Textbook Solutions - Chapter 02

Chapter 2 Vectors
Solutions to Exercise 2A
1
a
i.
b
OC = 2 OB = 2b
ii.
OE
iii.
OD = 2 OA +
iv.
DC = 2 OA +
v.
DE
5
4
3
OB
2
= 2a +
3
2
l o n g
= 4 OA = 4a
c m
1
OB
2
b 2a
= 32 OB + 2 OA = 2a
3
2
b
3
a
b
Let a 1 and b 2
i.
1
2
| 2a | = 2 | a |
= 2 3
= 6
| OC | = | 2b | = 2 | b | = 4
ii.
| OE | = | 4a | = 4 | a | = 4
iii.
| OD | =
2a
3
2
3
2
3
2
9
2
a| =
=
=
49
13
| 12 a |
=
=
=
2
a
|a|
3
1
2
1
2
3
2
|a|
3
4
a
1
OA
4
1
4
1
OB
4
1
4
O A =
ii.
O B =
iii.
A B = O B
iv.
AB
2
1
O A =
1
4
(b a)
3 cm long
i.
= OB OA = b a
Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions
b
i.
ii.
O B = 2 O B = 2
iii.
A B
5
a
1
4
O A = 2 O A = 2
1
4
1
2
a =
1
2
b =
= O B O A =
1
2
2 XY = a + b
= 1 (a + b)
XY
XY
=
=
(b a)
1
2
(a + b)
1
2
( AB + DC )
Since AB and DC are parallel, AB + DC is a
XW
vector parallel to AB , and
= XY + YW = a + b
1
2
( AB + DC ) is a
VX
= VZ + ZW + WY + YX
vector parallel to AB . Hence XY is parallel to

AB.
= ( ZV + WZ + YW + XY )
= (a + b + c + d)
c
ZY
8
a
OG
= ZW + WY
AB
AM
OM
XY
1
2
1
2
CD
(b a)
1
DA
2
= a
1
BC
2
+ a +
1
2
( AD + CB )
= b +
+ b +
1
2
1
CB
2
( AD + CB )
= BG
ii.
DC = OC OD
= OB OA
= b a
= c d
Also XY = XD + DC + CY
1
AD
2
AB
= XA + AB + BY
=
9
a
i.
(a + b)
= OG OB
= a + c b b
= a + c 2b
= OA + AM
= a + 12 (b a)
=
7
a
1
AB
2
= OA + OC OB
= a + c b
= OB OA = b a
=
= OA + BC
= ( WZ + YW )
= (b + c)
6
a
= OA + AG
b
i.
2
iii.
AB = DC
b a = c d
BC = OC OB
= c b
Adding 1 and 2 yields
2 XY = a 1 ( AD + CB ) + b + 1 ( AD + CB )
2
ii.
MN
= MC + CB + BN
=
=
=
=
=
1
DC
2
1
BC +
BC
AB
2
1
(b a)
2
1
b 12 a
2
12 a + b
m = 0 and n =
1
BO
2
1
2
OB
(c b)
c + b
1
2
1
2
However when these values are substituted in

the third equation,
2m + n =
10
a
a =
4
1 ,
3
b =
2
1 ,
3
4
2
6
c =
3
2
Note that a and b are not parallel.

Let c m a n b
Then
4 = 4m + 2n
2 = m n
6 = 3m + 3n
Solving the first two equations using a CAS

calculator we have m = 0 and
n=2
3
4
2
There are no solutions which satisfy the three

equations.
Therefore the vectors are not linearly
dependent.
c
a =
1
1 ,
1
b =
3
1 ,
4
c =
3
5
11

Let c m a
Then
3
5
11
nb
= m + 3n
= m n
= m + 4n

calculator we have m = 3 and
n=2
However when these values are substituted in
the third equation,
3m + 3n = 6 6
There are no solutions which satisfy the three

equations.
Therefore the vectors are not linearly
dependent.
b
a =
3
1 ,
2
b =
4
2 ,
1
c =
6
3
4
Substituting these values into the third

equation,
m + 4n = 3 + 8 = 11
As there exist real numbers m and n, both not

zero, such that c = ma + nb the set of vectors a,
b and c are linearly dependent.

Let c m a
Then
6
3
4
nb
= 3m + 4n
= m + 2n
= 2m + n

calculator we have
11
a
If ka + lb = 3a + (1 l)b,
a, b non-zero, non-parallel
then k = 3 and l = 1 l
2l = 1
l = 12
b
If 2(l 1)a + (1
l
5
and
l
5
1
l
5
=
=
=
=
4
5
)b = ka + 3b,
a, b non-zero, non-parallel
then 2(l 1) = 45 k
= 3
22 = 45 k
AB
EM
OM
k = 4 3m
k = 3m 4
27
4
11
4
1
AO
2
= 12 OA
14
a
i.
OQ
= OC + CD + DM
= c + g +
13
a
i.
AM
1
2
OS = k OP
16
4
11
4
=
=
ii.
m =
9
4
1
AB
2
1
(
2 OB
= OA + AQ
and
= OA +
= AB + BE + EM
= AB + OG + EM
1
= c + g 2a
into 2 yields
= OA +
= OC + OG EM
= c + g ( 1 a)
Hence k =
= OC = c
1
ED
2
1
2 a
9
4
= 3
=
= CO = OC = c
9
4
Substituting m =
k
=
d
Since OS = 2ka kb
OS = (2m + 1)a + (4 3m)b

2k = 2m + 1
1
55
2
EF
b
and
2(3m 4) = 2m + 1
6m 8 = 2m + 1
4m = 9
m = 9
2(10 1) = 45 k
4b + m( OQ OR )
4b + m(3a + b (a + 4b))
4b + m(2a 3b)
+ 1)a + (4 3m)b
Substituting 2 into 1 yields
l = 10
Substituting l = 10 into 1 yields
12
a
a +
a +
a +
(2m
and
= 2
k =
ii. OS = OR + RS
= a + 4b + m RQ
OR =
=
=
1
2
1
2
OA )
( OA + OB )
(a + b)
8
OQ
5
8
12
5
4
(a +
5
(a + b)
b)
= k(2a b) = 2ka kb
iii.
AR
1
5
iv.
RP
= OR OA
= 45 (a + b) a
15
a
(4b a)
xa = (y 1)b
Equating coefficients
x = 0 and
y 1 = 0
= OP OR
x = 0 and
= 4 OB OR
= 4b 45 (a + b)
4
5
y = 1
(2 x)a = 3a + (7 3y)b
(4b a)
2 x = 3 and
RP
4
5
(4b a)
x = 1 and
= 4 AR
Hence RP is parallel to AR and R lies on AP.
AR : RP = 1 : 4
c
(5 + 2x)(a + b) = y(3a + 2b)
5 + 2x = 3y
From
a + ( 2 4)b
y = 0 into
Substituting
= k( OB OA )
= k(b a)
= ka + kb
5 + 2x = 0
5
x =
2
= k
From
1 ,
Substituting
and
k =
k =
into
2
4 = k
and
5 + 2x = 2y
1 , 2x = 3y 5
then PS = k AB , k R \ {0}
5 + (3y 5) = 2y
y = 0
If PS is parallel to AB ,
7
3
= OQ 4 OB
= 12 (a + b) 4b
=
y =
(5 + 2x)a + (5 + 2x)b = 3ya + 2yb
PS = OS OP
7 3y = 0
x =
5
and
2
1 gives
y = 0
2 gives
=
4
2
2
= 4
Solutions to Exercise 2B
1
a
i.
c 4a = 4k 4(2i + 2j k)
= 8i 8j + 8k
|b| =
(1)2 + 4 + 1 =
|c| =
16 = 4
OA = 3i + j
ii.
OB = 2i + 3j
iii.
OC = 3i 2j
OA = 5i, OC = 2j, OG
iv.
b
i.
ii.
iii.
= 3k
OD = 4i 3j
AB
CD
DA
ii.
DA
= OA OD
= (3i + j) (4i 3j)
= i + 4j
| OA | =
AB
= OD OC
= (4i 3j) (3i 2j)
= 7i j
| =
a
i.
BC = OA = 5i
ii.
CF
iii.
AB
iv.
OD = OA + AD = 5i + 3k
v.
OE
vi.
GE
32 + 12 =
(5)2 + 22 =
(1)2 + 42 =
= OG = 3k
= OC = 2j
10
= OA + AB + BE
= OA + OC + OG
= 5i + 2j + 3k
= GD + DE
= OA + OC
= 5i + 2j
29
vii.
| =
= OB OA
= (2i + 3j) (3i + j)
= 5i + 2j
c
i.
iii.
EC = EF + FC
2
a = 2i + 2j k, b = i + 2j + k, c = 4k
a
a + b = i + 4j
2a + c = 2(2i + 2j k) + 4k
= 4i + 4j + 2k
c
a + 2b c = 2i + 2j k 2i + 4j + 2k 4k
= 6j 3k
= OA OG
= 5i 3k
17
viii.
DB
= DE + EB
= OC OG
= 2j 3k
ix.
DC = DG + GF
+ FC
= OA + OC OG
= 5i + 2j 3k
x.
BG = BC + CO
+ OG
= OA OC + OG
= 5i 2j + 3k
xi.
GB = GD + DE + EB
= OA + OC OG
= 5i + 2j 3k
xii.
b
i.
ii.
FA
= FE + ED + DA
= OA OC OG
= 5i 2j 3k
i.
FN =
and
FG
OE
= 5i + 2j + 3k
(5)2
GE
34
(2)2
(3)2
FN =
ii.
GN
iii.
ON
CB
CM
(5)2 + (2)2 =
29
v.
NM
ii.
OM
DM
OC
1
2
(5i) =
5
2
5
2
i.
i + 2j
NM
ii.
DM
5
2
i + 2j
= 52 i + 2j 3k
2
3
2
3
j + 3k
+ OA
= ON + OA
= ( 23 j + 3k) + 5i
2
3
j 3k
= NF + FC + CM
= FN OG + CM
= 4 j 3k + 5 i
3
5
2
i +
| =
(5)
613
6
| =
= OA OG + OM
= 5i 3k +
4
3
2j =
= OG + GN
= 3k + 23 j =
= DG + GO + OM
= 13 FG =
2
3
4
3
j 3k
(4)
=
+ CM
= 2j + 52 i
=
iii.
1
CB
2
1
GF
3
= OA = 5i
=
= 5i
= 5i + 2j
c
M is the midpoint of CB.
i.
2
FG
3
NA = NO
38
| GE | =
= CO = 2j
iv.
2
FG
3
OD = 5i + 3j
| OD | = (5)2 + (3)2 =
| OE | =
iii.
FN = 2 NG
iii.
AN
( 3)
2
2
2
( 5 ) (2 ) ( 3)
2
77
2
| = | NA |
=
( 5)
310
3
( 2)
3
( 3)
4
i.
iii.
CD
iv.
DA
= d c
= (2 0)i + (4 5)j + (1 3)k
= 2i j 2k
a 4 i j , b xi 3 yj , a b 7 i 2 j
a + b = (4 + x)i + (3y 1)j

(4 + x)i + (3y 1)j = 7i 2j
= a d
= (1 2)i + (3 4)j + (2 1)k
= i j 3k
4 + x = 7 and
3y 1 = 2
1
y =
3
x = 3 and
ii.
a = xi + 3j, b = 2i + 5yj, a b = 6i + j
a b = (x + 2)i + (3 5y)j
(x + 2)i + (3 5y)j = 6i + j
x + 2 = 6 and
x = 4 and
3 5y = 1
2
y =
5
iii.
a = 6i + yj, b = xi 4j, a + 2b = 3i j
a + 2b = 6i + yj + 2(xi 4j)
= (6 + 2x)i + (y 8)j
(6 + 2x)i + (y 8)j = 3i j
6 + 2x = 3 and y 8 = 1
3
x =
and y = 7
2
5
a = i + 3j 2k, b = 5i + j 6k,
c = 5j + 3k, d = 2i + 4j + k
a
i.
ii.
AB
i.
AC = c a
=
=
| AC | =
=
(0 1)i + (5 3)j + (3 + 2)k

i + 2j + 5k
1 + 4 + 25
30
ii.
=
=
=
| BD | =
=
d b
(2 5)i + (4 1)j + (1 + 6)k
3i + 3j + 7k
(3)2 + 32 + 72
67
BD
2 CD = 2(2i j 2k)
= 4i 2j 4k
= AB
CD
||
AB
6
a = i + j 5k, b = 3i 2j k
AM = 4MB
= OB OA
= b a
= 4i 2j 4k
BC = OC OB
= c b
= (0 5)i + (5 1)j + (3 + 6)k
= 5i + 4j + 9k
a
i.
AB
= b a
= (3 1)i + (2 1)j + (1 (5))k
= 2i 3j + 4k
ii. AM =
AM
4
AB
5
4
5
(2i 3j + 4k)
iii.
OM
= AM + OA
= ( 85 + 1)i + ( 12
+ 1)j + ( 165 5)k
5
=
=
13
i 75
5
1
(13i
5
M =
9
5
8
Since a, b and c are linearly dependent
la + mb = c
2l + 4m = 2
1
3l + 3m = 4
l 2m = x
7j 9k)
7
9
13
, ,
5
5
5
3 1
6l + 12m = 6
2 2
6l + 6m = 8
4 + 5 yields
7
a
Assume la + mb = c
8l + 4m = 2
5l 3m = 1
2l + m =
1
2
1
9
m=
Substituting m =
1
2l
l =
x =
4
9
9
a
l =
1
22
and m =
9
22
Since there exists real numbers l and m, not

both zero, such that la + mb = c, the set of
vectors a, b and c are linearly dependent.
b
Assume la + mb = c
8l + 4m = 2
2l + m = 2
are linearly independent.
in 1 gives
2
9
13
9
i.
OA = 2i + j
ii.
AB
iii.
BC = OC OB
= OB OA
= (i 3j) (2i + j)
= i 4j
= (5i + 2j) (i 3j)

= 6i + 5j
iv.
BD
2 AB = 2(i 4j)
= 2i + 8j
= BD
Since 1 and 3 are contradictory, a, b and c
11
9
11
9
5l 3m = 1
1
9
= 2
1 and 3 are identical equations.
Solving 1 and 2 gives
18m = 2
= OD OB
= (3i + 5j) (i 3j)
= 2i + 8j
BD
= 2 AB
BD
Points A, B and D are collinear.
is parallel to AB
10
a
i.
12
a
OB = 2i + 3j + k
ii.
= (j + 4k) (i + 4j 4k)
= i 5j + 8k
iv.
= OD OB
= (4i + 5j + 6k) (2i + 3j + k)
= 2i + 2j + 5k
BD
2 OB = 2(2i + 3j + k)
= 4i + 6j + 2k
= CD
CD
= 2 OB
=
=
=
D=
b
OE
CD is parallel to OB
i.
(i) + (4j) (5i + j)

6i + 3j
(6, 3)
= OA + AE
=
=
=
E =
c
OG
(5i + j) (i) + (4j)

6i + 5j
(6, 5)
= OC + CG
1
2
ii.
= OB OA
= (3i + 3j) (i + 4j 2k)
= 2i j + 2k
BC = OC OB
= (2i + 5j + 3k) (3i + 3j)

= i + 2j + 3k
iii.
CD = OD OC
= (6j + k) (2i + 5j + 3k)

= 2i + j 2k
iv.
DA
= OA OD
= (i + 4j 2k) (6j + k)
= i 2j 3k
ABCD is a parallelogram.
OA OC + OB
= OC
= (i)
G=
3
i
2
( 32 ,
3
2
3
2
( OB OA )
1
OB
2
1
(4j)
2
= OC
=
(2 GC )
1
AB
2
1
= OC
AB
OC + OB OA
= OC
11
a
since AB = CD
= OA + ( BC )
= OA ( OC OB )
= OD OC
= (4i + 5j + 6k) (j + 4k)
= 4i + 6j + 2k
CD
= OC + CD
= OC + AB
AC = OC OA
iii.
OD
+
+
1
OA
2
1
(5i +
2
j)
j
)
or Let OG = xi + yj
Then AB = 2 GC
implies 5i + 3j = 2(i xi yj)
5i + 3j = 2(x 1)i 2yj
2(x 1) = 5 and
2y = 3
3
3
i.e. x = 2 and y = 2
G = ( 32 , 32 )
10
13
a
i.
y1 y 2
z1 z 2
x1 x 2
OM
,
,
2
2
2
BC = OC OB
= (i + 7j) (5i + 4j)

= 6i + 3j
ii.
AD
= OD OA
= (xi + yj) (2i + j)
= (x 2)i + (y 1)j
15
= 4 MB
OM OA = 4( OB OM )
= 4 OB 4 OM
5 OM = OA + 4 OB
AM
1
( OA + 4 OB )
5
1 ((5i + 4j + k) + 4(3i
5
1 (17i + 8j 15k)
5
17
i + 85 j 3k
5
OM
BC = AD since ABCD is a parallelogram
6i + 3j = (x 2)i + (y 1)j
x 2 = 6 and y 1 = 3
x = 8 and y = 4
D = (8, 4)
17
M =
AB OB OA
= (2i j + 5k) (i + 4j + 3k)
= i 5j + 2k
, 3
5
or Let
14
a
OM = xi + yj + zk
(x 5)i + (y 4)j + (z 1)k =

4[(3 x)i + (1 y)j + (4 z)k]
x 5 = 12 4x
OM OA AM
OA
y 4 = 4 4y
AB
z 1 = 16 4z
+ j 4k))
17
5
8
y =
5
z = 3
x =
Since M is the midpoint of AB

OM ( i 4 j 3 k )
(i 5 j 2k )
3 3
OM ,
, 4
2
2
16
AN = 3 BN
= 3 ON 3 OB
2 ON = 3 OB OA
ON
XY OY OX
= (x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) (x 1 , y 1 , z 1 )
= (x 2 x 1 , y 2 y 1 , z 2 z 1 )
ON OA = 3( ON OB )
=
=
OM OX XM
OX
XY
1
(3 OB OA
2
1
(3(7i + j)
2
1
(17i + 6j)
2
17
i + 3j
2
)
(4i 3j))
17
, 3
2
N =
Since M is the midpoint of XY

or Let
Then as
ON = xi + yj
AN = 3 BN
11
OM ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 )
1
2
( x 2 x1 , y 2 y 1 , z 2 z 1 )
(x 4)i + (y + 3)j = 3[(x 7)i + (y 1)j]

x 4 = 3x 21 and y + 3 = 3y 3
17
and y = 3
x =
2
17
x 6y = 11
Let
x 11
6
P = (a, b)
b=
P =
a 11
6
(a, a 6 11
11
6
= 3ki + kj
a =
=
3( a 6 11
a 11
2
a 11
6
= k
2k
l = 2
b =
=
=
11
3
P = (11,
18
AB
11 11
6
22
6
11
3
k =
19
8
= DC
OB OA = OC OD
OB + OD = OA + OC
b + d = a + c, as required to show.
19
a = 2i + 2j, b = 3i j, c = 4i + 5j
a
i.
ii.
1
2
a =
1
2
19
8
in 2 yields
5
20
4
and
l =
1
4
20
a = 5i +j 4k, b = 8i 2j + k, c = i 7j + 6k
a
i.
19
8
19
4
14
and
2k l = 5
+ 3(2k 5) = 4
2k + 6k 15 = 4
8k = 19
k = 198
Substituting k =
2a = a 11
a = 11
= 4i + 5j
= 4i + 5j
= 4i + 5j
Substituting 2 into 1 yields
)j = k(3i + j), k R \ {0}
a = 3k and
b
ka + lb = c
k(2i + 2j) + l(3i j)
2ki + 2kj + 3li lj
(2k + 3l)i + (2k l)j
2k + 3l = 4 1 and
l = 2k 5
OP is parallel to 3i + j
ai + ( a
iii.
3b a 2c = 3(3i j) (2i + 2j) 2(4i + 5j)
= 9i 3j 2i 2j 8i 10j
= i 15j
2a b = 2(5i + j 4k) (8i 2j + k)

= 10i + 2j 8k 8i + 2j k
= 2i + 4j 9k
ii.
a + b + c = (5i + j 4k) + (8i 2j + k)
+ (i 7j + 6k)
= 14i 8j + 3k
(2i + 2j) = i + j
b c = (3i j) (4i + 5j)

= i 6j
12
iii.
0.5a + 0.4b =
1
2
(5i + j 4k)
2
5
(8i 2j + k)
5
2
i +
=
=
21
a = 5i + 2j, b = 2i 3j, c = 2i + j + k and
d = i + 4j + 2k
2
5
57
10
1
2
j 2k +
3
10
8
5
16
5
4
5
= 5.7i 0.3j 1.6k

b
ka + lb = c
k(5i + j 4k) + l(8i 2j + k) = i 7j + 6k
5ki + kj 4kk + 8li 2lj + lk = i 7j + 6k
(5k + 8l)i + (k 2l)j + (l 4k)k = i 7j + 6k
5k + 8l = 1
1
k 2l = 7
a
i.
|a| =
52 + 22 =
ii.
|b| =
22 + (3)2 =
iii.
| a + 2b | = | 5i + 2j + 2(2i 3j) |
= | 9i 4j |
13
92 + (4)2
97
=
=
iv.
29
| c d | = | 2i + j + k (i + 4j + 2k) |
= | 3i 3j k |
=
=
32 + (3)2 + (1)2
19
and l 4k = 6
l = 4k + 6
b
i.
Substituting 3 in 1 yields
5k + 8(4k + 6) = 1
5k + 32k + 48 = 1
37k = 47
k =
47
37
47
37
Substituting k =
l
= 4
=
=
188
37
34
37
47
37
in 3 yields
+ 6
+ 6
= tan1 ( 25 )
21.80
a makes an angle of 21.80 anticlockwise with
the positive direction of the x axis, correct to
two decimal places.
ii.
Check in 2 :
LHS =
=
=
47
2
37
47 68
37
115
37
34
37
RHS = 7
LHS RHS
Hence there are no values for k and l such that
ka + lb = c
a + 2b = 9i 4j
= tan1 ( 49 )
23.96
a + 2b makes an angle of 23.96
clockwise with the positive direction of the
x axis, correct to two decimal places.
22
13
a
| a | = 10, x axis angle = 110,
y axis angle = 20
iii.
c d = 3i 3j k
a1
cos 110 =
cos 20 =
a2
a
a1 = | a | cos 110 = 3.42

a2 = | a | cos 20 = 9.40
a = a1i + a2j = 3.42i + 9.40j
The above situation can be redrawn as the

following triangle in three-dimensions.
b
| a | = 8.5, x axis angle = 250,
y axis angle = 160
a1
cos 250 =
cos 160 =
a2
a
a1 = | a | cos 250 = 2.91

a2 = | a | cos 160 = 7.99
a = a1i + a2j = 2.91i 7.99j
c
| a | = 6, x axis angle = 40,
y axis angle = 50
Consider triangle CDG.
a1
cos 40 =
CG =
32 + 12 =
10
Now consider triangle OCG with the required

angle .
= tan1 (
10
3
46.51
c d makes an angle of 46.51 with the
positive direction of the x axis.
a2
a
a1 = | a | cos 40 = 4.60
a2 = | a | cos 50 = 3.86
a = a1i + a2j = 4.60i + 3.86j
d
| a | = 5, x axis angle = 300,
y axis angle = 210
a1
cos 300 =
cos 50 =
cos 210 =
a2
a
a1 = | a | cos 300 = 2.50

a2 = | a | cos 210 = 4.33
a = a1i + a2j = 2.50i 4.33j
23
a
| a | = 10,
angle with:
x axis = 130, y axis = 80, z axis = 41.75
cos 130 =
cos 41.75 =
a1
a
, cos 80 =
a2
a
a3
a
24
14
cos =
a1 = | a | cos 130 = 6.43

a2 = | a | cos 80 = 1.74
a3 = | a | cos 41.75 = 7.46
a = a1i + a2j + a3k
= 6.43i + 1.74j + 7.46k
cos2
a1
a
cos 50 =
, cos 54.52 =
cos 120 =
a2
a
a1 = | a | cos 50 = 5.14
a2 = | a | cos 5452 = 4.64
a3 = | a | cos 120 = 4.00
a = a1i + a2j + a3k
= 5.14i + 4.64j 4.00k
cos 110 =
cos 110 =
a2
a
cos 75.2 =
cos 35.5 =
a3
a
a1 = | a | cos 121.43 = 6.26

a2 = | a | cos 35.5 = 9.77
a3 = | a | cos 75.2 = 3.07
a = a1i + a2j + a3k
= 6.26i + 9.77j + 3.07k
( a 2 )2
a
( a3 ) 2
a 2
( a1 ) 2 ( a 2 )2 ( a 3 ) 2
a 2
( a1 ) 2 ( a 2 )2 ( a 3 ) 2
( a1 ) 2 ( a 2 )2 ( a 3 ) 2
b a
(0 + 2)i + (2 1)j + (3 5)k
2i + j 2k
c a
2i + 4j + 5k (2i + j + 5k)
0i + 3j
3j
c b
2i + 4j + 5k (2j + 3k)
2i + 2j + 2k
4 + 1 + 4 = 3
|= 3
BC | = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 = 2 3
| AB | = | AC | | BC |
AC
ABC is isosceles
d
| a | = 12,
angle with:
x axis = 121.43, y axis = 35.5, z axis = 75.2
,
=
=
=
=
AC
=
=
=
=
BC
=
=
| AB | =
|
|
a1 = | a | cos 28.93 = 6.13

a2 = a3 = | a | cos 110 = 2.39
a = a1i + a2j + a3k
= 6.13i 2.39j 2.39k
a1
cos2
= 1
AB
a3
cos 121.43 =
( a1 )
a3
, cos =
c
| a | = 7,
angle with:
x axis = 28.93, y axis = 110, z axis = 110
a1
a2
25
a = 2i + j + 5k, b = 2j + 3k,
c = 2i + 4j + 5k
a3
cos 28.93 =
cos2
=
b
| a | = 8,
angle with:
x axis = 50, y axis = 54.52, z axis = 120
a1
, cos =
a2
a
OM
= OB + BM
= 2j + 3k +
1
BC
2
= 2j + 3k + (i + j + k)
= i + 3j + 4k
15
27
c
AM
= m a where m = OM
= (i + 3j + 4k) (2i + j + 5k)
= i + 2j k
| =
1 + 4 + 1
= 6
Area = | AM | | BM |
AM
OM
= 6 ( (1)2 + 12 + 12 )
= 18
= 3 2
ON
OA
OC
= 5i,
MV
= 5j,
1
2
OB =
1
2
= ON OM
= 12 b 12 a
MN
26
1
OA
2
1
= 3k
1
2
1
AB
2
||
AB
(b a)
MN
OB
OM
= OA + AB
1
OB
2
1
(5i
2
=
c
OV
BV
a =
= OM + MV
=
+ 5j)
5
2
5
2
i +
j + 3k
| OV | =
=
5 2
1
2
Let OA = 3a be the position of the runner

with respect to her starting point after she has
run three kilometres,
= 12 OB + MV
= 12
= BM + MV
= 52 i
3
2
3
i
2
1
and MN = 2 AB
28
a
The unit vector a = a1i + a2j makes angles
of 30 and 120 from the positive directions
of the x and y axes respectively.
Now | a | = 1
cos (30) = a1 and cos (120) = a2
a1 = cos 30
a2 = cos 60
= OA + OC
= 5i + 5j
b
5
2
j + 3k
5 2
( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 3)
OA
2
3
2
3 3
i
2
= 3(
1
2
3
2
j)
86
2
16
30
c
r 1 = 1.5 i + 2j + 0.9 k
Let AB = 5j
OB
= OA + AB
3 3
( 2 i
3 3
i +
2
=
=
| r1 | =
3
2
7
2
j) + 5j
3 3
2
i +
7
2
3 3 2
)
2
27
49
4
4
76
4
( 7)
= 19
The runner is 19 kilometres from her starting
point.
2 . 25 4 0 . 81
i.
r1 r2 = (1.5i + 2j + 0.9k) (2i + 3j + 0.8k)
= 0.5i j + 0.1k
ii.
| r1 r2 | =
=
( 0 . 5 ) (1) 0 . 1
2
0 . 25 1 0 . 01
= 1 . 26
1.12
OA = 50k
The distance between the two aircraft is 1.12

kilometres, correct to two decimal places.
= OB OA
= (80i + 20j + 40k) (50k)
= 80i + 20j 10k
(80)2 + 202 + (10)2

= 6400 + 400 + 100
= 6900
= 10 69
The magnitude of AB is 10 69 metres.

ii
r 2 = 2i + 3j + 0.8 k
0 .9
29
a
AB
The distance from the origin is 2.66 kilometres,

correct to two decimal places.
j from
her starting point.
Distance = | OB | =
= 7 . 06
2.66 km
She is now at the position
1 .5
AB
| =
c
The first aircraft must fly over the point with
position vector r3 = 0.9k
it must fly in the direction
r3 r1 = 0.9k (1.5i + 2j + 0.9k)
= 1.5i 2j
A unit vector in this direction is given by
r3 r1
| r3 r 1 |
c
Let C be the new position of the hang glider.
BC = 600j + 60k
OC = OB + BC
= (80i + 20j + 40k) + (600j + 60k)
= 80i + 620j + 100k,
the new position vector of the hang glider.
=
=
=
1 .5 i 2 j
( 1. 5 ) ( 2 )
2
1 .5 i 2 j
2. 25 4
1
(1.5i
625
1
(1.5i
25
2j)
2j)
= 0.6i 0.8j
17
32
a
31
a
OP = a1i + a2j, where
and
a2
a1
= cos
a2
200
= cos 135 and
a1 = 200 cos 135

= 200 cos 45
200
2
= cos 45
a2 = 200 cos 45
=
200
= 100 2
OQ
a1
100
2
2
= cos 45
a2 = 100
= 50 2
2
2
= 50 2
OP = 50 2 i + 50 2 j,
= OP OB
= (50 2 i + 50 2 j) (100i)
= (50 2 100)i + 50 2 j
BP
= 50j
a2
200
= cos 45 and
a1 = 100
i.
the easterly and northerly directions
the position vector of point P.
where and are the angles OP makes with
OP = 100 2 i + 100 2 j
PQ
= cos
= cos
= 100 2
| OP |
respectively, and | OP | = 100.
respectively, and | OP | = 200.
a1
| OP |
where and are the angles OP makes with

the easterly and northerly directions
a1
200
a2
and
| OP |
= a1i + a2j, where
| OP |
= cos
OP
ii.
= OP + PQ
= (100 2 i + 100 2 j) + 50j
= 100 2 i + (50 + 100 2 )j
QT
OT
= 30k
= OQ + QT
= 100 2 i + (50 + 100 2 )j + 30k
= tan1 (
50
100 50
= 67.5
Bearing
= (270 + 67.5)
= 337.5
The bearing of P from B is 337.5.
18
Solutions to Exercise 2C
1
a = i 4j + 7k, b = 2i + 3j + 3k, c = i 2j + k
Thus for part d
a
a.a = (i 4j + 7k).(i 4j + 7k)
= 1 1 + 4 4 + 7 7
= 1 + 16 + 49
= 66
b
b.b = (2i + 3j + 3k).(2i + 3j + 3k)
= 22 + 33 + 33
= 4 + 9 + 9
= 22
c
c.c = ( i 2j + k).( i 2j + k)
= 1 1 + 2 2 + 1 1
= 1 + 4 + 1
= 6
d
a.b = (i 4j + 7k).(2i + 3j + 3k)
= 1 2 + 4 3 + 7 3
= 2 12 + 21
= 11
A CAS calculator has the capability to compute

the dot product of two vectors.
TI: Press 7:Matrix &
VectorC:Vector3:Dot Product
CP: Tap ActionVectordotP
The syntax for the Dot Product between two
vectors a and b is as follows.
dotP([a1, a2, a3],[b1, b2, b3])
e
b + c = (2i + 3j + 3k) + ( i 2j + k)
= i + j + 4k
a.(b + c) = (i 4j + 7k).(i + j + 4k)

= 1 1 + 4 1 + 7 4
= 1 4 + 28
= 25
f
(a + b) = (i 4j + 7k) + (2i + 3j + 3k)
= 3i j + 10k
(a + c) = (i 4j + 7k) + ( i 2j + k)
= 6j + 8k
(a + b).(a + c) = (3i j + 10k).(0i 6j + 8k)
= 3 0 + 1 6 + 10 8
= 6 + 80
= 86
19
g
(a + 2b) = (i 4j + 7k) + 2(2i + 3j + 3k)
= 5i + 2j + 13k
(3c b) = 3( i 2j + k) (2i + 3j + 3k)
= 5i 9j
(a + 2b).(3c b) = (5i +2j +13k).(5i 9j + 0k)
= 5 5 + 2 9 + 13 0
= 25 18
= 43
2
a = 2i j + 3k, b = 3i 2k, c = i +3j k
a
a.a = (2i j + 3k).(2i j + 3k)
= 2 2 + 1 1 + 3 3
= 4 + 1 + 9
= 14
b
b.b = (3i + 0j 2k).(3i + 0j 2k)
= 3 3 + 0 + 2 2
= 9 + 4
= 13
c
a.b = (2i j + 3k).(3i + 0j 2k)
= 2 3 + 0 + 3 2
= 6 6
= 0
3
a
(a + 2b).(a + 2b) = a.a + 2a.b + 2b.a + 4b.b
= a.a + 4a.b + 4b.b
b
|a + b|
|a b|
= (a + b).(a + b) (a b).(a b)
= a.a + a.b + b.a + b.b (a.a a.b b.a + b.b)
= a.a + 2a.b + b.b a.a + 2a.b b.b
= 4a.b
c
a.(a + b) b.(a + b)
= (a + b).(a b)
= a.a a.b + b.a b.b
= a.a b.b
d
a .( a b ) a .b
a
a .a a .b a .b
a
a .a
a
d
a.c = (2i j + 3k).( i + 3j k)
= 2 1 + 1 3 + 3 1
= 2 3 3
= 8
e
a + b = (2i j + 3k) + (3i + 0j 2k)
= 5i j + k
a.(a + b) = (2i j + 3k).(5i j + k)
= 2 5 + 1 1 + 3 1
= 10 + 1 + 3
= 14
20
4
a = i + 2j k, b = i + j 3k
a
AB b a
= ( i + j 3k) (i + 2j k)
= 2i j 2k
b
AB
( 2) ( 1) ( 2)
2
= 9
= 3
CD
2
c
cos
Using the cosine rule,
CD
a . AB
cos
( i 2 j k ) .( 2 i j 2 k )
63
2 c d cos
4
2
2
5 7 2(5)(7 )
35
CD
66
222
3 6
cos
4
= 74 70
35
= 66
a AB
cos
2
A
3 6
cos
105 . 8
cos
5
cos
a
i
ii
c d
cos
AB OC c
c .d
cos
4
57
4
OB OA AB a c
iii A C O C O A c a
35
A visual representation of the problem is:
b
OB . AC ( a c ) .( c a )
= a.c a.a + c.c c.a

= c.c a.a
= |c|
|a|
21
As a rhombus has all sides of equal length

b
(xi + 7j k).( 4i + xj + 5k) = 10
|c| = |a|
Hence,
OB . AC c
c
cos
OB . AC
c
(xi + 0j + 5k).( 2i 3j + 3k) = x
OB AC
cos 0
90
4x + 7x 5 = 10
3x = 15
x = 5
since OB . AC 0
As the angle between the two diagonals is 90,

this implies that the diagonals of a rhombus
intersect at right angles.
2x + 15 = x
3x = 15
x = 5
d
x(2i + 3j + k).(i + j + xk) = 6
x(2 + 3 + x) = 6
7
a = i + 3j k, b = 4i + j + 2k,
c = 2i 2j 3k, d = i + j + k
e = 2i j k, f = i + 4j 5k
x + 5x 6 = 0
(x + 6)(x 1) = 0
x = 6 or x = 1
a.e = (i + 3j k).(2i j k)
Using the solve and dot product commands a

CAS calculator could be used for question 8
= 1 2 + 3 1 + 1 1
= 2 3 + 1
= 0
b.c = ( 4i + j + 2k).( 2i 2j 3k)

= 4 2 + 1 2 + 2 3
= 8 2 6
= 0
d.f = ( i + j + k).( i + 4j 5k)

= 1 1 + 1 4 + 1 5
= 1 + 4 5
= 0
Hence the three pairs of perpendicular vectors

are: a and e, b and c, d and f.
8
a
(i + 2j 3k).(5i + xj + k) = 6
5 + 2x 3 = 6
2x = 8
x = 4
9
a = i + 4j 4k, b = 2i + 5j k and
OP q b
a
AP = OP OA
= qb a
b
AP = qb a
= q(2i + 5j k) (i + 4j 4k)
22
= [(2q 1)i + (5q 4)j + (4 q)k]
AP .OB 0
Using
(2q 1) 2 + (5q 4) 5 + (4 q) 1 = 0
4q 2 + 25 q 20 4 + q = 0
30 q = 26
13
q =
15
11
Before attempting this question ensure your
calculator is set to radian mode.
a
cos
c
OP
13
(2 i 5 j k )
( i 2 j k ) .( i 4 j k )
6
cos
15
6 3
26
13
13
i +
j
k
15
3
15
26 13
13
P =
,
,
3
15
15
=
3 3
2 . 45
x + 2 + y = 0
cos
( 2 i j 3 k ) .( 2 i 2 j k )
14 3
1
cos
423
(xi + 2j + yk).(4i + j + 2k) = 0
3 14
4x + 2 + 2y = 0
4x + 2y = 2
cos
3 14
2
1 . 11
1 4 2
gives
cos
y = 3
1
gives
( 2 i j 3 k ) .( 4 i 0 j 2 k )
14
y = 3
20
86
cos
2 70
x = 2 + 3 = 1
x = 1 and
2y = 6
Substituting y = 3 into
cos
10
(xi + 2j + yk).(i + j + k) = 0
x + y = 2
18
1 8 1
cos
70
0 . 580
d
cos
( 7 i 0 j k ) .( i j 3 k )
cos
50
11
73
5 22
cos
2
22
2 . 01
23
Using a CAS calculator for part c and d we

have
OM OA
AB
(i j k )
(i 2k )
OM
i j
b
cos
OA .OM
OA OM
cos
( i j k ) . i j 0 k
2
12
Given: a.b = 0, a 0 and b 0.
Using the scalar product,

a .b a b cos
0 a b cos
cos
(since a.b = 0)
2
5
cos
39
2
5
cos
39
a b
cos 0
2
39
Now since a 0 and b 0 this implies that

a 0 and b 0 .
cos
13
(since a and b are both non-zero)
36 . 81
90
Thus, since the angle between the two vectors a

and b is 90, they are perpendicular to each
other.
cos
13
a = i + j + k, b = 2i + j k
and M is the midpoint of AB.
a
MB . MO
MB MO
cos
1
3
i 0 j k . i j 0 k
2
2
5
4
cos
AB b a
= (2i + j k) (i + j + k)
= i 2k
cos
13
4
4
65
3
65
111 . 85
24
14
a
i.
15
a
i.
GB GF FB
OA DO
OM OA
OA OD
OA
= 3j i
= i + 3j
AB
2
1
2
1
4i
OB OA
(4i 5 j)
ii.
(4 i 5 j )
ON OA
AC
2
1
OA
GB .GE
OC
GB GE
4i
10
13
(6i 7 k )
ON i
OA
( i 3 j 0 k ) .( 0 i 3 j 2 k )
cos
ii.
= 3j 2k
cos
OA OC
cos
OM 2i
GE GF FE
(2 i 7 k )
130
37 . 87
OM .ON
cos
OM ON
(2i
CE CG GF FE
5
2
cos
j 0 k ) .( i 0 j
OD OA OC
41
= i + 3j 2k
GA GF FE EA
80 . 12
= i + 3j 2k
CE .GA
cos
cos
cos
2173
OM OC
( i 3 j 2 k ) .( i 3 j 2 k )
14
14
(2i
cos
5
2
j 0 k ) .( 2 i 0 j 7 k )
12
41
14
6
7
31 . 00
OM .OC
cos
CE GA
k)
53
2173
OA OC OD
3 j 2k i
cos
cos 2
cos 4
2
2173
53
8
2173
99 . 88
25
DB DO OA AB
16
OD OA OC
= (2i j ) + 3j + ( i + j + 2k)
= 3 i + 5j + 2k
Let M be the midpoint of CE.

CE 3 i j 2 k
CM
(3i j 2 k )
2
MB MC CB
a
AB AC CB
AB . AB CB CA . CB CA
CB .CB CB .CA CA .CB CA .CA

CB .CB CA .CA 2 CB .CA
CB .CB CA .CA 2 CB CA cos
AB . AB CB .CB CA .CA 2 CB CA cos
AB
CB
CA
2
2 CB CA cos
2 a b cos
Thus proving the cosine rule.
jk
(3i 5 j 2 k )
DM DE EM
OA CM
3j
(3 i j 2 k )
(3 i j 2 k ) 3 j
(Using the scalar product of C B and C A )
2
3
AB CB CA
jk
(3i 5 j 2 k )
MB
Thus M is the midpoint of DB.

Therefore the diagonals bisect each other.
cos
CE . DB
CE DB
17
CE CO OA AE
OC OA OD
( i j 2k ) 3 j (2i j)
cos
cos
( 3 i j 2 k ) .( 3 i 5 j 2 k )
14
38
954
2 133
3i j 2 k
cos
133
110 . 29
Acute angle = 180 110.29 = 69.71
26
Solutions to Exercise 2D
1
a
a
2
a = 3i + 4j k, b = i j k
= i + 3j k
|a| =
1 + 9 + 1 =
1
11
a =
11
11
(i + 3j k)
(i 3 j k )
11
1
3
c
c
9 = 3
(3 i 4 j k )
ii.
|b| =
(1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 =
3 a
If a vector is
1 + 9 =
1
10
10
26
(i + 2j + 2k)
= AB
= b a
= j + 3k
c =
26
26
|c| =
9 + 16 + 1 =
1
a
(3 i 4 j k )
26
1 + 4 + 4 =
b =
|a| =
b
b = i + 2j + 2k
|b| =
a
i.
then
10
(j + 3k)
( j 3k )
10
TI: Press Menu7:Matrix &

VectorC:Vector1:Unit Vector
78
26
(3i + 4j k)
3
a = 2i 2j k, b = 3i + 4k
a
i.
|a| =
A CAS calculator has the ability to calculate a

unit vector as follows:
3 a =
a =
ii.
|b| =
b =
4 + 4 + 1 = 3
1
3
(2i 2j k)
9 + 16 = 5
1
5
(3i + 4k)
CP: Tap ActionVectorunitV

For part a. type unitV([1,3,-1])
Consider a + b and let = AOB
The resulting vector of adding a + b will

bisect AOB.
27
c
a = 4i j + 3k, b = 4i k
1
(2i 2j k) + 15 (3i +
3
5
(2i 2j k) + 153 (3i
15
1
(19i 10j + 7k)
15
a + b =
=
=
|a + b | =
1
15
192 + 102 + 72
510
15
the unit vector that bisects AOB is

1
(19 i 10 j 7 k)
15
510
15
=
=
1
510
(19i 10j + 7k)
510
( 19 i 10 j + 7k)
510
4
a
a = i + 3j, b = i 4j + k
vector resolute of a in the direction of b
=
a . b
b
b .b
+ 4k)
a.b = 16 3 = 13
b.b = 16 + 1 = 17
=
=
a . b
b
b .b
13
(4i
17
k)
scalar resolute =
a . b
|b |
a
a = 2i + j, b = i
a.b = 2, | b | = 1
scalar resolute = 2
b
a = 3i + j 3k, c = i 2j
a.c = 1, | c | =
scalar resolute =
a.b = 1 12 = 11
b.b = 1 + 16 + 1 = 18
vector =
4k)
11
18
(i 4j + k)
b
a = i 3k, b = i 4j + k
c
b = 2j + k, a = 2i +
b.a = 2 3 , | a | =
scalar resolute =
3 j
4 + 3 =
2 3
a . b
b
b .b
1
9
(i 4j + k)
d
b = i
2 21
7
a.b = 1 3 = 2
b.b = 1 + 16 + 1 = 18
5 j, c = i + 4j
b.c = 1 4 5 , | c | =
scalar resolute =
=
17
(1 4
5)
17
17 (1 4
5)
17
28
6
a
a = 2i + j + k, b = 5i k
=
a . b
b
b .b
a.b = 10 1 = 9
b.b = 25 + 1 = 26
vector resolute =
= (2i + j + k)
=
=
26
26
1
26
(2i + j + k)
9
26
(5i k)
= (i + j + k) +
(5i k)
9
26
(5i k)
a . b
b
b .b
3
2
(2i + 2j k)
9
9
1
9
1
9
(i + j + k) +
(2i + 2j k)
1
9
(2i + 2j k)
(7i + 11j + 8k)
Check:
(2i + 2j k).(7i + 11j + 8k)
= (14 + 22 8) = 0
rectangular components give
a =
1
9
(2i + 2j k) +
1
9
(7i + 11j + 8k)
7
a = i + 3j k, b = j + k
a
=
3
2
(i + k)
k).(i + k) =
3
2
a . b
b .b
a.b = 3 1 = 2
b.b = 1 + 1 = 2
vector resolute = j + k
perpendicular component
= a 32 (i + k)
= 3i + j 32 i 32 k
= 32 i + j 32 k
Check:
( 32 i + j
1
9
= a [ 1
(2i + 2j k)]
9
b
a = 3i + j, b = i + k
(7i + 26j + 35k)
a.b = 3
b.b = 1 + 1 = 2
vector resolute =
a . b
b .b
vector resolute =
Check:
(7i + 26j + 35k).(5i k) = 35 35 = 0
a = 269 (5i k) + 261 (7i + 26j + 35k)
a.b = 2 + 2 1 = 1
b.b = 4 + 4 + 1 = 9
= a 269 (5i k)
9
26
c
a = i + j + k, b = 2i + 2j k

a = 32 (i + k) + ( 32 i + j 32 k)
3
2
= 0
b
= a (j + k)
= (i + 3j k) (j + k)
= i + 2j 2k
Magnitude =
1 + 4 + 4 = 3
unit vector through A perpendicular to OB

is 1 (i + 2j 2k)
3
29
8
a
a = 4i + j, b = i j k
a.b = (4 1) + (1 1) + (0 1) = 3
b.b = (1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 3
=
=
a . b
b
b .b
3 (i
3
Shortest distance is perpendicular distance.

j k)
= i j k
AB
= (i j 2k)
b
= a (i j k)
= 4i + j (i j k)
= 3i + 2j + k
=
=
1
13
2
13
magnitude =
=
14
9
a = i + 2j + k, b = 2i + j k,
c = 2i 3j + k
(i 5j)
(5i + j 13k)
magnitude of perpendicular component

3 2 1
3
13
(10i + 2j 26k)
( 133 (i 5j))
2
13
2
13
25 + 1 + 169
195
shortest distance =
195
13
units
a
i.
AB
= b a
= (2i + j k) (i + 2j + k)
= i j 2k
AC
|=
1 + 25 =
area ABC =
ii.
AC = c a
= (2i 3j + k) (i + 2j + k)
= i 5j
b
vector resolute =
AB . AC
AC
AC . AC
AB . AC
= 1 + 5 = 6
AC . AC = 1 + 25 = 26
vector resolute =
=
6
26
3
13
26
=
=
1
2
26
195
13
5070
13
30 square units
10
a
a = i 3j 2k, b = 5i + j + k
a.b = 5 3 2 = 0
a b
(i 5j)
(i 5j)
30
b
i.
c = 2i k, d =
c.a
a .a
c.a = 2 + 2 = 4
a.a = 1 + 9 + 4 = 14
d =
ii.
e =
c. b
b .b
2
7
(i 3j 2k)
c.b = (2i k).(5i + j + k)

= 10 1
= 9
b.b = 25 + 1 + 1 = 27
e = 13 (5i + j + k)
c
c = d + e + f
f = c d e
= 2i k 27 (i 3j 2k)
=
=
=
d
f.a =
1
21
42
21
35
21
1
21
1
21
21
21
i +
11
21
k
7
21
6
21
i +
7
21
16
21
1
3
18
21
(5i + j + k)
j +
12
21
(i + 11j 16k)
(i + 11j 16k).(i 3j 2k)

1
21
(1 33 + 32)
= 0
f a
f.b =
1
21
(i + 11j 16k).(5i + j + k)
1
21
(5 + 11 16)
= 0
f b
31
Solutions to Exercise 2E
1
Required to prove that the diagonals of a
parallelogram bisect each other.
A
2
Required to prove that if the midpoints of the
sides of a rectangle are joined then a rhombus
is formed.
Q
D
ABCD is a parallelogram.
Let
AD a
AB b
Let
Let M be the midpoint of AC.
AC b a
AM
ABCD is a rectangle.
Let Q, R, S and T be the midpoints of AB, BC,
CD and DA respectively.
Let A D a
1
AT
AD
(a b )
Let A B b
BM AB AM
1
= b +
(a + b)
2
1
=
(a b)
2
M D AM AD
1
= (a + b) + a
2
1
=
(a b)
2
QT AT AQ
2
CR AT
(a b )
CS AQ
RS CS CR
=
BM
=
Thus M is the midpoint BD.

Therefore the diagonals of a parallelogram
bisect each other.
1
1
b a
2
2
1
(a b)
2
QT RS
i.e. QT is parallel to RS and they are equal in

length.
2
QT
1
1
(a b ) . (a - b )
2
2
1
(a b). (a b)
4
32
1
(a. a 2a. b + b. b)
4
1
=
(a. a + b. b)
4
since a.b = 0 (as they are perpendicular)
Let P, Q, R and S be the midpoints of OA, AB,

BC and CO respectively.
Let
OA a and
TS AT AQ
OP
1
1
a +
b
2
2
1
=
(a + b)
2
2

2
i.e. PS is parallel to QR and they are equal in

length.
Q T TS
i.e. one pair of opposite sides are equal and

parallel and adjacent sides are of equal length.
( b a ) . ( b a )
2
2
1
=
(b a). (b a)
4
1
=
(b. b 2a. b + b. b)
4
1
=
(a. a + b. b)
4
3
sides of a square are joined then another square
is formed.
A
(b a )
PS QR
QRST is a rhombus.
1
b a
2
2
So since
(b a )
QT TS
and
OS OP
PS
Q T RS
QR QB BR
1
(a + b). (a + b)
4
1
=
(a. a + 2a. b + b. b)
4
1
=
(a. a + b. b)
4
TS
1
1
(a b ) . (a b )
2
2
OS
a and
PS OS OP
QT
OC b
TS
SR OS OP
=
SR
1
(a + b)
2
1
( a b ) . ( a b )
2
2
1
=
(a + b). (a + b)
4
1
=
(a. a + 2a. b + b. b)
4
1
=
(a. a + b. b)
4

O
C
PS
SR
PS SR
33
OABC is a square.
AM .OM
So since
PS QR
and
PS SR , PSRQ is a
rhombus.
PS . SR
(b a ).
(b a ).
(b a )
2
2
1
=
(b. b a. a)
4
2
2
1
=
(|b| |a| )
4
(a b )
2
2
1
=
(b. b a. a)
4
2
2
1
=
(|b| |a| )
4
As an isosceles triangle has two sides of equal

length.
|b| = |a|
Hence
As a rhombus has all sides of equal length.

|a| = |b|
AM .OM 0
OMA 90
Thus the median to the base of an isosceles

triangle is perpendicular to the base.
Hence
PS . SR 0
PSR 90
Therefore PSRQ is a square.
4
Required to prove that the median to the base
of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the
base.
Let
C A a , C B b, AC B
AB CB CA b a
A B . A B ( b a ).( b a )
A
= b. b 2a. b + a. a
= a. a + b. b 2a. b
= a. a + b. b 2|a| |b| cos
M is the midpoint of AB.

Let
OA a
AM
1
2
AB
and
1
2
(since a .b a b cos )
OB b
(b a )
= |a|
AB
+ |b|
2|a| |b| cos
2 a b cos
Alternatively,
|b a|
= |a|
+ |b|
2|a| |b| cos
Thus proving the cosine rule.
34
OM OA AM a
(b a )
(b a )
6
Required to prove that if the diagonals of a
parallelogram are of equal length then the
parallelogram is a rectangle.
C
Let M be the midpoint of BA.

Let A B a and A C b
CB AB AC a b
O
OABC is a parallelogram.
Let
OA a
OC b
and
(a b )
2
1
(a b )
OB CA
AM AC CM
(a b )
CA OA OC a b
OB
BM CM
OB OA OC a b
2
CM
CM
( a b ).
( a b ).( a b )
(a b )
1
(a. a 2a. b + b. b)
4
1
=
(a. a + b. b)
4
=
= a. a + 2a. b + b. b
2
CA
( a b ).( a b )
= a. a 2a. b + b. b
Since
OB CA OB
(since a and b are perpendicular, a.b = 0)

2
CA
BM
( a b ).
(a b )
1
(a. a 2a. b + b. b)
4
1
=
(a. a + b. b)
4
a. a + 2a. b + b. b = a. a 2a. b + b. b
4a. b = 0
a. b = 0
C O A = 90

2
Hence the parallelogram OABC is a rectangle.

7
Required to prove that the midpoint of the
hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is
equidistant from the three vertices of the
triangle.
ABC is a triangle.
AM
( a b ).
2
=
(a b )
1
(a. a + b. b)
4

CM
BM
AM
Thus the midpoint of the hypotenuse is

equidistant from the three vertices.
35
8
Required to prove that the sum of the squares
of the lengths of the diagonals of any
parallelogram is equal to the sum of the squares
of the lengths of the sides.
R
ABCD is a quadrilateral. P, Q, R and S are the

midpoints of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA
respectively.
AS
AP
1
2
1
AD
AB
SP A P A S
AB
2
O
AD
2
( AB AD )
2
Let OP a and
OR b
DB
2
OQ a b
SP
Similarly,
So
CR
OQ
RP
CD
= (a + b). (a + b) + (a b). (a b)
= a. a + 2a. b + b. b + a. a 2a. b + b. b
= a. a + b. b + a. a + b. b
OP
DB
RP a b
PQ
RQ
OR
CQ
CB
2
RQ RC CQ
CB
as required to prove.
CD
2
(C B C D )
9
sides of a quadrilateral are joined then a
parallelogram if formed.
A
DB
2
RQ
DB
Thus
SP = RQ
meaning
SP || RQ and SP RQ
Hence PQRS is a parallelogram.
D
Q
R
36
10
11
D
C
Q
P
A
AD b
Let
and
DM AM AD
AB a
Let
ab
AC a b
21
1
D P D M a b (a 2b )
3
32
3
2
AD b
(a b )
AB a
DB a b
DP
DA
AP AD DP
1
and
DQ
( AD )
3
1
DB
3
(a b )
PQ DQ DP
AC
PC DC DP
a
(a 2b )
(a b )
AC
3
(a b )
3
2
3
2
2
(a b ) b
3
3
AC
3
PQ
AC
3
Therefore P is a point of trisection of AC nearer
Thus
PQ
is
parallel
to AC.
to A.
Since AP || PC || AC this implies that A, P and

C are collinear.
Thus A, P and C are collinear and P is a point
of trisection of AC.
As required to prove.
37
12
13
O
O
D
Required to prove that ACBD is a rectangle.

AB and CD are the diameters of the circle,
hence AB = CD.
OA a
Let
OD d
and
a
i.
AB b a
AM
AB
(b a )
AD OD OA d a
ii.
CB OA OD d a
OM OA AM
1
= a +
(b a)
2
1
=
(a + b)
2
S o since A D C D A D C B
and
AD
CB
ACBD is a parallelogram.
AC OA OC
b
AM . AM
(b a ).
OM .OM
(a b ).
(b a )
2
2
1
=
(b. b 2a. b + a. a)
4
OA OD
d a
A C . A D ( d a ).( d a )
= d. d + d. a a. d + a. a
= a. a d. d
= |a|
|d|
(a b )
2
2
1
=
(a. a + 2a. b + b. b)
4
Since OA and OD are the radius of the circle
AM . AM OM .OM
|a| = |d|
= 2
a. a + 2
b. b
C A D = 90
1
1
=
a. a +
b. b
2
2
1
=
(a. a + b. b)
2
Therefore ACBD is a rectangle.
AM . AM OM .OM
Hence
AC .AD 0
1
2
( a .a b .b )
38
c
Prove OA OB 2 OM
2
2 AM
RHS
2O M
2 AM
2( O M
AM )
2
2( O M .O M AM . AM )
Thus since A P 2 P C , A , P and C are

collinear.
b
D, B and P are collinear if there exist a
k R \ {0} such that D B k B P
DB DO OB a b
1
= 2 ( a. a + b. b)
2
(from part b)
= a.a + b.b
OA OB
2
(S ince D O O A )
BP OP OB
1
(a + 4b) b
3
1
1
=
a +
b
3
3
1
=
(a + b)
3
=
14
A
DB
O
C
B
Thus since D B 3 B P , D, B and P are

collinear.
c
O is the midpoint of AD and B is the midpoint

of OC.
a
A, P and C are collinear if there exist a
S in ce D B 3 B P
DB : BP 3 :1
15
A
k R \ {0} such that A P k P C

Q
PC OC OP
1
(a + 4b)
3
1
2
= a +
b
3
3
1
=
(2b a)
3
= 2b
AP OP OA
1
(a + 4b) a
3
2
4
= a +
b
3
3
2
=
(2b a)
3
=
2PC
AP
A B and O Q 3O P
a
i.
OP OA AP
a
AB
3
2
(b a)
3
2
1
=
b +
a
3
3
1
OP =
(a + 2b)
3
= a +
39
ii.
O Q 3O P a 2 b
O V O S SV
1
r
2
1
= s
(s t )
2
1
= (s + t )
2
= s
iii.
AQ AP PQ
(b a ) O Q O P
2
1
( b a) + a + 2b
( a + 2b)
3
3
2
2
2
4
=
b
a +
a +
b
3
3
3
3
= 2b
v =
since s = r + t
1
(s + t )
2
c
OU OR RS
1
t
2
1
= r +
(s r)
2
1
=
(r + s)
2
= r +
A Q 2b 2O B
A Q 2O B
T herefore A Q is parallel to O B
u =
16
T
1
(r + s)
2
4( u + v) = 4
=
=
=
=
=
=
U
u
since s = r + t
1
(r +
2
2(r + s)
2r + 2s
2r + 3s
2r + 3s
3r + 3s
3(r + s
1
( s + t )
2
2(s + t )
2s + 2t
s + 2t
(r + t ) + 2t
3t
t)
s) +
+
+
+
+
+
+
as required.
a
OR OT
17
a = i + 11j, b = 2i + 8j, c = i + 7j,
d = 2i + 8j, e = 4i + 6j
= r + t
OS OR RS
s = r + t
A D d a 3i 3 j
AE e a 5i 5 j
AE
AD AE
AD
E lies on the line DA.
40
B C c b 3i j
Substituting
BE e b 6i 2 j
BE 2 BC BE
x = 4 into
2 gives
y = 2
BC
E lies on the line BC.
x = 4 and
Thus f = 4i + 2j
AB b a i 3 j
y = 2
d
FD d f 6i 6 j
DC c d i j
EA AE 5i 5 j
c
Let the point F have position vector
EB BE 6i 2 j
f = xi + yj .
A F f a 3i 9 j
As the point F lies on the extended line AB

AF
F D . E A ( 6 i 6 j ).(5 i 5 j )
AB
= 30 + 30
= 0
AF k AB
A F k (i 3 j ) ki - 3kj
Also,
A F f a ( x 1) i ( y 11) j
Hence
k = x 1 and
3k = y 11
3(x 1) = y 11
3x + y = 14
FD AF
E B . A F (6 i 2 j )(3 i 9 j )
= 18 18
= 0
EB AF
as required.
e
As the point F lies on the extended line DC
Since
DF DC
angles this implies that EF is the diameter of

the circle (angles in a semicircle).
D F (i j) i j
EBF are at right-
The centre of the circle is the midpoint of EF

and has position vector
Also,
D F f d ( x 2) i ( y 8) j
Hence
= x + 2 and
= y 8
(x + 2) = y 8
x + y = 6
y = 6 x
Substituing
EDF and
2 into
e + f
(4 i + 6j ) + (4i + 2j )
=
2
2
8j
=
2
= 4j
Hence the position vector of the centre of the

circle through E, D, B and F is 4j.
1 gives
2x = 8
x = 4
41
18
OQ OP PQ
C
OA RB
a+
O A a , O B b, O C c, O D d ,
OE e, e
d , AE
OB OA
1
2
a +
(b a)
4
3
2
5
=
b
b
3
12
Given:
1
AB
4
O
Therefore the position vector of Q is

2
5
b
a
3
12
AC
A is the midpoint of OB.

BD OD OB d b
20
OC OA AE EC
a OE OA ED DC
= a + ( e a) +
d b
2
d b
3
1
2
=
d +
d b
3
3
= d b
= e +
BD
O C B D O C B D and O C
BD
F
OCDB is a parallelogram
Given:
BE = AF = BC
19
Let YX || BC || AD.
EBC is similar to
R
EYX
and since B C B E YE YX
Similarly, YF = YX.
YE YF
Now
X E YE YX
Q
O
and
X F YF YX
42
X E . X F YE YX . YF YX
YE .YF YE .YX YX .YF YX .YX
c
A rhombus has all sides of equal length.
YE .YE YE .YX YX .YE YX .YX
AB BC
YE .YE YX .YX
YX
YE
G iven AB k BC , k 1 if ABC D
is a rhombus.
0
(S ince YE YX )
E X and F X m eet at right angles.
3
and
2
3
2
AB k BC k BE k FA
X E X Y YE
F X F Y YX
FE FA AB BE
XE
BE k BE BE
2BE k BE
YE
FE
FX
EYX
and X E
FA
FX
, FY
YE
X Y .YE F Y .YX
YX .YE YF .YX
YX .YE YF .YX
AB
YX YE co s( X YE )
YF YX co s( F YX )
(k FA)
2
k
1 FA
2
As FAD is similar to
FY
FX
FA
FD
2 F Y .YX YX
YX
2 X Y .YE 2 F Y .YX
FY FA AY
FY
2
1
k + 2
(2 + k) =
2
2
1
2 X Y .YE YE
S ince X Y
G iven E X E C
FA
F Y .YX . F Y .YX
(2 k ) B E
As EBC is similar to
YE
EX
BE
EC
XY
(2 k ) B E
1
X Y .YE . X Y .YE
S in ce YX YE YF
FYX
G iven F X E D
k
k + 2
= 1 +
=
2
2
cos (XYE) = cos (FYX)

XYE = FYX = 90
S ince B C
YX YB C 90
ABCD is a rectangle
43
21
a
OG OD DC CG
= d + b + e
= b + d + e
OG
DF
= 4|b|
BH
+ 4|d|
= 4 (|b|
DF DH EF EF
+ |d|
CE
+ 4|e|
+ |e| )
as required.
OE OD OB
= e d + b
= b d + e
22
BH BO OD DH
OB OD OE
=
b + d + e
CE CD DO OE
O B O D O E
= b d + e
( b d e ).( b d e )
OG
= b. b + b. d + b. e + d. b + d. d
+ d. e + e. b + e. d + e. e
= |b|
+ |d|
+ |e|
+ 2(b. d + b. e + d. e)
a
AP AO OP
AP OP OA
( b d e ).( b d e )
DF
= b. b b. d + b. e d. b + d. d d. e
+ e. b e. d + e. e
2
= |b| + |d| + |e| + 2( b. d + d. e b. e)
r 2 O P .O A ( r r )
2
CE
( b d e ).( b d e )
= |b| + |d| + |e| + 2(b. d b. e d. e)
b
2
BP
CP
2
= b. b + b. d b. e + d. b + d. d d. e
e. b e. d + e. e
3 r 2 O P .O A
r 2 O P .O A O A
( b d e ).( b d e )
= b. b b. d b. e d. b + d. d + d. e
e. b + e. d + e. e
O P .O P 2 O P .O A O A .O A
= |b| + |d| + |e| + 2( b. d + b. e d. e)

BH
AP.AP O P O A . O P O A
DP
3r 2 O P O B
2
3r 2 O P O C
2
3r 2 O P O D
2
AP
BP
CP
DP
4 3 r 2 O P .O A 2 O P .O B 2 O P .O C
2
2 O P .O D
12 r 2 O P .O A O B O C O D
2
12 r 2 O P .( 0 )
2
12 r
44
Solutions to multiple-choice questions from Chapter 2

1
OB OA AB
= (a + 2b) + (a b)
= 2a + b
cos
( 2 , 1,
cos
Answer is C
2 ) .( 5 , 8 , 0 )
7
89
10 8
623
cos
18
623
EF DC 3 AB
43 . 85
CD 3 AB
= c + 3a
= 3a c
Answer is C
Answer is D
6
As A B O B the side lengths AB and OB of
triangle OAB are different in size.

B
M
O
DM DA AM
BC
B
AB
1
=
u v
2
It is also known that

A O . A B B O .B A
AO.AB BO. AB
Answer is B
AO.AB BO.AB
AO BO
AB OB OA
= (11 , 1) (3 , 6)
= (8 , 5)
= 8i 5j
Answer is B
AO OB
AO OB
Thus the side lengths AO and OB are the same

size.
Hence the triangle is isosceles as two sides are
identical in length.
Answer is C
45
7
x(a + b) = 2ya + (y + 3)b
xa + xb = 2ya + (y + 3)b
10
x = 2y
x = y + 3
and
1 into
Substituting
2 gives
2y = y + 3
y = 3
y = 3 into
Substituting
1 gives
x = 6
x = 6 and
y=3
Given:
BC 3 AB , AB a
Answer is E
Using Pythagoras Theorem
AB b a
AC
= (5i 2j + 2k) (i + j )
= 4i 3j + 2k
AB
AB
AB
BC
3 AB
9 AB
AB
4 ( 3) 2
16 + 9 + 4
29
AC
10 A B
Answer is E
AC
10 a
9
x . y
10 A B
Answer is B
x. y
y
( 3 , 2 , 4 ) .( 5 , 1, 1)
27
15 2 4
27
13
27
13 27
27
Answer is D
46
Solutions to short-answer questions from Chapter 2

AD = BC = OC OB
= (4i k) (2i + j 2k)
= 2i j + k
1 a
B
A

AB = OB OA
= (2i + j 2k) (i + 2j k) = i j k

AB . AD
cos =

AB AD
2+11
=
4+1+1 1+1+1
2
2
=
= 3
6 3
2 a
AB
AM =
AC
AB

AB = OB OA
A
= (i + j + 2k) (2i j 4k)
= 3i + 2j + 6k

AC = OC OA
= (i 3j 2k) (2i j 4k) = i 2j + 2k
1+4+4
AM = (3i + 2j + 6k)
N
C
9 + 4 + 36
3
= 7 (3i + 2j + 6k)
ii
1
AN = 2 (AM + AC)
1 3
= 2 7 (3i + 2j + 6k) + (i 2j + 2k)

1
= 14 (9i + 6j + 18k 7i 14j + 14k)

1
= 14 (16i 8j + 32k) = 7 (8i 4j + 16k)

ON = AN + OA
1
= 7 (8i 4j + 16k) + 2i j 4k
1
= 7 (6i 11j 12k)
47

CM = AM AC
= 7 (3i + 2j + 6k) (i 2j + 2k)

1
= 7 (9i + 6j + 18k + 7i + 14j 14k)

1
= 7 (2i + 20j + 4k)

1
AN . CM = 49 (16 80 + 64) = 0
AN CM
3
a b iff a . b = 0
83x =0
x =5
ac
4y + 3z + 2 = 0
bc
2y z 10 = 0
1 +3 2
10y 28 = 0
Substituting y = 2.8 into 2 gives
y = 2.8
5.6 z 10 = 0
z = 4.4
| a | cos = | b | = 1
4 a
cos = a =
=
1+4+4 3
| b | cos = 2 | a^ | = 2
| b | = cos = 2 3 = 6
a.b
5 a
c
a =b.bb+c
668
c = 4 + 1 + 4 (2i + j 2k) + (3i 6j + 4k)

8
= 9 (2i + j 2k) + (3i 6j + 4k)

1
= 9 (16i + 8j 16k + 27i 54j + 36k)

1
= 9 (43i 46j + 20k)

b
c.a
d =a.a a
1 129 + 276 + 80
= 9 9 + 36 + 16 (3i 6j + 4k)
485
= 549 (3i 6j + 4k)
48
| a | = 9 + 36 + 16 = 61
485
| d | = 549 61
485 61 485
549 = 9
1
4365 485
= 2 (432 + 462 + 202 ) = 2 = 9
9
9
|a||d| =
| c |2
6 a
| a | | d | = | c |2
CA = a c
= 2i + 3j 4k 2i (1 + 3t)j (1 + 2t)k
= (2 3t)j + (3 2t)k
CB = b c
= 2i j + 2k 2i (1 + 3t)j (1 + 2t)k
= (2 3t)j + (3 2t)k
ii

BCA = 90 CB CA CB . CA
(2 3t)(2 3t) + (3 2t)(3 2t)
4 + 9t2 + 4t2 9
13t2 13
t2
7 a
=0
=0
=0
=0
=1
a c = (2i + 2j k) (2i 6j 3k) = 8j + 2k
| a c | = 64 + 4
= 68 = 2 17
iii
a + c = 4i 4j 4k
| a + c| = 4 3
ii
t =1
(a c).(a + c) = 32 8 = 40
(a c).(a + c)
40
5
cos = a c a + c =
=
4 3 2 17
51
is obtuse, accute angle between diagonals = cos 1
5
51
1 1
3
AB = 2 OC = 2 (6i 3j + 2k) = 3i 2 j + k
8 a
b

OC = OA + AB + BC

BC = OC OA AB
= 6i 3j + 2k (2i j 3k) 3i 2 j + k
1
= i 2 j + 4k
49

AC . AB
cos =

AC AB

AC = OC OA
= 6i 3j + 2k 2i + j + 3k
= 4i 2j + 5k
12 + 3 + 5
cos =
16 + 4 + 25
20
45
9
+1
4
40
8 5
= 21
21 5
AO = OA
= 6i 4j

AB = OB OA
= 3i + pj 6i 4j
= 3i + (p 4)j

AO . AB = 18 4(p 4)
= 34 4p
9 a
49
4
9+

If AO AB, then

AO . AB = 0
34 4p = 0
p = 8.5

AO . AB
cos OAB =

AO AB
34 24
=
36 + 16 9 + 4
10
5
=
=
52 13 13
10 To be collinear, A, B and C must lie on the same straight line.
AC = c( AB ), c R

AC = OC OA
= 6p + mq p q = 5p + (m 1)p

AB = OB OA
= 3p 2q p q
= 2p 3q
5 = 2c
c = 2.5
m 1 = 3c
m = 3 2.5 + 1 = 6.5
50
r + s + t = 3i + 3j 6k + (i 7j + 6k) + (2i 5j + 2k)
11
= (3 + 2)i + (3 7 5)j + (6 + 6 + 2)k

To be parallel to the x-axis, r + s + t = ci, c R
3 + 2 = c
2u = c 3
1
3 7 5 = 0
7 5 = 3
6 + 6 + 2 = 0
6 + 2 = 6
6 2 +7 3
2
3
16 = 24
= 2
3 + = 3
3 2
3
Substitute = 2 in 5
3
3 2 = 3
3
=2
12
AB | | DC,
ABCD is a trapezium.
13
AB
DC
DC
AB:CD
= i j + 3k
= 2i 2j + 6k
= 2 AB
=1:2
a + b = 3i 2j + 5k
(a + b).b = 3 + 2 5
=0
a+b b
a b = i + 7k
(a + b).(a b)
cos = a + b a b
3 + 35
9 + 4 + 25 1 + 49
38
=
38 50
19
=
19 5
19
= 5
51

OD = 2c

AD = OD OA
= 2c a
14 a
OA + OD 1
b = OB =
= 2a + c
2
OE = 4 AE
a + AE = 4 AE
a = 3 AE
1
AE = 3 a
O
C
a
A
D
B
1
CB = 2 a
1
k
2a = 3a
15 a
k = 2 = 1.5

OA = OC + OB

OC = OA OB = i + 10j
C (1, 10)
OD = h OA + k OB
1 = 3h + 4k
If
then
Substitute in 1
68
k
1
3h
h
24 = 4h 6k
4 1 3 2
y
A
3 4
= 34k
= 2
= 3h 8
=9
=3

1
1
QS = OS OQ = hp + 2 q q = hp 2 q
16
1
1
QR = OR OQ = 3 p + kq q = 3 p + (k 1)q
1
QR = 2 QS, since R is the midpoint of QS
and
1 1
3 = 2h
1
k 1 = 4
3
k =4
h=3
52
17
Now

DB = DA + AB

= AD + OC
= a + c
18 a
AC = 2i + 4j
A
AB = k(i + j), k R\{0}

BC = AC AB
B
= (2i + 4j) (ki + kj)
= (2 k)i + (4 k)j

BA . BC = 0, since ABC = 90
(ki kj).((2 k)i + (4 k)j) = 0
k(2 k) k(4 k) = 0
2k + k2 4k + k2 = 0
2k2 6k = 0
k2 3k = 0
k(k 3) = 0
k 3 = 0, since k 0
k =3
AB = 3(i + j)
OE = k OC
= kc,
k R+
and
DE = l DB,
l R+
= l(c a)
= lc la

Now
OD = OA + AD

= 2 AD + AD
= 3 AD
= 3a

OE = OD + DE
kc = 3a + lc la
= (3 l)a + lc
Since a and c are non-parallel, non-zero vectors
(3 l) = 0, and l = k
l = 3, and k = 3
OE = 3c
= 3 OC, as required to prove.

Let
53
19 a
1 1
OD = 3 OC = 3 c

OE = OA + AE
1
= OA + 3 AB
ii
1
= OA + 3 (OB OA)
= a + 3 (b a)
2
= 3a + 3b

DE = OE OD
iii
= 3a + 3b 3c
2
1
1
3 DE = 33 a + 3 b 3 c = 2a + b c

2 OA + CB = 2 OA + OB OC = 2a + b c

3 DE = 2 OA + CB, as required to prove.
OT = OA + AT
20 a
= OA + 4 AB
= OA + 4 ( OB OA )
= a + 4 (b a)
1
= 4a + 4b
b
BM = OM OB
= OT OB
= 4 a + 4 b b
= 4 a + 4 1b
ii
Let
BM
= k OA = ka, k R\{0}
ka = 4 a + 4 1b
Since a and b are non-parallel, non-zero vectors
then
k =4
and 4 1 = 0
= 3
54
Solutions to extended-response questions from Chapter

2
1
ii
AB = OB OA
= (3i + 4j + 2k) (2i + 3j + k)
=i+j+k
Length = | AB |
= 12 + 12 + 12 = 3
The strand is 3 units long.
CQ
= OQ OC
= OA + AQ OC
= OA + AB OC
= (2i + 3j + k) + (i + j + k) (2.5i + 4j + 1.5k)
= ( 0.5)i + ( 1)j + ( 0.5)k
ii
CQ . AB
= (( 0.5)i + ( 1)j + ( 0.5)k).(i + j + k)

= ( 0.5) 1 + ( 1) 1 + ( 0.5) 1
= 3 2
But CQ . AB = 0
3 2 = 0
2
=3
OQ
= OA + AQ
= OA + 3 AB
2
= (2i + 3j + k) + 3 (i + j + k)
1
= 3 (8i + 11j + 5k)

c
Let P be the point of contact of AB and MN.
Now
AP
= a AB , a R+
OP OA = a AB
OP = a AB + OA
= a (i + j + k) + (2i + 3j + k)
= (a + 2)i + (a + 3)j + (a + 1)k
and
MP
= b MN , b R+
55
OP OM = b MN
OP = OM + b MN
= OM + b( ON OM )
= (4i + 2j k) + b((6i + 10j + 9k) (4i + 2j k))
= (4i + 2j k) + b(2i + 8j + 10k)
= (4 + 2b)i + (2 + 8b)j + (10b 1)k
Equating coefficients:
a + 2 = 4 + 2b, a + 3 = 2 + 8b and a + 1 = 10b 1
and
a
a+3
(2 + 2b) + 3
5 + 2b
3
= 2 + 2b
= 2 + 8b
= 2 + 8b
= 2 + 8b
= 6b
1
b =2
a =2+2
=3
Check in 2
a+1 =3+1
=4
10
10b 1 = 2 1
=4
LHS = RHS
Substituting a = 3 in 1 yields
OP = (3 + 2)i + (3 + 3)j + (3 + 1)k
= 5i + 6j + 4k, the position vector of the point of contact.

2 a
| OA | = 22 + 32 + 12
| OB | = 32 + (2) 2 + 12
= 4+9+1
= 14
ii
AB
OX = OA + AX
= 9+4+1
= 14
= OB OA
= (3i 2j + k) (2i + 3j + k)
= i 5j
= OA + 2 AB
1
= (2i + 3j + k) + 2 (i 5j)
5
= 2i + 2j + k
56
= 2 (5i + j + 2k)
ii
OX . AB = 2 (5i + j + 2k).(i 5j + 0k)
= 2 (5 1 + 1 (5) + 2 0)
1
= 2 (5 5)
=0
Hence OX is perpendicular to AB .
c
If OABC is a parallelogram
OC = OA + AC
= OA + OB
= 2i + 3j + k + 3i 2j + k
= 5i + j + 2k
B
O
i.e. OC = 5i + j + 2k, the position vector of C such that OACB is a parallelogram.
OC . AB = (5i + j + 2k).(i 5j + 0k)
= 5 1 + 1 (5) + 2 0
=55
=0
OC is perpendicular to AB.
e
Let p = ai + bj + ck, a, b, c R, be the vector with magnitude 195 which is
perpendicular to both OA and OB

| p | = a2 + b2 + c2 and | p | = 195
a2 + b2 + c2 = 195
Now
and
OA . p = 0
(2i + 3j + k).(ai + bj + ck) = 0

2a + 3b + c = 0
OB . p = 0
(3i 2j + k).(ai + bj + ck) = 0

3a 2b + c = 0
Subtracting 2 from 3 yields
a 5b = 0
a = 5b
From 3
c = 2b 3a
and from 1
= 2b 3(5b)
= 13b
2
c = 195 a2 b2
57
(13b)2 = 195 (5b)2 b2
169b2 = 195 25b2 b2
195b2 = 195
b2 = 1
b = 1
From 4 , when b = 1, a = 5 and when b = 1, a = 5
Substituting into 2 , when a = 5 and b = 1,
2(5) + 3(1) + c = 0
10 + 3 + c = 0
c = 13
and when a = 1 and b = 1,
2(5) + 3(1) + c = 0
10 3 + c = 0
c = 13
p = 5i + j 13k
or
p = 5i j + 13k
ii
When p = 5i + j 13k,
AB
. p = (i 5j + 0k).(5i + j 13k)
= 1 (5) + (5) (1) + 0 (13)
=55=0
and
OC . p = (5i + j + 2k).(5i + j 13k)
When p = 5i j + 13k,
AB
and
OC . p = (5i + j + 2k).(5i j + 13k)
= 5 (5) + 1 (1) + 2 (13)

= 25 + 1 26 = 0
. p = (i 5j + 0k).(5i j + 13k)
= 1 (5) + (5) (1) + 0 (13)
= 5 + 5 = 0
= 5 (5) + 1 (1) + 2 (13)

= 25 1 + 26 = 0
Therefore p is perpendicular to both AB and OC .
iii Since p is perpendicular to both AB and OC , it is perpendicular to the plane

containing OACB.
3 a
OX = OC + CY + YX
= OC + OB + OA
= (i + 4j) + (i + 3k) + 5i
= 7i + 4j + 3k
OZ = OA + AZ
= OA + OC
= 5i + (i + 4j)
= 6i + 4j
OY = OC + CY
= OC + OB
= (i + 4j) + (i + 3k)
= 2i + 4j + 3k
OD = OA + AD
= OA + OB
= 5i + (i + 3k)
= 6i + 3k
58
Length of OD = | OD | = 62 + 32
= 36 + 9
= 45
=3 5
Length of OY = | OY | = 22 + 42 + 32
= 4 + 16 + 9
= 29
| | ZY | cos OZY

1 ZO . ZY
OZY = cos

ZO ZY
ZO . ZY = | ZO
Now
ZO = 6i 4j
ZO
and
| = (6)2 + (4)2
ZY
and
ZY
= 36 + 16
= 52
= 2 13
and
= OY OZ
= (2i + 4j + 3k) (6i + 4j)
= 4i + 3k
| = (4)2 + 32
= 16 + 9
= 25
=5
ZO . ZY = (6i 4j + 0k).(4i + 0j + 3k)
= (6) (4) + (4) 0 + 0 3

= 24
24
2 13 5
1 2 1 3
65
OZY = cos 1
= cos 1
= (48.268 53)
Angle OZY is 48.27, correct to two decimal places.
c
OP = OC + CP
= OC + + 1 CZ
= OC + + 1 ( OZ OC )
= i + 4j + + 1 ((6i + 4j) (i + 4j))
= i + 4j + + 1 (5i)
= + 1 + 1i + 4j
ii
OP . CZ =
+ 1 + 1i + 4j.(5i + 0j)
59
= + 1 + 1 5 + 4 0
5
5
= 5 + 1 + 1
If OP CZ , then
OP . CZ = 0
5 + 1 + 1 = 0
5
+1=0
+1
5
= 1
+1
5 = ( + 1)
= 1
6 = 1
= 6
Note: P divides CZ externally.

4 a
AB
ii
BC = OC OB
= OB OA
=ba
=cb
iii
CA = OA OC
=ac
iv
OP = OB + BP
= OB + 2 BC
1
= b + 2 (c b)
1
= 2 (b + c)
v
OQ
= OC + CQ
= OC + 2 CA
1
= c + 2 (a c)
1
= 2 (a + c)
vi
OR = OA + AR
60
= OA + 2 AB
1
= a + 2 (b a)
1
= 2 (a + b)
OP . BC = 2 (b + c).(c b)
= 2 (c . c b . b)
1
= 2 ( | c |2 | b |2 )
Now
Therefore
and
OR . AB = 0
and OQ . AC = 0
1
2 (a + b).(b a) = 0
1
2 (a . a b . b) = 0
1
2
2
2(|a | | b | ) = 0
1
2 (a + c).(c a) = 0
1
2 (c . c a . a) = 0
1
2
2
2(|c | | a | ) = 0
| a |2 | b |2 = 0
| a |2 = | b |2
| b |2 = | c |2
OP . BC = 2 ( | c
| c |2 | a |2 = 0
| c |2 = | a |2
|2 | c |2 )
=0
Hence, OP is perpendicular to BC.
c
OP BC, therefore the perpendicular bisectors are concurrent.
From b,
| a |2 = | b |2 and | c |2 = | a |2
| a |2 = | b |2 = | c |2
|a | = | b | = |c |
i.e. O is the circumcentre of the triangle.
A
|a |
|b |
B
5 a
|c|
C
OL = OB + BL
= OB + 3 BC
= OB + 3 ( OC OB )
2
= b + 3 (c b)
1
= 3b + 3c
b
OL = OA
61
1
2
3 b + 3 c = a
b + 2c = 3a
3a + b + 2c = 0, as required to prove.
BO = OB
= b
OM = OA + AM
= OA + 5 AC
= OA + 5 ( OC OA )
2
= a + 5 (c a)
3
O
A
= 5a + 5c
1
= 5 (3a + 2c)
1
= 5 (b) since 3a + b + 2c = 0
1
= 5 BO
Therefore OM is parallel to BO and B, O and M are collinear.
ii
BO : OM = BO : 5 BO
1
=1:5
=5:1
d
C, O and N are collinear
ON = p CO , p R+
= p OC
= pc
= 2 p 2c
O
M
L
C
= 2 p (3a + b), since 3a + b + 2c = 0

3p
= 2 a + 2b
Also
ON = OA + AN
= OA + q AB , q R+
= OA + q( OB OA )
= a + q(b a)
= (1 q)a + qb
Equating coefficients yields
62
3p
1q = 2
p
and
q =2
and
q =4
3p
12 = 2
1= 2
p =2
4p
1
Therefore AN = 4 AB , so AN : NB = 1 : 3
6 a
OD = OA + AD
= OA + 2 AB
= OA + 2 ( OB OA )
1
= a + 2 (b a)
1
= 2 (a + b)
ii
DE
= OE OD
= OB OD
1
= b 2 (a + b)
1
= 2 a + 2b
DE
. OB = 2 a + 2b.(0a + b)
1
= 2 a . b + 2b . b
If DE OB ,
. OB = 0
DE
2 a . b + 2b . b = 0
1b . b = 1 a . b
2
2
b . b 2 b . b = 2 a . b
b . b = 2 (a . b + b . b)
1
1
then
1
2 (a . b
+ b . b)
b.b
as required.
If DE OB ,
63
then
Let a = | a | and b = | b |
=
=
=
1
2 (a . b
+ b . b)
b.b
1
2 (ab cos
+ b2 )
b2
1 2
2 (b cos
+ b2 )
b2
1 2
2 b (cos
since a = b
+ 1)
b
1
1
= 2 cos + 2
5
=6
1
1 5
2 cos + 2 = 6
1
2
2 cos = 6
1
=3
2
cos = 3 , as required.
Now
ii
OF = OE + EF
and
AE
= 6 OB + 2 ED
1
= 6 OB OA
5
= 6 OB 2 DE
5
= OE OA
= 6b a
= 6 b 2 2 a + 6 2b
1
= 6b + 4a 6b
= 4a + 3b
OF . AE = 4 a + 3 b.6 b a
= 4a.6b + 3b.6b 4a.a 3b.a

11
11
11
= 24 a . b 4 a . a + 9 b . b
= 24 a . b + 36 b . b,
2
as | b | = | a |
As cos = 3 , a . b = 3 b . b
OF . AE = 0
Since OF . AE = 0, OF AE, as required.

7 a
OA . OB = (3i 12j + 3k).(2i + aj + 2k)
64
= 3 2 + (12) a + 3 2
= 6 12a + 6 = 12(1 a)
ii
ii
OA OB
OA . OB = 0
12(1 a) = 0
1a =0
a =1
OA OC
OA . OC
(3i 12j + 3k).(xi + yj + 2k)
3x 12y + 6
x 4y + 2
OB OC
OB . OC
(2i + j + 2k).(xi + yj + 2k)
2x + y + 4
y
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
= 2x 4
Substituting 2 in 1 yields
x 4(2x 4) + 2 = 0
x + 8x + 16 + 2 = 0
9x + 18 = 0
18
x = 9 = 2
y = 2(2) 4 = 0
OD = OB + BD
= OB + OC
= (2i + j + 2k) + (2i + 2k) = j + 4k
ii
OX = OA + AX
= OA + OC
= (3i 12j + 3k) + (2i + 2k)
= i 12j + 5k
iii
OY = OA + AZ + ZY
= OA + OB + OC
= (3i 12j + 3k) + (2i + j + 2k) + (2i + 2k)
= 3i 11j + 7k
d
The heights above ground are given by the k components.

Hence X is 5 units above the ground and Y is 7 units above the ground.
65
8 a
BD
ii
BE
= 4 BC = 4 c
= BA + AE
= BA + 5 AC
= BA + 5 ( BC BA )
3
= a + 5 (c a)
2
= 5a + 5c
iii
AD
= AB + BD
= BA + 4 BC = a + 4 c
BP
= BE
and
BP
= 5 a + 5 c
2
= BA + AP
= BA + AD
= a + a + 4 c
= 5 a+ 5 c
= (1 )a + 4 c
Equating coefficients:
2
5 = 1
4
=1 5
6
5 =1
6 = 5
46
3 3
5 = 4
= 5
=6
= 5 =3
So
9 a
and
a = pi + qj
b = qi pj
c = qi + pj
i
ii
AB
AE
= OB OA
= i (xi + yj)
= (x + 1)i yj
AC = OC OA
= yi + (1 x)j
AF
( AC is rotated 90
anticlockwise about A.)
= i (xi + yj)
= (1 x)i yj
= yi + (x + 1)j
( AB is rotated 90
clockwise about A.)
66
OA = xi + yj
EF
= AF AE
= (yi + (x + 1)j) (yi + (1 x)j)
= 2yi + 2xj
= 2(yi + xj)
OA . EF = (xi + yj).2(yi + xj)
= 2(xy + xy)
=0
Since OA . EF = 0, OA is perpendicular to EF .
ii
| = (2y)2 + (2x)2
EF
and
| OA | = x2 + y2
= 4y2 + 4x2
= 4(x2 + y2)
= 2 x2 + y2
= 2 | OA |, as required to prove.
10 a
BC = mv
BE
= nv
CA = mw
CF = nw
ii
AE
| = | AB + BE |
= | mu + nv |
120
v
= (mu + nv)2
= m2u .u + 2mnu . v + n2v . v
=
m2 | u |2 + 2mn | u | | v | cos 120 + n2 | v |2

1
m 2 + 2mn 2 + n 2 ,
= m 2 mn + n 2
=
FB
| = | FC +
CB
since | u | = | v | = 1
120
= | CF BC |
= | nw mv |
= (nw mv)2
=
=
n 2 | w |2 + 2mn | w | | v | cos 120 + m 2 | v |2

1
n 2 + 2mn 2 + m 2 ,
since | v | = | w | = 1
= m 2 mn + n 2
67
AE
. FB = (mu + nv).(nw mv)

= mnu . w n 2v . w m 2u . v mnv . v
= mn |u||w| cos120 n 2|v||w| cos120 m 2 |u||v| cos120 mn |v|2
1
= mn 2 n 2 2 m 2 2 mn,
1
since | u | = | v | = | w | = 1
= 2 mn 2 n 2 2 m 2 mn
1
= 2 (m 2 mn + n2 ), as required.
AE
. FB = | AE | | FB | cos G
= m 2 mn + n 2 m 2 mn + n 2 cos G
= (m 2 mn + n 2 ) cos G
But
AE
. FB = 2 (m 2 mn + n2 )
1
(m 2 mn + n 2 ) cos G = 2 (m 2 mn + n2 )
1
cos G = 2
G = 60
By symmetry, H and K are also angles of 60, hence GHK is equilateral.
11 a
In the diagram OC = c and OA = a

CF = CO + OF
= c + 2 a
1
OE = 2 (a + c)
b i
OE is perpendicular to AC

OE . AC = 0
which implies
1
which can be written as 2 (a + c)(c a)

Hence
c.ca.a
which implies
| c |2
and
OA
The triangle OAC is isosceles.
=0
=0
= | a |2
= OC
ii Let AOC = . If CF is perpendicular to OA

then
cos
1
|a|
2
1
= | c | = 2 ,
as OA = OC
Therefore = 60
68
Hence all angles are 60 and triangle AOC is equilateral.

c
1
OH = 4 (a + c)
1
CK = 2 CF
1
1
= 2 c + 2 a

HK = HO + OC + CK
Now
1
1
1
= 4 (a + c) + c + 2 c + 2 a
1
= 4c
1
Since HK = c, 4

FE = FA + AE
Also
= 2 a + 2 (c a)
1
= 2c
1
Since FE = c, = 2
ii HK is parallel to FE
XEF = XHK (alternate angles)
XFE = XKH (alternate angles)
Therefore triangle HXK is similar to triangle EXF.
iii As
Therefore
| HK | : | FE | = 1 : 2 (from c)
| HX | : | XE | = 1 : 2 (similar triangles)
2
| XE | = 3 | HE |
1
= 3 | OE |
Therefore
Hence
12 a
OA
OB
OC
OD
2
| OX | = 3 | OE |
OX: XE = 2 : 1
= 2i 2j
= 2i 2j
= 2i 2j
N
= 2i 2j
C
k
O
A
Q
B
69

1
PM = PB + BC + 2 CV
= 2i 4j + 2 (2i 2j + 2hk)
= i + 3j + hk
1
QN = QB + BA + 2 AV
1
= 2j 4i + 2 (2i 2j + 2hk)
= 3i j + hk
c
Write
Also
OX = OA + AP + PM
= 2i 2j + 2i + (i + 3j + hk)
= i + (3 2)j + hk
OX = OB + BQ + QN
= 2i + (3i j + hk)
= (2 3)i j + hk
From 1 and 2
= 2 3
Therefore
and
3 2=
and h = h
=
4 = 2
1
which implies =2
Therefore
Therefore
=2
1 1 1
OX = 2 i 2 j + 2 hk
70
d i
If OX is perpendicular to VB
1 i 1 j + 1 hk.(2i 2j 2hk) = 0
2 2 2
Therefore
1 + 1 h2 = 0
Therefore
h = 2 as h > 0
ii Let be the angle between PM and QM.

Consider
PM . QN = | PM | | QN | cos
Therefore
3 3 + 2 = 12 12 cos
4
cos = 12
Therefore
= 3
1
is obtuse. The acute angle between PM and QN is cos1 3 = 71, to the
nearest degree.
e
PM and QN are diagonals of quadrilateral NMPQ and are of equal length and
bisect each other at X (c). Therefore NMPQ is a rectangle.
ii NMPQ is a square if the diagonals bisect each other at right angles.

i.e.
PM . QN = 0
This implies 3 3 + h2 = 0
and therefore
h = 6 as h > 0
13
1
OM = 2 aj
ii

MC = MA + AC
1
= ai + 2 aj
b
1
MP = ai + 2 aj
71
1
1
BP = 2 aj ai + ai + 2 aj
1
= ( 1)ai + 2 (1 + )aj

OP = OB + BP
Also
= ai + 2 (1 + )aj
c

1
BP . MC = 0 implies 4 a2(1 + ) + a2( 1) = 0 (a 0)
(1 + ) + 4( 1) = 0
5 = 3
Therefore
which implies
= 5
Therefore
| BP | =
4 2 16 2 2 5
a + 25 a = 5 a
25
| OP | =
9 2 16 2
a + 25 a = a
25
| OB | = a

BP . BO = | BP | | BO | cos
ii
2 5
5 a a = 5 a2 cos
5
cos = 5
Therefore
| OP | = 2 42 + 1 + 2
= 2 52 + 2
| OP | = | OB | implies
a = 2 52 + 2
Squaring both sides gives

4 = 52 + 2
3
= 5
which implies
or
= 1
P1 corresponds to = 5 and P2 corresponds to = 1

A
C
P1
P2
72
Y
A
C
M
O

OP = OB + BP
1
= ai + 2 (1 + )aj
3
3
4
From c, = 5 , therefore OP = 5 ai + 5 aj

Now
CX = CP + PX
2
= 5 MC + ak
1
= 5 ai 5 aj + ak

PY = PC + CY
2
= 5 (ai + 2 aj) + (5 ai 5 aj + ak)

1
= 5 a(1 )i + 5 a(1 )j + ak

CX . PY = 0
1
25 a2 (1 ) 25 a2 (1 ) + a2 = 0
25 a225 a2 25 a225 a2 + a2 = 0
a2
25(4
+ 4 1 + + 25) = 0
5 + 30 = 0
30 = 5
= 6
Therefore
1 2
1
OY = ai + aj + 6 5 ai 5 aj + ak
14
29
= 15 ai + 30 aj + 6 ak
73

Textbook Solutions - Chapter 02

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Textbook Solutions - Chapter 02

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 2 Vectors

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Since AB and DC are parallel, AB + DC is a

vector parallel to AB , and

vector parallel to AB . Hence XY is parallel to

Adding 1 and 2 yields

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

However when these values are substituted in

Note that a and b are not parallel.

Solving the first two equations using a CAS

There are no solutions which satisfy the three

Note that a and b are not parallel.

Solving the first two equations using a CAS

There are no solutions which satisfy the three

Substituting these values into the third

As there exist real numbers m and n, both not

Note that a and b are not parallel.

Solving the first two equations using a CAS

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

OS = (2m + 1)a + (4 3m)b

Substituting 2 into 1 yields

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

(5 + 2x)a + (5 + 2x)b = 3ya + 2yb

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

a + b = (4 + x)i + (3y 1)j

(0 1)i + (5 3)j + (3 + 2)k

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Since there exists real numbers l and m, not

are linearly independent.

= (5i + 2j) (i 3j)

Since 1 and 3 are contradictory, a, b and c

1 and 3 are identical equations.

Solving 1 and 2 gives

Points A, B and D are collinear.

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

(i) + (4j) (5i + j)

(5i + j) (i) + (4j)

= (2i + 5j + 3k) (3i + 3j)

= (6j + k) (2i + 5j + 3k)

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

= (i + 7j) (5i + 4j)

BC = AD since ABCD is a parallelogram

(x 5)i + (y 4)j + (z 1)k =

Since M is the midpoint of AB

Since M is the midpoint of XY

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

(x 4)i + (y + 3)j = 3[(x 7)i + (y 1)j]

Substituting 2 into 1 yields

)j = k(3i + j), k R \ {0}

2a b = 2(5i + j 4k) (8i 2j + k)

b c = (3i j) (4i + 5j)

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

= 5.7i 0.3j 1.6k

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

a1 = | a | cos 110 = 3.42

The above situation can be redrawn as the

a1 = | a | cos 250 = 2.91

Consider triangle CDG.

Now consider triangle OCG with the required

a1 = | a | cos 300 = 2.50

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

a1 = | a | cos 130 = 6.43