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01 - KAPPA 1988-2013
A01 Introduction
When horizontal wells were introduced some 30 years ago the well test analyst suddenly had a
problem; there was no analytical model available. This was quickly remedied and a simple
horizontal analytical well model was introduced, however it was strictly horizontal and was not
able to cut through different horizons. This meant that the actual layers were also strictly
horizontal. The reservoir was homogeneous, double porosity, or composite and could be
bounded by a circle, rectangle or any shape using the 2D Map (analytical or numerical). The
well could not extend from one zone to another, and subsequently the first equivalent
numerical wells followed the stratigraphy of the zone where the well started.
An analytical multilayered slanted well was later introduced, however the layers were still
strictly horizontal. This model is described in the DDA book chapter 6 (6.I.5).
It was evident that a model which could realistically represent a true horizontal well cutting
through different facies and zones would be necessary to develop.
Click on the well and the perforations will be selected. The perforations can be adjusted by
dragging the black dots, or by double clicking on the well and entering the data manually.
Double click on the well and enter a perforated interval running from MD=88.3 ft to MD=148.3
ft as displayed below.
and proceed to enter the rates under the production tab; 1000 STB/D for
Press
and go back to Analysis 1. Click on Test Design in the More tools page.
The interpretation page should now display the log-log plot, semi-log plot and the history plot.
The cross section of the well should now look like this:
Now press
In order to make the reservoir seem infinitely acting over the test period, we will increase the
reservoir area. Double click on the reservoir boundary and tick the box set as rectangle. Tick
the box define by area and enter 100000 acres.
.
and zoom into the well to view the gridding and the well trajectory from the top.
An
'External
Models'
folder
will
automatically
be
created
under
C:\Program
Files\KAPPA\ExternalModels4.20. Direct Ecrin to the external models by visiting the External
Models tab in the Interpretation option of the Settings page. In the external models tab,
click on the folder icon and browse to the external models folder. The model names should
appear as indicated below.
segment 2
x1
x2
450
y1
y2
zw1
0.5
zw2
0.5
x1
700
x2
1200
y1
250
y2
250
zw1
0.25
zw2
0.25
in the New analysis dialogue. Now click on Model and select the Numerical tab.
Check the store pressure fields box and click on
Once the model has been generated an additional plot is available for analysis. Maximize the
2D geometry plot and zoom in on the well. Create a cross section through the well by clicking
on
in the toolbar and joining the dots where the well coordinates were defined. When the
dot turns green, the mouse should be released and the cross section dragged towards the next
dot. The end of the cross section is defined by double clicking on the mouse.
. Click on
on
in order to view the pressure profile at different depths by scrolling up and down. Recall
that the 2 perforated segments were 50 ft and 75 ft below the top of the reservoir. Scroll to
view the reservoir at relative depths 0.5 and 0.75 to view the pressure profiles near the
wellbore for both segments.
section of the well can be visualised. Play back the simulation by clicking on
pressure profile along the entire well.
The complex 3D grid around the well can be visualized by setting the 3D plot settings display
to lines:
The objective is to build a wiggly well using Rubis that cut through three different reservoir
horizons. In this case we have the survey of the trajectory and will use this survey to build the
well and the perforations.
Start a new Rubis project use all the default parameters and settings.
Build a three layer reservoir
by using the option 1 Top + n-thickness the type of the
top is Data Set and the data set is illustrated in the following table:
Top layer depth: 6000 ft
Add two more layers; Layer 1: 500 ft, layer 2: 100 ft and layer 3: 250 ft:
Set the fluid type to Saturated Oil, add Water and keep all the default values.
. The three layers created in the geometry set up previously will appear as layer 1,
2 and 3. Chose layer 1 marked the Default region. Change the default parameters as per the
next figure:
114.598
114.598
114.598
114.598
114.598
114.598
121.661
126.092
132.655
141.552
151.483
191.205
249.370
286.255
341.583
389.817
462.169
6000.00
6153.55
6282.95
6361.37
6467.23
6522.13
6526.24
6528.82
6532.63
6537.81
6537.81
6561.34
6608.39
6631.92
6655.44
6655.44
6667.21
In the 2D Map zoom in on the well and activate the red well nodes by clicking on the green
well trace, you can add and delete nodes as you wish by clicking on the well where there is no
red node or hover the mouse over any red node and click to delete it.
To create a cross section that shows the well use the button
and trace through the well
and the nodes in the 2D Map. The nodes will turn green as the automatic glue to the node is
activated, a click will snap the cross section to the node.