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Ancient Greek
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This article is about the language. For Ancient Greek culture in general, see Ancient Greece. For Ancient Greek
population groups, see List of ancient Greek tribes.
"Classical Greek" redirects here. For the culture, see Classical Greece.
Ancient Greek includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the
ancient world from around the 9th century BCE to the 6th century CE. It is often
roughly divided into the Archaic period (9th to 6th centuries BCE), Classical
period (5th and 4th centuries BCE), and Hellenistic period (3rd century BCE to
6th century CE). It is antedated in the second millennium BCE by Mycenaean
Greek.

Ancient Greek

Hellnik

The language of the Hellenistic phase is known as Koine (common), while the
language from the late period onward features no considerable differences from
Medieval Greek. Koine is regarded as a separate historical stage of its own,
although in its earlier form, it closely resembled the Classical. Prior to the Koine
period, Greek of the classic and earlier periods included several regional
dialects.
Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of classical Athenian historians,
playwrights, and philosophers. It has contributed many words to English
vocabulary and has been a standard subject of study in educational institutions
of the West since the Renaissance. This article primarily contains information
about the Epic and Classical phases of the language.
Contents
1 Dialects
1.1 History
1.2 Other languages
2 Phonology
2.1 Differences from Proto-Indo-European
2.2 Phonemic inventory
2.2.1 Consonants
2.2.2 Vowels
3 Morphology
3.1 Augment
3.2 Reduplication
4 Writing system
5 Example text
6 Modern use
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
10.1 Grammar learning
10.2 Classical texts

Inscription about the construction of the statue

of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon, 440/439
BCE
Region
eastern Mediterranean
Era
developed into Koin Greek by the
4th century BCE
Language Indo-European
family
Hellenic
Ancient Greek
Greek alphabet
Writing
system
Language codes
ISO 639-2 grc
ISO 639-3 grc (includes all pre-modern
stages)
Glottolog
anci1242 [1]

Map of Ancient (Homeric) Greece

Dialects

[ edit ]

Main article: Ancient Greek dialects

Ancient Greek was a pluricentric language, divided into many dialects.
The main dialect groups are Attic and Ionic, Aeolic, Arcadocypriot, and
Doric, many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found
in standardized literary forms used in literature, while others are attested
only in inscriptions.
There are also several historical forms. Homeric Greek is a literary form
of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the

Beginning of Homer's Odyssey

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epic poems, the "Iliad" and "Odyssey", and in later poems by other authors. Homeric Greek had significant differences in
grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects.

slenska
Italiano

History [ edit ]

Kurd

Latina
Latvieu
Lietuvi
Ligure
Limburgs
Lumbaart
Magyar

Malagasy
Nederlands

Nordfriisk
Norsk bokml

Ozbekcha/

The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of a lack of
contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the
divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common Proto-Indo-European language. They have the same general
outline, but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period[2] is Mycenaean, but its relationship to the
historical dialects and the historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form.
Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BCE, at the time of the
Dorian invasion(s)and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BCE. The invasion
would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to the historical Dorians. The invasion is known to
have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population
displaced by or contending with the Dorians.
The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek peopleDorians, Aeolians, and Ionians
(including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure
mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from the center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to
the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation.
One standard formulation for the dialects is:[3]

Piemontis
Plattdtsch
Polski
Portugus
Romn

Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenina
/ srpski
Srpskohrvatski /

Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
Tarandne
Trke

Ting Vit
Zazaki

Edit links

West Group
Northwest Greek
Doric
Aeolic Group
Aegean/Asiatic Aeolic
Thessalian
Boeotian
Ionic-Attic Group

Distribution of Greek dialects in the classical period.[4]

Western group:
Central group:
Eastern group:
Doric proper
Aeolic
Attic
Northwest Doric
Arcado-Cypriot
Ionic
Achaean Doric

Attica
Euboea and colonies in Italy
Cyclades
Asiatic Ionia
Arcadocypriot Greek
Arcadian
Cypriot

West vs. non-west Greek is the strongest marked and earliest division, with non-west in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic)
and Aeolic vs. Arcado-Cypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-west is called East Greek.
The Arcado-Cypriot group apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age.
Boeotian had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect.
Thessalian likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to a lesser degree.
Pamphylian, spoken in a small area on the south-western coast of Asia Minor and little preserved in inscriptions, may be
either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence.
Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding
territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including Cretan Doric),
Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including Laconian, the dialect of Sparta), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including
Corinthian).
The Lesbian dialect was a member of the Aegean/Asiatic Aeolic sub-group.
All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local
characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects.
The dialects outside the Ionic group are known mainly from inscriptions, notable exceptions being fragments of the works of
the poetess Sappho from the island of Lesbos and the poems of the Boeotian poet, Pindar.
After the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BCE, a new international dialect known as Koine or
Common Greek developed, largely based on Attic Greek, but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced
most of the older dialects, although Doric dialect has survived to the present in the form of the Tsakonian dialect of Modern
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Greek, spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of Demotic
Greek. By about the 6th century CE, the Koine had slowly metamorphosized into Medieval Greek.

Other languages [ edit ]

Ancient Macedonian was an Indo-European language closely related to Greek, but its exact relationship is unclear because of
insufficient data: possibly a dialect of Greek; a sibling language to Greek; or a close cousin to Greek, and perhaps related to
some extent, to Thracian and Phrygian languages. The Pella curse tablet is one of many finds that support the idea that the
Ancient Macedonian language is closely related to the Doric Greek dialect. However, Ancient Macedonian was definitely not a
Slavic language; Slavs migrated in Eastern Europe nine centuries later.

Phonology

[ edit ]

Differences from Proto-Indo-European [ edit ]

Main article: Proto-Greek language
Ancient Greek differs from Proto-Indo-European and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In phonotactics, Ancient
Greek words could only end in a vowel or /n s r/; final stops were lost, as in "milk", compared with "of milk"
(genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in phonemic inventory:
PIE *s became /h/ at the beginning of a word (debuccalization): Latin sex, English six, Ancient Greek /hks/.
PIE *s was lost between vowels via an intermediate step of debuccalization: Sanskrit janasas, Latin generis (where s > r by
rhotacism), Greek *genesos > *genehos > Ancient Greek (/gneos/), Attic (/gnos/) "of a kind".
PIE *y /j/ became /h/ (debuccalization) or /(d)z/ (fortition): Sanskrit yas, Ancient Greek "who" (relative pronoun); Latin
iugum, English yoke, Ancient Greek /zygs/.
PIE *w, which occurred in Mycenaean and some non-Attic dialects, was lost: early Doric , English work, Attic Greek
/rgon/.
PIE and Mycenaean labiovelars changed to plain stops (labials, dentals, and velars) in the later Greek dialects: for
instance, PIE *k became /p/ or /t/ in Attic: Attic Greek /p/ "where?", Latin qu; Attic Greek /ts/, Latin quis
"who?".
PIE "voiced aspirated" stops *b d g g were devoiced and became the aspirated stops /p t k/ in Ancient
Greek.

Phonemic inventory [ edit ]

Main article: Ancient Greek phonology
The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek. Ancient Greek had long and short vowels;
many diphthongs; double and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops; and a pitch accent. In Modern
Greek, all vowels and consonants are shortmany vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as /i/
(iotacism). Some of the stops and glides in diphthongs have become fricatives, and the pitch accent has changed to a stress
accent. Many of these changes took place in the Koine Greek period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does
not reflect all pronunciation changes.
The examples below represent Attic Greek in the 5th century BCE. Ancient pronunciation can never be reconstructed with
certainty, but Greek from this period is well documented and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general
nature of the sounds that the letters represent.
Consonants [ edit ]
Bilabial Dental Velar Glottal

()

Plosive voiceless

aspirated

Nasal
voiced

Fricative

Trill

Lateral

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[] occurred as an allophone of /n/ used before velars and as an allophone of // before nasals. /r/ was probably voiceless
when word-initial (written ). /s/ was assimilated to [z] before voiced consonants.
Vowels [ edit ]
Front

Back

unrounded

rounded

Close

i i

Close-mid

e e

o o

Open-mid

Open

y y

a a

/o/ raised to [u], probably by the 4th century BCE.

Morphology

[ edit ]

Main article: Ancient Greek grammar

Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages, is highly inflected. It is highly
archaic in its preservation of Proto-Indo-European forms. In Ancient Greek, nouns
(including proper nouns) have five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative,
and vocative), three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and three numbers
(singular, dual, and plural). Verbs have four moods (indicative, imperative,
subjunctive, and optative) and three voices (active, middle, and passive), as well as
three persons (first, second, and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated
Ostracon bearing the name of
through seven combinations of tenses and aspect (generally simply called "tenses"):
Cimon, Stoa of Attalos
the present, future, and imperfect are imperfective in aspect; the aorist (perfective
aspect); a present perfect, pluperfect and future perfect. Most tenses display all four
moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive,
optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice.

Augment [ edit ]
The indicative of past tenses adds (conceptually, at least) a prefix /e-/, called the augment. This was probably originally a
separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment
is added to the indicative of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other
forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist).
The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment is added to stems beginning with
consonants, and simply prefixes e (stems beginning with r, however, add er). The quantitative augment is added to stems
beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel:
a, , e,
i,
o,
u,
ai i
ei i or ei
oi i
au u or au
eu u or eu
ou ou
Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is e ei. The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the
loss of s between vowels. In verbs with a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the prefix and
the original verb. For example, (-) (I attack) goes to o in the aorist.
Following Homer's practice, the augment is sometimes not made in poetry, especially epic poetry.
The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below.

Reduplication [ edit ]

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Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (Note that a few
irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of
reduplication are:
Syllabic reduplication: Most verbs beginning with a single consonant, or a cluster of a stop with a sonorant, add a syllable
consisting of the initial consonant followed by e. An aspirated consonant, however, reduplicates in its unaspirated
equivalent: Grassmann's law.
Augment: Verbs beginning with a vowel, as well as those beginning with a cluster other than those indicated previously
(and occasionally for a few other verbs) reduplicate in the same fashion as the augment. This remains in all forms of the
perfect, not just the indicative.
Attic reduplication: Some verbs beginning with an a, e or o, followed by a sonorant (or occasionally d or g), reduplicate by
adding a syllable consisting of the initial vowel and following consonant, and lengthening the following vowel. Hence er
err, an ann, ol oll, ed edd. This is not actually specific to Attic Greek, despite its name, but it was generalized
in Attic. This originally involved reduplicating a cluster consisting of a laryngeal and sonorant, hence h l h leh l oll
with normal Greek development of laryngeals. (Forms with a stop were analogous.)
Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, lamban (root lab) has the perfect stem eilpha (not
*lelpha) because it was originally slamban, with perfect seslpha, becoming eilpha through compensatory lengthening.
Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's
initial consonant followed by i. A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs.[5]

Writing system

[ edit ]

Main article: Greek orthography

Ancient Greek was written in the Greek alphabet, with some variation among dialects. Early
texts are written in boustrophedon style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic
period. Modern editions of Ancient Greek texts are usually written with accents and breathing
marks, interword spacing, modern punctuation, and sometimes mixed case, but these were all
introduced later.

Example text

[ edit ]

The beginning of Homer's Iliad exemplifies the Archaic period of Ancient Greek (see Homeric
Greek for more details):
, ,
, ,

,


.
The beginning of Apology by Plato exemplifies Attic Greek from the Classical period of Ancient
Greek:
, , , : '
' , .
.
Transliterated into the Latin alphabet using a modern version of the Erasmian scheme:
Hti mn hmes, ndres Athnaoi, pepnthate hup tn emn katgrn, ouk oda: eg
d' on ka auts hup' autn olgou emauto epelathmn, hot pithans legon. Katoi
alths ge hs pos eipen oudn eirksin.

Greek alphabet
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
Theta
Iota
Kappa
Lambda
Mu

Nu
Xi
Omicron
Pi
Rho
Sigma
Tau
Upsilon
Phi
Chi
Psi
Omega

History
Archaic local variants

Diacritics Ligatures
Numerals
(6) (90) (900)
Use in other languages
Bactrian Coptic Albanian
Related topics
Use as scientific symbols
Book Category
Commons
v t e

Using the IPA:

/hti men hyms | ndres atna ioi | pepntate | hypo tn emn katrn | uk o da dn kai autos | hyp
autn olu emaut | epelatmn | ht pitans leon ka toi altz e | hs pos epn | uden erkasin /
Translated into English:
What you, men of Athens, have learned from my accusers, I do not know: but I, for my part, nearly forgot who I was thanks
to them, since they spoke so persuasively. And yet, of the truth, they have spoken, one might say, nothing at all.

Modern use

[ edit ]

See also: Classical compound

The study of Ancient Greek in European countries in addition to Latin occupied an important place in the syllabus from the
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Renaissance until the beginning of the 20th century. Ancient Greek is still taught as a
compulsory or optional subject especially at traditional or elite schools throughout
Europe, such as public schools and grammar schools in the United Kingdom. It is
compulsory in the Liceo classico in Italy, in the gymnasium in the Netherlands, in some
classes in Austria, in Croatia in klasina gimnazija and it is optional in the
Humanistisches Gymnasium in Germany (usually as a third language after Latin and
English, from the age of 14 to 18). In 2006/07, 15,000 pupils studied Ancient Greek in
Germany according to the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, and 280,000 pupils
The words as they
are inscribed on the marble of the 1955
studied it in Italy.[6] It is a compulsory subject alongside Latin in the Humanities branch
Leonidas Monument at Thermopylae
of Spanish Bachillerato. Ancient Greek is also taught at most major universities
worldwide, often combined with Latin as part of Classics. It will also be taught in state
primary schools in the UK, to boost childrens language skills,[7][8][9] and will be offered as a foreign language to pupils in all
primary schools from 2014 as part of a major drive to boost education standards, together with Latin, Mandarin, French,
German, Spanish, and Italian.[10] Ancient Greek is also taught as a compulsory subject in Gymnasia and Lykia in
Greece.[11][12]
Modern authors rarely write in Ancient Greek, though Jan Kesadlo wrote some poetry and prose in the language, and some
volumes of Asterix[13] and Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone[14] have been translated into Ancient Greek. O
K (Onomata Kechiasmena) is the first magazine of crosswords and puzzles in Ancient Greek.[15] Its first issue
appeared in April 2015 as an annex to Hebdomada Aenigmatum. Alfred Rahlfs included a preface, a short history of the
Septuagint text, and other front matter translated into Ancient Greek in his 1935 edition of the Septuagint; Robert Hanhart
also included the introductory remarks to the 2006 revised RahlfsHanhart edition in the language as well.[16]
Ancient Greek is also used by organizations and individuals, mainly Greek, who wish to denote their respect, admiration or
preference for the use of this language. This use is sometimes considered graphical, nationalistic or funny. In any case, the
fact that modern Greeks can still wholly or partly understand texts written in non-archaic forms of ancient Greek shows the
affinity of modern Greek language to its ancestral predecessor.[17]
An isolated community near Trabzon, Turkey, an area where Pontic Greek is spoken, has been found to speak a variety of
Greek that has parallels, both structurally and in its vocabulary, to Ancient Greek not present in other varieties.[18] As few as
5,000 people speak the dialect but linguists believe that it is the closest living language to Ancient Greek.[19][20]
Ancient Greek is often used in the coinage of modern technical terms in the European languages: see English words of
Greek origin. Latinized forms of Ancient Greek roots are used in many of the scientific names of species and in scientific
terminology.

See also

[ edit ]

Ancient Greek grammar

Proto-Greek language
Ancient Greek dialects
Mycenaean Greek
Koine Greek
Medieval Greek
Modern Greek
Varieties of Modern Greek
Greek language
Hellenic languages
Exploring the Ancient Greek Language and Culture (competition)
Greek alphabet
Greek diacritics
List of Greek phrases (mostly Ancient Greek)
List of Greek words with English derivatives

References

[ edit ]

1. ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarstrm, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Ancient Greek (to 1453)" .
Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
2. ^ Imprecisely attested and somewhat reconstructive due to its being written in an ill-fitting syllabary (Linear B).
3. ^ This one appears in recent versions of the Encyclopdia Britannica, which also lists the major works that define the
subject.[page needed]
4. ^ Roger D. Woodard (2008), "Greek dialects", in: The Ancient Languages of Europe, ed. R. D. Woodard, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, p. 51.
5. ^ Palmer, Leonard (1996). The Greek Language. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 262. ISBN 0-8061-2844-5.
6. ^ [1]

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7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

^ "Ancient Greek 'to be taught in state schools'" . Telegraph.co.uk. 30 July 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
^ "Primaries go Greek to help teach English" - Education News - 30 July 2010.
^ "Now look, Latin's fine, but Greek might be even Beta" TES Editorial 2010 - TSL Education Ltd.
^ More primary schools to offer Latin and ancient Greek , The Telegraph, 26 November 2012
^ " , , H " . Retrieved 3 May 2015.
^ " " . Retrieved 3 May 2015.
^ "Asterix around the World - the many Languages of Asterix" . Retrieved 3 May 2015.
^ Areios Potr kai tu philosophu lithos, Bloomsbury 2004, ISBN 1-58234-826-X
^ , http://www.repubblica.it/ultimora/24ore/nazionale/news-dettaglio/4581488 Enigmistica: nasce prima rivista in greco antico
2015).
^ Rahlfs, Alfred, and Hanhart, Robert (eds.), Septuaginta, editio altera (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006).
^ "Akropolis World News" . Retrieved 3 May 2015.
^ Jason and the argot: land where Greek's ancient language survives , The Independent, 3 January 2011
^ Against all odds: archaic Greek in a modern world , University of Cambridge
^ Archaic Greek in a modern world video from Cambridge University, on YouTube

Further reading

[ edit ]

P. Chantraine (1968), Dictionnaire tymologique de la langue grecque , Klincksieck, Paris.

Athenaze A series of textbooks on Ancient Greek published for school use
Hansen, Hardy and Quinn, Gerald M. (1992) Greek: An Intensive Course , Fordham University Press
Easterling, P & Handley, C. Greek Scripts: An illustrated introduction. London: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic
Studies, 2001. ISBN 0-902984-17-9

External links

[ edit ]

Online Greek resources Dictionaries, grammar, virtual libraries, fonts, etc.

Alpheios Combines LSJ, Autenrieth, Smyth's grammar and inflection tables in
a browser add-on for use on any web site
Ancient Greek basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
Ancient Greek Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's
Swadesh list appendix )

Grammar learning [ edit ]

Wikibooks has a book on

the topic of: Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek test of
Wikipedia at Wikimedia
Incubator
Ancient Greek repository of
Wikisource, the free library

A more extensive grammar of the Ancient Greek language written by J. Rietveld

For a list of words relating to
Recitation of classics books
Ancient Greek, see the
Ancient Greek language
Perseus Greek dictionaries
category of words in
Wiktionary, the free
Greek-Language.com Information on the history of the Greek language,
dictionary.
application of modern Linguistics to the study of Greek, and tools for learning
Greek
Greek Wikisource has
original text related to this
Free Lessons in Ancient Greek, Bilingual Libraries, Forum
article:
A critical survey of websites devoted to Ancient Greek
Texts in Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek Tutorials Berkeley Language Center of the University of
California
A Digital Tutorial For Ancient Greek Based on White's First Greek Book
New Testament Greek
Acropolis World News A summary of the latest world news in Ancient Greek, Juan Coderch, University of St Andrews

Classical texts [ edit ]

Perseus Greek and Roman Materials
Ancient Greek Texts

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v t e

Ancient Greece
Outline Timeline

History Geography
Periods
Geography

Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece
Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece
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Military

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By culture

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Sacred places

Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia

Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos
Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera (Olympia) Parthenon Samothrace
Temples
Zeus (Olympia)
Proto-Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects (Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian)
Koine
Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals

Lists
Cities (in Epirus) People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres
Category

Portal

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Greek language

Origin and genealogy

Periods

Proto-Greek Pre-Greek substrate Graeco-Armenian Graeco-Aryan Graeco-Phrygian Hellenic languages

Mycenaean Greek (c. 16001100 BC) Ancient Greek (c. 800300 BC) Koine Greek (c. 300 BCAD 330)
Medieval Greek (c. 3301453) Modern Greek (since 1453)
Ancient Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic and Ionic Doric Homeric Locrian Pamphylian Macedonian

Varieties
Modern
Phonology
Grammar
Writing systems
Literature
Promotion and study
Other

Cappadocian (Misthiotika) Cretan Cypriot Demotic Himariote Italiot (Greco/Calabrian

Griko/Apulian) Katharevousa Maniot Mariupolitan Pontic Tsakonian Yevanic

Ancient (accent/teaching) Koine Standard Modern

Ancient (tables) Standard Modern
Cypriot syllabary Linear B Greek alphabet (History Archaic forms Numerals Orthography Diacritics Braille
Cyrillization and Romanization) Greeklish
Ancient Byzantine Modern
Hellenic Foundation for Culture Center for the Greek Language
Exonyms Morphemes in English Terms of endearment Place names Proverbs Greek language question

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Languages of Tunisia
Official language
Minority languages

Historical languages
Main liturgical languages
Main foreign languages

Standard Arabic (Tunisian Arabic)

Berber (Jerba Matmata) Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
African Romance Mediterranean Lingua Franca Greek Latin Punic language Phoenician language
Numidian language
Classical Arabic Hebrew
French English Italian Spanish Turkish

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Ages of Greek

c. 16001100 BC

c. 800300 BC

c. 300 BC AD 330

c. 3301453

since 1453

Mycenaean

Ancient

Koine

Medieval

Modern

Authority control

GND: 4113791-7

Categories: Ancient Greece Ancient Greek language Ancient languages 9th-century BC establishments in Europe
6th-century disestablishments in Europe

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