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Controlling Electrical Appliances through TV

Remote

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Controlling Electrical Appliances through TV Remote

Abstract:

Wired or wireless remote control devices including Infrared (IR) or RF


transmitter for remotely operating AC powered electrical appliances such as television
receivers, home heaters, air conditioners, motorized curtains, lighting and other
electrical appliances in homes, apartments, offices and buildings in general are
switched on and off by a one way control or command signal, with the person
operating the remote control device verifying the on or off status of the operated
device by visual means, such as the TV is on, or the lights are off, or the air condition
unit is activated or not, by being at the site of the operated appliance.

Most of the remote control devices, including IR or wireless remote control


devices use the same power key to switch the appliance on and off, therefore without
the operating person's self verification on site, with most of currently available remote
control devices it is impossible to positively verify the on-off power status without
being at the appliance site.

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Controlling Electrical Appliances through TV Remote

CHAPTER 1
Controlling Electrical Appliances through TV Remote

POWER SUPPLY:

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e.,
230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a
rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a
pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c
components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator
to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.

Transformer:

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these
voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the
a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required
voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is
employed to decrease the voltage to a required level.

Rectifier:

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Controlling Electrical Appliances through TV Remote

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier, It converts A.C. into pulsating
D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project. a bridge
rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.

Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the
mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied.
D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the
output stage.

Voltage regulator:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this
project, power supply of 5V and I 2V are required. In order to obtain these voltage
levels. 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78
represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output
voltage levels.

Necessity of regulated power supply:

The DC level of an ordinary power supply changes due to the following reasons.
Variations in AC mains voltage: the permissible variation in the mains voltage as per
Indian electricity rules is +1- 6% of its rated value. But in India the variation in
voltage is much more than its rated value. That is why the DC voltage of an ordinary
power supply changes to such an extent that the electronic device refuses to work
satisfactorily. Voltages drop in internal resistance: the internal resistance of an
ordinary power supply is very large. Therefore output voltage changes to an extent
when load is connected across it. Some it reduces to very low extent due to which the
electronic component refuses to work.

INTRODUCTION TO IR:

One of the advantages of infrared remote is that there is no radio signal for crooks to
monitor and record for use against you later on. Instead, there is a beam of invisible
infrared light which comes from a standard hand-held remote control unit. So from
that point of view, it is pretty secure. There is, though, an enormous variety of tasks to

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Controlling Electrical Appliances through TV Remote

which you could put the unit. Just think of the myriad of things in your home these
days which use infrared remote to turn things on and off, change levels, open and
close.

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Controlling Electrical Appliances through TV Remote

CHAPTER 2

WHAT IS INFRARED?

Infra Red is a energy radiation with a frequency below our eyes sensitivity, so
we cannot see it. Even that we cannot “see” sound frequencies, we know that it exist,
we can listen them

Even that we cannot see or hear infrared, we can feel it at our skin temperature
sensors. When you approach your hand to fire or warm element, you will “feel” the
heat, but you can’t see it. You can see the fire because it emits other types of
radiation, visible to your eyes, but it also emits lots of infrared that you can only feel
in your skin.

INFRAREDINELECTRONICS

Infra-Red is interesting, because it is easily generated and doesn’t suffer


electromagnetic interference, so it is nicely used to communication and control, but it
is not perfect, some other light emissions could contains infrared as well, and that can
interfere in this communication. The sun is an example, since it emits a wide spectrum
or radiation. The adventure of using lots of infra-red in TVNCR remote controls and
other applications, brought infra-red diodes (emitter and receivers) at very low cost at
the market.

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Controlling Electrical Appliances through TV Remote

From now on you should think as infrared as just a “red” light. This light can means
something to the receiver, the “on or off” radiation can transmit different meanings.
Lots of things can generate infrared, anything that radiate heat do it, including out
body, lamps, stove, oven, friction your hands together, even the hot water at the
faucet. To allow a good communication using infra-red, and avoid those “fake”
signals. it is imperative to use a “key” that can tell the receiver what is the real data
transmitted and what is fake. As an analogy, looking eye naked to the night sky you
can see hundreds of stars, but you can spot easily a far away airplane just by its
flashing strobe light. That strobe light is the “key”, the “coding” element that alerts
us.

Similar to the airplane at the night sky, our TV room may have hundreds of
tinny IR sources, our body, and the lamps around, even the hot cup of tea. A way to
avoid all those other sources, is generating a key, like the flashing airplane.

So, remote controls use to pulsate its infrared in a certain frequency. The IR
receiver module at the TV, VCR or stereo “tunes” to this certain frequency and
ignores all other IR received. The best frequency for the job is between 30 and 60kHz,
the most used is around 36kHz So, remote controls use the 36kHz (or around) to
transmit information. Infrared light emitted by IR Diodes is pulsated at 36 thousand
times per second, when transmitting logic level“1”andsilencefor“0”.

IR Generation:

To generate a 36 kHz pulsating infrared is quite easy, more difficult is to


receive and identify this frequency. This is why some companies produce infrared
receives, that contains the filters, decoding circuits and the output shaper, that delivers
a square wave, meaning the existence or not of the 36kHz incoming pulsating
infrared. It means that those 3 dollars small units, have an output pin that goes high
(+5V) when there is a pulsating 36kHz infrared in front of it, and zero volts when
36kHz there is not this radiation.

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Controlling Electrical Appliances through TV Remote

A square wave of approximately 27uS (microseconds) injected at the base of a


transistor, can drive an infrared LED to transmit this pulsating light wave. Upon its
presence, the commercial receiver will switch its output to high level (+5V).

If you can turn on and off this frequency at the transmitter, your receiver’s output will
indicate when the transmitter is on or off.

Those IR demodulators have inverted logic at its output, when a burst of IR is sensed
it drives its output to low level, meaning logic level = 1

The TV, VCR, and Audio equipment manufacturers for long use infra-red at their
remote controls. To avoid a Philips remote control to change channels in a Panasonic
TV, they use different codification at the infrared, even that all of them use basically
the same transmitted frequency, from 36 to 50 kHz. So, all of them use a different
combination of bits or how to code the transmitted data to avoid interference.

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Controlling Electrical Appliances through TV Remote

CHAPTER 3

DECODING IR SIGNAL WITH A MICROCONTROLLER

To receive this signal using a microcontroller follows the timing from the
figure below. Note that the Infrared Receiver invert the bit signal, low level means bit

ON.

During Inactivity (no Infrared present) the output of the Infrared receiver is
UP (bit zero). You can connect the IR receiver output to any input port pin or
interrupt pin of your microcontroller, and keep polling it or prepare the interrupt
routine to trigger your reading after the first low level sensed. When you press a key
at the remote, it transmits the train of pulses, and your microcontroller will receive bit
#1 first. It will be sensed right after the middle of the bit when it changes from high to
low level to means bit “1”. This is the first time that your microcontroller will “see”
the incoming IR signal. You don’t need to decode those first two bits, not even the
CHK bit (except if you want to control as the TV do and described above), so you can
skip those 3 bits and start to receive the ADDRESS bits. To do that, you need to skip
2.75 bits time, and you will be exactly at the middle of the right level of the first
ADDRESS bit to be read (non inverted level).

So, upon sensing the first low level, your software should wait 4.752
milliseconds and then start to read the next 11 bits spaced 1.728ms each. The first 5
bits are Address and the next 6 bits are Command, logic correct level, LOW = 0,

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Controlling Electrical Appliances through TV Remote

HIGH = 1. At your bit reading routine use an available microcontroller port pin and
generate a fast pulse UP and DOWN, then use one scope channel to display this pulse,

and the other scope channel to show the incoming signal.

Blue: Check bit (flipping)


White: Address (00)
Green: Command
IR RECEIVER:

Description:

The TSOPI7 series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control systems.
PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame; the epoxy package is
designed as IR filter.

The demodulated output signal can directly be decoded by a microprocessor. TSOP17


is the standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting all major transmission
codes.

Features:

 Photo detector and preamplifier in one package

 Internal filter for PCM frequency

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Controlling Electrical Appliances through TV Remote

 Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance

 TTL and CMOS compatibility

 Output active low

 Low power consumption

 High immunity against ambient light

 Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps)

 Suitable burst length .10 cycles/burst

BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Controlling Electrical Appliances through TV Remote

RELAY:

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of another electrical
circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or
close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because
a relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can
be considered, in a broad sense, to be a form of electrical amplifier.

Operation:

When a current tiows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field auracts an
armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes
or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil is switched
off the armature is returned by a force approximately half as strong as the magnetic
force to its relaxed position. Usually this is a spring, but gravity is also used
commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate
quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high
current application, this is to reduce arcing.

lithe coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to
dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would
otherwise generate a spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit components,
If the coil is designed to be energized with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to
the end of the solenoid. This “shading ring” creates a small out-of-phase current,
which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.

By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state


relay is made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device. To achieve
electrical isolation, a light-emitting diode (LED) is used with a photo transistor.

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Controlling Electrical Appliances through TV Remote

CONCLUSION:

Most of the remote control devices, including IR or wireless remote control


devices use the same power key to switch the appliance on and off, therefore without
the operating person's self verification on site, with most of currently available remote
control devices it is impossible to positively verify the on-off power status without
being at the appliance site.

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