Biology

1rst Partial
o What is Biology?
The study of life
o What is Science?
The study of nature in order to understand it and explain its
events.
o

What is the importance of Biology?

Keep the balance between living things and ecosystems

o Name 5 branches of biology

- Psychology, Zoology, Ecology, Anatomy, Taxonomy.
o What is the scientific method?
Its an investigation technique of phenomena
o What are the steps you have to follow in order to use correctly the
scientific method?
Observation
Ask Question
Hypothesis
Set Up Control Group
Record and analyze results
Draw Conclusions
o Who originated the Spontaneous Generation?
Aristotle
o What is the Spontaneous Generation?
Its the belief of having living organisms from non-living
organisms.
o Who was the first challenger of the S.G.?
Francesco Redi
o What was Redis experiment about?
He put meat in two jars: one covered and the other
uncovered. After 20 days he saw that in the uncovered jar

where flies entered, maggots appeared and flies emerged. In

the covered jar, nothing happened.
o What is important about Redis experiment?
He uses for first time a controlled experiment.
o What was Needhams experiment about?
He boiled gravy to kill the organisms living inside the gravy
already and then he exposed the gravy to the environment.
The gravy, after 7 days, was full of microorganisms.
o What was Spallanzanis experiment about?
He used two flasks with gravy and boiled both. The he
sealed one and he let the other exposed to the environment.
The sealed was free of microorganisms and the other one
was full with them.
o Why did some people, after seeing Spallanzanis and Redis
experiment did believe in S.G.?
Because they argue that air had to be present.
o Who dispelled S.G.?
Louis Pasteur
o What was Louis Pasteur experiment about?
He used a flask with a long curved neck containing broth.
The microorganism couldnt enter the bottom of the flask.
After a year, Pasteur broke the neck and the microorganisms
entered.
o What

are the characteristics of living things?

Made up by cells
Reproduce
Genetic Code
Grow and Develop
Need Energy
Irritability
Homeostasis
Change over time

o What is the largest level of biological study?

Biosphere

o Do all organisms respond to the environment exactly the same

way?
No
o What is Homeostasis?
The process by which organisms keep their internal
conditions equilibrated.
o Living things are based on a universal
Genetic Code
o Why does and organism need energy and a constant supply of
materials?
To grow, develop and reproduce.
o What is metabolism?
The combination of reactions that builds up or breaks down
materials.
o How is the theory of new organisms coming from existing
organisms called?
Biogenesis
o What cell structures are found on the surface of the endoplasmic
reticulum but not on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Ribosomes
o What is the function of Ribosomes?
Synthetize proteins
o Which structure is found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell?
Chloroplast
o What is the main function of vacuoles?
Store food, water and waste products of the cells.
o What are the four levels of organization in a multicellular
organism?
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
o What is a tissue?

A group of cells that realize the same function.

2nd Partial
o All of the properties that the water molecule have are because of
The hydrogen bonds
o H2O is positive, negative or neutral?
Neutral
o Why is H2O a stable molecule?
Because it completes the octet rule
o What is the Universal Solvent?
Water
o What is adhesion?
Attraction between molecules of different substance
o What is cohesion?
Attraction between molecules of the same substance.
o What

are the four biomolecules?

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

o What does Anabolism means?

Something that goes from simple to complex. Also can be
called endothermic or dehydration
o What does Catabolism means?
Something that goes from complex to simple. Also can be
called exothermic or hydrolysis.
o What

are carbs made up of?

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen

o What

are the 3 classifications of carbs?

Monosaccharaides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

o What are the characteristics of Monosaccharaides?

3Carbons=trioses glycerol
5Carbons=pentosesRibose(OH in 2nd carbon) and
Deoxyribose (no OH in 2nd carbon). Creates nucleotides
(phosphate, pentose, nitrogen base).
Oxygen
4

3
OH

2
OH

6Carbons=hexosesGlucose(in 4th carbon if OH is down),

galactose (in 4th carbon if OH is up) , fructose (pentagon with
carbons in 2nd and 6th carbon)

HO
.

OH Glucose

Galactose

o What are the characteristics of Disaccharides?

Glucose + glucose= Maltose + H20 (H2O is lost, so one
hexagon has only an H and its O makes the bond with the
other glucose; and the other one no H neither O)
Glu + Glu Maltose + H20
Reactives: 2 glucose

Anabolism
Dehydration
Endothermic

Oxygen

Glucose + galactose= Lactose

Glucose + fructose= Sucrose

o What are the characteristics of Polysaccharides?

Plant Cells:
Starch- linear glucose with branched
glucose
Cellulose linear glucose

Animal Cells:
Glycogen- Linear glucose with branched glucose that
have branched glucose.

N
Chitin-Linear glucose with

o What

are the characteristics of Lipids?

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

o What are the characteristics of Triglycerides?

Nitrogen

Glycerol + Fatty Acids (make the triglycerides): Saturated or

non-saturated. The last or first C has an O
and a OH.

O
OH
Fat: Saturated, solid, animal, non-healthy.
Oil: Non-saturated, plants, liquid, healthy.
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (saturated) Fat+ 3 H20
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (non-saturated) Oil + 3 H2O
o What are the classifications of Phospholipids?
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group Phospholipid
+ 3 H20

v
Phosphate group
Glycerol

2 Fatty acids

o What are the characteristics of Steroids?

4 HC rings fused together
Cholesterol is an steroid, for example.

o What are the characteristics of the proteins?

Monomer: amino acids.
Needs at least 50 amino acids together to create a protein.

H
l
H2N-C-C=OH
l
\
R
O
R (radical)= H, CH3, SH
o What are the characteristics of the Nucleic Acids?

Monomers: nucleotides

Nucleotides:
Pentose sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen bases
Monomers
Sugar
Nitrogen Base

DNA

Deoxyribose
A-=T (three bonds),
C=G

RNA

Ribose
A, U, C ,G.

Store genetic info.

Protein synthesis

# polynucleotide
chains
Function

o The process by which modern organisms have descended from

ancient organisms is called
Evolution
o A well supported explanation of phenomena that have occurred in
the natural world is called
Theory
o The preserved remains of ancient organisms are called
Fossils
o Who were the 2 scientists that helped Darwin and others to
recognize how old the Earth was?
Lyell and Hutton
o Who created a theory about population growth?
Malthus
o What does this theory said?
That wars and diseases limited the growth of population
o Differences among individuals of a species are referred to as
Variations
o What was Darwins greatest contribution?
He developed a scientific hypothesis to explain how
evolution occurs.
o What is fitness?
The ability to survive and reproduce in its environment
o What is adaptation?
Any inherited characteristic that increases an organisms
chance of survival
o What is natural selection?
Survival of the fittest
o What

are the four types of evidence of evolution?

Fossil record
Geographic distribution of species
Homologous structures

Similarities in embryology

o What problems are faced by taxonomists who rely on bodystructure comparisons?

Its difficult to decide which characteristics are most
important.
o What traits did Linnaeus consider when classifying organisms?
Body-structure characteristics
o How do biologists now group organisms into categories?
With lines of evolutionary descent
o The strategy of grouping organisms together based on their
evolutionary history is called
Evolutionary classification
o What

are the three domains?

Bacteria
Eukarya
Achaea

o What

are the six kingdoms?

Fungi
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Animalia
Plantae

o The more inclusive category is the

Domain
o What is the activation energy?
The energy needed to make a chemical reaction to occur.
o What are the chemical pathways?
A series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.

o Draw a chemical reaction graph and explain its characteristics.

2

A chemical reaction graph cant begin in 0 because the reactants

have potential energy.
1. Breaking of the bonds to get the energy (endergonic)
2. - Activation energy
3. - Formation of the product. (Exergonic)
4. The difference of energy between the reactants and the
products.
o True or False. Exergonic reactions occur spontaneously.
True
o Exergonic reactions are uphill reactions, or downhill reactions?
Downhill

o Exergonic reactions occur in photosynthesis?

No, in cellular respiration.
o Endergonic reactions occur in photosynthesis?
Yes

o Name two modified nucleotides

ATP and NADPH
o What are enzymes?
Proteins
o What are the two sites of the enzymes?
Active site: Binding site for the substrate. There the
substrate enters. Its only for the specific substrate.
Allosteric site: It changes the form of the active site and to
make embonar the substrates.
o What is an autotroph?
Its a living organism that can make its own food.
o What is an heterotroph?
Its a living organism that need food from the environment
to gain energy.
o What is the reaction of photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O light--> C6H1206 + 6O2

o Where does photosynthesis takes place?

In the chloroplast
o What are the two types of photosynthesis reactions?
Light-dependent reaction: only with light
Take place in the stroma and the thylakoids (more in
thylakoids)

Reactants: light, water, ADP+P, NADP+(H+)+

The purpose: Create ATP and NADPH
Photosystem I: mediate the electron transport
Photosystem II:
Creates the NADPH
Electron Transport System (ETS): it makes de go
down of electron level and when going down the
loose energy that the ETS uses to create ATP.

Light-independent reaction: with light or not

Take place at the stroma
Also called Calvin Cycle

Its a cyclic process

Anabolic or Endergonic process; (you want to
synthesize glucose)

o Make a table like this one.

o What are the characteristics of the Cell respiration?

4 Stages
Glycolysis
Anaerobic
In Cytoplasm

Transition reaction
Preparatory reaction
Begins in Cytoplasm and ends in Matrix

Anaerobic and ends Aerobic

Krebs Cycle
Aerobic
In Matrix

ETS

In Matrix (intermembrane space)

Aerobic

Begi
ns

o Hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic exercise.

Hypertonic

Hypotonic

o What are the two ways of cell reproduction?

Sexual: Meiosis
Asexual: Mitosis

o What are the stages of Mitosis?

Interphase: Growth of cell

o What

Prophase: The nuclear envelope disappears and the

chromatin duplicate.
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in center
Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate
Telophase: Two new nuclear envelopes form.
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm separates
are the stages of Meiosis?
Interphase
Prophase I
Metaphase ITake whole chromosomes
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokinesis Ifinish with two haploid cells
Prophase II
Metaphase IItake chromatids
Anaphase II
Telophase
II

Cytokinesis II
finish
with four
haploid
cells.
o With what codon
does a sequence begins and finishes?
AUG. UAA, UAG, UGA
o DNA
C-G. T-A
o RNA

o What

C-G. A-U
are the three types of RNA
RNAm: Messenger. Carry the DNA copy
RNAr: Ribosomal. Assembly line for the protein synthesis
RNAt: Transport. Carry the Amino Acid

o Protein Synthesis
o