Measurenents

DIRECTIONAI,

OVERCURRENT

AND EARTH FAULT RELAYS

BY

G. A.

HADLEY

Dra:

1.0

DI.?JCIIONAI C'/":R.CUPP.!I.N

If fauLt cur:ent

can

R.ELAY S

flov in both direction through the relay

location it is necessa.ry to add directional properties to the

overcurrent relays j.n order to obtain correct (isslirnilatioa.

tro

t erros which are always used

in the application of

directional relays are :1.1

REI,AY COI'N'IECTIONS

lhis is the angle by vhich the

cr.r:r:eent

appli.ed to the relay

is

fron the voltage applied to the relay at unitypover

displaced.

factor.
1.2

REI,AY I,UXffUM TORQUS ANGIfi

This is defined. as the angle by which the cureat applled. to

the relay mrst be displaced fron the voltage applted to the

relay to
2.0

produce merirmrm torque.

DIR,TTCTIONAL

In

arry

RILAY OPIBATING CH.{.RACTB.ISIC

directional relayr ttre qrr^antity that produces one of

the fh:xes is teimed the polarising quantity. fhe polarising

qrrantity nay be voltage or cllnrent but in either case it nust

be

a particular quantity that is suitable for the prrpose. If re

consider a voltage polarised rela1r as this is the most cormon
case

for

in protective relay applications, the vector relationship

oaximum torque would be

The voltage

as shorrn in figure 1.

coil fh.a i.s substantially in

phase

with the voltae

coil cr:rrent vhi.ch lags the voltage applied to the relay ty an

angle o( while the cr:rrent applied. to the reLay a.nd associated
flrrx
i"crLd

1ead.

the voltage tf an angle S. For ttre na:isr:n torque fi

f,v nugt be 9Oo apart ald hence the cr:rent strpplied to the

relay nust be at the position

eqr:ation

shovn by

the dotted'line.

for the electrical torque vill be

r = Kvr SrrJ (fi +{)

But this is more colnnon\r expressed as

= K\n Cos(e -A)

3-

The

.t

rl

?AGE

\,rhere

I is calIed the relay

oa;risum torque angle, vhich

as the a:rgIe by vhich the cr.:nent

strpprS.ed

to the relay

is defined
urus., lead.

the applied voliage in cldet to obtaill 6:visplq torque.

).0

DIRECTICNAI, RELAY COII}IECT;C$S

If thlee phase short circuits 'rere ihe only ilpe of fault to be

considered any of the possible connections available to produce
naxi.nun torque

at a given angle vould be acceptable.

Eowever

to enstue co:=ect di=ectional discrinination r:nder all fault

conditions it is necessalrJr to gi.ve thought to tlre co:=ect
conneclions for any g'iven applicatioa. fhere are three standard
connections vhich i.n general ui.11 cover
a.re

all applications.

the J0o, the 600 and the loo connection. the

names

?hese

of

these

relay connections give the relay relationship betveen the crrrreat

and polarisir:g voltage r:nder three phase

unity pover factor

cond.itions. Of a1l these connections the nost popular is the

connection, vhlch is the one nanufactrrred by

).1

9oo

nsr.lr

90o

GEC Meagurements.

coNuEcrrox

This connection is applied only vhere the fault crrr=eat lags by

a ver:f 1a.rge angIe. the voltage coil is given a voltage displaced

fron the relay cr::=ent by 9Oo at urrity por.et factor. Ulth the

9Oo

connection the directiona.l eleoent vould. have no torque at unity

power

of
1.2

factor since the relay cr:sent

phase as ghown in

and.

voltage are then

9Oo out

figure 2.

- 45o nEI^aY coNNEcrIoN

ltre tat phase relay is srrp'plied rrittr I" cr.rrent aad, V6q volts
displaced. 45o in an antj. cloclcrise direction. fn this case, tbe
f1r:x produced by the voltage coil lags the applled voltage Yt" by
45o ana the relay uaxi.orn torque is produced vhen tbe cnlrent lagr
9oo

the qlstem phase to neutral voltage by 45o. TbiE connectioa gives

a conect d.irectional tripping zone ovet the range of cr::rrent
lead,ing

to

1550

lagging.

The

45o

relay torque at urrlty pover factor

2.

a \,^?

-dsr

is

0.707

of the nax:.num torque

)a

and the sa.tre at zero pover factor

rae). See figure J.

9oo - Joo a:ux col{irEcrroN
(9oo

1.j

The

tar

phase

relay is supplied. r,rith f" cu:=ent and Y6. volts

displaced. bV JOo in an

anti clocknise direction. In this

case

the flux produced by the voltage coil lags the applled voltage
VU" by

- arr<i the relay naxinr:m torque is produced nhen the

60('\

cr:nent lag:s ihe q;sten phase to neutral voltage ty 5Oo. thie

con:ection g'ives a corect directional trippir zone over the
range

of cunent

JOo lead.ir:g

to 1!0o lagg'ing.

The

relay torque

at wrlty pover factor is 0.5 of the relay 6avinnm torque and at

zero polrer factor (9Oo r"g) is 0.865 for marioru torque.

figltre

,.4

See

4.

DIRECTTONAI, OVSRCURRE{T RE,AY PERrcR}TANCE

relay designed for quadrature

connectj-on and having a ndrimln

torque angle of JOo is recomended. when the relay is beJng used

for the protectioa of plain

behind. the

feed.ers

with zero sequence soulcc

relaying point.

In the case of tralsfo::ner feeders or feeders whlch

sequerpe source

relay is

in front of the reIay1 a qr.Iadrature

ls6errnend.ed

have a zero
connected'

but it is preferable vhen protecting tltis

type of feeder that the directional relay is designed to have a

naxi.nr:o torque angle

ltre

9Oo

of

45o.

45o connection

is

necessa.LT

i.n transfo:mers

and

transformer feeders, to en$re co:rect reLay operatlon for faults

beyond.

the star/d.elta transfo:tet. Ihis connection

should. be used

nherever single phase directional relays are applled to a ci:scult

in which the cr:nent d.istribution is 2:1:1.

P:GE 4.

'The

vector diagra:as

shown on

figules 5ar 5b and5c indicate

the

onerating and non-:perating regions of a qr:ad,ratr:re connected.

reray a-nd ihe aa.:ci.arrm ar:gular d.isplacenent of the cr:r=ent applied

to the 1e141 froro the appried voltagel for arr types of fault
conditions. ?hey also shor* the ad,valtaEn of using a relay haring
a roo lflA for the proteetion of pla-in f eed.ers and a relay havfu:g
a 45o l{fA for the -orotection of transfortrer feed,ers.
ftrr=e fauLt conditions roay theoretically cause oal-operation of
the directional:eray. They are phase to phase to gror:nd. on a
plain feeder i phase io gror:nd fault on a tralesfomer feed,er rrith
the zelo seguence source in front of the reray, and, phase to
phase fauli on a transforuer with the relay looking into tbe delte
winding

rt

of ihe :ran s-t'o::!er.

ihat these d.iagrams are dranre

to illustrate theoretical, naxj.mro positive and, negative a.r:gular
strould, be reoerobered., however,

of the applied cunent froo the appli.ed. voltage aad.

that in actual fact it can be shorrn that the posaibiuty of oqloperation in practice is very reoote.
displacenent

4.0

DIRECTIONAI COMTROL

it is essential that the d.lrectional r:alt

d.oes not a11ov the overcrrrrent r:rrit to start rntil the farrlt
current florrs in tbe operation direction. Connecting the onercumeat
and directional relay contacts in serj.es Ls not satisf,actory as,
With inverse ti-oe relays

although this vould prevent tripping, the qvercrrnent relay could,

start to operate before the cr:rrent flor

in the correct d,irection

of d.iscrinination. Tbe

was

resulting in possible contact race and loEs

copper shading ring used on the no:maI inductioa disc overcurrent

relay is replaced try a vor:nd shading coi1, the circrrit of which is

conpleted

ty the closing of the directional relay contacts.

D.n:f
a---VP :Ja

5.0

PARAIIEL TEEDMS

rf non-directional overcllcrent relays are appri.ed to pararler

fee<iels any faults occr:rring on ary one line will inevitabLy,
ir:espective of the relay setting chosen, isolate both lines
anci conpletely

disrlpt the supply.

To en$ue discriminative

operation of the relays dr:ring line faults, it is usual uith

this type of

qystero

io

d.esign and connect relays

n{

nl

anO

ihat they will only operate faults occulring: on the

protected line in the direction indicated. try the arroys.
such

see

figr.rre 6. With parallel feeders to ensure correct di.scri-ulnatlon

during line faults, it is important that the co:rect directiona1

tl

relay R1 or R2 operates before ttre nondj.rectional relays R1 and

R2.. For ttris reason relays R'r ana ni

given lor*er tirne

"r"
settings than relays R1 and R2 and also lorer cuneat settlngs. -

The usual

nonoal

practice is to set relays n.l ana n[ to

50?6

of

the

fu1l load of the circuit tnrt care sust be talen to

that the relays are capable of carrying without

en$rre

d.amage, twice

their setting cu:=ent continuously.

6.0

RING MATNS

fhe more usua.l application of directional relays is to ring nains.

In the case of a ring

systero, fed

at

one

point only the relays at

the generation end and at the nid-point substation, where the

setting of both overetrrent relays are identi.cal, the relaSrs ca:r

be nade

nondirectional, prorrided. that in the latter

are located on the

sa.rne

case the relays

feeder, one at each nrbstation.

In this respect it is interesting to note that whea the

nrmbers

of feeders in the ring is an even number, the tso relays with the
salre operating

tine are at the

directional vhereas when the

nurober

of feeders is

to

nill

have

odd.,

the tro

sane substation and

be

relalrs with the sane operating time are at d.ifferent strbstations

therefore, do not need to be directional. Also at inte:ned.late

and

Drr-?
a Ag!

subsrarions

it will

be noted that whenever the times

of

the

nro relays at a zubstaiion a:e d.ifferent, rhe d,ifference ia

operating iime

is

never less tha.n the gradirl inte:rra1 of 0.4

seconcis and. ccnsequently

it is pe:misslble for

-uire

relay ,rith

the larger operating ii.ne to be non-iirectional.

fhe us:a1 practice for grading relays in a' iutercornected.

rysteo is to open the ring at the supply poiat a.nd. to grad,e
the relays

firsi cloclvise

and then

alti. clochrise. Thusl

relays looking i.n a croclcwise direct:.on

aror:ad,

the

the rir:g are

to irip in the sequence 1 - Z - t - 4 -, _ 5 and the

rerays looldng i.n the anti croclarise d.i.rectioa are atrRanged, to
arranged

trip in the sequence 1'-2t-t

- i-

>'-eJ rhe a.-=oya iadlcate

the directron i.n vhich the power oust flon in ord.er that the
d.irectional r:ni.tE rrill close thelr contacts and, prepare ttre
overcucrent elements for operation. Ttre double headed, atrro\rs on
each of the tvo feeders at the gene:ating statioa ind,j.cate nondirectional relays, directional features beiug r:naecessar5r at
these points, because power can flov in one d.irectioa only, that

is out of the genelating station. At all other poiats single

arlors are shorn.

to operate with
everT

These

head.ed,

indicate directional relays connected so as

flor in the direction of tbe a.rrow rhich is ia

case flom the strbstation bus bars and into the protected, line.

See fig:rrre

porrer

7.

lhis rule iE invariable and applies to alr forms of d,irectional

relays. selection of the faulty section is W tfuqe a:ld, fault pover
direction. Fault pouer has tuo paths I and y. rt dlvid.es betreea
the tvo paths in t}te inverse ratio of their

inped.a.nces alrd. passes

all the substations ln the ri.ng. fhusl at everT suistatioa

one set of relays will be inoperative because the power flor is
through

aaiust the amov

ond.

the other set operative because ilre frov

rith the Eutrrolr. In every case it riII

be for:nd,

tlrat tlre tlne

Ls

(JO

D^at
r.1v!

?I a

settints of the :e1ays :hai are inoperative are shorter thaa those
of the operative relays, except in the case of strbstation C vhere
the settings happen to coincide. In this way all relays wlth
short tine on sections betveen the faulty one and the generating

station ale prevented from operation. The others, vhich

a.re

operative a:e graded dovnward.s tovard.s the fault and the last to
be trave:esed. oy the fault current, namely that on the faulty

feeder section, has the strortest tioe and operates first.,

lhis

applies to both paths to the fau1t. Consequently tJee faulty

section is the only one to be isolated and srpply is naintained.

to all zubstations.
l,/hen

grading ri,ng qystens vith nore than one infeed. (say tvo

sou.rces

(i)

of srpply) tne best nethod of

open ttre

ring at

one

approech

is to either

of the strpply pointa by neans of

suitable high set instantarreous overcurent relay and then

p=oceed.

to grade the ring as in the

case

of a

sing3.e infeed.

(ii) treat the i5rter-connector betveen the tvo sources of

supply

as a continuous bus, separate fron the rin6: and protect it

by means of a urrit systen of protectioa such as pi.Iot vire

relays.

Then proceed

to grade the ring as in the

case

of

single infeed.
7.o

DIRECTTONAL EARTH FAULT RELAYS

Ttrese

relays are sinilar in construction to the overcrrnent relays

but are polariseil by residual voltage or current.

The

polarising

voltage is obtained fron the seconda4r of a three ptraee voltage

transformer connected in broken delta. It is essential to ensure

that the co:rect voltage ls

fed.

to the relay that the voltap

transforser prinarSr neutral is earthed and that it be a three

phase,

five linb type or consist of three single lhase unitg.

Cunent polarisation is no:mally obtained by connecting a cu:rent

transfo:nnar

ln a locaI transfo::uer neutlal.. If voltage lnlarlsatioa

P.A.GE

is

45o

lfIA is nor:lalry used for so]-idly earthed systeos

or

14o

for

used.

and oo

lesi.stance earthed systeas.

rf the relay is

current polaised, the polarising er:reat is pbase si:.ifted before

into the relay as oilviousry in this case the operating

and polarising c'Jrients being fed into the lelay are in lhase.

being fed

7.1

YOTTAGE POI.ASISED EARTE IAUT,T RET,AYS.

soue care

is

necessa-ry when using voltage polarised. relaye on

solidly earthed systems, as ihe residual volta6e

phase

r:oader

single

to earth fault conditions vil1 be eqr:a1 to ttre phase to

neutral voltag'e at the fault location for a solld, eartb fault

on1y.

Any

line

inpedance betveen the

farrrt point and the reray,

or resistance in the fault itself wilr tend to reduce the valr:c

of thg voltage

it

ve{

if the line i.opedaace

betveen ihe fault poi.nt and the relaying point is large conpared with ihe source impedance behind, the reray. wittr noderrr
directional re3a;rsrhouever, vhich viI1 operate d,orn to 1!6 of
and

can be

srna}l

no:mal voltage no trouble ihould be experienced. see

7.2

figure g.

CIJRRSIT POLARTSD EARTII FAUT,T RgtAYS

As already nentioned, cr::rzent polarised relays nay be

by a cu:=ent transforuer connected.

polaried

in the powet transforaer

neutral. 0nly certain iypes of pouer transfomers, hoveve!, are

suitable as sources of polarisir:S crrment, as in soEe the
d.irection of the culrent in the neutral can reverse d.epending
upon the fault position a.nd the ratio of qysteu zeto sequeBee
impedances.

tl:e convention usr:ally adopted iE

based on the assrmption

that the

direct:onaI relay rrill operate and close its contacts vhen both
the cu:rent in the operating coil and the polarislng coil fLov in

direction. ff the cr.urent in either coil reverses theu

the relay nil1 restrain.
the

same

8.

PAGE

9.

A srar/star poret transforner is not sLitable for polarislng

relays even if both star points are earthed.. A cr::=ent ira"nsr'o:uer

ln

one

neutral worrld not be suitable as the ctrrrent vould reverge

ilepending upon uhich side

of the transfor:ner the fault is

on.

Paralleling tvo cunent transfo::roersrone in each neutral

connectionrvill not be satisfactozTr as the resultant cr:rrent vould
ZQTOC

Three winding

or

two winding power transforrers

nith

one rrindiDg

delta connected are stri'uable for relay polarisatioa.

Provid.ed

the star point is earthed, then a cr:rreat tcansfomer in this

neutral

can be used.

to supply the relay. fn the

case

of

three

vinding transforners, if tvo star connected vindlngs have the

star point earthed, then cunent transfo::mers in

connected

each neutaal

in para1le1 roust be used having ratios iuversely

proportional to the pover transforoers voltage ratio.

to this is to

use one current transforuer

An alteraative

rdthin t}re delta vind.ing

provided rhat no load. is taken from the delta. ff loed is takeu

frorn ihe delta vinding

in

each leg

pro<iueing

7.5

it is

necessarJr

of the delta to prevent

to use a cureat

unbalanced. load.

transfo:voer

or fault ctment

inco:rect polari sing curlent.

DUAI, POLARISED EARTII FAiJLT REI'ATS

As the polarising current

for current polarised, eartb fault relaye

is taken fron a cr:rrent transfo::rner in a local povel transfol:ner

neulurall this nay be lost if ttre particular transfo:oer is sritched
out of serrrj.ce a.nd for this reason voltage polarisation is ln
general nore reU.ab1e. However, as pointed out, in soliiily earthed
q;steos where the zero sequence source iopedasce is saIL the value

of the residual voltap

can be very

with both current and voltage

a.re

lor

and iirral po)arised, relaya,

used. It should be notedr holevert

that nith uodern relays the possibiltty of voltage polarised' relays

failing'to operate is very remote ald that for aIL practical

PAGE 10.

concj.iions riais possibiliiy can in 6eneral be lgnorea.

o^

I:IgtIigE!

A.ND

PET:3.SI CCIL f;.R,T]IE! STST

The ope:aiion

,TS

of earth fauli inciica'tion relays on sysieos

rhrough a Petersen Coil

or totaLly insrrlated systero is

ea.rthed.

dependent

on ihe capaciilve curent floving in the healthy feederg and, vhen

a Petersen Coil is used on the culrent drre to the strppressj-on coil

fLoving in the faulty phase.

In ttre case of

overhead

lines the najorif of earth f aults are of

a transient nature a:ld it is prefened, that these farrlts shal1 not

1ead.

to autooatj.c isolation of ttre faulty liae. It is d.esirablel

however,

that an indication should be given of suetained

faulis in order that the

systerD nay

systeo

be supe:rised. continuously

aad

so that the farrlty section of the netvork is indlcated.

For {etection of a qystem earth fault, a supersensitlve dlrectior:a"I

relay

t1rp NSS is used

vith one coil polarised froa either a voltage

transfo:uer open de1ta, or an ar:xiliary voltage vinding oa the

Petersea

Coil,

and

coil, the operating coi1,

second.

energ:ised from

resid.r:aIly connected. cr-Irrent t:ansforners ln the line oae crr:=ent

tra.nsfo:aer in each phase.
8.1

IEERSAN COIT EARIED

STSTN'T

lhe d.iagram in figure 9 strows a system of radial feedersr vith

phase to ground, fault on the tCt phase of one of the feeders.
cr:rrrent

a
No

vilI flov in the tCr phase of the healthy feeders as thrJr

will be at earth potentia,l. Capacitlve crrrzent vill flov ia

the

healthy phases of all feeders to earth and back to the soulce via
the fault.

The

vector

$.rn

of the cr:gents ln the crrr=ent coil of

the relay on the faulty feeder fs is proportional to :

i"" + i"r

*h"re

1i" + iL --2i. + it

i"" + Icb E

i"

PAG3 11.

of the cur:ents in the sound phases shone that

the total wartage conponent of the cugents is in the restrainir:g

The vector diagra.rn

quadralt, hence the relays on the healthy feeders will not operate.
Hovever, the current
conponent

in the faulty feeder,

shon

that the wattage

of the cur:ents is in the operating quadrant,

and hence

the relay in the faulty feeder vill operate.

The crrnent tra-nsfomers are
an

of a special design, class 0.2,

having

erceptionally lor phase angle error and because of this'canrot

be balalced. accurately

current.

for currents greatly in

To overcone the

slight

excess of rated.

phase angle inaccuracies

of the cr:rrent

transforter a cotrpensating resistance is fitted in series rith the reI.voltage coile which has the effect of effectively noving the

zone

of operation of the relay, so that definite operation of the relay

i.s assured on the faulty feed.er, and that the relays connected.*to the
healthy feeders will be restrained.. The relay ls provid.ed. wittr
oor,rlA.

9.2

INS{;'LAtED SfSEnt

fhe dia6ran in figrre 10 shows a systen of radial feed.ers, wit]r a

phase to gror:nd. fault on the tCt phase of one of tlre feed.ers. llhe
residual cu-r=ent flowing in the cu:rent coil of the relay on the

faulty f eeder, neglecting the effect of r"agnetlsing cr:rrent, is

proportional to the 2 I" where fC is the. vector $!! of the cr:nents Ln tht
healthy phases Is. arld fg6. Since the systen is an insulated. onel
the fault has ttre effect of raislng the neutral point of the systeu
by a voltage equivalent to the phase voltage and the voltages of the
healthy feeders
As

W8.

in the case of the

Petersen

Coil earthed systen, the effect of

the oa4netising currentg ruust be counteracted. by nea.ns of

cornpensating resistance connected.

in series trlth the voltagp coil

of the relay. It is not necessarlr, holever, to take

such precautiona

?AGE

ln the case of the Petersen coil earthed rystem, in estirnating

the value of resisrar:,ce necessafir to shift the operatir:g qr.adrant
of the relayrin order rhat the rerays on the hearthy feed.ers
a8

restrain.

The

relay is provided. wiih a 9oo reading l{rA.

iifus-t
s-l

lr all*s,4
i:

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(2

4A

aq?,
fr.'

Slil

FIGIJRE I

't t"-. !.

ll*ccl = CIS t0-rl

DIRECTIOIIAL RELAY OP

dw;a
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r,-tuyd"i&{.

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dv

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I PHASE

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RELAY C0t{ilECIl0lls Ib Vco

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I P}IASE

RELAY C0l{}ltCIt0NS

IaI

PHASE RELAY

FIGURE

C0l{l{ECrl0ilS

9OO RILAY

Ic

Yob

CONNECTION

vbc

'Yb
trLrr{E
UIIIIY

t{},
900 LtilE
ZERO P F. LAOOII{O

ZENO IOROUE LI}IE

LINE P

Iat-EADs $.r!0115

1.0
0.5

LAGS

v[

Wm

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150

FIGURE

Io

9OO

- 45O RELAY CONNE TON

vui
vbc

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UIIIIY P F.

Io

90O L INT
zER0 P. F LA0qtilo

ZERO IOROUE

LINE P

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LEADS

vuivorr Ic

1.0

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FIGURE

4. 900- 300

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