Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Code : 413
ISBN: 978-81-8137-603-9
Reserved with the publishers
Contents
Chapters
Page No.
1. Crop Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
13
6. Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
7. The Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
18
9. Force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
10. Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
11. Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
12. Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
32
35
15. Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
39
42
43
1. CROP PRODUCTION
LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-17
1. The science and practise of farming and cultivation
of crop plants is called Agriculture.
2. Any four agricultural practices are :
(i) Preparation of soil
(ii) Sowing
(iii) Addition of manure/fertiliser
(iv) Irrigation
3. Ploughing is done to facilitate ventilation in soil and
make it suitable for the growth of microorganisms
which make the soil fertile.
4. Levelling ensures uniform irrigation and distribution
of minerals in the field. It helps to prevent soil erosion.
5. It is the process of transferring healthy seedlings from
the plot (nursery) to the main field.
Text Book Page-19
1. Manure and Fertilisers
Manures
(i) They are not soluble (i)
in water, so they are
not easily absorbed
by the roots of the
plants.
(ii) These are organic (ii)
substances.
(iii) They are not
(iii)
nutrient specific.
Fertilisers
They are soluble in
water and are
absorbed by the
plants easily.
These are inorganic
substances.
These are nutrient
specific.
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. 1. (b)
2. (b)
3. (b)
4. (a)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (d)
8. (b)
9. (b)
10. (b)
B. True or False Type
1. True
2. False
3. True
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Right
Yes or No Type
1. No
2. Yes
C. 1. Gobar
2. Inorganic substances
3. Ornamental plants
D. 1. (c) (v)
2. (e) (i)
3. (a) (ii)
4. (b) (iii)
5. (d) (iv)
E. 1. Horticulture
2. Crop
3. Iron or wooden levellers
4. Loosen ventilate
5. Seed drill
6. Waterlogging 7. Weeds
8. Weedicide
9. Thresher
10. Silos
F. 1. The scientific practice of farming and cultivation of
crop plants is called agriculture.
2. The process of putting seeds into soil is called
sowing.
3. Winter season is suitable for rabi crops.
4. Two kharif crops are : (i) Rice (ii) Maize.
5. Watering the crop plants is called irrigation.
6. Manure is made of waste products of animals and
plants such as cowdung, urine, plant wastes, night
soil and some organic wastes.
7. The most common weeds are Amaranthus
(chaulai), Chenopodium (bathua) wild oat, and
Convolvulus (hiren khuri).
Manures
Fertilisers
7.
atmosphere
mostly composed
of nitrogen gas
weak nitric
acid in rain
Nitrogen released
by denitrifying
bacteria
Nitrates
taken up
by plants
atmospheric
nitrogen
Nitrates released
by nitrifying
Nitrifying
bacteria
bacteria
Nitrogenfixing bacteria
Manure and decaying
plant and animal remains
Organic nitrogen
from decaying material
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. Quiz Questions
1. True
2.
3.
True
True
2. MICROORGANISMS
LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-31
1. Bacteria are mainly of three types :
(i) Coccus or round shaped : These are the
bacteria which have spherical shapes: ex.
Streptococcus.
(ii) Bacillus or rod shaped : The bacteria which
are rod shaped are known as bacillus. ex.
Bacillus typhosus.
(iii) Spirullum or vibrio shaped : These bacteria
are cork-screw shaped or comma shaped. These
may have one or more cillia or flagella on their
body surface.
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Cholera
Diphtheria
Fig. Bacteria
2. Bacterium streptomyces.
3. Lactobacillus are the bacteria which helps in the
fermentation and production of curd and cheese.
4. Some blue green algae can be used as fertilizer
because they can fix atmospheric nitrogen to usable
compounds. This helps in the growth of crop and
improves the capacity of soil to hold water.
Typhoid
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. 1. (a)
2. (a)
3. (a)
4. (c)
5. (c)
6. (d)
7. (d)
8. (c)
9. (d)
B. True or False Type
1. False
2. False
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Right
Yes or No Type
1. No
2. Yes
C. 1. Mushrooms
2. Volvox
3. Aids
D. 1. (b) (D)
2. (a) (A)
3. (d) (B)
4. (c) (C)
E. 1.Naked
2. Microbiology
3. Alexander Fleming
4. Protozoa (Plasmodium)
5. (i) Bacteria
(ii) Algae
(iii) Fungi
(iv) Protozoa
(v) Virus
Pseudopodia
Food
Food
vacuole
Cytoplasm
Amoeba engulfing food
Fig. Amoeba
2.
Tuberculosis
Typhoid
Pneumonia
Cholera
Diphtheria
Fig. Bacteria
3.
Cilia
Food
particles
Oral groove
Formation of
food vacuole
Anal pore
Fig. Paramoecium
H. 1. We can see microorganisms with the help of a
microscope.
2. Microogranisms are found in air, soil, water,
foodstuffs, sewage as well as inside the animals and
human bodies. They are also present in deep oceans,
in snow, at polar region and in hot springs.
3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed bacteria for the
first time in 1677.
4. Rod shaped bacteria are :
(i) Bacillus typhosus and
(ii) Actinomycetes
5. Diatoms are marine algae which float in water due to
the presence of light storage fats along with silica.
6. Bacteria are used for sewage treatment.
7. Three diseases caused by viruses are
(i) Polio
(ii) Measles
(iii) AIDS
8. Cowdung and vegetable wastes are changed into
manure by a process called decomposition.
Bacteria breaks down them by feeding on them and
by producing humus.
9. Bread mould (Rhizopus).
10. Microorganisms spoil food by growing and multiplying
on it.
I. 1. Retting is the process by which linen threads are
obtained from flax plant. Bacteria enter the stem of
plant and destroy the stem tissue and loosen the fibres
which are used for making threads. The stem of flax
plant is cut and immersed in clean pond to soften the
fibre and to enable it to be removed from the stem.
2. Bacteria are found in air, water, soil, in nodules of
roots of leguminous plants and in the intestines of
human beings and herbivorous animals.
3. The processing of food to prevent their spoilage and
retain their nutritive value for long period is called
food preservation.
Tuberculosis
Typhoid
Cholera
Pneumonia
Diphtheria
Fig. Bacteria
6. AIDS is a very serious disease which is caused by a
virus. The disease was first diagnosed in the USA in
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Quiz questions
1. (d)
2. (b)
1. Canning
1. Viruses
2. Microbes
2. Curd
3. Yeast
3. Lactobacillus
4. Sundrying
UNIT-I (FOOD)
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
A.
Plough
Ploughing
Seed drill
Putting seeds in the prepared soil
Winnowing
Removal of hay and chaff
Irrigation
Supplying water to plants
Protection of crops
Control of diseases caused by plant pests, bacteria
B.
Root Nodules of
Leguminous plant
Amoeba
Chloroplast
Paramoecium
C.
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Food
Milk
Skin
Meat
Fruits
Cereals
Pulses
Source
Animal
Animal
Animal
Plants
Plants
Plants
D.
Diseases
1. Measles
2. Polio
3. Cholera
4. Hepatitis A
5. Citrus canker
6. Rust of wheat
Microorganism
Virus
Virus
Bacteria
Viral
Bacterial
Fungi
Mode of Transmission
Air
Air
Water, flies
Food, water
Wind, rain
Air
PAPER-PEN TESTI
1.
(i) (b)
(ii) (b)
2.
(i) True
(ii) True
3.
(i) Protozoa
(ii) Crop
5.
1. C
2.
3.
4. Harvesting
4. B
7. Bacteria
8. Refer to Ans. of Qs G(6), page-3
9. Refer to Ans. of Qs I(3), page-6
10. (a) Refer to Ans. of Qs G(2), page-3
(b) Refer to Ans. of Qs F(5), page-3
(i) Irrigation can be done by Tubewells
through the canals.
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. 1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (c)
5. (a)
6. (d)
B. True or False Type
1. True
2. False
3. False
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Right
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2. No
C. Synthetic clothes
D. 1. (b) C
2. (a) D
3. (d) B
4. (c) A
E. 1. Man-made
2. Sweat
3. Remoulded; remoulded
4. Tetraflurothene
5. Blockage of drains
6. Monomer
7. PVC
8. Teflon 9. Cellulose.
F. 1. The fibres which are obtained from plants and
animals are called natural fibres. For example, cotton
wool etc.
2. Synthetic fibres are man made. They are
3.
4.
5.
6.
G. 1.
2.
Thermoplastic
4. Uses of polythene.
(i) It is used for making carry bags, adhesive tapes
etc.
(ii) It is used for making storage containers for
kitchen.
(iii) It is used as insulator for electric wires.
5. Melamine is a thermosetting polymer. It is hard and
a highly polished polymer used for making
unbreakable kitchenware.
H. 1. The material which exists in nature is called natural
material. For example jute and marble. The material
which is produced by human beings is called manmade material. For example, steel and plastic.
2. Uses of cotton fibres : Cotton is used in hospitals.
Fibrous cotton is mostly used for making mattresses,
shoes, bags, bandages and cloth of various kinds.
Uses of Jute fibre : Jute is used mainly for making
gunny bags, shopping bags, purses, ropes, mats,
carpets, mattresses etc. Gunny bags are used for
storage and transportation of food grains, sugar etc.
3. Advantages of synthetic fibres :
(i) These fibres have a high lustre and they do not
turn yellow with age.
(ii) They are easy to clean and dry quickly.
(iii) They do not shrink on washing.
(iv) They need very little or no ironing.
(v) They last longer as compared to natural fibre.
(vi) They are less expensive as compared to natural
fibre.
Disadvantages of synthetic fibres :
(i) They easily melt and burn to form small sticky
beads at a very high temperature. Therefore
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Quiz Questions
1. False
2. False
3. True
10
2K
Sodium
Hydrogen
hydroxide
+ 2H2O 2KOH
Potassium
Hydroxide
+ H2
Hydrogen
SUMMATIVE ASSESSEMENT
A. 1. (c)
2. (c)
3. (c)
4. (c)
5. (b)
6. (b)
7. (a)
8. (d)
9. (d)
10. (b)
B. True or False Type
1. False
2. True
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Wrong
C. Carbon
SO2, Sulphur dioxide
D.
1. c B
2. d C
3. a D
4. b A
E. 1. Mercury
2. Higher
3. Bottom
4. Air, water
5. Malleable
F. 1. Reactivity series of metals
The following digram shows the reactivity in
decreasing order.
K
Potassium
Na Sodium
Ba Barium
Ca Calcium
Mg Magnesium
Al Aluminium
Zn
Ni
Sn
Pb
Cu
Ag
Au
Pt
Zinc
Nickel
Tin
Lead
Copper
Silver
Gold
Platinum
Least-reactive metal
2. Purpose of making alloys : An alloy is a metallic
material composed of two or more metals or one or
more metals and non-metals. Alloying can be used
to increase hardness of metals. It makes metals more
resistant to attack by chemicals and atmospheric
corrosion. It can change the properties of metals in
other ways.
3. Effect of Corrosion : Corrosion is the descruction
of a metal due to action of oxygen and moisture in
air.
Fe2O3 + 2Fe(OH) 3
4Fe + 3O2 + 3H2O
Rust
Corrosion can be prevented by various methods like
painting, oiling, greasing, galvanising.
11
7. Ag
8. Au
J. 1.
Metals
Non-metals
(i) Solids except Mercury (i) Solids or gaseous
which is a liquid.
except bromine which
is a liquid.
(ii) Good conductors of (ii) Poor conductors
heat and electricity
except graphite which
except lead which is a
is a good conductor.
poor conductor.
(iii) High density except (iii) Low density
Sodium, Potassium.
(iv) Ductile
(iv) Non-ductile.
(v) Hard (except Sodium (v) They are soft except
Potassium) which are
diamond.
soft metals.
(vi) Lustrous
(vi) Non-lustrous or dull
except diamond and
iodine that have lustre.
(vii) Malleable
(vii) Non-malleable and
brittle.
(viii) High melting and
(viii) Low melting and boiling
boiling points except
points except graphite
Sodium and potassium
(ix) Sonorous
(ix) Non-sonorous.
(x) High tensile strength (x) Low tensile strength.
12
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Quiz Question
(b) wood
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. 1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (c)
4. (a)
5. (a)
6. (d)
7. (a)
8. (a)
B. True or False Type
1. True
2. False
Right or Wrong Type
1. Wrong
2. Wrong
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2. No
C. Gaseous
Liquid fossil.
D. 1. (b) (C)
2. (c) (B)
3. (a) (A)
E. 1. Reasonable
2. Low
3. Slow, controlled
4. Millions
5. Non-luminous
6. Fermentation 7. Small amount of
F. 1. The process of burning of fuels to produce heat and
light is called combustion.
2. Coal and petroleum.
3. The minimum temperature at which a fuel catches
fire is called ignition temperature.
4. The burning of diesel and coal produces carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, smoke
and dust particles.
5. Yellow.
6. Biogas, cowdung cakes.
7.
8.
9.
G. 1.
2.
3.
H. 1.
2.
3.
4.
13
UNIT-II (MATERIALS)
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
A.
Things
Electrical
switches
and plugs
Dinner
set
Plastic
bottle
Teflon
coated
utensils
B.
1.
Name of Plastic
Properties
Bakelite
Melamine
Polythene
Teflon
Rust
2.
Ca(OH)2
3.
Al2O3
4.
NaCl
5.
HNO3
14
C.
D.
Composition
Properties
Uses
1.
Copper, zinc
2.
3.
4.
Copper, Tin
Aluminium, Copper
Magnesium, Manganese
Copper, Zinc, Nickel
5.
Aluminium, Magnesium
6.
7.
Iron, Carbon
Strong
8.
Lead, Tin
PAPER-PEN TEST2
1. (i) (d)
2. (i) Right
3. (i) Non-biodegrable
4. Synthetic fibres
5. Name of fuel
2. LPG
3. Diesel
4. Cow dung cakes
6. Nylon
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
(ii) (a)
(ii) Right
(ii) Free
State
Gaseous
Liquid
Solid
Sources
Fossil
Fossil
Cow
OR
Metals which remain unaffected in air, water, acidic or alkaline solution and found in free state. They are chemically
unreactive. Like gold, silver.
We cannot store pickle in steel utensils because acid of pickle reacts with steel and corrodes it. Steel gets eaten away.
Combustion take place in the absence of air or oxygen. For example Sodium can burn in the absence of air.
Refer to Ans. of Qs. G(3), Page-8
Metals are used for making tools, machines, cars, buses, jewellery, utensils.
It causes environmental pollution by accumulation because they are non-biodegradable. Synthetic materials cause
blockage of drains and sewer lines. They do not allow percolation of water into the soil.
OR
CNG is Compressed Natural Gas which is lead free fuel. While used in vehicles, it reduces the poisonous exhaust
emissions from vehicles like SO2, CO, Pb, NO2. So air pollution is reduced to large extent.
LPG is liquified petroleum gas. It is a very good source of energy for household purposes. It is smokeless so air
pollution is reduced.
6. CONSERVATION
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. 1. (d)
2.
4. (c)
5.
B. True or False Type
1. True
2.
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2.
C. 2. 1980
3.
(a)
(a)
3. (c)
D. 1.
4.
E. 1.
3.
4.
F. 1.
False
No
1972
15
cB
2. d E
3. a C
bD
5. e A
Uttranchal
2. Fauna
To preserve and protect
Species, verge 5. Red data book
The World Wide Fund for nature (WWF) and the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature
and Natural Resources (IUCN).
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Quiz Questions
1. False
Play & Learn
2. True
Place
KANHA
KAZIRANGA
DACHIGAM
GIR
BANDIPUR
MP
ASSAM
KASHMIR
GUJARAT
KARNATAKA
CONSERVE
WILD
LIFE
7. THE CELL
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. 1. (b)
2.
4. (b)
5.
7. (c)
8.
B. True or False Type
1. False
2.
(b)
(d)
(b)
3. (c)
6. (d)
9. (b)
True
16
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
E. 1.
4.
F. 1.
Column II
Present
Absent
Present
Absent
Nucleus
Plant
Column III
Absent
Present
Absent
Present
2. Hens egg
5. Cell
3. Mitochondria
2.
Plant Cell
(i) A rigid cell wall is present
Animal Cell
(i) Cell wall is absent
Plant Cell
2.
Animal Cell
6.
7.
8.
9.
3.
G. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
17
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
3. Vacuole
4. Nucleus
Down
1. Cell wall
2. Ribosome
3. Mitochondrion 4. Golgi body
Quiz Questions
1. (b)
2. (b)
18
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Quiz Question
(c) The male hormone secreted from testis is
testosterone.
Play & Learn
1. Pancreas
2. Thyroid
3. Pituitary
4. Testis
5. Ovary
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
A.
An animal cell
A plant cell
19
B. (i) (c)
(ii) (d)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (b)
C.
D.
Gland
Hormones Secreates
Function
1. Pituitary
Growth hormone
2. Thyroid
Thyroxine
3. Adrenal
Adrenaline
4. Pancreas
Insulin
5. Ovary
Estrogen
6. Testis
Testosterone
1. (i) (b)
(ii) (c)
2. Yes or No Type
(i) Yes
(ii) No
3. (i) cloning
(ii) Reproduction
4. Cell nucleus
5. 1. (B)
2. (A)
3. (D)
4. (C)
6. Pituitary is master Endocrine gland.
7. Largest cell is ostrich egg and Smallest is bactrium
mycoplasma.
8. WCU : World Conservation Union.
WWF : World Wide Fund.
9. (a) Hormones are the chemicals which are needed for
the proper growth and development of animals and
human body.
(b) Cells multiply for the growth of body and for
replacement of old worn out cells.
9. FORCE
A plant cell
LET US REVISE
Text Book Page No-114
1. The shape of metal changes
2. Pull force is applied on the rope when water is drawn
out of well.
3. When tomato or boiled potato is crushed shape of
tomato and potato changes.
4. When we open our tiffin box we pull it
When we shut the box we push it
20
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
H. 1. Force generally denotes push or pull. It can be
defined as an external agent which changes or tends
to change the state of rest or uniform motion of a
body or changes the direction of body or deforms
the body.
Effects of force are:
(i) A force can make an object move from its
position of rest
(a) A player can move a football by kicking it.
(ii) A force can stop motion. For example a speeding
vehicle stops by the force of friction of the
brackes.
(iii) A force can change the speed or direction of
motion for example, a moving bicycle starts
moving faster if more force is applied on its
paddles.
(iv) A force can bring about change in directions, for
example, length of the rubber band increases
when a stretching force is applied to it.
2. Example of
(a) Muscular Force:
(i) Lifting of school bag
(ii) Pushing friend to make him or her fall.
(b) Gravitational Force:
(i) Falling of fruits from a tree.
(ii) Ball dropped from a height.
(c) Frictional Force:
(i) Rolling ball stops after some time due to
friction.
(ii) Applying brake on a vehicle is a frictional
force which stops the vehicle.
(d) Electrostatic force:
(i) Tiny bits of dry paper are pulled by the rubber
comb.
(ii) A rubbed balloon can stick to a wall.
3. (a) A bullock can make a cart move
(b) A speeding ball can be stopped by applying force
(c) A moving bicycle starts moving faster if more
force is applied on its paddles
(d) A moving car changes direction when force is
applied to the steering.
(e) Kneaded floor changes into round chapatties by
applying force.
4. Friction
(a) It is the force acting between two surfaces in
contact and tending to oppose motion.
(b) It is a contact force.
(c) It deaccelerate or decreases the speed of the
body.
(d) It is a opposing force
Gravity
(a) It is the force with which the Earth attracts all
objects towards itself.
(b) It is a non-contact force.
(c) It accelerates or increases the speed of the body.
(d) It is an attracting force.
A. 1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (c)
4. (a)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (a)
B. True or False Type
1. True
2. False
1. False
2. True
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. No
C.
Non-contact Force: Iron nails attracted towards a
magnet from a distance.
D. 1. (i)
2. (h)
3. (k)
4. (a)
5. (b)
6. (g)
7. (e)
8. (c)
9. (f)
10. (d)
11. (j)
E. 1. Elastic force
2. Downward
3. Weight
4. Opposite
5. Force
6. Shape
7. Pull, Push
8. One Newton
9. 9.8 Newton
F. 1. Force is an influence which tends to change the state
of rest or uniform motion of a body or changes the
speed and direction of a moving body or deforms a
body.
2. Two effects of force are:
(i) Force can make an object move from its position
of rest.
(ii) Force can bring change in the direction of moving
objects.
3. S.I. unit of force is Newton.
4. Pulling or stretching a spring from both the ends is
an example of elastic force.
5. Metals like Iron, Nickel, Cobalt
G. 1. (i) When we strike a striker during playing the game
of carrom.
(ii) When we throw a ball while playing cricket.
2. Four effects of force are:
(i) Force can make an object move from its position
of rest
(ii) Force can stop or slow down the moving objects.
(iii) Force can make a moving object move faster
(iv) Force can bring change in the direction of moving
objects.
3. (a) Contact force: When force is applied physically
through a direct contact between the two bodies,
it is called contact force.
(b) Non-contact Force: When force is applied
without a direct physical contact between the
objects, it is called non-contact force.
4. When a rubber band is stretched it changes its size
and shape.
5. Friction helps in walking
Friction helps in writing on a paper.
6. Mud reduces friction on the road, so we may slip
when we walk on the muddy road.
21
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Quiz Questions
1. Yes
2. No
3. (b)
Think and Tell
1. Due to less friction.
2. (i) Push
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Push
Object move
Change of shape
Change of shape
Change of shape
and (viii) move faster
Gravity
Muscular
Direction
Shapes
Spring
Elastic
Magnet
Friction
10. FRICTION
LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-128
1. Friction is the force which acts along the two
surfaces in contact and opposes the motion of one
body over the other. It is always in the direction
opposite to the direction of motion.
2. Nature of the surface of two bodies in contact
affects the force of friction. This can be shown by
the following example:
22
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. 1. (a)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (a)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (d)
8. (d)
9. (a)
10. (c)
11. (b)
B. True or False Type
1. True
2. False
3. False
Right or Wrong Type
1. Wrong
2. Right
3. Wrong
Yes or No Type
1. No
2. Yes
3. Yes
C. Decrease friction
D. (i) b
(ii) d
(iii) e
(iv) a
(v) c
E. 1. Friction
2. Rough, Smooth
3. Hands, Feet
4. Friction
5. Reduced
6. Increase
7. Reduce
8. Streamlined shape
F. 1. (i) Friction is produced only when one body is
made to move upon another body.
(ii) It is always in the direction opposite to the
direction of motion
2. (i) Sliding friction (ii) Rolling friction
3. Aeroplanes and ships body is streamlined to
reduce the friction to minimum.
4. On a greasy pole friction between our hands and
pole decreases due to the presence of grease so
it is difficult to climb.
5. Old and smooth tyres are discarded because they
become smooth by repeated use so friction is
reduced between the road and tyres and there is
the risk of skidding of the vehicle
23
Air
Ball
Ball
Water
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Quiz Questions
1. To increase friction which holds the cup on the
soccer.
2. Frictional force
3. True
4. (i) Pulled
Think and Tell
If sole of our shoes is without groves, there will be
less friction between the sole and the ground, so we
will slip on the floor.
24
11. PRESSURE
LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-143
1. Because pointed needle puts large pressure on a
very small area of cloth.
2. A sharp heel has a small area in contact with the
ground, so it exerts a greater pressure and would
have a deeper impression while an elephant has a
flat foot which exerts less pressure on larger area
so it makes lighter impression.
3. The skies are long and flat which reduce the
pressure on the snow and we can move over the
snow easily.
4. All cutting and piercing tool have sharp points or
blades so as to put large pressure on very small
area which makes it easy to cut and pierce.
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. 1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (b)
5. (c)
B. True or False Type
1. False
2. True
3. False 4. True
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Wrong 3. Right
4. Wrong
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2. No
3. Yes
C. Barometer
D. 1. C
2. A
3. D
4. B
E. 1. More
2. Pascal
3. Pressure
4. Lesser
5. Area
6. Pressure
7. Manometer
8. Barometer 9. Area
10. Increases
11. Liquid
F. 1. The rear wheels of a tractor are very wide so as to
increase the area due to which pressure on the
wheels is reduced and they do not burst.
2. Buoyant force depends upon two factors :
(i) Depth of the liquid : The more the depth more
will be the buoyant force. As we push a thing deep
inside the liquid, liquid will push it upwards with the
great force.
(ii) Density of the liquid : Denser liquid always
exerts more upthrust. Greater the density of the liquid
it will push the things upwards with greater force.
3. As we go at high altitudes atmospheric pressure
decreases and inside pressure of our bodies
becomes so high that our bodies may burst. This
is the reason that cabins of aeroplanes flying at
high altitudes are pressurised so that the bodies
of persons travelling may not burst.
4. Mercury is used in barometers because it is a very
heavy liquid and therefore, the atmospheric
pressure can only support a column of mercury
about 76 cm. This is convenient as glass tubes of
this size can easily be made and handled.
25
Water
Mustard oil
26
6.
7.
8.
It consists of long and thin tube filled with mercury
and closed at one end. The open end of the tube is
placed in a small trough full of mercury. The
pressure exerted by air on the mercury of trough is
able to hold certain height of the mercury column.
9.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Quiz Questions
1. Mercury is used in barometers because it is a very
heavy liquid and therefore, the atmospheric
pressure can only support a column of mercury
about 76 cm. This is convenient as glass tubes of
this size can easily be made and handled.
2. (b) Decreases
3. True
4. By an Italian Scientist Terriceilli in 1643.
27
12. SOUND
LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-166
1. Loudness, pitch, quality.
2. a violin string; a guitar string;
flute air column; cymbals body;
piano reeds; tabla stretched skin;
gong body; a flying bee wings;
veena string; a girl vocal cord
3. Loudness is the characteristic of sound that helps
us to differentiate between a loud sound and a feeble
sound. It depends on the amplitude of vibrations.
4. Pitch is that characteristic of sound by which we can
distinguish between different sounds of the same
loudness. It depends on the frequency of vibration.
5. Pitch.
Text Book Page-170
1. Because moon has no air.
2. Astronauts communicate through wireless sets using
radio waves. This is because radio waves can travel
even through vacuum.
3. metal rod, water, air.
4. Talking to each other at home, sound of our breathing,
ringing of telephone, ticking of clock.
5. because sound needs a medium to travel.
6. In solids. Because in solids, molecules are closely
packed together due to which sound is transferred
easily from one particle to another.
7. The water gets splashed due to the vibrations of
tuning fork. This concludes that sound produced by
tuning fork is due to the vibration of its prongs.
Therefore sound is produced by the vibrating objects
or bodies.
8. False.
Text Book Page-171
1. Ear
2. Ear drum
3. Ear canal
4. It can tear the eardrum.
Text Book Page-175
1. (a) String
(b) Skin
(c) Air column
(d) Prongs
(e) body
(f) Diaphragm
(g) Wings.
2. Pleasant sound is produced by regular vibrations and
unpleasant sound is produced by irregular vibrations.
3. The persistence of unwanted sound or loud noise in
the environment which sometimes has harmful
effects on human health and well being is termed as
noise pollution. In homes noise is produced by the
cooler, air conditioner, washing machine, mixer,
utensils, television, etc.
28
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. 1. (b)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (c)
5. (d)
B. True or False Type
1. False
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Wrong
3. Right
4. Right
5. Wrong
6. Wrong
Yes or No Type
1. No
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Yes
5. Yes
6. No
C. 1. Ultrasonic Inaudible : : Unpleasant Noise
D. 1. (k)
2. (a)
3. (j)
4. (g)
5. (i)
6. (c)
7. (e)
8. (f)
9. (b)
10. (h)
11. (d)
12. (l)
E. 1. Medium
2. Frequency 3. Hertzs
4. Solids
5. Unpleasant, frequency
6. Decibles
7. 120-140
8. Amplitude
9. Frequency
10. 0 10
11. Pitch
12. Sound.
29
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Noise
Musical sounds
Sound produced by Sound produced by regular
irregular vibrations vibrations which is pleasant
which is upleasant to ears is called a musical
to ear.
sound.
We place on of our ears on a table and ask our friend
to gently tap on the table at a point a metre away
from our ear. Note the sound heard. We will notice
that when we place our ear on the table, we hear the
loud sound. Thus, we can conclude that sound can
travel through solids.
Noise Hazards on :
(i) Ears : Hearing problems and losing ear
sensation.
(ii) Heart : Chances of high blood pressure, high
palpitation and heart attack.
(iii) Problems : Problems related to digestive
system may also occur.
(iv) Personal life : Loss of endurance, fretfulness,
illusion, loss of concentration.
(v) Noise pollution : Birds and cattle leave their
abode due to noise pollution.
Measures to minimize noise :
(i) The factories should not be in the township
areas.
(ii) Domestic appliances should be lubricated and
maintained timely.
(iii) Firecrackers should be banned.
(iv) Functions should be organised indoors.
(v) Vehicles should always be maintained properly
on time.
(a) Amplitude of vibration : The maximum
displacement of a vibrating body from its mean
position on either side is called its amplitude. A
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Quiz Questions
1. (c) Pitch
3. Tympanum
2. guitar
4. No
30
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
A.
Name : Shehnai
Type : Wind instrument
Vibrating Part : Air column
Name : Tabla
Type : Membrane instrument
Vibrating Part : Skin
Name : Veena
Type : String instrument
Vibrating Part : Strings
Name : Sitar
Type : String instrument
Vibrating Part : Strings
Name : Jaltarang
Type : Ghana vadya
Vibrating Part : Water column
Name : Drum
Type : Membrane instrument
Vibrating Part : Skin
Name : Flute
Type : Wind instrument
Vibrating Part : Air column
Name : Mridargam
Name : Bugle
Type : Membrane instrument
Type : Wind instrument
Vibrating Part : Membrane and Vibrating Part : Air column
whole body of instrument
Name : Guitar
Type : String instrument
Vibrating Part : Strings
Name : Harmonium
Type : Reed instruments
Vibrating Part : Thin strips
of metal called reeds
B.
31
Name : Dholak
Type : Membrane instrument
Vibrating Part : Membrane and
whole body of instrument
C.
PAPER-PEN TEST-4
1.
2.
3.
(i) (c)
(i) True
(i) 760 mm
(ii) Infrasonic
4. Air column
5. 1. E
2. D
6. Hertz
7.
8.
9.
10.
(ii) (d)
(ii) True
3. C
4. B
11.
5. A
OR
Opposite to the direction of moving car.
Wooden sleepers
Refer Ans. of Q.5. (LUR) page-28
Gravitational and frictional forces.
Refer to Ans. of Q.2, Think & Tell Page-27
Spring Balance
OR
Refer to Ans. of Qs. H(1), Page-24
32
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. 1. (a)
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (a)
5. (a)
6. (b)
7. (d)
B. True or False Type
1. False
2. False
3. False
4. False
Right or Wrong Type
1. Wrong
2. Wrong
3. Right
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2. No
3. No
C. 2. Salty water : Good conductor
D. 1. Electrolytes
2. Acids and bases and salt
3. Chemical, chemical
4. Liquid
5. Electroplating
6. Non electrolyte 7. Electrolyte.
E. 1. Flow of charges is called electric current.
2. Materials which allow electric current to pass
through them are called conductors. e.g. iron, gold,
etc.
3. (i) We should not touch electric wires and
switches with wet hands.
(ii) We should wear rubber gloves.
(iii) We should use tester.
(iv) We should wear rubber slippers.
4. We can find with the help of a tester whether the
electric current pass through a particular material
or not.
5. CFLs i.e., compact fluorescent light bulbs are good
for saving energy but they contain mercury which
is highly poisonous. So they should be disposed
safely.
(i) They can be recycled
(ii) Retailors should start free take back
programme and then recycle it.
F. 1. Chemical effect of electric current : When
electric current is passed through certain liquids
or solutions that conduct electricity, chemical
changes occur. This is called the chemical effect
of electric current.
The chemical decomposition of a liquid or solution
while passing an electric current is called
electrolysis. The liquid or solution that breaks up
during electrolysis is called electrolyte. An
electrolyte when dissolved in water or when melted
produces ions. These ions are free to move
throughout the solution. The positively charged ions
are called cations and the negatively charged ions
are called anions.
33
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Quiz Questions
1. (c)
2. (b)
UNIT-V (HOW THINGS WORK)
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
A.
B.
C.
S.No.
Conductors
Insulators
1.
Silver
Cotton
2.
Gold
Rubber
3.
Aluminium
Plastics
4.
Iron
Mica
5.
Brass
Wood
6.
Steel
Paper
PAPER-PEN TEST-5
1.
2.
(i) (c)
(i) False
5. Liquid
(ii) (a)
(ii) False
Compass Needle
shows deflection (Yes/No)
Conductor/Insulator
1. Tap water
Yes
Conductor
2. Lemon juice
Yes
Conductor
3. Milk
No
Insulator
4. Distilled water
No
Insulator
5. Vinegar
Yes
Conductor
34
6. Cotton, wood.
OR
Yes.
7. (a) The process of chemical decomposition of a
solution or liquid on passing an electric current.
(b) A substance which produces ions in a solution.
8. LEDs are more useful because LED glows even
when a small electric current flows through it.
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. 1. (b)
2.
4. (a)
5.
B. True or False Type
1. False
2.
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2.
C. Static electricity
D.
S.No.
(c)
(b)
3. (c)
True
Wrong
3. Right
Piece of Paper
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E. 1. Charged body
2. Repel, Attracts
3. Equal, Opposite
4. Benjamin Franklin, Storm
5. Earthing
6. Thunder.
F. Wrong Word
Replaced Word
1. Repel
Attracts
2. Negatively
Positively
3. Iron
Copper or Aluminium
4. Small
Tall
5. Attracts
Repel
G. 1. Rapid flow of charge through the air between the
two oppositely charged clouds is called lightning.
2. Inflated balloon sticks to a wall because it gets
electrically charged by rubbing against dry hair.
3. Lightning conductors are the device used for
protection of high rise buildings.
35
6. A lightning conductor consists of long thick metal rod/strip having sharp spikes at its upper end. The spikes
pointing towards the sky are fixed at the highest points of the building. The lower end of the metal rod/strip is
connected to a large copper (or alluminium) plate which is buried deep inside the earth. This is called earthing.
When a highly charged cloud passes over a tall building, it induces an opposite charge on the spike. This charge
quickly flows to the earth through the copper rod/strip. Thus the lightning discharge is prevented and the building
is saved from damage.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Quiz Questions
1. (d)
2. (a), (b) (Both)
Think and Tell Lightning travels faster than sound.
36
15. LIGHT
LET US REVISE
Text Book Page 206
1. Luminous bodies : The bodies which emit light
are called luminous bodies. Eg. sun, stars, burning candle, a glowing electric lamp, etc.
Non-luminous bodies : The bodies which do not
emit light are called non-luminous bodies.
e.g. Table, earth, moon etc.
2. Moon is not considered as a luminous body
because it does not have light of its own. So does
not emit light.
3. (a) The image formed due to regualr reflection is
sharp and clear.
(b) The image formed due to irregular reflection
is not sharp and clear.
4. Regular reflection : A reflection which is shown
when a light falls on smooth surface such as mirror
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. 1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (d)
5. (a)
6. (d)
7. (c)
8. (d)
B. True or False Type
1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Right
3. Right
Yes or No Type
1. No
2. No
3. No
C. (i) Eyelids (ii) Convex lens
D. A (b) (ii)
B (a) (iii)
C (d) (i)
D (c) (iv)
E. 1. Luminous
2. Luminous, non-luminous
3. Reflects
4. Incidence, reflection
5. Multiple reflection
6. 7, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
7. Braille
8. angle
F. 1. When white light passes through an equilateral
prism it splits into seven colours (VIBGYOR). This
is called dispersion of light.
2. Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from
one substance or medium to another. In figure the
light rays passes from air to glass and go back to
air. The bending is caused by the differences in
density between the two substances.
Air
Glass
Air
37
5.
2.
38
8.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Quiz Questions
1. False
2. (b)
3. (a)
1.
2
1
Ursa major
5
SUMMATIVE ASSESSEMENT
A. 1. (a)
2. (c)
4. (a)
5. (a)
7. (c)
8. (c)
10. (d)
11. (a)
True or False Type
B. 1. True
2. True
4. False
Right or Wrong Type
1. Wrong
2. Wrong
Yes or No Type
1. No
2. Yes
3.
6.
9.
12.
(d)
(d)
(b)
(c)
C. Mercury
D.
Aib
C ii c
E. 1. Venus
4. Mercury
6. Ursa Major
F. 1. Spiral
3. Mercury
5. Aryabhatta
7. Artificial satellites
9. Satellite, Planet
3. True
3. Wrong
3. No
39
B iii d
D iv a
2. Mars
3. Pluto
5. Halleys comet
7. Satellite
8. Meteors
2. Carbon dioxide gas
4. Saptarshi
6. Milkway or Akash Ganga
8. Natural
10. Constellation
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I. 1.
2.
Mercury
387 Fahrenheit or 233 Celsius.
APPLE Ariane Passenger Pay Load Experiment.
Asteroids are a large number of small rocky bodies
about 1000 km or less diameter which orbit around
the Sun between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter.
Stars twinkle due to atmospheric Refraction, that is,
we view them through a thick layer of moving air in
the earths atmosphere.
The heavenly bodies which revolve around the
planets are called natural satellite. Except Mercury
and Venus, all planets have satellites revolving
around them. Earth has moon as its only natural
satellite.
Clusters of stars in the universe are called galaxies.
The vast, unlimited space around the earth and all
heavenly bodies is known as Universe. It includes
Earth, all the heavenly bodies like stars, planets,
satellites and several other celestial bodies.
Natural satellites are the already existing heavenly
bodies revolving around the planets in a fixed orbit.
It can not be used in TV transmission programmes,
remote sensing, internet like scientific interest as it
is not placed in a geostationary orbit.
Artificial satellites are man-made machines placed
in a particular orbit (Geostationary orbit) so that it
can be used for scientific investigations. It has many
uses in our life like in T.V. transmission, collection of
information about weather, agriculture, defence,
research and many more.
Moving of planets around the sun in a fixed orbit is
known as Revolution, but movement of planet on its
own axis is called Rotation.
Meteors are the heavenly bodies consisting of small
pieces of stones and metallic rocks, But when they
enter the Earths atmosphere they get heated up due
to air friction, Sometimes their remains fall on the
Earths surface. These are called meteoroids.
Half
4.
Crescent
Gibbous
New
moon
Day
Night
Full
moon
Earth
Crescent
Gibbous
Half
40
5.
Galaxy
Constellation
FORMATIVE ASSESSEMENT
Middle orbit : Asteroids, Sun, Satellite, Moon,
Little Bear, Pluto.
Quiz Questions
1. (c)
2. (d)
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
A.
C.
B.
D. Do it yourself
PAPER-PEN TEST-6
1. (i) (c)
(ii) (d)
2. (i) True
(ii) False
3. (i) Repel, attract (ii) Multiple reflection
4. Dotted line
5. 1. B
2. A
3. D
4. C
6. F-2 at page-37
OR
Refer to Ans. of G (1), Page 35
41
3.
4.
I. 1.
2.
R
Recycle
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Quiz Questions
1. (b)
2. (d)
42
R
Reuse
R
R
Reduce Refuse
43
4. Control measure
5. Fluorosis
6. Eutrophication, Oxygen
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
8. Due to pollution of water many diseases like
cholera, dysentery, typhoid are caused.
G. 1. Addition of harmful and undesirable substance in
air is called air pollution.
2. The harmful substances which pollute the air are
called air pollutants.
3. Suspended particulate matter consists of dust and
soot.
4.
pollutants are those that can be
broken down into non-poisonous substances in
nature due to reaction of bacteria and other
microbes. Example - dead plants and animal, grain,
cloth, leather etc.
Non-biodegradable are those materials which
can not be broken down into non-poisonous or
harmless substances in nature by bacteria.
A. 1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (d)
5. (b)
6. (d)
7. (b)
8. (a)
9. (a)
10. (c)
11. (c)
12. (b)
13. (a)
14. (b)
15. (a)
16. (b)
17. (a)
B. True or False Type
1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Wrong
3. Wrong
4. Right
5. Wrong
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2. No
3. Yes
4. No
C. CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)
D. (i) (A)
(ii) (D)
(iii) (B)
(iv) (C)
E. 1. Nitrogen, oxygen
2. Smoke ash
3. Pollution
4. SO2 and NO2
5. Pollutants
6. S. P.M. (Suspended Particulate Matter)
7. Fossil fuel
8. Ozone
9. CO2 and Methane
10. Sewage
11. Ques. is wrong
12. Photosynthesis
13. Boiling, chlorination
14. Photosynthesis
15. Alum
16. Both
F. 1. Domestic waste water is called sewage.
2. Lead is harmful.
3. Full form of CFC - Chlorofluorocarbons.
4. Full form of SPMTS - Suspended particulate matter.
5. Aerosol is gaseous pollutant.
6. DDT is non biodegradable.
7. Chemicals and decayed food particles.
44
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
45
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Quiz Questions
1. (c)
2. Potable
2. (b)
3. Smoke
4. Lead
1. Acid Rain
5. Carbon dioxide
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
A.
Items
Energy Source
Pollutant
Petrol
Car
46
Effect
Diesel
Smoke
Smog
Coal
Smoke
Smog
Coal
Smoke
Smog
Oil
Sulphur dioxide
Truck
Factory
Chullah
Factory
B.
4-R APPROACH
Recycle
C.
S.No.
Reuse
Reduce
Refuse
Pollutant
Cause
Harmful effect
1.
2.
3.
Oxides of nitrogen
Exhaust of vehicles
domestic activities
Exhaust of vehicles domestic
activities
Exhaust of vehicles, some
industries
4.
Cadmium (Cd)
Industrial waste
5.
Greenhouse effect
6.
7.
Lead
Vehicles
8.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Ozone hole
D. 1. By boiling.
2. By filtration
5. Chlorination.
47
E.
S. No.
Biodegradable Wastes
Non-biodegradable Wastes
1.
Animal bones
2.
Animal excreta
Silver foils
3.
Cow-dung
Plastics
4.
Urine
DDT
5.
Paper
Polythene bags
6.
Wood
Rubber
7.
Cloth
Computer floppy
PAPER-PEN TEST-7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
48