Migration

Population,
City
comparsions:
migrations
Hongand
minorities
Shenzhen,
in Hong
Macau
Kong
Heritage
in Hong
Kong
- Kong,
Declared
Monuments

INFORMAL
Overview

SETTLEMENT - EXAMPLES OF DEFINITIONS (METRO CORE)

Switzerland
United Kingdom
Hong Kong
Basically, Hong Kong is a society of
Island
migrants.
Within the population, about
1'500 persons
24'990 persons
5% are non-Chinese who came from
managers
60%
40%
01 Rock Carving
at Big Wave Bay
?
08 Gas Lamps
1875
15 Tin Hau Temple
1810
25 Old Stanley
Police Station
1859
various places in Asia, Europe
and North
globalization,
age 35-39
America. They have their own social
missionary work
first degree course
groups, and they turn Hong Kong into an
christianism
1. Formal
international
city. 95% of the population
2. Informal
39,7 % managers
is of Chinese
descent,
and
they
speak
Permanent structure on invaded land,
colonialism
Developed without legal claims to the land and/or
Cantonese,
Jiaozhou,
Hakka,
Fujian,
permission from the building authorities concerned;
formal house in an official subdivision.
as a result
their status
is illegal or
semi-legal.
Shanghai
and other
Chinese
dialects,
38 Law Uk Hakka House
~1700
40 Old Wanchai Post Ofce
1912
41 Old Pathological Institute
1905
42 Western Market
1858
46 Main Building St. Stephens Coll. 1923
creating a diversified society. Still, the
2. Informal
Infrastructure and services are usually inadequate.
fact is that 95% of the population
The land use is unauthorised;
understands
Chinese and more than 60%
Nepal
a) physical
can use English.
the settlement pattern is unauthorised, or not
"Non-legal" status, services and infrastructure below
approved. Residential density is often high.
In the
past,
there
were
large
numbers
15'845 persons
the "adequate" or minimum levels. Such services are
The construction of houses is unauthorised and not
of immigrants
from
mainland
China and
both network
and
social infrastructure,
like water
50%
50%
meeting
prescribed standards; 1851 60 St. Johns Cathedral
supply,
sanitation,
electricity,
roads
and
drainage; 1919 58 Tang Chi Ngong Building
The Exterior
of University
Hallforeigners
1861
57 Hung
Hing Ying
Building
1929
59 Government House
1847
a56small
number
of
also
moved
age 30-34
schools, health centres, market places etc.
here. More recently, considerable
the occupation originates from a land invasion (there
upper secondary
many different processes of invasion).
numbers
of Hong
Kong
havemay also be in
Informal
networks
for thepersons
supply of water
hinduism,are
buddhism
e m i g r aplace.
ted overseas. The continual
43,5% elementary work
movem
ent of the population is a
economic reasons
b) social
characteristic
of
Hong
Kong.
Most belong to the lower income group, either working

University of Witwaterand

Hari Srinivas

as wage labourers1913
or in 45
various
informal sector
Former Kowloon British School

1 1
2
143 Clock Tower

1900

enterprises.
Since
the 1980's, people began to
move out of Hong Kong. As the future
On average, most earn wages at or near the minimum
o f H o nwage
g K olevel.
n g But
w ahousehold
s u n c l e income
ar to m
a n ycan
, also be
levels
t h e r e whigh
a sdue
a dtoe cmany
a d eincome
of em
i g r aand
t i opart-time
n,
earners
jobs.
Squatters
are United
predominantly
migrants,
either
principally
to the
States,
Canada,
rural-urban or urban-urban.
Australia
and the United Kingdom. In
10 Sam
Tung c)
Uklegal
Villagecharacteristics
1786 about
12 Old District
Ofce North
1907
the
early
1980's,
it was
20,000
per
year; 30,000
in 1987;of60,000
1991;
a houses
Lack of ownership
the land in
parcels
on which
peak ofhave
66,000
in 1992.
Thereafter,
it
been built.
Plots could
be found on vacant
or public
on marginal
slowedgovernment
down a bit.
In land
the oryear
of theland parcels
railway setbacks or "undesirable" marshy land. Thus
return, like
1997,
it
was
still
30,000.
Over
when the land is not under "productive" use by the
that ten-year
morebythan
400,000
owner, itperiod,
is appropriated
a squatter
for building a
house. away from Hong Kong, or
people
moved
30 Liu Man Chek Tong Ancestral Hall 1751
31 Old House
1904
more than 5% of the population. In
many foreign cities, there are now Hong
Kong migrant communities. Fortunately,
the capital did not flow out, because
Hong Kong was still economically
productive.
61 I Shing Temple

1718

www.zonaeuropa.com, 03. March 2008

www.immd.gov.hk, 26. February 2008

75 Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda

~1350

64 Tower + WallsLung Yeuk Tau

sources

~1300

51 Former M+P Headquart. Comp.

1899

13 Sheung Yiu Village

ETH Studio Basel

ETH Studio Basel

26 Old Supreme Court

1912

27 Main Building HKU

Mike Davis
1910

28 Rock Inscription at Wong Chuk Hang ?

Tenements
1 1
-hand-me-downs
2
1
-built for poor
Public 1914
housing
49 The Helena May main building
52 Gate Lodge
hostels, flophouses, etc.

1884

53 Central Police Station Compound 1864

2. Informal
Squatters (Hausbesetzer)
-authorized
-unauthorized
Pavement-dwellers (clochard)

70 St. Josephs College

1864

80 Cape DAguilar Lighthouse

~1860

16 Rock Carving at Lung Ha Wan

2. Informal

17 Island House

1905

32 Tai Fu Tai Mansion

1865

33 Kun Lung Gate Tower

1744

34 Yeung Hau Temple

~1800

36 Flagstaff House

1913

55 Victoria Prison Compound

24 Hong Kong Observatory

1883

35 Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb

Structures are constructed largely of temporary

materials and do not conform to minimum standards.

1875

65 Tang Chung Ling Ancestral Hall

77 Tin Hau Temple

17'782 persons
1789
67 King Law Ka Shuk
?
50,7%
49,3%
age 30-34
first degree course
hinduism, islam
OECD
30% managers
reasons,
78 Hau Ku Shekeconomic
Ancestral Hall
1762
79 The Morrisson Building
1936
2.? Informal
globalization
Areas where groups of housing units have been

1525

66 Cheung Shan Monastery

02 Rock Carving on Kau Sai Chau

03 Rock Carving on Tung Lung Island

National
& local
13'887 persons
governments
50,3%
49,7%

04 Rock Inscription, Joss House Bay ~1274

44 Kang Yung Study Hall

* Low-income settlements
* Semi-permanent settlements
* Shanty towns
* Spontaneous settlements
* Unauthorized
settlements
Immigration Control
Points
* Unplanned
settlements
68 Cheung Ancestral Hall
1851
69 Fan Sin Temple
* Uncontrolled settlements

1736

1674

constructed on land that the occupants have no legal

claim to, or occupy illegally;

Substandard housing or illegal and inadequate building

structures;
23 Man Mo Temple
~1900
29 Old Tai Po Market Railway Station 1913
buildings constructed are not meeting building standards.

Phillipines

Insecure tenure; irregular or informal settlements.

115'349 persons

1 1
2
1
~1850

47 Yi Tai Study Hall

Poverty and social exclusion due to6,2%

income or capability.
93,8%
48Poverty
Walls + Towers
of Kun Lung Wai
~1700 characteristic
50 Entrance Towerof
of Ma
Wat Wai
is considered
a central
a slum.

11 Fan Lau Fort

~1750

72 Tang Lung Chau Lighthouse

1912

82 Chik Kwai Study Hall

1899

73 Tang Ancestral Hall

Illegal
and unautorizied

~1300

High density

Outlying Islands

36
32
14

22 Tung Chung Battery

37
15

1817

71 Waglan Lighthouse

Substandard housing and squalor

1898

74 Yu Kiu Ancestral Hall

~1500

Vietnam

Low density
110'576 persons
502 persons
8,4%
91,6
83 Tang Ancestral Hall
1749
05 Rock Carving at Shek Pik ~1000 B.C.
Not adequate infrastructure
age 25-29
impact: vietnam war
sixth form
islam
Substandard housing and squalor
92,9%
elementary work
proposed
economic reasons
Socially deteriorated

2. Informal
?

~1770

age 35-39
first degree course
catholicism, islam
93% elementary work
economic reasons

Merriam-Webster dictionary

unplanned settlements and areas where housing is not

in compliance with current planning and building
regulations
(unauthorized housing).
1729
14 Rock Carving on Cheung Chau
?
21 Stone Circle

~1700

age 40-44
first degree course
Lack of basic services, lack of access
shintoism, buddhism
to sanitation facilities and
54,8% managers
water are the most important characteristics;
globalization

Overcrowding and high density;

unhealthy living conditions and hazardous locations.

Indonesia

~1800

09 Tung Lung Fort

2. Informal

Bad housing is a major index of slum conditions.

Bad housing means dwellings that
18 Site of Chinese Customs Station 1868
Man Wun Funglight,
Ancestral
have 19
inadequate
air,Hall
toilet~1800
and 20 Remains of Ancient Kiln
bathing facilities; that are in bad repair
and improperly heated; that do
not afford opportunity for family privacy;
that are subject to fire hazard and that
overcrowd the land, leaving no space for
recreational use.

81 Leung Ancestral Hall

25-200

Japan

Different names for informal settlements

India

1841

Kowloon

Encyclopedia Britannica

~1900

Matrix 1993

54 Former Central Magistracy

New Territories

39 Old House

1846

6'522'148 persons
49%
51%
37 Former French Mission Building 1917
age 65+
first degree course

2. Informal
all kind of jobs
Structure owners
establishment PRD
-have either a quasi-legal right of occupation
-or no rights at all

1. Formal

Physically and socially deteriorated, making

satisfactory family life impossible.

Slums are neglected parts of cities where housing and

living conditions are appallingly poor. Slums range from
high-density, squalid central-city tenements to
spontaneous squatter settlements without legal
recognitionHongkongnese
or rights, sprawling atEmigration
the edge of cities.

A contiguous settlement where the inhabitants are

characterized as having inadequate housing and basic
services.

DRAFT
DRAFT

Natives

63 Former Yamen Building of KWC 1847

Cities Alliance Action Plan

2. Informal

Often not recognized and addressed by the public

authorities
as an integral
equal
06 Rock Carving
on Po Toi Island
?
07or
Tung
Chungpart
Fort of the city. 1832

62 Remnants of South Gate of KWC 1847

China

2. Informal

UN-HABITAT

76 Hung Shing Temple

1884

Hong Kong

84 Kin Yin Lei

1937

DRAFT
DRAFT

social
exclusion
05.03.2008,12 ETH Poverty
Studio and
Basel,
Hong
Kong, Jacob Jansen, Marcel Jggi
1

05.03.2008, ETH Studio Basel,City comparisons:

Hong Kong,
Macau,
Kong,
Shenzhen,
Lea
05.03.2008,
ETH
StudioHong
Basel,
Hongand
Kong,
Heritage
in Rfenacht,
Hong Kong,Jeronimo
MatthiasMejia
Baer

ETH Studio Basel

ETH Studio Basel

06.03.2008 | ETH Studio Basel | Informal settlements in Nairobi | Jens Jaschek

City
comparisons:
Hong
Shenzhen,
Macau
Heritage
ininHong
Kong
- Kong,
Declaring
a Monument
Heritage
Hong
Kong
- Declaring
a Monument
Hierarchy
INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
Hierarchy
Hong Kong has a complex system of

GUHURAI

N
NATHINI

Chief Executive
Donald Tsang

GARBA

THOME

ask
s, i

To Kiambu

f co
ntro
ver

KASARANI

sial

RUNDA

Thika Rd

Kitisuru Rd

Executive Council
30 Members

PARKLANDS

Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance

since 1976 (Cap. 53)
Monuments: Control or prevent alterations
Historic: Preservation, maintenance

KOROGOCHO

GLUE KOLA
MAIRU SABA

Njiru

MATHARE

Home Affairs Bureau

KAWANGWARE
Home Affairs
Department
WAITHAKA
Information Services
RIRUTADepartment
KARANDINI
MITUNI
To Naivasha Legal Aid Department
Leisure and Cultural Service Department

KAYOLE
SOWELO
MAKADARA
MORORU

NGONGO

KAYABA

To Ngong

Ad
v is
ea
nd I
nput

KIBERA

Langata Rd

EMBAKASI

PUMWANI

CENTRAL

Mombasa Rd

MITUMBA

Mukuru

EASTERN PROVINCE

LANGATA

Antiquities Autorothy Board

Experts and Professionals evaluate, recommend historical and architectual merit and how
to deal with it

Nairobi National
Park

ne

Government Historic
Sites Identified by AMO

Declared
Monuments

10

Graded Historic
Buildings and Sites
Grade I, II, IIIInformal Settlements

me
cu
do

km

Divisional Boundary
is
ing
if site or build

nt

RIFT VALLEY
Antiquities and Monuments Office
PROVINCE
archaeology

historical buildings
planning and management
education and publicity

KIBERA

Name of informal settlement

LANGATA

Name of Divisional Boundary

Mombasa Rd

Name of mainroads

source:
http://www.colorado.edu/journals/cye/CYEPhotos/Fig5%20NairobiSchoolMap.jpg
date 2005

e
list

ns
ult

DAGORETTI

MUSLIM
VILLAGE

co

Home Affairs Secretary KANGEMI

DAGORETTI
Antiquities
Authority

ea

1980

independence government allowed new

immigrants to put up shacks within the city as
long as they were not located near the Central
Business District (CBD). This was accompanied by state action that protected some
settlements while demolishing others (Syagga
et. al. 2001:34).

PROVINCE

To Nanyuki

KAMAE

r
cla
de

1970

KAHLAWA

to

http://www.amo.gov.hk
in policies and laws that prohibited movement
www.gov.hk/en/about/govdirectory/govchart/index.htm
of Africans to Nairobi, resulted in an increasing
http://www.ceo.gov.hk/exco
Sources
shift in population in Nairobi, without a concohttp://www.amo.gov.hk
mitant rise in housing provision. In fact, as
www.gov.hk/en/about/govdirectory/govchart/index.htm
(1989) pointed out, the
http://www.ceo.gov.hk/excoShihembetsa

CENTRAL

w
ho

Hong Kong has a complex system of

responsibilities dealing
with ofheritage.
The history
slums andChief
informal settlements
responsibilities indealing
with
heritage.
Kenya
canCEO
be traced
through
executive Donald Tsan
is the
of the
bu- three essential
Chief executive periods;
Donaldnamely
Tsan is
the
CEOperiod, the post
the
colonial
reaus and their secretary -Antiquities and
of the bureaus and
their secretary.
Antiqindependence
period up
to 1974, and the time
Monuments- as wllfrom
as -Antiquities
Authoroty
the mid
1970sas
up toAntiqnow. The evolution of
uities and Monuments
as well
Board- are
part of -Leisure
Cultural Ser- with informal
andand
interventions
uities 1920
Autorothypolicies
Board
are partdealing
of
vice Department- belonging
Affairs
settlementstoin -Home
Kenya can
be divided into five
Leisure and Cultural
Service
Departstages:
Bureau-.
ment belonging
to and
Home
Affairs
Clearance
forced migration,
Bureau.
Clearance and public housing,
Antiquities
andof minimum
Monu Provision
services,
Antiquities an
Monuments
Office

Extension
of
ments
Ofce
AMO was established tenure
whensecurity
the and physical
upgrading,
1930
Antiquities
Ordinance
AMO and
was Monuments
established when
the Recognition of the legitimate role of low
was enforced
inincome
1976.settlers
Its Ordinanceresponsibilities
Antiquities
and Monunemts
was
and other stakeholders
in urban
reachs infrom
recordingreachs
and
enforced
1976.identifying
Its responsibilities
development.
These periods
and
interventions
researching
buildings
and and
items
of histori- have introdufrom
identifying
recording
researching
ced
shifts
in
the
housing
policy
cal interest
organizing
and coordinating
builidings
andtoitems
of historical
interest
tothat have in turn
immensely contributed to the nature and extent
the surveys
and
excavations
of
areas
organizing
an
d
coordinating
the
surveys
and
1940 of informal settlements today.of
archaeological
significance.
The adaptive
excavations
of areas
of archeological
signiSOURCE:
www.wits.ac.za/informalsettlements/Cassius%20Kusienya.pdf
reuseThe
of some
historical
buildings
are also
cance.
adaptive
reuse of
some historical
organized
the
Officeby
asthe
well
asOfcefosterbuildings
areby
also
organizes
-the
awareness
of Hong ofKong's
asing
wellpublic
as fostering
public awareness
Hong
heritage.
Kongs
heritage.
Antiquities
1950 Advisory Board
AABAntiquites
advises the Advisory
Antiquities Authority
Board
which historical items can be declared as
AAB advises the Antiquities Authorimonument or a proposed monument
ty which historical item can be declared as mounder of the Antiquities and Monuments
nument or a proposed monument under of the
Ordinance, how to restore and conserve
Antiquities
and Monuments Ordinance, how to
1960
the historical
items, and to promote the
restore and conserve the historical items, and
conservation of Hong
Kong's heritage.
Independence
to promote the conservation
of Hong Kongs
heritage.
Sources
Independence, with the consequent relaxation

IN NAIROBI

SOURCE: Winnie Mitullah-UN Report 2003

3000
2500

Growth of Informal Settlements in Nairobi

40-50

500

1993

36

748 991

55

1995

134

1 886 000

Public

ETH Studio Basel

ETH Studio Basel

160

0.854

155 943

182 600

382 006

166 700

Kasarani

2.150

217 383

101 300

60
40

38
16

No. of Informal Settlements in Nairobi

39
17

SOURCE: NGAU, 1999

nd
s
la

an

si

rk

DRAFT
DRAFT

Area covered by Informal Settlements (hectares)

Pa

ta
ga

La
n

ad
ar
ak
M

2005

2000

1995

1990

1985

1980

45 700
SOURCE: NGAU, 1999

m
w

11 148

Pu

Parklands

ba
ka

18 093Heritage Trail
124 800

0.244

et
ti

0.145

20

Em

Pumwani

50

66 500

80

ag
or

75 900

48 527

100

100

283 416

Gazette

120

2.292

0.730

150

140

Makadara

3.735

200

180

Density (Persons
per km)

Langata

Hong Kong Heritage Discovery

Dagoretti
Center
Exhibition, Education,
Library
Embakasi

SOURCE: NGAU, 1999

an

Informal Settlements (hectares)

Informal Settlements
Population

1975

DRAFT
DRAFT

SOURCE: http://ww2.unhabitat.org/campaigns/tenure/cws.asp

Friends
ofbyHeritage
Area covered

1970

As shown in tables, the informal settlements in

Nairobi have continued to grow in number as
well as in population due to rural-urban migration and urban population growth without
corresponding housing provision, resettlement
due to new developments, upgrading or relocating, and the extension of city boundaries.

Informal Settlements in Nairobi -Estimated Population and Population Densities

1965

2010

Growth of Informal Settlements in Nairobi

Assessment Criteria for Public Programme Proposal

Concept
400and ideas - in line with the vision and missions of the Antiquities and
Monuments Office
Heritage preservation / historical and cultural merits
350 value
Educational
Subject uniqueness
Public appeal
300 contribution to knowledge on the subject
Academic
Technical and financial feasibilities
Applicant's
250 ability to organize the proposed programme and to communicate with
the public

2000

60

2005

500 000

2000

78

1995

1000

1990

1990

33

1985

167 000

1965

50

1980

1500

1971

SOURCE: NGAU, 1999

Situation today

450

Heritage Impact Assessment

2000

sa
r

% of Population

Ka

Population

1975

1990

1970

No. of Informal
Settlement
Villages

SOURCE: NGAU, 1999

Informal Settlements Population

05.03.2008, ETH
Studio Basel,City
comparisons:
HongKong,
Kong,
Macau,
Hong
Kong,
and
Shenzhen,
Lea
Rfenacht,
Jeronimo
Mejia
05.03.2008,
ETH Studio
Basel,
Hong
Macau,
Hong
Kong,
and
Shenzhen,
Lea
Jeronimo
05.03.2008,
ETH
Studio
Basel,
Hong
Kong,
Heritage
ofRfenacht,
Monument,
MatthiasMejia
Baer

ETH Studio Basel

ETH Studio Basel

06.03.2008 | ETH Studio Basel | Informal settlements in Nairobi | Jens Jaschek