..

Measurenrents

ANALYSIS AND PROTECTION OI'POI,IER SYSTBIS

A}TALYSIS OF BALANCED FAUITS

BY

"

J.. .3. RSYIE

I

e r_alvi Traiuing Course

,:.. It, N,v. [o 30, Nov.n
19g9,
f,
.'t

.-J-,;c

0J,

:js:r;m
5r".i'., . i:\
Gf C

Sliras,r.romenrs Ltd"

i ,j. : : : :, r .tr l\.t :.j,

Ps--i

,;rucering (pvt) ttd.

,..irroef$i..
I la_ LAHO&E.
f

sl;- 8t*ttig. g?f20?

i$l

COURSE

1.

1.0

INTRODUCTION

An understand'ing and' vorking knowredge of

Analysis is very inportant
to the hotection Engineer as he must knowsysteniros the systen operates under
eondiiione berore
ii=ilr"n the systen

"h";ri;;";1";i; ;:iaj;

,.f1il:"::"rt

of load and fault conditions also provides rrseful

information for;(i)
power
Choice of
Systen Anangenent.
(ii) Required Sreaking capacity of switchg:ear
and Fusegear.
(iif) Application of Control Equipnent,
(i") Required. Load. and Short Circuit Ratinga of pLant.
(")
Systen Operation. Securlty of Supply.
Econonics
("1) rnvestlgation of unsatisfactory pla.t perfor*ance..
Analysls

.IIECTORS

2.O

= lzlE = R+ jX = lzl (coe 9 + J sin 9) =

rf z1 = lzi l9r and Z2 =
l'zl@
ir.V, = lzl lrzl /\uz and
h=
d2 lell
lzzl
Z

).O

"je

OPMATORS

IT

.)a=
a2

4.O

/lzoo

rotates a vector antl-clocknise through

90o.
rotates a vector anti-clocknl.se th:oough 1200
used extensively

='t/z4ooia2+a+1 =

in s3rnnetrlcal

conponent analyel.s.

o.

cCINvENtION USm FoR YOLTAGE DINECTION

I flowing in dlrection
is positive with respect to B.shown

Current
A

lzf

produces a voltage drop

Vp,6

ln Z such that

' Vor-rAGf oF A A.ove

: r.f Z.

2
I

5.0

B.A,SE QUANTTTfrS'

ap euR.ubri svinnr

j,. l'",r'
':T l-..

l'"i,

This is partieularry tiiefilr r{he:

.qpShlsins rarge systens with several
voltage revels'
tal<e place the systen
ffi-srsteia, i.i""ilti*3
*fg*
paraneters nust all
be refeirla to cornnon uase-q,rartlties.
"..
The base
quantitles are
{lta on one p""t or !!" "v"t"J ana base qr:antities on
;:H ifi::r::r$::""""r "orias"" will depend-on the ratio oi-i,,t""oenins:
The base

qrrantlties used aret-

Sase

voltage = kVU =

Base

PfyA

phase

= three

MVA6

to phase voltage ln
phase

MVA.

Other base qr:antities can then be establiehed.

Sase inpedance

Zb

= glh,l, in

kV.

:-

ohms.

MVAU

Base

current = f6

MVAU

Tffi

in

unit values aie obtained by divid.ing

follovs :Per

Per unit lnpedance

ZP.U.

Per rrnit voltage OOn.r.

Per rrnlt

*O, *nn.o.

kA.

4gtr,4l values by base values as

@
-tsase inpedance

=Za = za'x
Z6

MYA

lmP

kVa

kvt
waa
MVA6

Per rrnit crgreat In.*.

Ic
I6

Pereentage valueg are co'qnonly used. for trangformer

inpedances and where
per unit values ure veqr snali. pereentage
are
100 tines the
equivalent per unit values.
""io",

5.o

Let

TRAI|SFERRING pF,R itNIT qUANTITIES

FROrr{
ONE SET OP BASE VAIUES TO A}IOTHM
Z

FoU.

ag

ztl

Per rrnit value on base 262 is zp.u.Z

=.

.a
zaz

PoU.l

x zb!
zaz

3.
ao
otb

P.u.2

zp.o.1

(Evut

)2.

llvlfr

w4qz,

(FEI2

,.':.

:+ iY.-

i-

'! -.::.'l'" 9:'

:'*

..

f 5..r'r'

'!

i .

'I

r:*

-.;

1-

4.

IL

s
tv)

tr
lrj

45

'1

rnO.

r..'\ Ln

Hd
t!

.+

r\o

r-

co

C\I

o
lt

> n-o
JO
m-(r)ct?
(na

taa

-ov',

.-r

co
Cl\

\o

o
I

lor

t!

a
Fq

+t

$R$

a
a,

H
H

F
F

lf\
@
r

il

r(\

-ls
t:

I
tr\
, .rrJ
\o

il

*);
.1'
d

i,''

.N"

n r(\

cl
tH

\or;
dii., ll
ll o\

rL

o
d

c{

a)

H$
F>
d

i-"

\n

t'tc.'3i,

o
.Fl

,
'1

,i'"".

j:

F.r

h,
gr
F

Ef
A

Ed
{t!
X
tr]

o
p

;rrr p

+r=
F{

4
ol
sf

dC
d
0
o

F{

t{
)0't

oa
i;,.

ta
O

$^

{J

o
d

g
r

t{
o
LI

o
o
o

z
oi

(\I

o,

\o:"
fll\;'

oa

ilrl

olo
r-{ot

ts ilEi
ooI

aa
dd-o
Fq Fq ci

."1

lt

s t{
Els
I
p

Ydib.
O^
ll

oa
o

v)

pd
!

o
E

o
O

g
a

.r{

lt.n

C\J J4
r.v ta\
r|{\ t{\
HHF{

r--

r(\t+?
N\

J4

N l-o

A
rn

F-{

3,s,R

ll

Hb x
x;x

P.

o
o{

^J

'o

p& s

uJ

s:n

ol o\
r+

a
a
a

5.
DUMPI,E 2

The base voltage on each sid.e

of a transforner ruust be in the sane ratio

as the voltage ratio of the transformer. .
l
f

'

l.gkv

u.z/t+tutt

t3zfvRv
t3:./trt v
DIS??,8un o^,

'Ys'M.
I

I
I

fncorrect Selection of

11.gkv

kV6

1r2kY

Correct Selection of

kV6

1<2

x 'lll.g = 11.05kV1

t4t

1tzkv

11kV

1kV

Alternative Correct Selection of

kV6

1.8kV

41kY

141

f11

112

Elu],tPtE

The per

rrnit

tfangforner.

irnped.ance

of a transfo:mer is the ga.ne on

Consider a transformer with voltage

OMvA@
kV6,kV, a)n

ratio uv1/ky2.

kV6= kV2

Actual impedance of the transfo:mer viewed froo side a'.

Actual lnped.anee of the transformer viered fron slde

'n.o.,

= 2"1 = za| x
%t

zp.o.2

z"p
zaz

but 2"2
tt t

'n.o.,

Za1

MVA

F"7

kY22

Ez

za1 x

-ff,

'l'
;l

= Z^x
azWMVA
x

each slde

'n.o.r'

Zal'
za2"

of

the

-'t1,75kv

7.o
,:

crncurn,tiws
l-"

.:

There are'three.Uasic

(.)

ohns Lar
!

Y=I7,
V

Kirchoffts Junction

(u)

Lavt
,,

lAl ,any junction (or node)

i.e.
(o)

Kirchoffts

f1

2t-o
s=r

+12+fr=O

Mesh Lau

'l

z3

(', @

lr'

)
Rorrnd

any.uesh 't

E"

=' LiZ:

ergr in nesh (1) E1 = i1

21 +

=L121

8.0

CIRCOIT

Itzr-722,
(rr - L) z1

TITEOREMS

The three nost comrnonly used,

Transforn and Superposition
4j.:.'

lit".t.' -.'' :
4.*r .- '
=.

;'.

for

,pg!.Cf g ndtwork which is not of particular

fron any 2 terninals can

with a single i.ropedance be replaced. by a single
"fre".ii-

.f
,o

Drivlng voltage

circuit voltage between terninalse

frnpedance of the network as viewed from
two
te::ninals with all driving voltages. shortthe
ei.reuited..
Open

"

Inpedance

:; , .-

:_i

--,:.

..,

, ..

Example:

z'

77

lEz

Et =

where

(U)

A/^

and
U_ . v.,
r---

m
and.

x/a

ol

t,' I

+_

t,.

Z1

Transfom Theorens

ZtZ =
z'to =

ZtO+Z2O+Z,IO.ZZO
zro
z1z.z71
-

z1Z+221+211
-

(")
In

Superposition Theoren
arly

action

linear network the cu*ent in any branch due totirr"

'
of several d.ifferent d.riving vo1laqgs.fs.,q-qXqil,to't5e
...,J
"i;"ir"""o*
rygctor,,j*1,

of the currents caused by each drivrng ,roftage

others short circuited..
'.

"1 ^i

'.-.:,,: ':

:i:

"iit'iil

"rorr"
i

'9r"':j'

with

'{le:l:r

t},.d,",:
i'ir'':

:'

-.

;".

"^:'

':::'"1
;", ;.; iil lir :- r.: ;'11;-i;;1"' i-r'
":

B.

E,

t
lEz

E,

lr.

. : '.. . 1. 'r .i'" .', . 'ri' . '1':.; 'l ll"'

USE OF PRE-FAULT VOIIAGE FOR I'AUIJT CAICUTATIONS

9.0

(*)
,:'

::;l

.':

'

fed fron ? sourees

Consider
a" systen
.---..--.--.
"
.,:.... l" ...

Zt

of generation E1 and Ey.

Zs
rgtr)

r'. I

72

Ze

21,

I*t')

I
Ve't.

lt'

etr)

Circuit (a)

Systen inpedances are-sholtn by Zl, 22 etc. lthere 22 and. 25 represent

load inped.ances. Let the distribution of load current be as shown.

Let P1 be the point at which a ttrree phase fault will be considered

and let Yp.f. be the voltage at this point due to the loaded systern
before the fault oeculs.

9.

(b)

Consid.er a Three phase Fau1t

at

One nethod' of calculating the current

generated .rl.f.rs at the noment of d,lstributlon is to consider the
of faurf-.',,
current so obtained can be shorrn on fault.--ryr"-eistribution
the di-agran and rabelrea s'rrix (F).

ctrcuit (b)
with a sinple systen i.e. with one lnfeed this
is gasiry.aghieved.
However, with a d::!r." or nur.tipre-en.
it is generally
{"a
d'lfficult to establish the r"errigag
"i"t",
*gi"-Jr
generated s.D.f.rS
at the nonent of fault and evJn if these
"oa
"rr
of distributlon of fault
"rJ-""r:.rabre, the calcuratlon
is
conp1ic"t"a.
".,rr-.rrt
TLre pre-fau1t voltage at the\fault point 'ti?
rJ.;r"i ta;t;'o""a 1l
simplify the calculitlons
toito"s
:_
"s
(")
The originar circrrit ean be Theve'nised'acr;i"
f and. N to d.eternlne
the cunent in the fault path.

Circuit (c)

1Q.

(c)":':- i (Cbhtintibd). :v ,'.' "

:-.".

Apart froa the fault pathr the values of crrrrent in each branch
the Thevenised. circui.t do not equal the currents obtalned fron
eircuit (U) i.e. the actr:al cunents in the branches.

Consider circuit."
We

(d) again.

can i.nsert a

current.

'

e.n.f. Yp.f. nithout affecting the load

ifictitious

7t

7*

7s

'l'--.

Iltr-)

astu)
i..:

Lz

'-l

fz(r-)

) l,,r

75

1.,

Isrr.)

A/, I

ia 2 parts :-

(il)

(i)

is equivalent to clrcuit (b).

and tiil is equivalent to-(circuit (c)) i.e. the
curtent 1n each branch will be reversed.
fron that in circuit (").

In currCnt:tetss (i)

r,

.'. In

":rri,.ii, .,,r:,irl:

any branch

.r(D

.:

T(i,)

; rtnt

i:. l,:-J.1f) , =, *I(L)' + IG)

- "-":"-"';iiiiere

I11; is

d.etenoined from

a pre-fault load study.

is d.eter$ined fron the Thevenised. circuit

\^/t pre-fault
voltage at the fault point.

If .r,)

l--

l,

.:

5(L)

This can be analysed W superposition

r,

using

11.

For the majority of applications pre-fault load cu:rents are snall

conpared with cr:ments obtained fron the fheveni.ged cir.guit and, ':
can be neglected.

i.o. t(r) *

.- +'

t(n)

,;

- -';l
:

':

'_i

t'1. '

,^

l.; .. ::,
: '_ :,.
...-L

^'l,l

In these cases the value of VPoI^ used in the Thevenised, circuit is

the no-load open circuit voltage at the Seul,1 Po+n!.i.r..r.i . ":.i, - :.:
o

10.0

'

.':

".j {

NE$IIORK REDUCTION AND DISTRISUTION FACTORS

EXAMPIE USTNG SETERAL OF IAWS A}.ID

.'

TIIEOREIVI,S DISCUSSED

"'",,].

Find the crrnent distribution for a three phase fault atAon the netvork
shown. Use netrrork reductionr and back substituti-on and the positive
sequence diagra^m.

LOAD

Positive sequence diagran :2.5Jr

A three phase fault is balanced and can therefore. be analysed on

phase basts using only the positive sequence inpedancs.,;

(i)

single

Convert ,A inpedances A0, B0 and t'l10''to eguJivalent a inpedances.

Zort = zto *'*',0 *

+ 18'8],
'oo='*.,.0, :.,9r'15

zso

I 941rkr@

= 51

tt

12.
F

(i)

.^r

foN1
l'

+ Zlo'ztt1o =
zto

'

"10
zts = Zlo * zlo + zn.\o
"-*-t

o'45 + 18.85 + 0.45 x 18.85

o.7,

o.Ti + 0.4,

0.75 x
1

'*ro
(ii)

By Thevenins Theorem the network can be red.uced

- t}.Gst

0.4q = 1.22 tu

B.g5

to :-

2.sll
I 6lt

1.22,.

ii

sr*

'"ld

o.4jt

f.

fi ro..,,
I

Vpf is the pre-fault voltage of A above.N1.

(iii)

The netrvork

is reduced to a singre voltage

':
i'r'
o.szn

and inpedance as folrows:_

J^

O.3qEtt
I

''

(i")

fhe three

phase

fault is

Vpo

now appried. by connecting A

to

N1.

Let fault eu:erent be of unity value i.e. Ip 1.

=
fX*t current."distribution can be obtained by back substitution.
'., Tl"
'I'he varues of cungnt obtained in the branehes with
rF = 1 represent
the p*ojiortion or if, in tire uianches and are refe*ed. to
as the
trPositive sequence Distribution Factors'r
for the circuit for a

,
fault at A.... 1.
,
,t.--4.i
r:
The criirifii* in the fault path can be obtained. from a knowredge of
the pr'etriiult vottage vpp. cr:rrent in any particular branch is
by. nultiplying .*.fre" fault cu*ent Uy tUe appropriate
,,,?r.nttipgd.
'distribution
r.

factor.

Total current in t[g lrgncb is obtained. by adding the pre-fau1t

lh l*S*.;; & {: i* i i refrten ti*ii n ifr irt. irr ancrr.

.

'o't"tCi)r''{':'':

1Fa

'r:

1oad.

t.

250fiV4
,tal!

-zbrl

5A4VA

sz

SnsE

qsr HvA
8ng rHPDA^/C6
.' tt

Z-r = 8Z

Conductcd by,
GEC Alsthom Mctsutcmcats

Lt4

},IVA

= :lla

75o

1989,

Stafford, UK.
Reprcrcntativcl,
Pcarl Engineering (PYt) Ltd.
ll-L, Gulberg- 2, LAHORE'
Tcl:- l?9710 - 87520?

?t p.... =

GECAII Trainrrg Coursc

Lehorc lt, Nov. lo 30, Nov.,

ilkv

voryAA 3

t-.

s:
tl*

s
25o

i.r.r.
'

i O'oZ p.u

= O'O8p..t.

lP."-

lP.*.

t<Vp.*.

M VA p..r

-t

7P''.
l'1vA F*)L-f

lF

MVAp.r

,?:l-'' , ,.'
SOrr(c

GNolFD

o.og

5r .''"6 ZjS fiVA

crccrrrr sc$k( e*nuc ussD rr 'FRurr".sft'

Ai r#&r^J6 6u{4ts
rvo7 kNowu

2.

Le*

MVA gor"

o.5

vlCe

2%

!$"
,

.::: i

o.oO2 p.u.

llz

Ccbtc {ish',,ce
' '\

soahV)

o.S

f.lVAg,.
-l

(.

O.5

i.

, g3gL

o.e52 x o.5

7**

':

Cablc reac#^^.a

lla

C.cgL
zur?

O'o8Z xo.S
lla

rcr4rce , SX i
(i) Wi++\ bus

gct,i.r clogd

O.O5

p.re

O,ooo31 p.u .

)-

lP.r.
'
-" ..\ .

s O.ool p,*,

lf'*.

Oool+\9.9973

...4

.i

rl,

5oo

o.o?'t3

18r

3ao kVA

\lrlrA'bus Ssehia ofc^ :.

'.,'1

1-.

1oinz

lO.oE

I p.,^.

o.oor*io.oooll

o.a573

0.oot+)o.o923

,$o

- q,5ro kvA

i.e. fau$ level is rd'^ced h5

*\e

e$$ect

of *lre

soure i,rngedeaeq.

ress

*r,an sog due to

Meacurenents
ANALYSIS AND PROTrcTION OF POWER SYSTEMS
TUTORIAL

1.

^.

SYSTEM ANql

YSTS

COURSE

tlt\FAl ANCFD FAULTS

With reference to the typical povrer system network used in Tutorial

consider a single phase to ground fau'lt on busbar C. Conslder al'l
generating plant and transformers in service except T3 and T4 and
assume a'l'l breakers at mesh station E to be ope.n,'

1,

Find the per unit phase currents (neg'lecting'load) seen by re'lays

situated on'ljnes Dl and D2 close to busbars A and D respectively and
a'lso the per unit phase voltages at these polnts.' Assume pre-fau1t
voltage at C to be I p.u.

of Z, calculated
1.e. 7, = Z, ='i0.194 p.u,

NOTE: Use value

2.

In the circuit
il.8kv

f rom

Tutoria.l, 1,

below a'|1 lmpedances are based

v.s/66w

3O r,rq-fs

oF

75

on

MVA

and 66kV.

eb.kV

TS,ANsMtssloN"Ltia

Eatt\ing f+o,ts{or^.r
Xu . O.3p.s..,' O't3V;l' Xtt t O'tOP.n,
oscrnned to hcue ne3lr9'ble
Xcz ' o.13p.u. X*.z'Q'lop.u.
Xr.z = 9.?1 ?.n.
rnfeJaace t" fo
Xeo = o.o6Vu. Xre = o'1o7.,t.
Xr.o ' l'27,*.
Find the fau'lt current and voltage for a dqub]e_phiase to earth fault
at A. Assume a pre-fault voltage at A of I p.u. Neglect load
Xgd"

11;

current.

3.

Express current and voltage

,in vec!..9r, form i,.'e. I/0, U/0,
Using the same system as for Ouestion,2. ca:lcu1ate. the f-au.lt current
for a three phase to ground fault at A. Ttieihce expless the; singie
phase fau'lt current as a function of the ZO / Z, ratlo of the
sequence networks and

the three phase fau'lt current.

Find the single phase fau'lt current ,ring tne OerlveO

GECAM Training Course

Lah,.rrc ll, Nov. !o 30' Nov', 1989'
Couductcd bY'
GtC Alstboo Mersnrcocatg Ltd'
Stafford, UK.
Rcprcscnlatives.
Pcarl Engineering (Pvt)

Ltd'
LAHORE'
2,
l1-L, Gutbsrg'
Tel:- E79?10 ' 87520?

""f""rrion.

4.

-2Ca'lculate the fault current I, and the currents in each phase at the
'l ine ends tXt
and f Yf .
All inpedances are based on 132kv and 100 MVA and are considered
I

purely reactlve.

2g1.7522 O'o4P'u'

I3Z KV
9us8A&S

-'.;

Ztt =|tZ

= Q.Qg?.rr

t32

/gkv

TF
a- fr,*l{

Zrr=Zrz=|ao

= O.t18?.iv

-4-

TUTORIAL

1.

SOLUTIONS

t.
For a faul.t at busbar
tlRV

il/

Gt

TI

C.

r+5i<V

HYoRo.

rr.8tr/

Base qr:a.ntities

tr.

E/t+sEv

are

'100 I'fVA and

lt?rY on the 1r2kT systeo.

GUCAIvI Trainiag Course

ll, Nov. fo 30, Nov., 1989,
Conductcd by,
CEC Alsthom Mcesurements Lrd,

Leiorc

stafford' uK'
tatives,
Pearl Engineering (Pvt) Ltd.
R ePresen

1l-L, Grilberg- 2, LAHOiI

Tel

8197 l{)

- 8752{la

-5GENF.RA1OR DEgDA.\CES

Generators G1 and G2 :.t'

.,

..

"

"'':

Ni'r o'ase voltage

in

generator cj.reuj.t

1)2

x 11 =

10.0kV.

145

' , ', Nev base MIIA = 100 I'fI/t

iO.26

Generators

Gt,

Nen base
.

.,ft

.r,-:-..^d

100 r (rr)2 =
66.6 ( r o)

:-

G4, G5 and G6

voltage in generator cj.rcuit = 152 x

sr' = .Iattc4 =

xd'"G5 = x'd"G5

TRAr:ISFORMER

hr' = &r5 =
"T,![E
S

TOU

H l#\'

\re .

hr? -

10.74kV.

xl1]Qx (tt.g)2 = iO.1-1

\/
75 (10.74)

io.125

= j0.201 p.u.
t g t (l!!!)2 = jo.2o1 p.u.
7' (t2)

D1

D2 and

D, are 0.175in2

Per rrait inped.a.nce neglectlng resistance

.'. 1,,

iO.'111

iMPSDA.IICES

AlL tra.nsnissioa lines

.'.

{1#

n'IgEDAl{gE

Irr.-.= xrz = i0. 12J x

TBATTSMIS

j0.472 p.u.

='" 5O x i0.00J85

=
%z = .,.60 x j0.0oJ8! =
Z; --r=. :J"bO : jO.00J8! =

iO.19J P.u.

io.2r1 perrr
j0.J85 p.u.

jO.OOJ8! p.u.

o\l

-6}IEII/ORK RgNUCTICN
;"

Equivalent inped,ance

at

stea.rn

station = X;" + X,n =

,.i0, r 7q

+ r0. ?9,,1
4

Eqrivalent inpedance at hydro station = Xd," * XT

JO.L72

0,.=t

j0.0!! p.:.

.='

jO.137 p.u.

2
'

For a

j0.2Q1

;:'::,r.:t

fault at C, the systeo positive sequence

diagraa can be

folJows:-

j:

I:

sinpli3led

as

Zs3 : 4 o'385

Zq : )o.R!,

Zs2 r

io.zrr

I{YDR,O

,1

o.3tS

tl,^."

j o.ear

Zs

j o'oQ2

ZUrj o.llo

Z. r ja.oSS

lt''*
21 '

Zro.

Zne

Zeo. ZrcrZco

r?c.

1.

j o,oca

i | "Yt'

-82.

per uni.t i-ropeda.nees j.n ti:e positlve sequence dlagran for questioa
caa be converted into ohnic Lnpedances to a base of 1l2kV as

Tb,e

I
followa

:
Z

actva.I

1?22
100

zbase

ZactuaL

p.ll

174.2

xZ. 0ase
=

174.2

xZ

prUo

fhe positlve sequence fault caleulatioa

slrailas way to I. as showa below::
zrn

zt,
zcr

zr+z

diagra.o can be reduced

= J100 x .00185 x 174.2

= j50 x .00185 x 174.2
= j50 x .00185 x 174.2
= 1'14.2 r j0.1935

i3*t c )y

i33'73

EA
{3

.'.b

= #r,

2260l

i67.07

jtt.5t
j4o.24

Jtt.7t

ia

-9Tbe

J.

positive

sequence

fault Ciagtan is:-

A
ia'l3e>

z-,.= io.J8g
?og
?er = j o"l

!J ,

Zcz =1o,231.

io8365

t r;

':.

io.158

J-F

\r/ Sault MVA =

.,':'

MVA base

r ggl!.sl-g)2
%.V.

r. t

1oo = 632.9tr[vA
= JO.15E
-#
'5

'qx 105
(ir)rp = #172x1o7
=

@r) ro' +ID'

.:

IDl
a
aa

0.

=
"FE

0.909

Inz
=
u)

tJ-6eL

o.\16, x 2768
=
o.6t35

7T.4A

1470

59.6A

14?0A

p.,^.

-t04.

A tJfpical veetor diagfara for power floin; froro A ',o , is shown belowt
vrhere i, and X are ihe resi.slence and reactance of the transni-ssisr
Ii.ne.

Ser:di.ng end

power = Received povr + liae l,osses.

PA = VpI coso( + I2B

Since angle O is required aad d is ruloownl a:e expresstoa oust be

derived grvi::g r( iJ! terms of aL[ tbe othen ]oro'ra paraneters and e.

) - vl coso.
YA coE e co34 - YA s1n e sb'or - VD coso.
coso( (V1 cos e - Vl) - sin... (YA si-a e)
V1 sln (e +'r) - VO s13{
Vg si.a e coEor + Vg sin.a cos e - VD si.n'r
coEe. (V1 si-n 9) + sin.t (Vl cos e - VO)
rhrtiply (r) uy (v1 cos e - vD) ana (z) by Vl sin I
In (vE cos e - vo) = cos * (vl cos 9 - b)2
s!r{ (v1 sin e)(vl cos I - vn)
fX (V.q, sirr c)
= cos.. (VA sb e)2
+ stn* (vl sb e)(v1 cos e - vp)
Ig =
=
=
11 =
=
=

.ad,dirxs

(f)

V1 cos (e +.r

1.

2i

).

4.

aaa (+)

rg (vs coE g - vp) + rx (Yl

sj.a

e) = cost{tv1 cos e - vl)2

+(vn sin e)2]= cos.. (tzz2)

... coecr = n(vl cos e_-dg)_+_lr(v s:a e)

Substihrtlag this i.a the erpresslon for

PA = vo rB'(vl cos s

VoR

P1

- vo) + vp I! (vl "fae)

(of cos e - Vl) + YII (Vl

by cosd.:re ::ar T2z2

vA2

vo2

2V1

sl.rx

+ t2n

e) + t4.22

vp cos I

)a

-il
.'.

P6

vDR

(v4 cos

= a (vo

vl

I - vo) + vnX (vo sia 9) + R (va2 *

ccs e

vo2 +

vl2 * vD2 -

vo2

2ve vD cos O)

- zVl vn cos 3)

* ffA VD si.:e 9

=R(Vn2-VOVOcosO)+XVlVtsi:eg
In tbe
,:-.'

";

above expression

for

G.

P4

(i) pU can be ir 16 poreel aad. V4 pbase-aeutral voltage.

" or'6i) ?g can be i:x 3b powet and V1 phase-pbase voltage.

Impedance
..'i:..::i.Si.:aCe

of 1jne DJ between busbar A and busbar D is 0.146 + j0.J85 p.u.

tbe base qrrantii;i-es are

B = 0.145 x 1222 =

100[fVA

and 152trY, t]re oluric irTedenees ar3-

25.44 oh:ns.

100

c'.

12O

tl

,t

= 25.44 (tJJz - 1zl x 121 cos e) + 57.x 1qJ r 1<1 siJl

=

647

= 450000

e|

45oa

44jOo0 cos

e +-116bOO sl.r'

5117

= 87.4 - 86.1 cos g + 227 s1n 9.

. 12"6 + 85.1 cos I = 227 sin e.

12O

1 + 2.64 cos

e = 5.95 sin e.

1 + 5.28 cos g + 5.9? .o"2 g

4g.4

48.4 cos2 e.

e + 5.8 cos e - 47.4

"o"2
.o"2 e + 0.095 cos o - 0.855

0.

55.17

cosO ' -0.095+

0.
0.009

1.424

= a.ogl t {ffi

Taid-ag

.'.

-1

.948 or

22

the positlve value cos g = 0.8?9.

lhase dieDfacageAt q-=?g.5o

-O.095

1.85J

+1"7q8

= 4.9?4 or +0.879

_1?(

= 2.7 sj:a w't + O.l sj-a Jw! + 0.1 sjn (5rrt + GOo)
= 2.7 si-a ("-u * 12C) + O.i sia t (rvt + taOo) + 0.1

V,A

vc

sir-

(f (on + 1200) + 6o0).

(.) VCI =

VC

- Vl

= ,.7 lsi.n (w-t + 12oo) - sin vnr) + 0.J t "irr: (,rt + 120)
- si:r ,*t ) + 0.1i "it, (l(-t + 12Oo) + Ooo) - sin (i*t * Goo))
sinA-sin3=Z"i:rf
cos 4!1
.'.

vcA

=2.7 {e "u 50o cos (*t * Eoo)} + 0.J{ e ":.rr reoo

eos (rwt + 1B0o[* o.t t z s+. J0oo cos (ir* * fooo)]
= 2.7 JT "os (*u

i.e.

* 5Oo) -

O.i.J3 cos 5nt

phase to pbase voltages do

c@poaents.

not contai.:: thid

harncrric

rrs

In3.rI'6 +fcc

3fRr

ttre expressions for v1 aacl vg it can be seen tbat tb,e values

Ylf
and VC, (tUe tirirt h,a.monic componeats) are equal.
1f
Iberefsre the-thirt haroonlc voltages ire each pbase are eqrral and
ln pbase as ate the thtd, harogaic cutreats It , I;gl ora 43.
bf 7a5 = load lnped,ance at third, barrcuic frequeacy.
From

fhea I11 = IBJ = I,Cr.

tl, + fg, + LC, - tI,Ar.

tru gS a YA, - lt .ZL, = JI15.B
.'. I15 (N * zoS - Vt5

Cu.:reat 1n eatth path =

rAt

TAq

,R +

Zq,t

Z\ =

0.5 + jO.E

t3 -

a22
p.u. = ffi

aa

* jo.a}

oiurs.

1t

t 0.6 + j0.6 ) = 0.)23 + j0.697 ohns.

= 0.1 p.n. = C.E71 x 0., = 0.261 oi1trts.
Zl, = Q.i23 +jJx0.597 = 0.521 + j2.0!1 ob.tros.
=

aa

{ o.s

3R

0.871

+ ZO, = 0.'183 + 0.527

j2.091=1.506+j2.091

{7, F'& = 2.n /e

pealc value of Jrd harnoaic yoltage = 500 volts.

" i.lrr&.

lorrrso Jrd barnonic cu:reat

in

= Jr.zo5

.'.

10ad =

6rfu

=,

= 85.9A

(")
VA

Ib.e fundamentat r lrd and 5th harnonic coryoneots

coasid.ezed separate3.y

(i)

of voltege ate

Since the load is balanced, the fund,anerrtal voLtages at Ng

ancl l{3 are equal and, tbeir ls no potentlal betweea N5 ead,

eartlt

(ii)
l3:i.,!l
"

the pbase to pbase voltages contai.a no 3:d harooalc

coryonentr ed tberc ls ao retuns path for ]rd harnmlc
cu:reatsl there caa be Bo ,td batoooj.c ctr:rent.

s:-see

.'.

Vgtr

gg5 = vyt - lpt (ZLt) = Y13.

Gii) :tt, ba:sonic cunents

srd the Superposltion

can be obtabed by using lheveairaf s

TbeoseEgr

i.. I15 = I.U5 + Ilg5 *

IAC5

where Ig5 is the cr::rent !r A phase aiue to Y15 witJr Vg5and V6q--s'6orbed out ad I1g5 ls the cuneat in A p!:ase
due to-V35 rith V15 anct Vg5-shorted out etc.
GgeAM Trainiag Courso
lohors ttrn Nov' go 30, Nov"o

1989,

Coa$qstad bY"
SEC ntcthor& f,fisa$urern'eotg Ltd"

Staff"d, CK"
3,nPr**eniaiiveli,'
Bpsll Sr,giueering iPvt)

Ltd'

Siilb:rg- 2, LAHORE'
Tcli- E?9?10 - 8?5207
X1"1.,

v.-

-Jii_.g

'i'[5

Za5

14 2v ^-

Za5

32T,5

1
'=rT
.Ats5=ffizz'6

-vr<

^Ac5

3 #-Vnc
).,\,

.?1( r.t'
.'.
= E tzvnl-vr5-vc:l

.'.

5tb batroaic voltage

VUS

m5 = -Yl5 * lt1 Zt,

bertween

ilg

and.

earth

is

glven by

= -v45+!{zvu-vBr-rc'}

=
YL'

-I{vA5*YB5+vc:}

0.1 sln' (5rtt *

5Oo).

.=
Ya5 . 0.1 Eia ({'it+ e4oo) + 6o0)
Yc5 = 0.1 sia (l(*t + 1200) + 50o)
* Vg5 = 0.2 s1n (:(.t + 't2fr + 5Oo) eos (+ 12oo)
"
s -O.1 s$r (:(nt + 12Oo) + 50o)
.'. VA5 * Vg5 + Vg5 = O.
and tberc ls ao 5th barooaia voltagc between tgs ad eartb.
A slryler nctbod of sbo''vlag t&et tberc 1s ao 5tA hertonlc voltege
betrrea Ng ad ls1 ls to sbow tbat Vg5 leads VIS by 2{O- aad vg5
leade YAS by 12W. Sbcc load^ls balaaced, a-d-voltage vectora
are aqual ad illaplaced by 12O', by a"ol6g dtb ngdaocatal

Ye,

coailltlonsr ther: catr bc no voltage betten l{g and

"'

Yol'iagc

-T"il'

l{1.

: ;:' ::iffi::l'"'"

Trainirg Coursc
Lahore ll, Nov. to 30, Nov., 1989'
CEC Alvi

Conductcd bt'
GEC Alsthoa Mclrstcoltr Ltd.
,;,hit
Stafford,

UK.
Represcntrtiror

''F
'

Pcarl Engineeria; (lvt) Lt&

ll-L, Gulberg' 2, LAHORB'

Tct:- t?9?10'E?52S?

uo'

... tsALAT.JCES FAULTS

TUTO(IA L
t.

,t
It KV

25of"1VA

X
Calc,^lete {he fa,^t+ MVA

fot a 3{ fault on *hr

5l'4VA

8x

srdt 4 #re

SMVA

*+onsforrnrf'

s{

sccry.do*,l

a*t+

tit *ol.a ti*o aec*^n* {ic

source rlEdancs

"r|

*he llhv

o;r ,3"ooc *he +fcd o{

2.

llkV,

b,ubr+s

.o,.ree

,-faA.c,.

25ot"lVA

,t
3 corc, uadogund eath
R,r
I

o.z52l

X r O.OBI?&
CalcuhfG

*re fa.^lt

fa a 3f f*"t+ d
r;t

tril|.

MVA

F.

brs scet,in

e.b. closed

ti;t r.r'r*{ bus segftb,n e.b. aper.

GECAH Traioitg Courec
Lghort ll, NoY. to 30, Nov., l9t9'
Conductcd

bt,

GEC AlstbotD Me$slcacats

Sbfford, UK.
RcArcscorrdvcr.

Portl Engioecit3 (!vt) Ltd'

ll'L, Gulbcr3'2, LAHORE'
Tel:. E?9?10.87520?

tt4

Measurernents
ANALYSIS AND PROTECTTON OF POWFR SYSTEMS

TUTORIAL
1.

COURSE

SYSTEI,I ANALYSTS. BAI ANCFN FAIILTS.

Refer to the attched diagram of a typica'l power system netrork.

Consider a'l'l 'lines and generating plant in serv'ice but no
i.e. a1'l clrcuit breakers at meSh substation E open.

grid infeed

Using network reduction methods and assLming a pre-fau'lt vo1tage of

I p.u. at busbar C, reduce the positive sequence d'iagram of the
netrork and f lnd the in iti al va1ue of the symmetrlcal fault current
for a three phase fau'lt on busbar C.

(i)

Work with base

system.

(ii)

Neglect resistive components of irnpedance,

quantities of 100 MVA and 132kV on the

132kV

2.

For the same system condltions as Ouest'lon l but using irnpedance

va1ues in ohrs referred to the 132kV system vo'ltage re-ca1cu'late the
inltla'l va1ue of the symnetrical fault current for a three phase
fault on busbar C. Assr.rne a pre-fau'lt voltage of l32kV at C. Neglect
resistive corponents of impedance whene appropriate.

3.

0n the typ'ica'l power system network consider a three phase fau'lt on

the busbar A with a'l'l 'l ines and generating plant in service but no
grid infeed. Assuning a pre-fau'lt vo'ltage of I p.u. at busbar A
reduce the network and ca]culate the initla'l va]ue of fau'lt MVA
without first calculating the fau'lt current. Then ca1culate the
inltial symretrlca'l fault current and the correspond'ing current
infeeds from lines Dl and D3.

(i)

l{ork with base quantities

of

100 MVA and l32kv on

the L32kV

system.
(

4.

i i)

Neglect reslstance.

With reference to the typical power system nefoork suppose that l2Ot'lW
of power ls flowing from busbar A to busbar D and that only
tranmisslon I ine D3 is in operation. If busbar A is at 133kV and
busbar D ls at 13lkv determlne the phase displacement between the
busbar vo'ltages.

5.

Assr.rne

that

120tW

is the sending end power.

A three phase 50Hz' 12.5 I'IVA' 3.3kV generator with an earthed star
point generates phase voltages which are ba'lanced but contain
harnpnics.
The terminal voltages in kV for phases A and C are :VA

YC =.
1

0.I sjn (5 wt + 600)

(wt+1200)+0,3 sin3(wt + t20o) + 0.I sin(5(wt +

= 2.7 sin wt + 0.3 sin 3 wt +

2,7 sin

20o ) +600

of wh jch can be neglectedr suppl ies

'load
earthed star conneted
of 0.6 + j0.8 p.u. inpedance (base
quantities 12.5 MVA and 3.3kV). The resistance of the earth path
between the two sta r po'ints i s 0.3 p. u .

The a'lternatorr

Determlne

(a)
(b)

the

impedance

an

Voltage Vr^.
The R.M.S.

3rd harnonic current in the load.

If the generator neutral point is

potential with respect to earth.

disconnected from earth what

is

i'us

---+

_?_
I

--\! I

HYOf,O POWER STATICN

(j

'.]

Hydro gowa? 3tation

. 62

MVA 11 kv
Xa'0'95 f,,i'0'325 Xi - O'Za
Ir, lZ 75 MVA l1/145kV t l0* X '0'125

G1

66'6

Stom powrr ltation

6r, 6. , G3,
- G5 75 MvA ll

8 kv

Xa't83 Xr'q155 xl'0'tlt

75 MvA 11 8/14skv !1096

\s, \t, \r,h
X - 0'125
\r . lrz, 4r , Izo , I:r 60 MVA 132/33 kv

x.0.125

ft, lt 30MVA 132/33kv X-0't

h , ts 45 MVA 132/11 kv X ' 0'125
t20MVA 2751132/11 kv
re, 40
-- Xttt0'15 X,rr- 0'35 xtt' 0 25 ON 120 MvA

r32rvJ7r*"

r32rv$-r*.
IX

ttr.$n

xx

'+"^6-'

'o-$n

tt

rgrvj-r I s

XT
llkv-J-+c.

Grid rupplv
SHORT CIRCUIY FAULT LEVEL T5OOMVA ON 275KV

Ovrrhod lina
ALL 132 kV LINES ARE 0'175 sq. in. EXCEPT

0.1r+

ll

.0.000627 PER MILE OTI IOOMVA EASE

PER MILE ON TOOMVA SASE

Zt

6.6^i

-$,*'A*

in.

x - 0'00356
lg - t..

g-E4l|lgw-n:If-19!r-

-sO O+

trngtir
i

Or

lvpical power sysrcm netwotk.

O: 20

5O MILES

O2 60 MILES
O3 tOO MTLES

Dtt. Dtt 30 MTLES

MILES

Oc 30 MILES

o1t, Dta 15

MILES

ALL IMPEDANCES ARE PER UNIT.

i

13:l

GRIO SUPPLY

D5 , D6

WHICH ARE 0'4 sq. in.

0.t75 !c- in.
/l-0'0ola6 PF MILE ON t0OMvA EASE
r-0'00385 PR MILE ON 100MvA EASE

lv

L
I
I