UNIT

-V

DESIGN FOR ABNORMAL LOADS

TWO MARKS

l.

Denne Progressive collapse. (May/lune 2012) {Nov/Dec 2013)

Progrsssive coilapse occu6 when the sudden ioss ofa critical-load bearin8 elernent

initiates a chain reaction ofstructural element failures, eventually resulting in partial or

full collapse ofthe structure.

2. What are the appronuhes

1.

to avoid proglessive collapse? {Nov/Dec 2012)

Redundan.y or altemate load path

2. Local Resistance
3. Interconnection or Continuity.

3.

What are the reinforced concrete design requiremetrts?

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Material properties for reinforced concrete.

Strength reduction factor for reinforced concrete tie forces

Proportioning ofties
Continuity and anchorage ofties
lnternal ties
Periphcral ties
Horizonaal ties to external columns and walls

Verticalties
Elemerrrs with deficient velticaldesiSn tie strengths.

4. Define Degree of Progressivity.

It is defined as the ratio oftotal collapse area or volume to the area or volume damaged
directly l.ry ihe LriggerinB evenL.
5. List the codes aod standards for Progressive collapse. [Nov /Dec 2Ol3)

1. ASCET -02
2. ACt3rA -02
3. GSA PBS facilities

and standards 2000

GSA PBS

5.

GSA Plls Progressive r:ollaose guidelines 2003

6. Ilow

f.lcilttics and standards 2003

to athieve structural integrity iD a structure?

l.

Connectir)[s bet\,veen structural romponents should be ductile.

2.

Goo(l plarr layout.

J.

ProvidillS all integrated syslcrn

structural sYstcm.

ol ties among the principal elements of

,1. By chan!,ill8 the dircction olspan o[1loor slab'

1

the

7. Write

l.
2.
3.
4.

the assumptions for the dynamic analysis procedure,

The structure is modeled as two-dimensional.
Effects oflarge deflections are neglected

Elastic - perfectly-plastic momert rotation relationship are used.

Equivalent structural damping ofSyo is assumed thrcughout the a[alysis.

5.

All beam-to-column connections are moment-resistant and are stronger than

ihe beams. So pjastic hinges will form in the body and Dot in the column ;r
in the
ioint (Strorg column-tveak beam principle),

6.

All beams are adequately confined by shear reinforcement so that beams

aro not
shear colrrrolled.

7,

haye adequate strength to resist additional load

-Columns
loss of the primarycolumns.

redi;fibution due to

B. Lvhat are the special requirernents for bullding in High Seismic Zones?
o Large panel bu ding in high seismic zones are recommended to be cons*ucted with
closed siriric.trical layout.

-'

The height of the builditg sttall generally restricted 10 storey's

storey's in Zone V.

The vertical and horizontal joints for wall panels shall be designed
as keyed joints.

in

zone IrJ and 7

-* *--e-:--M9*'3lg lltg.req!irpq.!C!!s. -!qj_!,qgejg t!g!9:.1$glc919 p_Togrfslity-e_c9Uapq9?

o All the muld sforey vertical load carrying elements must be capable of supporbng
the vertical load after the loss ot late.ai support at any floor level ( i.e. a
laterally
unsupported iength equal to two stories must be used in the design or
analysisl.The
loads from thc '' removed,, storey need

be applied to the wall or column.

All floors and roofs must be able ro withstand a prescribed net upward
load applied
to each bay. t he upl!ft loads are not applied concurrently to all bays. For
Medium
and high level

,ot

protecti on.

All perirneter colurnns must have sufli.jcnt shcai aapacity to develop

the fitll plastic
flexUral motilcnt.

10. What are the provisions made in prefafrricated RC floors

in a cyclone prone Zone?
o Prefabricated RC elements ol'varjous designs placed side by sjde where as RC slabs
are rigid in thci. own planes, tho other typcs will require their
integ.afron through
cliaBonal bracing or Lopping IIC screed
[Structural deck conclete].

Structural deck concrete of grade not leaner than M20 should be provided over precast components to act

monolithicwith them'

11.What are the advantages ofdesign ofprogressive collapse in structures?

Provides enhanced accurate a[alysis because:

Plastic hinges are

not

assumed; rather, they are automatically calculated and

generated without any [ser intervention'

Collapse areas are

irlt

a plastic binge fails the solver

allowiog it to behave naurally within

assumed; ratber, whcn

automatically sepa.ates the section that fails

the collapse scenario.

Quick & EasY Modeling:

.
.
.

Arrlomatlc mcs lI

.rd

justmenrs.

Automatic spnng generadon.

Data exchange

availablewith several FEM and BIM software applications

12.What are the featut es ofprogressive collapse?

o Structurai conlponents can be removed either simultaDeously or at custom intervals'
provided
o Analysis is performed automatically within the solver' Gravity analysis is
the accumuiated effects of
by deiault'j'r'ith non-linear dynarnic analysis to simulate
progressive collapse r,t'ithout any user intervention'
o 'l'hrough the Lrue modeling of structural compcnents' "catenarlr actioi" and other

structural rcsponses are taken into account'

the structure collapses because
ljsers can truly understand the cause and how

ELS

allowsthenitowitnesstheentiredumtionofthecollapseprocess,vedfywhich
of falling debris on
pad(s) of the structure will collapse' and predict the effects
adiacent str'rct!!res'

l t.what is meant by progressive collapse analysis?

structural engineers to accurately
ljxtrenle i.oading@ fi). Str!ctures (lll'S) software 'llows
resulting lrom extreme
arralyzc and visualize progressive (disproportionate) 'ollapse
severe wind loads' blast loads' dynamic
loading conditions inclucling: earthquake loads'
a strLlcturcs vulnerability to
loads and impact locds. EnBtncers can illso Jctemlinc
which willsimulate the faiiure of
collapsc by creating rnultiple event sccnarios
l)rogrcssive

different components so as to detcrmine whether the resulting

collapse will be partial or
complete.
14.What are tlle types ofcollapse in progressive shuctural
elements?
This is a form of ,'domino effect,' failure that can occur in a reinforced
concaete stnlatur.e
whereby a failure starting in a particular component ."pi,Jty
othor
precipitatinga maicr or even a total collapse.
"ornponeuL,

;;;p;;;;;;

The three most common occurrences ofthis type ofcollapse

are as foliows:

srruftures (durins consrruction or earthquake].

]z. I]9lr.::1T:,:Jtat-ptate
rormwork Ior concrete struaturcs.

3.

High rise sEuctut.es constructed with precast concrete

elements.

15. Definc Equiyalnt static analysis,

This approach defines a series of forces acting on

a building to represent the effect of
ea.thquake ground motion, typicary defined by a
seismic design respolse spectnrm. rt
assumes thatthe building responds in its fuDdamental
mode_
For this to be trug the building must be low-rise and
must not twist sigltificantly ,.l,hen
the ground movcs. The response is.reari from a design
responsc spectruDl, given the
natural frequency ofthe buiiding (either calculated
or defined by the building code].
The apfrlicability ofthis method is exrendd in mriry
building codes by applying factors
to account for higher buildings wirh so:ne highcr
modes, and for Iow levels oftwisting.
To account for effects due to ,,yielding,, ofthe
structure, many codes apply modification
facto.s that reduce the design forces
[e.g. force reduction factorsJ.

16. Deline Response speclrum analysis.

'rhis approach permi'is the murtipre modes

of response of a building to be taken into

account fin the frequency domain). This is

required in many bui]ding codes for all
except
For very simple or very complex structures.
The response of a strr!cture can Lre defined
as ,
coinbination of many special shapes (mcdes]
that in a vibrating string correspond
to thc
"harmonics".
Computer analysis can be uscd to ilcrermine
these modes for a structure. For
each mode, a
iesponsc is read from the clcsign sper:trunr,
based on the modal frequen.y and
the modal
mass, and they are then combined Lo provide
an estimate of lhe total response
of the

o
structure.inthiswchavetocalculatethemagnitudeofforcesinalldirectionsi.e.x,Y&z
andthenseetheeffectsonthebuilding..conbinationmethodsincludethefollowing:
,iL absolute - peal( values are added together

,r
.l

squares (SRSS)
square root of the sum of the
on SRSS
(CQC) - a method that is an imptovement
complete quadratic ccmbinaticn

for closelY sPaced modes

17. Denne linear dynamic analysis'

This is
when higher mode effetl are not significanl
Static procedures are appropflate
buildings' buildings with
regular buildings 'lherefore' for tall
short'
fo'
rroo
,"n".u,tr
in
systems' a dynamic procedure is requireC'
Iorsional irregularities, or non"drthogonal
a multi-degree-of-freedom
. thc linear dynanric procedure' the buildlng is modelled as
damping
stiffness matrix and an equivalent viscous
(MDOF) system with a linear elastic
matrix.

lB, Define non-linear dynamic analysis'

and represent
equivalcnt SDOF strucf'lral models
Nonlitlear static procedures i-rse
actions are
spectra' Story drifts and component
seismic ground motion with response
qr capacity
paranreter by the pushoger
subsequeotly to the global demand
rel'ated

non-lilrear static procedures'

curves that iae the basis ofthe

in static
and response reduction factor used
factor
iiriportance
the
lg.Explain

seismic Iorce (May/lune 2OO9)

analysis for calculation of design
btrse shear equation in the 1976
'fhe impo*ancc factor originated with the seismic
factor
concept at that time was that the importaDce
Uniform Building Code [Ut]Cl"Ihe
resistance to
in order to provide additional seismic
forces
seislnic
dcsign
the
increased
Society of Civil Engineer's Minimum
prevenr catastrophic collapse lhe Arncrican
factor
Other Structur-es IASCE 7 98)' the iEportance
and
Bllildings
f(]I.
l.oads
DejiSn
flat roofsnow load
equation lor wirld clesigir' and in the
plessure
vclocity
the
ilI
appcars
snolv
'l here are three different importance factors: wind'
desi8i
load
snow
lor
cquation
alid seisnric.

20.Denne the term abnormal loads

Abnormal Loads

Loads other than conventional design loads (dead, iive, wind,

seismic,
etcJ for stmctures such as air blast pressures generated by an explosion
or impact by
vehicles, etc,
21. What are the causes ofabnormal loads? (Nov/Dec
2012)
1.

Acciderltai itDpacL

2. Faulty

construction

3. Foundation
4.

Frilurc

Violent changes in air pressltre

22. Whatlsmeant by allowable extent ofcollapse?

The extent of damage resulting from the loss in

support of an exterior primary vertical

!oad-bearing member that extends one floor above grade

fone storyJ shall be limited.

23. Define tlle term connectioD redundancyand connection

resilience.
a. Connection Redundatrcyt
A beam-to column connection that provldes direct,
multiple Ioad

Paths through

LIre

conncction.

h. Connection Resiliencc:

A beam-to-colum, connection exhibiting the ability to withstand

rigot'ous and
desirufiive loading condjtiohs that accompany a cclumn
removal, wirhout rupture. Tlris
ability is fa.ilitated by the connection,s torsional anrl
weak-axis flexural strength, its
rohustnpss, and its prilnary use of proven
ductile properlies of

a given construction

material.

24. Mention the term high potential for progressive

collapse.
'fhe facility is considereri to have

a high potenrjal for progressive .{,llapse

if analysis results
indicate that the structural member(s) rnri,/{r!"
a.rlections qlq-!1q!![lgilpliallqwith the
appropriale proorpssiv..ollrpse rn,tlysi( J.cpptJncn
criteria.

25. Mention the term low potential for progressive

collapse.
The facility is considercci to have a iow pr)tential

for progressive r:0llapse ifanalysis results

indicate that the str..rcrural memberfs] and/or
connections alq jn comDliance with
the
appropriate progressive collapse analysis ac(eptrnce
crirerla. Such faLtliLies may be exempt

t'r'om anyJurther consideration of progrcssive

collapse.

o'.
26.Define the term equivale[t design loads. (May/June 2012) (Lay/rune 2013)

ln the arrangement the bearilg is

subiected

to generally acting forces in

various

perlod' From the potnt of

magnitudes, at various rotational speeds and with differeDt acting
iDto the constant
view ofcalculation nlethodolosr the acting forces should be re-calculated
load, by which the bearilg

wilt have the same life as it reaches in the conditions of the

called the equivalentload.

actual load. such a re-calculated constant radial oraxial load is

ZO12)
ZT.What is:riroDg cotumtr and wcakbenm coDcept? (May/lune

ln a building a column is more important tian a beam' because it supports the

loadtiltthefoundation.lfabeambreaksitwillresultinapartialcollapsebutila
column break it willresultin catastrophic fallure'

than
That is,the reason r /hy we have to alv"ays desiSn our columns stronger
beanls.