Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
AEL2501
PEMP
AEL2501
Session Objectives
To study various wheel alignment related issues
To understand the steering system in an
automobile
To study the components of steering systems and
their configurations
To identify the need for the electronic control in
power steering and its importance.
To
T study
d working
ki off Hydraulic
H d li power steering
i andd
EPS
PEMP
AEL2501
Topics
Wheel alignment
Steering systems
Power assisted steering systems
Hydraulic Power Assisted Steering
EPS
PEMP
AEL2501
Wheel alignment
At todays increased driving speeds, it most important to
have swift and positive response from the steering system.
To accomplish this, the wheels must be in alignment.
It allows the wheels to roll without scuffing, dragging, or
slipping on different types of road conditions.
Proper alignment in both front and rear wheels ensures
PEMP
AEL2501
Caster
Camber
Toe
Thrust line alignment
Steering Axle Inclination
(SAI)
Turning radius
Tracking
There are host of gauges and
electronic equipment to check
and adjust these parameters.
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
PEMP
AEL2501
Caster
Is the angle of the
steeringg axis of a wheel
from the vertical, as
viewed from the side
of the vehicle
It designed to provide
steering stability
Caster is not related to
tire wear
PEMP
AEL2501
Camber
It is the angle represented
by thetilt of either the
front or rear wheels
inward outward from the
vertical as viewed from
the front of the car
It is designed to
compensate for road
crown,
crown passenger weight,
weight
and vehicle weight
PEMP
AEL2501
Toe
It is the distance
comparison between the
leading edge and trailing
edge of the front tires
If the leading edge distance
is less, then there is toe-in
If greater, it is toe-out
Toe is critical as a tire
wearing angle
Wheels that do not track
straight ahead have to drag
as they travel forward
PEMP
AEL2501
PEMP
AEL2501
10
PEMP
AEL2501
Turning Radius
Is the amount of toe-out present in
turns
It is also called toe-out on turns
i angle
l
or turning
As the car goes round the corner,
the inside tire must travel in a
smaller radius circle than the
outside tire
This is accomplished by designing
the steering geometry to turn the
inside wheel sharper than the
outside wheel
This toe-out eliminates the tire
scrubbing on the road surface by
keeping the tires pointed in the
direction they have to move
11
PEMP
AEL2501
Tracking
All vehicles are built around a geometric centerline that runs
through the center of the chassis from the back to the front
An
A id
ideall alignment
li
has
h all
ll 4 wheels
h l parallel
ll l to the
h centerline
li
making the thrust line parallel to the centerline (tracking)
12
PEMP
AEL2501
13
PEMP
AEL2501
Steering System
The purpose of the steering system is to turn the front
wheels(normally).
The wheels constantly change direction, while switching
l
lanes,
rounding
di sharp
h
turns,
t
andd when
h avoiding
idi roadway
d
obstacles.
The manual steering is consisting of
Steering linkages
Steering gear
Steering column and wheel
Working:
Wo
g:
As the steering wheel is turned by the driver, the steering
gear transfers this motion to the steering linkages
linkages.
The steering linkage turns the wheels to control the
vehicles direction.
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
14
PEMP
AEL2501
Steering Linkage:
It is the system of pivots and connecting parts placed between the
steering gear and the steering arms that are attached to the front or
rear wheels that control the direction of the vehicle travel.
It transfers motion of the steering gear output shaft to the steering
arms, turning the wheels to maneuver the vehicle.
arms
Parallelogram Steering linkage:
Provides good steering and suspension geometry
Used in conjunction with IFS
Can be configured for placing behind or ahead of the front-wheel
suspension
Uses components likelike
Pitman Arm
Idler Arm
Links (Center, drag, or steering links)
Tie-rods
15
PEMP
AEL2501
16
PEMP
AEL2501
Pitman arm
Connects the linkage to the steering column through a steering gear
located at the base of the column
Transmits
i the
h motion
i it
i receives
i
from
f
gear to the
h linkage,
li k
causing
i
the linkage to move left or right to turn the wheels
Idler arm
It is normally attached on the opposite side of the center link, from
pitman arm and the car frame, supporting the center link at the
correct height
A ppivot built into the arm or assemblyy permits
p
sideways
y movement
of the linkage
17
PEMP
AEL2501
Links
Depending on the design application, can be referred to as
Center link
Drag link
Steering links
Tie rods
Are usually assemblies that make final connections between the
steering linkage and steering knuckle
They consists of
of Inner tie-rod ends, which are connected to the opposite sides of the
center linkage
Outer tie-rods, which are connected to the steering knuckle
They also have provision for varying lengths for correct settings
18
PEMP
AEL2501
19
PEMP
AEL2501
20
10
PEMP
AEL2501
Pinion
It is a toothed or worm gear mounted at
the base of the steering column assembly
where it is moved by steering wheel
The pinion gear meshes with the teeth in
the rack so that the rack is propelled
sideways in response to the turning of
the pinion
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
21
PEMP
AEL2501
22
11
PEMP
AEL2501
23
PEMP
AEL2501
Electronically controlled
An electrical motor and an electronic control are used to provide the
assistance.
24
12
PEMP
AEL2501
Variable-assist steering
Application of electronic control technology
to vehicle steering system is still in the
d l
development
t stage.
t
Several techniques have been suggested by
several designers and implemented on
vehicles by manufacturers.
25
PEMP
AEL2501
The intent of an electronic control is to Reduce the steering effort when driving at low speeds
Supply feedback for the appropriate steering reaction force when
drivingg at high
g speeds.
speeds
p
26
13
PEMP
AEL2501
Based on the signals from the speed sensor, the flow and
pressure of the hydraulic fluid is controlled by means of
the operation of the solenoid valves.
valves
27
PEMP
AEL2501
28
14
PEMP
AEL2501
29
PEMP
AEL2501
Hybrid System:
Utilize a flow control method in which the hydraulic power
steering pump is driven by an electric motor
motor.
The steering effort is controlled by controlling the rotating
speed of the pump.
pump
The drive efficiency of the generator and motor are low
compared to that of the hydraulic pump, which is driven by
the vehicle engine.
But because any residual flow is not discharged, the power
loss is lower than that of the engine pump when driving at
high speeds.
speeds
There is large degree of freedom in mounting location
selection.
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
30
15
PEMP
AEL2501
31
PEMP
AEL2501
32
16
PEMP
AEL2501
33
PEMP
AEL2501
Basic Control
34
17
PEMP
AEL2501
35
PEMP
AEL2501
36
18
PEMP
AEL2501
37
PEMP
AEL2501
38
19
PEMP
AEL2501
Rack
Rack--and
and--pinion steering mechanisms, the EPS system
applies the motor power to the pinion gear shaft or to the
rack shaft.
shaft
Several reduction gears are employed to increase the
torque of the motor.
motor
The maximum amount of assist, the smoothness of steering
feel and the degree of noise level during steering are the
determined by power transmission systems.
In ggeneral,, it is ppossible to obtain a ggreater amount of assist
from the rack assist method than from pinion assist
method.
39
PEMP
AEL2501
Sensors:
The EPS uses variety of sensors to control the motor.
Torque sensor detects the steering effort
Wheel angular sensor determines angular velocity of the steering
wheel
Battery sensor determines the battery voltage
Current sensor determines the motor current & battery current
40
20
PEMP
AEL2501
Torque sensors:
Pinion shaft in the rack-and-pinion steering
mechanism is divided into two sections.
sections
Input shaft
Pinion gear
41
PEMP
AEL2501
42
21
PEMP
AEL2501
43
PEMP
AEL2501
44
22
PEMP
AEL2501
45
PEMP
AEL2501
Power unit:
The power unit consists of a power MOSFET bridge
circuit which drives the motor in a forward or reverse
direction.
A drive circuit which controls the respective power
MOSFET of this bridge circuit, a current sensor and a
relay which turns the motor current ON and OFF.
Depending on the magnitude of the current, some systems
are pprovided with an integrated
g
ECU and ppower unit,, while
other systems have each section separate.
46
23
PEMP
AEL2501
47
PEMP
AEL2501
48
24
PEMP
AEL2501
Trends in R&D
The demands that are continuously increasing:
Faster speeds
Higher quality
Reduced power requirement
49
PEMP
AEL2501
Summary
50
25