) Old proverbs often contain important truths.
b) Trees with shallow roots are more likely to avoid lightning
than those with deep roots.
c) The deeper a trees roots, the safer it is during a
thunderstorm
Main Ideas
PASSAGE 3:
Almost every form of transportation has given someone the idea
for a new type of toy. After the Montgolfier brothers flew the
first balloon, toy balloons became popular playthings. In the
nineteenth century, soon after railroads and steamboats. The
same held true for automobiles and airplanes in the early
twentieth century. Toy rockets and missiles became popular at
the beginning of the space age, and by the 1930s, there were
many different versions of space shuttle toys.
The main idea of the passage is that:
a) Inventors have been inspired by toys to build new forms of
transportation.
b) Toy automobiles and airplanes were very popular in the early
1900s.
c) Toy design has often followed developments in
transportation.
Main Ideas
PASSAGE 3:
Almost every form of transportation has given someone the idea
for a new type of toy. After the Montgolfier brothers flew the
first balloon, toy balloons became popular playthings. In the
nineteenth century, soon after railroads and steamboats. The
same held true for automobiles and airplanes in the early
twentieth century. Toy rockets and missiles became popular at
the beginning of the space age, and by the 1930s, there were
many different versions of space shuttle toys.
The main idea of the passage is that:
a) Inventors have been inspired by toys to build new forms of
transportation.
b) Toy automobiles and airplanes were very popular in the early
1900s.
c) Toy design has often followed developments in
transportation.
Main Ideas
High level of protectionism (ESAF, 2002)
As a member of the Southern Cone Common Market
(MERCOSUR), Argentina maintains relatively low trade barriers
with Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay but applies a high tariff on
all goods and services coming into Argentina from countries
outside MERCOSUR.
MERCOSUR.
Because the common external tariff rate is applied to most of
the worlds countries, Argentinas average tariff rate is 13
13..5
percent this year, up from 7.5 percent last year
year.. As a result, its
trade policy score is 1 point worse this year.
year.
26
26-- In the main, the text deals with
a) Argentinas wages and prices.
b) Argentinas trade policy.
c) Paraguays high fiscal deficit.
d) Brazils financial institutions.
e) Brazils regulation score.
Main Ideas
High level of protectionism (ESAF, 2002)
As a member of the Southern Cone Common Market
(MERCOSUR), Argentina maintains relatively low trade barriers
with Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay but applies a high tariff on
all goods and services coming into Argentina from countries
outside MERCOSUR.
MERCOSUR.
Because the common external tariff rate is applied to most of
the worlds countries, Argentinas average tariff rate is 13
13..5
percent this year, up from 7.5 percent last year
year.. As a result, its
trade policy score is 1 point worse this year.
year.
26
26-- In the main, the text deals with
a) Argentinas wages and prices.
b) Argentinas trade policy.
c) Paraguays high fiscal deficit.
d) Brazils financial institutions.
e) Brazils regulation score.
Main Ideas
In June this year, the BRICs, the worlds newest economic
grouping,, ended their first major summit by calling for a stable
grouping
stable,,
predictable and more diversified international monetary system
system..
But the leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, stopped short
of criticising the worlds dominant currency,
currency, the US dollar
dollar.. The
group repeated calls for a bigger say in the global financial
system through greater representation at major institutions,
such as the World Bank
Bank..
But the final statement issued by the leaders made no
reference to developing new reserve currencies to challenge
the dollar, which Russia had called for at a separate event
earlier in the day
day..
Analysts say that as the global recession bites, the four Bric
nations are showing a growing willingness to work together
together..
One expert claimed the significance of the summit would be
political rather than economic.
economic.
(ESAF, Analista Tributrio,
Tributrio, 2009; Source: BBC News 16/6/09, adapted)
Answer the following question

according to the previous text.
The most suitable headline for this
text would be
a) BRICs attack the falling dollar.
b) BRICs summit advocates financial stability.
c) Emerging nations seek to set up new financial
union.
d) BRICs in disarray over financial crisis.
e) Nations favour increased powers for the World
Bank.

text would be
(no reference to challenge the dollar)
Correct Answer:
Answer:
In June this year, the BRICs, the worlds newest economic
grouping, ended their first major summit by calling for a stable,
predictable and more diversified international monetary system
system..

text would be
union.
c) Emerging nations seek to set up new financial union.
(want more say in the World Bank)
(in disarray divided/disorder; BRICs seek greater
unity)
e) Nations favour increased powers for the World Bank.
(only the BRICs)

text would be
c) Emerging nations seek to set up new financial
union.
e) Nations favour increased powers for the World
Bank.
Half the nation, a hundred million citizens strong

EVER since it was first spotted amid the factory smoke of western Europes industrialising
nations, the middle class has borne the hopes for progress of politicians, economists and
shopkeepers alike. It remains hard to define, and attempts to do so often seem arbitrary. But
in Brazil, the middle class describes those with a job in the formal economy, access to credit
and ownership of a car or motorbike. According to the Fundao Getulio Vargas (FGV), a
research institute, this means households with a monthly income ranging from 1,064 reais
($600) to 4,561 reais. Since 2002, according to FGV, the proportion of the population that
fits this description has increased from 44% to 52%. Brazil, previously notorious for its
extremes, is now a middle-class country.
This social climbing is a feature mainly of the countrys cities, reversing two decades of
stagnation that began at the start of the 1980s. Marcelo Neri of FGV suggests two factors
behind the change. The first is education. The quality of teaching in Brazils schools may
still be poor, but those aged 15-21 now spend on average just over three more years studying
than their counterparts did in the early 1990s.
According to the text, Brazilian middle class has
(A) decreased.
(D) spread.
(B) dwindled.
(E) merged.
(C) suffered.

() According to the Fundao Getulio Vargas (FGV), a
research institute, this means households with a monthly income
ranging from 1,064 reais ($600) to 4,561 reais. Since 2002,
according to FGV, the proportion of the population that fits this
description has increased from 44% to 52%. Brazil, previously
notorious for its extremes, is now a middle-class country.
This social climbing is a feature mainly of the countrys cities,
reversing two decades of stagnation that began at the start of the
1980s.
According to the text, Brazilian middle class has
(A) decreased.
(D) spread.
(B) dwindled.
(E) merged.
(C) suffered.
Identification of type of text

Identify the specific paragraph or section of
the text that is referred to the question and
base your answer only on that section
section..
Identify the associated words/terms from the
question in the text
text;;
Determine what is the main topic that would
include all of these types of terms
terms;;
The objective is to focus your reasoning and
vocabulary definitions toward the main issues
of the text itself
itself..
Main Idea of the Text

It is too early to celebrate, but one can at least heave a sigh of relief
after a December jobs report that shows a meaningful acceleration in
employment growth. This morning, the Bureau of Labour Statistics
released preliminary numbers on the American labour market in
December, and the news is good. Non-farm employment rose by
200,000 jobs for the month. Private employers added 212,000 jobs,
slightly offset by the continuing decline in government employment.
In the 12 months through December, the American economy added
1.9m private-sector jobsthe best performance so far in this
recovery. The unemployment rate dipped again, from 8.7% to 8.5%.
Part of the decline was once again associated with departures from the
labour force, but rising employment accounted for much of the
improvement.
What is the text mainly about?

It is too early to celebrate, but one can at least heave a sigh of relief
after a December jobs report that shows a meaningful acceleration in
employment growth. This morning, the Bureau of Labour Statistics
released preliminary numbers on the American labour market in
December, and the news is good. Non-farm employment rose by
200,000 jobs for the month. Private employers added 212,000 jobs,
slightly offset by the continuing decline in government employment.
In the 12 months through December, the American economy added
1.9m private-sector jobsthe best performance so far in this
recovery. The unemployment rate dipped again, from 8.7% to 8.5%.
Part of the decline was once again associated with departures from the
labour force, but rising employment accounted for much of the
improvement.

The American jobs market

The most striking thing about state-owned enterprises
(SOEs) is their sheer collective might in the emerging
world. They make up most of the market capitalisation of
Chinas and Russias stockmarkets and account for 28 of
the emerging worlds 100 biggest companies. True, the
state-owned sector as a whole has been in rapid retreat. It
now makes up only about a third of Chinas and Russias
GDP, against almost all of it two decades ago. But this
decline is the result of selective pruning rather than
liberalisation. Governments have been letting go of the
small in order to strengthen their hold over the large.

about?

The most striking thing about state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is
their sheer collective might in the emerging world. They make
up most of the market capitalisation of Chinas and Russias
stockmarkets and account for 28 of the emerging worlds 100
biggest companies. True, the state-owned sector as a whole has
been in rapid retreat. It now makes up only about a third of
Chinas and Russias GDP, against almost all of it two decades
ago. But this decline is the result of selective pruning rather than
liberalisation. Governments have been letting go of the small in
order to strengthen their hold over the large.

about?
- State-owned enterprises in the emerging world

The most striking thing about state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is their sheer
collective might in the emerging world. They make up most of the market
capitalisation of Chinas and Russias stockmarkets and account for 28 of the
emerging worlds 100 biggest companies. True, the state-owned sector as a
whole has been in rapid retreat. It now makes up only about a third of Chinas
and Russias GDP, against almost all of it two decades ago. But this decline is
the result of selective pruning rather than liberalisation. Governments have
been letting go of the small in order to strengthen their hold over the large.

about?
a. State-owned enterprises in the emerging world
b. Emerging world economies
c. Stockmarkets in the emerging world
d. The emerging worlds top 100 companies
e. Governmental regulations in the emerging world
Identification of Specific
Paragraph or Section
South Korea banks in rate-rigging investigation
A South Korea financial regulator has started an investigation into
alleged interest rate rigging by some of the country's banks. The Fair
Trade Commission is looking at possible collusion over setting
certificates of deposit (CD), used as a benchmark to set lending rates.
It follows the Libor-rigging scandal involving Barclays and possibly
several other UK banks.
A CD is a way of saving with a fixed interest rate and maturity sold by
banks and circulated in the secondary market by brokerages.
Financial firms benefit from a high CD rates as many household loans
are linked to them. They are frequently used to help South Koreans
buy homes. The possible rigging of CD can help flatter companies'
financial health.
The indebtedness of South Koreans has become a particular worry to
the authorities as the economy slows.
ESAF, Auditor Fiscal, 2012, Source: www.bbc.com/news [slightly adapted]
A South Korea financial regulator has started an
investigation into alleged interest rate rigging by some of
the country's banks. The Fair Trade Commission is looking
at possible collusion over setting certificates of deposit
(CD), used as a benchmark to set lending rates. It follows
the Libor-rigging scandal involving Barclays and possibly
The opening paragraph suggests that some South Korean banks
may have
a) acted dishonestly.
b) deserved commendation.
c) been unfairly attacked.
d) started an investigation.
e) moved to the UK.
A South Korea financial regulator has started an
investigation into alleged interest rate rigging by some of
the country's banks. The Fair Trade Commission is looking
at possible collusion over setting certificates of deposit
(CD), used as a benchmark to set lending rates. It follows
the Libor-rigging scandal involving Barclays and possibly
The opening paragraph suggests that some South Korean banks
may have
a) acted dishonestly.
b) deserved commendation. (opposite meaning)
c) been unfairly attacked. (evidence points toward wrongdoing)
d) started an investigation. (government, not banks, started investigation)
e) moved to the UK. (wrong reference other UK banks involved)
Identification of Specific Paragraph or Section

Rio+20: reasons to be cheerful
I was pretty downhearted then, too. So when I returned I went to see Richard
Sandbrook, a legendary environmental activist who co-founded Friends of the
Earth, and profoundly influenced a generation of governments, business leaders
and NGOs before he died in 2005. Sandbrook made the point that NGOs always
scream blue murder because it is their job to push governments and that UN
conferences must disappoint because all views have to be accommodated.
Change, he said, does not happen in a few days' intense negotiation. It is a long,
muddled, cultural process that cannot come from a UN meeting.. Real change
comes from stronger institutions, better public information, promises being kept,
the exchange of views, pressure from below, and events that make people see the
world differently.
ESAF, Auditor Fiscal, 2012, Source: The Guardian Poverty Matters, blog- adapted
The main aim of the third paragraph is to report on

a) the views of a well-known environmentalist on how change occurs.
b) the failure of the UN to achieve any significant results in 1992.
c) the life and work of a late-lamented UN environmental activist.
d) he author's despondent mood in 1992 and the reasons for it.
e) the similarities between the conference results in 2012 and 1992.

Rio+20: reasons to be cheerful
I was pretty downhearted then, too. So when I returned I went to see Richard
Sandbrook, a legendary environmental activist who co-founded Friends of the
Earth, and profoundly influenced a generation of governments, business leaders
and NGOs before he died in 2005. Sandbrook made the point that NGOs always
scream blue murder because it is their job to push governments and that UN
conferences must disappoint because all views have to be accommodated.
Change, he said, does not happen in a few days' intense negotiation. It is a long,
muddled, cultural process that cannot come from a UN meeting. Real change
comes from stronger institutions, better public information, promises being kept,
the exchange of views, pressure from below, and events that make people see the
world differently.
ESAF, Auditor Fiscal, 2012, Source: The Guardian Poverty Matters, blog- adapted
The main aim of the third paragraph is to report on

a) the views of a well-known environmentalist on how change occurs.
b) the failure of the UN to achieve any significant results in 1992. (failure of govts)
c) the life and work of a late-lamented UN environmental activist.
d) he author's despondent mood in 1992 and the reasons for it.
e) the similarities between the conference results in 2012 and 1992. (paragraph 2)

ARMENIA tends to feature in the news because of its problems
(history, geography, demography and economics to name but a
few). But a new report says not all is doom and gloom. The
parliamentary elections in May showed significant improvement.
Media coverage was more balanced, and the authorities permitted
greater freedom/ of assembly, expression and movement than in
previous years. That bodes well for the future.
ESAF, Analista Fiscal, 2012, Source: The Economist print edition June 24, 2012
Question: With regard to the political situation in Armenia, the

opening paragraph of the text is
a) unnecessarily pessimistic.
b) wildly enthusiastic.
c) depressingly frank.
d) remarkably despondent.
e) mildly optimistic.

ARMENIA tends to feature in the news because of its problems
(history, geography, demography and economics to name but a
few). But a new report says not all is doom and gloom. The
parliamentary elections in May showed significant improvement.
Media coverage was more balanced, and the authorities permitted
greater freedom/ of assembly, expression and movement than in
previous years. That bodes well for the future.
ESAF, Analista Fiscal, 2012, Source: The Economist print edition June 24, 2012
Question: With regard to the political situation in Armenia, the

opening paragraph of the text is
a) unnecessarily pessimistic.
b) wildly enthusiastic.
c) depressingly frank.
d) remarkably despondent.
e) mildly optimistic.
Pronoun Reference
Personal adjectives
he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its,

they, them, their, theirs
Reflexive pronouns
himself, herself, itself, themselves
Relative pronouns/adverbs
who, whose, whom, which, that,

where, when
Demonstrative pronouns/adjectives
this, that, these those

These may also be used before nouns
or noun phrases:
this one, that time, these new ideas,
those problems
Other reference words
some, few, any, none, several, both,

here, there, most, many, one, ones,
another, other, others, the former, the
latter
These may also be used in phrases:
Some of these, several examples, etc

EVER since it was first spotted amid the factory smoke of western Europes
industrialising nations, the middle class has borne the hopes for progress of
politicians, economists and shopkeepers alike. It remains hard to define, and
attempts to do so often seem arbitrary. But in Brazil, the middle class
describes those with a job in the formal economy, access to credit and
ownership of a car or motorbike. According to the Fundao Getulio Vargas
(FGV), a research institute, this means households with a monthly income
ranging from 1,064 reais ($600) to 4,561 reais. Since 2002, according to
FGV, the proportion of the population that fits this description has increased
from 44% to 52%. Brazil, previously notorious for its extremes, is now a
middle-class country.
38 The missing word in those with a job (line 5) is
(A) shopkeepers.
(B) people.
(C) economists.
(D) politicians.
(E) owners.

EVER since it was first spotted amid the factory smoke of western Europes
industrialising nations, the middle class has borne the hopes for progress of
politicians, economists and shopkeepers alike. It remains hard to define, and
attempts to do so often seem arbitrary. But in Brazil, the middle class
describes those with a job in the formal economy, access to credit and
ownership of a car or motorbike. According to the Fundao Getulio Vargas
(FGV), a research institute, this means households with a monthly income
ranging from 1,064 reais ($600) to 4,561 reais. Since 2002, according to
FGV, the proportion of the population that fits this description has increased
from 44% to 52%. Brazil, previously notorious for its extremes, is now a
middle-class country.
38 The missing word in those with a job (line 5) is
(A) shopkeepers. (only one of the group)
(B) people.
(C) economists. (only one of the group)
(D) politicians. (only one of the group)
(E) owners.
The Oxford Learners Dictionary defines diplomacy as () the

management of relations between countries () art of or skill in dealing
with people; tact (). Indeed it is the art of convincing others to
perceive things your way, or at least to have second thoughts about
theirs. It is the combination of logic and science on the one hand with
the gift of proper language packaging and presentation necessary to
convince others.
The power of language rests on the fact that it contains ideas: and ideas
are, according to Plato, more enduring, indeed more permanent than
matter. Ideas can be suppressed, or go underground but unlike a statue or
any other material things they cannot be shattered. They can only be met
and dealt with by other ideas. Historically it is the magic of words that
bewitched, enthralled and sometimes intoxicated people and led them to
great or mean deeds. The language of diplomacy, often like poetry, has
the ability to move people from mood to mood. Whether demagogy or
whether giving expression to noble ideologies, theories, or even religious
creeds, ordinary language or that of diplomacy has a momentum and an
inner driving force that is ageless.
IRBr, TPS Exam, 2013, Source: K.S. Abu Jaber, Language and Diplomacy. In: J. Kurbalija; H. Slavi
(Eds.) Language and Diplomacy, p. 53. Malta: DiploProjects, 2001.

In relation to the pronouns shown in bold in the
text above, judge if the items below are right (C)
or wrong (E).
a) The pronoun that (L.19) refers to language (L.18).
b) The pronoun theirs (L.5) refers to others (L.3).
c) The pronoun It (L.5) refers to diplomacy (L.1).
d) The pronoun they (L.11) refers to Ideas (R.10).

In relation to the pronouns shown in bold in the
text above, judge if the items below are right (C)
or wrong (E).
a) The pronoun that (L.19) refers to language (L.18).
E: that refers to force, not language
b) The pronoun theirs (L.5) refers to others (L.3).

E: theirs refers to things (i.e. other things)
c) The pronoun It (L.5) refers to diplomacy (L.1).

C: It refers to the subject of the previous sentence.
d) The pronoun they (L.11) refers to Ideas (R.10).

C: they refers to the subject of the previous sentence.
End of
Class 1:
1:
Part 1
LFG Concursos
Class 1:
Part 2
Grammar
Relative Clauses
Name the 7 most common relative pronouns:
Who, whom, whose
Which
That
When
Where
Note: what is NOT a relative pronoun; it is a noun
clause marker
Grammar
Fill in the proper relative pronoun.
whose x who x whom

Mary, __________ is my sister, is performing tonight.
Mary, __________ I live with, is performing tonight.
Mary, __________ family I live with, is performing
tonight.
Grammar
whose x who x whom

Mary, who is my sister, is performing tonight.
Mary, whom I live with, is performing tonight.
Mary, whose family I live with, is performing
tonight.
Grammar
Fill in the proper relative pronoun and explain
why.
whose x who x whom

Mary, who is my sister, is performing tonight.
Mary, whose family I live with, is performing tonight.
What is the difference in the 3 uses?
Grammar
whose x who x whom

Mary, who is my sister, is performing
tonight.
who is a subject pronoun and must come
directly before a verb.
Grammar
whose x who x whom

Mary, whom I live with, is performing
tonight.
whom is an object pronoun;
whom is used in two ways:
Before a subject and a verb;
As the object of a preposition
Grammar
whose x who x whom

Two ways of writing this sentence:
Mary, with whom I live, is performing tonight.
Grammar
whose x who x whom

Mary, whose family I live with, is performing
tonight.
whose is a possessive pronoun and must
come before another noun.
Grammar
which x that x in which x where

The building __________ I lived in as a child is
being torn down.
The building __________ I lived as a child is
being torn down.
The Empire State Building, __________ my
friend works, has strict security measures for
visitors.
Grammar

The building __________ I lived in as a
child is being torn down.
a. in which
c. at which
b. where
d. which
Grammar

The building __________ I lived in as a
a. in which
c. at which
b. where
d. which
Grammar

The building which I lived in as a child is
being torn down.
Grammar

The building __________ I lived as a child
is being torn down.
a. in which
c. at which
b. where
d. which
Grammar

The building __________ I lived as a child
is being torn down.
a. in which
c. at which
b. where
d. which
Grammar

The building in which/where I lived as a
Grammar
Compare and Contrast the two sentences:
The building which/that/ --- I lived in as a

The building where/in which I lived as a
Grammar
Compare and Contrast the two sentences:
The building which/that/ --- I lived in as a child is being

torn down.
When the preposition is already in the sentence, you can use
which or that or leave out the relative pronoun.
The building where/in which I lived as a child is being

torn down.
When the preposition of the phrasal verb is missing from the
sentence, you can use where or in which.
Grammar

The Empire State Building, __________ my friend
works, has strict security measures for visitors.
a. at which
c. in which
b. where
d. which
Grammar

The Empire State Building, __________ my friend works, has strict
security measures for visitors.
a. at which
c. in which
b. where
d. which
which cannot be used here because works is a phrasal

verb and needs the preposition or understood preposition.
Both work in and work at are acceptable here.
The relative pronoun cannot be left out because the clause
is surrounded in commas.
Grammar

The Empire State Building, at which/in which/
where my friend works, has strict security measures
for visitors.
Grammar
Compare and Contrast the 2 sentences:

torn down.
The Empire State Building, at which/in which/where
my friend works, has strict security measures for
visitors.
Why is a comma used in the second sentence and not in the first?
Grammar
Compare and Contrast the 2 sentences:

torn down.
The Empire State Building, at which/in which/where
my friend works, has strict security measures for
visitors.
Why is a comma used in the second sentence and not in the first?
First Sentence: Defining Clause (necessary information)
Second Sentence: Non-defining Clause (extra information)
Grammar
Relative clauses with Quantifiers:
Consider the following sentences:
I have two brothers. Both of them live in Pennsylvania.
If we join the two sentences together, what should we
change?
I have two brothers, both of whom live in Pennsylvania.
When do we use the relative pronouns whom and which?
Grammar
Relative clauses with Quantifiers:
Consider the following sentences:
I have two brothers. Both of them live in Pennsylvania.

If we join the two sentences together, what should we change?
I have two brothers, both of whom live in Pennsylvania.

When do we use the relative pronouns whom and which?
Use the relative pronoun when the sentences are joined into one.
Whom for people; Which for things
Grammar
Reduced Relative Clauses: Consider the following examples:
1. Its the kind of charge Nike has faced . . . which regards its
operations in Asia.
2. Last week an activist group which is called the National Labor
Committee accused Nike . . . of running virtual slave factories in
China . . .
3. Indisputably, there have been cases in which supervisors abused
workers, which include a well-known incident . . .
4. Nike subcontractors . . . paid above subsistence levels, which
allowed workers to save a portion of their earnings.
Grammar
Reduced Relative Clauses:
In each example, how could we reduce these pronoun uses?
1. which regards: _________________________________

2. which is called: _________________________________
3. a) in which: ____________________________________
b) which include: ________________________________
4. which allowed: _________________________________
Grammar
1. which regards: regarding

2. which is called: called
3. a) in which: where
b) which include: including
4. which allowed: allowing
Explain the process of transformation in each example.
Grammar
How are the first two examples different?
1. which regards: regarding

It is an active verb:
Eliminate the relative pronoun;
Transform the verb into a gerund (-ing)
2. which is called: called

It is a passive verb
Eliminate the relative pronoun;
Maintain the past participle of the verb
Grammar
Same rule as we saw with which x that
Now compare examples 3b and 4.

Why are they the same form?
3. b) which include: including
Grammar
Same rule as we saw with which x that
Compare examples 3b and 4.

Why are they the same form?
3. b) which include: including
Both verbs are in the active voice.
Both verbs are transformed into the gerund form.
Grammar
Join the following sentences:
Three years ago, I was living in the US.

Three years ago, I graduated from college.
Grammar
Three years ago, I was living in the US.

Three years ago, I graduated from college.
Two options:
Three years ago, when I was living in the US,
I graduated from college.
Three years ago, when I graduated from
college, I was living in the US.
Grammar
Viena has many beautiful canals.

Many tourists visit Viena every year.
Grammar
Viena has many beautiful canals.

Many tourists visit Viena every year.
Two options:
Viena, which has many beautiful canals, is
visited by many tourists every year.
Viena, which is visited by many tourists every
year, has many beautiful canals.
Grammar
Peter and Paul are musicians at the Marshall

Conservatory. They will be performing at
the Marshall Conservatory tonight.
Grammar

Conservatory. They will be performing at
the Marshall Conservatory tonight.
Peter and Paul, who are musicians at the Marshall
Conservatory, will be performing tonight.
Conservatory, where they will be performing tonight.
Grammar
Karen studies at Indiana University in

Bloomington.
Bloomington has a large
student population.
Grammar

Bloomington.
Bloomington has a large
student population.
Bloomington, which has a large student
population.
Grammar
Bill Gates is a millionaire and owns Microsoft.

The US government is suing Bill Gates.
Microsoft is a monopoly.
Grammar
Bill Gates is a millionaire and owns Microsoft.

The US government is suing Bill Gates.
Microsoft is a monopoly.
Bill Gates, who is being sued by the US government, is a
millionaire and owns Microsoft, which is a monopoly.
Bill Gates, who is a millionaire and owns Microsoft, which
is a monopoly, is being sued by the US government.
Hysterical Nativism
Relative Clauses and Linking Words
RUSSELL PEARCE is the quintessential Arizona Republican. He
wears stars-and-stripes shirts and has clips of John Wayne and
Ronald Reagan on his website. He loves guns, his family, his Mormon
faith, his country and the law, (1) __________ he enforced for many
years as deputy sheriff of Maricopa County. He jokes that being
Republican, and thus not having a heart, saved his life (2)
__________ he got shot in the chest once. But his main passion is
illegal immigrants, (3) __________ he calls invaders. He loathed
them even before his son Sean, also a sheriffs deputy, got shot by
one. But now it is personal.
1. a. whom
b. that
c. which
d. of which
Hysterical Nativism
faith, his country and the law, (1) __________ he enforced for many
years as deputy sheriff of Maricopa County. He jokes that being
illegal immigrants, (3) __________ he calls invaders. He loathed
them even before his son Sean, also a sheriffs deputy, got shot by
1. a. whom
b. that
c. which
d. of which
Hysterical Nativism
faith, his country and the law, (1) which he enforced for many years
as deputy sheriff of Maricopa County. He jokes that being
illegal immigrants, (3) _________ he calls invaders. He loathed
them even before his son Sean, also a -sheriffs deputy, got shot by
2. a. where
b. when
c. which
d. that
Hysterical Nativism
faith, his country and the law, which he enforced for many years as
deputy sheriff of Maricopa County. He jokes that being Republican,
and thus not having a heart, saved his life (2) __________ he got
shot in the chest once. But his main passion is illegal immigrants, (3)
__________ he calls invaders. He loathed them even before his
son Sean, also a -sheriffs deputy, got shot by one. But now it is
personal.
2. a. where
b. when
c. which
d. that
Hysterical Nativism
and thus not having a heart, saved his life when he got shot in the
chest once. But his main passion is illegal immigrants, (3)
personal.
3. a. who
b. when
c. whom
d. that
Hysterical Nativism
and thus not having a heart, saved his life when he got shot in the
chest once. But his main passion is illegal immigrants, (3)
personal.
3. a. who
b. when
c. whom
d. that
Hysterical Nativism
RUSSELL PEARCE is the quintessential Arizona Republican.
He wears stars-and-stripes shirts and has clips of John
Wayne and Ronald Reagan on his website. He loves guns,
his family, his Mormon faith, his country and the law, which
he enforced for many years as deputy sheriff of
Maricopa County. He jokes that being Republican, and
thus not having a heart, saved his life when he got shot in
the chest once. But his main passion is illegal immigrants,
whom he calls invaders. He loathed them even before
his son Sean, also a sheriffs deputy, got shot by one. But
now it is personal.
Hysterical Nativism
Illegal immigration is a federal crime. Mr Pearces law, (4)
__________, would also make it a state crime and would
require the police, as opposed to federal agents, to make
arrests and check the immigration status of individuals
who look suspicious to them. Citizens (5) __________ think
their cops are not vigilant enough would be encouraged
to sue their cities or counties, and no city or county may
remain a sanctuary where this law is not enforced.
4. a. however
b. but
c. despite
d. even so
Hysterical Nativism
Illegal immigration is a federal crime. Mr Pearces law, (4)
__________, would also make it a state crime and would
4. a. however
b. but
c. despite
d. even so
Hysterical Nativism
Illegal immigration is a federal crime. Mr Pearces law,
however, would also make it a state crime and would
5. a. who
b. whom
c. which
d. whose
Hysterical Nativism
Illegal immigration is a federal crime. Mr Pearces law,
however, would also make it a state crime and would
5. a. who
b. whom
c. which
d. whose
Hysterical Nativism
Illegal immigration is a federal crime. Mr Pearces
law, however, would also make it a state crime and
would require the police, as opposed to federal
agents, to make arrests and check the immigration
status of individuals who look suspicious to them.
Citizens who think their cops are not vigilant
enough would be encouraged to sue their cities or
counties, and no city or county may remain a
sanctuary where this law is not enforced.
Hysterical Nativism
In Mr Pearces opinion his law merely removes the
handcuffs from the police and sheriffs deputies so they
can do their work. To a great many other people,
however, it screams racial profiling. Arizona is an
overwhelmingly white state, and virtually all illegal
immigrantsperhaps about half a million in the state
are Hispanic. (6)___________ else would cops suspect
and arrest but the brown ones? Even American Latinos
who happen to be out without their driving licence might
be at risk.
6. a. which
b. whom
c. whose
d. what
Hysterical Nativism
handcuffs from the police and sheriffs deputies so they
can do their work. To a great many other people,
however, it screams racial profiling. Arizona is an
overwhelmingly white state, and virtually all illegal
immigrantsperhaps about half a million in the state
are Hispanic. (6)___________ else would cops suspect
and arrest but the brown ones? Even American Latinos
who happen to be out without their driving license might
be at risk.
6. a. which
b. whom
c. whose
d. what
Hysterical Nativism
handcuffs from the police and sheriffs deputies so
they can do their work. To a great many other
people, however, it screams racial profiling.
Arizona is an overwhelmingly white state, and
virtually all illegal immigrantsperhaps about
half a million in the stateare Hispanic. Whom
else would cops suspect and arrest but the brown
ones? Even American Latinos who happen to be out
without their driving licence might be at risk.
Hysterical Nativism
Illegal is not a race; it is a crime, Mr Pearce likes to retort. And
many Arizonans agree with him. Arizona has become the main
crossing point for Mexicans, some of (7) __________ have brought
Mexicos drug violence with them. A few weeks ago a prominent
white rancher near the border was killed, possibly by a smuggler or
illegal immigrant. Republicans run Arizona and are now in a state of
hysteria, competing with one another to deal most toughly with the
threat. Even Arizonas senior senator, John McCain, (8)__________
once resisted demonising illegal immigrants but is now facing a
challenge in the primaries for his seat, has come out in favour of Mr
Pearces law.
7. a. them
b. whom
c. which
d. that
Hysterical Nativism
crossing point for Mexicans, some of (7) __________ have brought
Mexicos drug violence with them. A few weeks ago a prominent
white rancher near the border was killed, possibly by a smuggler or
Pearces law.
7. a. them
b. whom
c. which
d. that
Hysterical Nativism
crossing point for Mexicans, some of whom have brought Mexicos
drug violence with them. A few weeks ago a prominent white
rancher near the border was killed, possibly by a smuggler or
Pearces law.
8. a. that
b. who
c. whose
d. whom
Hysterical Nativism
crossing point for Mexicans, some of whom have brought Mexicos
drug violence with them. A few weeks ago a prominent white
rancher near the border was killed, possibly by a smuggler or
Pearces law.
8. a. that
b. who
c. whose
d. whom
Hysterical Nativism
Illegal is not a race; it is a crime, Mr Pearce likes to
retort. And many Arizonans agree with him. Arizona has
become the main crossing point for Mexicans, some of
whom have brought Mexicos drug violence with them. A
few weeks ago a prominent white rancher near the
border was killed, possibly by a smuggler or illegal
immigrant. Republicans run Arizona and are now in a
state of hysteria, competing with one another to deal
most toughly with the threat. Even Arizonas senior
senator, John McCain, who once resisted demonising
illegal immigrants but is now facing a challenge in the
primaries for his seat, has come out in favour of Mr
Pearces law.
Hysterical Nativism
Arizonas Latinos, by contrast, have not mobilised politically.
They make up 30% of the states population but only 12% of
the electorate. And many are from families that have been
American for generations, no longer speak Spanish and are
ambivalent toward the new arrivals. They are (9) __________
very different from Latinos in Texas and California. During the
1990s attempts to turn back illegals at the border complied
with voter initiatives against undocumented immigrants in
California motivated Latinos there to become a political force
(10) ___________ Republicans fear to cross. Arizona,
(11)__________, may still be a generation behind.
9. a. moreover
b. though
c. further
d. thus
Hysterical Nativism
ambivalent toward the new arrivals. They are (9) __________
very different from Latinos in Texas and California. During the
9. a. moreover
b. though
c. further
d. thus
Hysterical Nativism
ambivalent toward the new arrivals. They are thus very
different from Latinos in Texas and California. During the
10. a. to which
b. at which
c. which
d. in that
Hysterical Nativism
10. a. to which
b. at which
c. which
d. in that
Hysterical Nativism
which Republicans fear to cross. Arizona, (11)__________,
may still be a generation behind.
11. a. in spite of
b. though
c. although
d. just
Hysterical Nativism
which Republicans fear to cross. Arizona, (11)__________,
may still be a generation behind.
11. a. in spite of
b. though
c. although
d. just
Hysterical Nativism
Arizonas Latinos, by contrast, have not mobilised
politically. They make up 30% of the states population
but only 12% of the electorate. And many are from
families that have been American for generations, no
longer speak Spanish and are ambivalent toward the new
arrivals. They are thus very different from Latinos in Texas
and California. During the 1990s attempts to turn back
illegals at the border complied with voter initiatives
against undocumented immigrants in California motivated
Latinos there to become a political force which
Republicans fear to cross. Arizona, though, may still be a
generation behind.
Question from IRBr TPS Exam, 2013

Their cue came from the Federal Reserve chairman,
Ben Bernanke, who recently suggested that the
economic recovery might allow the central bank to
ease its efforts to stimulate the economy. That
includes scaling back its bond buying program
beginning later this year.
Question: Determine if the following statement is true or false.
In the sentence Their cue came from the Federal Reserve chairman,
Ben Bernanke, who recently suggested that the economic recovery
might allow the central bank to ease its efforts to stimulate the
economy. the relative pronoun who may be replaced by whom in
more formal contexts.

In the sentence Their cue came from the Federal

Reserve chairman, Ben Bernanke, who recently
suggested that the economic recovery might allow
the central bank to ease its efforts to stimulate the
economy. the relative pronoun who may be
replaced by whom in more formal contexts.
False: who is a subject pronoun and comes directly before a
verb; whom is an object pronoun and must come either directly
before a subject and verb or be used as the object of a preposition.

Their cue came from the Federal Reserve chairman,
Ben Bernanke, who recently suggested that the
economic recovery might allow the central bank to
ease its efforts to stimulate the economy. That
includes scaling back its bond buying program
beginning later this year.
In the sentence That includes scaling back its bond buying program
beginning later this year., the pronoun its refers to economy, in
the previous sentence.

Their cue came from the Federal Reserve chairman, Ben
Bernanke, who recently suggested that the economic
recovery might allow the central bank to ease its efforts to
stimulate the economy. That includes scaling back its bond
buying program beginning later this year.
In the sentence That includes scaling back its bond buying program
beginning later this year., the pronoun its refers to economy, in
the previous sentence.
False: its refers to the central bank, also known as the Federal
Reserve in the US.
Question from ESAF, Analista Fiscal, 2009

Analysts say that as the global recession bites, the
four Bric nations are showing a growing willingness to
work together. One expert claimed the significance
of the summit would be political rather than
economic.
(BBC News 16/6/09, adapted)
One effect of the global financial crisis, according to the text, will be to
cause
a) Brazil, Russia, India and China to be known as the BRICs.
b) a fragmentation of international reserve currencies.
c) increasing reliance on the dollar as the reserve currency.
d) the BRICs to seek closer cooperation as a group.
e) a challenge to the significance of the BRICs as a group.

Analysts say that as the global recession bites, the four
Bric nations are showing a growing willingness to
work together. One expert claimed the significance of
the summit would be political rather than economic.
(BBC News 16/6/09, adapted)
One effect of the global financial crisis, according to the text, will be to
cause
a) Brazil, Russia, India and China to be known as the BRICs.
b) a fragmentation of international reserve currencies.
c) increasing reliance on the dollar as the reserve currency.
d) the BRICs to seek closer cooperation as a group.
e) a challenge to the significance of the BRICs as a group.

How long can the run on the dollar continue? Last years dollar
slump, with its attendant rise in commodity prices, ended when the
market put paid to it. This time governments are attempting to
slow it down. But it is not, as widely expected, the US government
that is doing this. Instead, the Canadian dollar dropped sharply
on Tuesday after the Bank of Canada issued a warning over the
currencys recent strength.
Source: the Financial Times October 20- www.ft.com, adapted
According to the text, last year the US currency

a) first rose, then fell when commodity prices were slashed.
b) outstripped both the Canadian dollar and the Brazilian real.
c) remained stable, despite fears of a market crisis.
d) first fell, then stabilized after commodity prices went up.
e) remained unaffected by the financial crisis.

How long can the run on the dollar continue? Last years dollar
slump, with its attendant rise in commodity prices, ended
when the market put paid to it. This time governments are
attempting to slow it down. But it is not, as widely expected, the
US government that is doing this. Instead, the Canadian dollar
dropped sharply on Tuesday after the Bank of Canada issued a
warning over the currencys recent strength.
According to the text, last year the US currency

a) first rose, then fell when commodity prices were slashed.
b) outstripped both the Canadian dollar and the Brazilian real.
c) remained stable, despite fears of a market crisis.
d) first fell, then stabilized after commodity prices went up.
e) remained unaffected by the financial crisis.

() This time governments are attempting to slow it down. But it is
not, as widely expected, the US government that is doing this.
Instead, the Canadian dollar dropped sharply on Tuesday after the
Bank of Canada issued a warning over the currencys recent
strength. Brazils government went further, imposing capital controls
to stop the real gaining at the dollars expense. Other countries, it
appears, have more to lose from a weak dollar than the US does.
Compared to Canada, according to the text, Brazil

a) showed more impressive signs of financial recovery.
b) intervened to protect its own currency.
c) took more drastic action to stem the fall in the dollar.
d) gave sharp warning over rising oil prices.
e) watched the Canadian dollar rise with mild optimism.

() This time governments are attempting to slow it down. But it is not,
as widely expected, the US government that is doing this. Instead, the
Canadian dollar dropped sharply on Tuesday after the Bank of
Canada issued a warning over the currencys recent strength. Brazils
government went further, imposing capital controls to stop the real
gaining at the dollars expense. Other countries, it appears, have more
to lose from a weak dollar than the US does.


(true, but does not show the comparison to Canada)
(not stated; also, repetition of vocabulary out of context)

(not stated)

Perhaps as a result, there was a days pause in the trade that has seen
the dollar hit 14-month lows while oil, denominated in dollars, briefly
hit $80 a barrel before falling. Brazils imposition of a 2 per cent tax
on capital inflows, to both stocks and bonds, showed strong intent. This
move brought the real, which has risen 54.5 per cent against the dollar
since its nadir, down by 3.8 per cent. The Bovespa stock index, which
has tripled since its low, fell 7.5 per cent in dollar terms at one point.
The result of the new Brazilian tax on investments was

a) a rise of 54.5% in the value of the dollar.
b) a fall of 2% on the Brazilian stock market.
c) a drop of 7.5% in the dollar against the real.
d) an increase to $80 in the price of a barrel of oil.
e) a decrease of 3.8% in the value of the real.

Perhaps as a result, there was a days pause in the trade that has seen the
dollar hit 14-month lows while oil, denominated in dollars, briefly hit $80 a
barrel before falling. Brazils imposition of a 2 per cent tax on capital inflows,
to both stocks and bonds, showed strong intent. This move brought the real,
which has risen 54.5 per cent against the dollar since its nadir, down by
3.8 per cent. The Bovespa stock index, which has tripled since its low, fell 7.5
per cent in dollar terms at one point.
The result of the new Brazilian tax on investments was

a) a rise of 54.5% in the value of the dollar. (before the tax)
b) a fall of 2% on the Brazilian stock market. (value of the tax itself)
c) a drop of 7.5% in the dollar against the real. (fall in Bovespa)
d) an increase to $80 in the price of a barrel of oil. (not caused by tax)
e) a decrease of 3.8% in the value of the real.
End of
Class 1:
Part 2

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LFG Concursos

Todd Irwin Marshall

Essential Books to Study

Useful Sites for Vocabulary

The Washington Post

The New York Times

Main Principles to be Studied

Main Principles to be Studied

Main Principles to be Studied

Main Principles to be Studied

Answer the following question

Answer the following question

Answer the following question

Answer the following question

Half the nation, a hundred million citizens strong

Half the nation, a hundred million citizens strong

Identification of type of text

Main Idea of the Text

What is the text mainly about?

Main Idea of the Text

What is the text mainly about?

Main Idea of the Text

What is the text mainly about?

Main Idea of the Text

What is the text mainly about?

Main Idea of the Text

What is the text mainly about?

Identification of Specific Paragraph or Section

The main aim of the third paragraph is to report on

Identification of Specific Paragraph or Section

The main aim of the third paragraph is to report on

Identification of Specific Paragraph or Section

Question: With regard to the political situation in Armenia, the

Identification of Specific Paragraph or Section

Question: With regard to the political situation in Armenia, the

he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its,

himself, herself, itself, themselves

who, whose, whom, which, that,

this, that, these those

Other reference words

some, few, any, none, several, both,

Half the nation, a hundred million citizens strong

Half the nation, a hundred million citizens strong

The Oxford Learners Dictionary defines diplomacy as () the

Answer the following question

Answer the following question

b) The pronoun theirs (L.5) refers to others (L.3).

c) The pronoun It (L.5) refers to diplomacy (L.1).

d) The pronoun they (L.11) refers to Ideas (R.10).

whose x who x whom

whose x who x whom

whose x who x whom

whose x who x whom

whose x who x whom

whose x who x whom

whose x who x whom

which x that x in which x where

which x that x in which x where

which x that x in which x where

which x that x in which x where

which x that x in which x where

which x that x in which x where

which x that x in which x where

The building which/that/ --- I lived in as a