PENDULUM

Helny Lydarisbo*), Andi Lisra Andriani Hasrat, Nurul Angelita, Sitrah Nurdini Irwan
Basic Physic Laboratory, Chemistry Education ICP FMIPA UNM 2015
Abstract. Has done practicum with a title Pendulum, with the purpose of the practicum
namely, students can understand the factors that influence at all a period of mathematical
pendulum swing, determine the acceleration of gravity with the methods swing simple, and can
determine the value of the period of mathematical pendulum swing, in practicum this we would
determine the acceleration graviatasi through a method of swing simple, with the equation T=2

l
g

for pendulum mathematical, of that equation we will get value a period and determine

large the acceleration of gravity. As for tools and material used in this practicum is the balance
ohaus 311 grams, plastic bar 30 cm, hanger stative, pendulum mathematical, thread, a protractor,
and a stopwatch. In this practicum any 3 activities in the pendulum mathematical namely
determine byway relations with a period swing, mass pendulum relations with a period swing, and
and relations the length of the rope with a period swing.
Keywords: Acceleration of gravity, pendulum mathematical, period.

FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

1. What factors that influence at all on the period swing pendulum mathematical ?
2. How to determine the acceleration of gravity with the methods swing simple ?
3. How to determine the value of a period of mathematical pendulum swing ?
PURPOSE
1. Students can understand the factors that influence at all a period of mathematical
pendulum swing.
2. Determine the acceleration of gravity with the methods swing simple.
3. Students can determine the value of the period of mathematical pendulum swing.
BRIEF THEORI
Pendulum is a thing with attached to a rope and can swing freely and the period
of on which to base working from a clock the walls of ancient who have swing. Motion
pendulum is motion harmonic simple consisting of a cord with long l and load mass of m.
Forces acting on burden is weighs mg and voltage T on a rope. Motion harmonic simple
is periodic motion with a traveled always the same are. Motion harmonic simple have
equation motion in the form of sinusoidally and used to analyze a certain periodic motion.

Periodic motion is motion recurring or oscillates through a point balance in the interval
time fixed.
[1]
Pendulum Mathematical
An object whose mass is considered as a pertikel located in centre the mass,
fastened and was hanged with a rope bending in a fixed point. If objects will be given a
byway early that a rope forming an angle was small enough to the direction vertical and
then objects released, so objects will swinging around point balance on a flat plane
vertical with the frequency of the fixed.System that is called pendulum simple or
pendulum mathematical.

l
x

mg sin mg cos

mg

Picture 9.1: Pendulum Mathematical

In mathematical pendulum, mg sin referred to as the restoring force.

Based on the law of newton to motion rotation, can be rendered;

-(mg sin )l=I

=I

d2
dt2

d mgl sin
+
=0
I
dt 2
Because I is its moment of inertia pendulum, with I = ml 2, so that it will obtained:

d 2 mgl sin
+
=0
ml
dt 2
where

<< then sin so that,

d2 g
+ = 0
l
dt 2

Of the equation 9.1, obtained that

T = 2

With

2 =g/l , so period pendulum simple that is :

l
g

T = oscillation period (s)

l = the length of the rope (m)
g = the acceleration of gravity of the earth (m/s2)

[2]

A pendulum simple or a the variety of it, is also the right tools and convincing for
the measurement of the acceleration of gravity g , because l and T can be measured easily
and right.
[3]
EXPERIMENT METHODS
Tools and materials
Tools
1. Ohaus Balance 311 grams
2. Plastic Bar
3. A set hanger stative
4. Stopwatch
5. Protractor
Materials
1. Thread
2. Pendulum mathematical
Identification of variable
st
1 activity (Byway relations with the period)
Control Variable
The length of the rope (cm), mass pendulum (gr), the number of swing
Manipulation Variable
Deviation (o/cm)
Respon Varible
Period swing
nd

activity (Mass pendulum relations with a period swing)

Control Variable
The length of the rope (cm), deviation (o/cm), number of swing
Manipulation Variable

Mass pendulum (gr)

Respon Varible
Period swing
rd

activity (Time and Temperature Measurement)

Control Variable
Mass pendulum (gr), deviation (o/cm), number of swing
Manipulation Variable
The length of the rope (cm)
Respon Varible
Period swing
Operational Definition of Variables
st
1 activity
Control Variable
The length of the rope is a long thread used to hang pendulum mathematical in
statif , measured from the point hang ( a shaft swing) until in a fastener burden use
plastic bar of 30 cm with a unit of cm. Mass pendulum ( gr ) namely burden who
was hanged on a rope formerly burden weighed beforehand much value is illegible
on the scales that is a mass of the burden. The number of swing is the quantity of
motion commuting between done by pendulum caused by a byway given then
pendulum released.
Manipulation Variable
Deviation is the large the angle formed by pendulum mathematical when pendulum
in pull laterally and at the base of the rope forming angles it is deviation measured
using protractor with a unit of degrees (o).
Respon Variable
The period swing is great the time it takes pendulum to do 10 times swing
measured use a stopwatch.

2nd activity

Control Variable
The length of the rope is a long thread used to hang pendulum mathematical in
statif , measured from the point hang ( a shaft swing) until in a fastener burden use
plastic bar of 30 cm with a unit of cm. Deviation is the large the angle formed by
pendulum mathematical when pendulum in pull laterally and at the base of the rope
forming angles it is deviation measured using protractor with a unit of degrees (o).
The number of swing is the quantity of motion commuting between done by
pendulum caused by a byway given then pendulum released.
Manipulation Variable
Mass pendulum ( gr ) namely burden who was hanged on a rope formerly burden
weighed beforehand much value is illegible on the scales that is a mass of the
burden.
Respon Variable
The period swing is great the time it takes pendulum to do 10 times swing
measured use a stopwatch.

3rd activity

Control Variable
Mass pendulum ( gr ) namely burden who was hanged on a rope formerly burden
weighed beforehand much value is illegible on the scales that is a mass of the
burden. Deviation is the large the angle formed by pendulum mathematical when
pendulum in pull laterally and at the base of the rope forming angles it is deviation
measured using protractor with a unit of degrees (o). The number of swing is the
quantity of motion commuting between done by pendulum caused by a byway
given then pendulum released.
Manipulation Variable
The length of the rope is a long thread used to hang pendulum mathematical in
statif, measured from the point hang ( a shaft swing) until in a fastener burden use
plastic bar of 30 cm with a unit of cm.
Respon Variable
The period swing is great the time it takes pendulum to do 10 times swing
measured use a stopwatch.

Work Procedure
1st activity : Pendulum mathematical
Prepared tools and the materials to be used. Then mass pendulum weighed (the load
to be suspended in statif), after that pendulum supported by a rope in statif. And then, the
length of the rope hanger measured and the results noted in table observation. Next give a
byway in pendulum of 5 degree (or said deviation in a small (<14 o)) then pendulum
released. Measuring the time it takes pendulum to swing 10 times by swing and repeating
step last as many as 5 times with a byway different and the results noted in table
observation. Next to the steps was same by changing mass pendulum as many as 5
times (long rope and byway constant) and the results noted in table observation. Then to
the steps was the same again by changing the length of the rope as many as 5 times (mass
pendulum and a byway constant) and then the result of the observation noted in table.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS
Experimental Result
Pendulum Mathematical

1st activity : Byway relations with the period

The length of the rope

= |50 0,05| cm

Mass pendulum

= |98,940 0,05| gram

The number of swing

= 10 kali

Table 1. The influence of a byway against the period swing

Deviation (o/cm)

Time (s)

|5 0,5|

|14,6 1|

|7 0,5|

|14,8 1|

|9 0,5|

|15,0 1|

|11 0,5|

|15,2 1|

|13 0,5|

|15,4 1|

2nd activity : Mass pendulum relations with a period swing

The length of the rope

= |50 0,05| cm

Deviation

= |5 0,5| (o/cm)

The number of swing

= 10 kali

Table 2. The relations between mass pendulum with a period swing

Mass Pendulum
(gram)

Time (s)

|0,003 0,005|

|14,6 1|

|20,003 0,005|

|14,8 1|

|50,075 0,005|

|15,0 1|

|98,940 0,005|

|15,2 1|

|100,004 0,005|

|15,4 1|

rd

activity : The length of the rope relations with a period swing

Mass pendulum

= |98,940 0,005| gram

Deviation

= |5 0,5| (o/cm)

The number of swing

= 10 kali

Table 3. Influence the length of the rope against the period swing

The length of the

rope (cm)

Time (s)

|50 0,05|

|15,2 1|

|45 0,05|

|14,4 1|

|40 0,05|

|13,0 1|

|35 0,05|

|12,2 1|

|30 0,05|

|11,2 1|

Data Analisys
Pendulum Mathematical
1. Based on table 1, 2 and 3 we can conclude factors affecting the period swing namely
the length of the rope, mass pendulum, and a byway. This was seen table 1 changed
in the if the given a byway a great so the time it takes pendulum to swing 10 times by
also longer. In table 2 when crowds pendulum used the more severe so the time it
takes pendulum to swing 10 times by will become long. In table 3 the length of the
rope used is also different, when the length of the rope reduced so the time it takes
pendulum to swing as many as 10 times will the sooner. So that it can be concluded
that that affects the period swing simple is the length of the rope, mass pendulum, and
a byway. Continues to be long a rope the large also time used pendulum to do swing
so that stretch out the bigger also, including on the other hand. The bigger a byway
the large also the time it takes pendulum to do swing and vice versa. The more severe
mass pendulum the large also the time it takes pendulum to do swing including on the
other hand.

2. Analysis dimension for equation T to pendulum mathematical

T=2

l
g

T is unit of sekon (s) with dimension of T

T = 2

l
g

s = 2

m
m/s

2 is constant and dont having a unit.

[T ]=

[ L]
[ L ] [T ]2

[T ]=

1
2
[T ]

[T ]= [T ]2

[ T ] =[T ]
From the analysis dimensions can be expressed that the equation T to mathematical
pendulum is true.
3. The Period swings on the activities 3
Analysis uncertainty period swing according to the theory :

T= 2

l
g
1

T =2 l 2 . g 2

|Tl | l

T=
1

2 l2 . g 2

T =
T =| l

1
2

.g

|l

1
2

| |
1

T l 2 . g 2
=
l
1
1
T
2
2
2 l .g
T l
=
T
2l

|2 ll|T

T=

Analysis uncertainty period swing according to the practicum :

T = t.n-1

|Tt | t

T =

T=

t . n1
t
t

T = n1 t

| |

T
n-1
=
T
t.n1

||
t
T =| | T
t
T t
=
T
t

a. The oscillation period for the length of rope 1

The length of rope = 50 cm = 0.5 m
g = 9.8 m/s2
1) According to the theory

T 1 = 2

T1 = 2

l1
g

22 0,5 m
7 9,8 m/s

T 1 = 6,2857 0,2258 s
T1 = 1,4193 s

T 1 =

| |

T 1 =

1,419 3
|0,0005
2 0,5 |

l 1
T
2 l1 1

T1 = 0,0005 1,4193
T 1 = 0,0071 s
KR =

T 1
100%
T1

0,0071
100%
1,4193

KR =

KR = 0,005 100 %
KR = 0,05 % (4 AB)
DK = 100 % - KR
DK = 100 % - 0,05 %
DK = 99,95 %

|T 1 T1|

PF =

|14 ,19 0,007 |10 -1 s

= |14 ,19 0,01 |10 -1 s
=

2) According to practicum
t1= 15,2 s
n = 10 kali

T1 =

t 1 15,2
=
= 1,52 s
n
10

T 1 =

| |

T1

t 1
T1
t1
1,52
|0,1
15,2 |

T 1 = 0,0066 1,52
T 1 = 0,01 s
T 1
100%
T1

KR =
KR

0,01
100%
1,52

KR = 0,66 % (4 AB)

DK = 100 % - KR
DK = 100 % - 0,66%
DK = 99,34 %

|T 1 T1|

PF =

| 15 ,2 0,1 |10-1 s

b. The oscillation period for the length of string 2

The length of string = 45cm = 0,45 m
g = 9,8 m/s2
1) According to theory

T 2 = 2

T2 = 2
T2

l2
g

22 0,45 m
7 9,8 m/s

= 6,286 0,2143 s

T2 = 1,347 s

T 2 =

| |

T 2 =

1,347
|0,0005
2 0,45 |

l 2
T
2 l2 2

T 2 = 0,00055 1,347
T 2

= 0,00074 s

KR =
=

KR

T 2
100 %
T2

0,00074
100 %
1,347

KR = 0,00055 100 %
KR = 0,05 % (4 AB)
DK = 100 % - KR
DK = 100 % - 0,05%
DK = 99,95 %
PF =
=

|T 2

T 2| s

|13 ,47 0,007 |10 -1 s

|13 ,47 0,01 |10 -1 s

2) According to practicum
t2= 14,4 s
n = 10 kali
T2 =

t 2 14 ,4
=
= 1,44 s
n
10

| |

t 2
T2
t2

T2 =

|014,4,1 | 1,44

T2 =

T2 = 0,0069 1,44
T2 = 0,01 s

KR =
KR

T 2
100%
T2

0,01
100%
1,44

KR = 0,69 % (4 AB)
DK = 100 % - KR
DK = 100 % - 0,69%
DK = 99,31 %
PF =

|T 2
=

T 2| s

|14 ,4 0,1 |10-1 s

c. The oscillation period for the length of string 3

The length of string = 40 cm = 0,40 m
g = 9,8 m/s2
1) According to theory
T3

= 2

l3
g

T3 = 2

22 0 ,40 m
7 9,8 m/s

= 6,286 0 ,2020 s

T3

T3 = 1,2699 s

T3

| |

l 3
T
2 l3 3

1,2699
|0,0005
2 0,40 |

T 3 =
T 3

= 0,000625 1,2699

T 3 = 0,00079 s
T 3
100%
T3

KR =

KR

0,00079
100%
1,2699

KR = 0,00062 100 %
KR = 0,062 % (4 AB)
DK= 100 % - KR
DK = 100 % - 0,062 %
DK = 99,94 %
PF =
=

|T 3

T 3| s

| 12 ,69 0,01 |10-1 s

2) According to practicum
t3= 13 s
n = 10 kali
T3 =

T 3 =

t3
13
=
= 1,30 s
n
10

| |

t 3
T3
t3

T3

1,30
|0,1
13 |

T3

= 0,0077 1,30

T3

= 0,01 s

T 3
100%
T3

KR =

0,01
100%
1,30

KR

KR = 0,77 % (4 AB)
DK = 100 % - KR
DK = 100 % - 0,77 %
DK = 99,23 %
PF =
=

|T 3 T3|

-1

|13 ,00 0,1|10

d. The oscillation for the length of string 4

The length of string = 35 cm = 0,35 m
g = 9,8 m/s2
1) According to the theory

T4 =

T4 =

T4 =

l4
g

22 0 ,35 m
7 9,8 m/s

6,286 0 ,1889 s

T4 = 1,1874 s

T 4 =
T 4 =

| |

l 4
T
2 l4 4

1,1874
|0,0005
2 0,35 |

T 4 = 0,000714 1,1874

T 4 = 0,00085 s
T 4
100%
T4

KR =

KR

0,00085
100%
1,1874

KR = 0,000715 100 %
KR = 0,0715 % (4 AB)
DK = 100 % - KR
DK = 100 % - 0,0715%
DK = 99,93 %

|T 4

PF =

T 4| s

| 11 ,87 0,01 |10 -1 s

2) According to practicum
t4= 12,2 s
n = 10 kali

T4

T 4 =
T 4

t 4 12 ,2
=
= 1,22 s
n
10

| |

t 4
T4
t4
1,22
|0,1
12,2 |

T 4 = 0,0082 1,22
T 4 = 0,0100 s
T 4
100%
T4

KR =
KR

0,01
100%
1,22

KR = 0,82 % (4 AB)
DK = 100 % - KR
DK = 100 % - 0,82%

DK = 99,18 %
PF =

|T 4

T 4| s

| 12 ,2 0,1 |10-1 s

e. The oscillation period for the length of string 5

The length of string = 30 cm = 0,30 m
g = 9,8 m/s2
1) According to theory
T5

= 2

T5 = 2

l5
g

22 0 ,30 m
7 9,8 m/s

= 6,286 0 ,1749 s

T5

T5 = 1,0998 s

| |

T 5 =

l 5
T
2 l5 5

1,0998
|0,0005
2 0,30 |

T 5 =

T5 = 0,00083 1,0998
T 5 = 0,00092 s
T 5
100%
T5

KR =
KR

0,00092
100%
1,0998

KR = 0,000836 100 %
KR = 0,084 % (4 AB)
DK = 100 % - KR
DK = 100 % - 0,0845%
DK = 99,92 %
PF =

|T 5

T 5| s

| 10 ,99 0,01 |10-1 s

2) According to practicum
t5= 11,2 s
n = 10 kali

T5

t5
11 ,2
=
= 1,12 s
n
10

T 5 =

| |

T 5 =

1,12
|0,1
11,2 |

T5

= 0,0089 1,12

T5

= 0,01 s

T 5
100%
T5

KR =
KR

t 5
T5
t5

0,01
100%
1,12

KR = 0,89% (4 AB)
DK = 100 % - KR
DK = 100 % - 0,89%
DK = 99,11 %
PF =

|T 5

T 5| s

| 11 ,20 0,1 |10 -1 s

Table 4. relation the period of pendulum mathematical on the activity 3

The length of
rope (m)

Periode T =

Time (s)

| 0,50 0,0005 | | 15,2 1 |

| 0,45 0,0005 | | 14,4 1 |
| 0,40 0,0005 | | 13,0 1 |

t
(s)
n

Periode T= 2

l
(s)
g

| 1 4,19 0, 0 1 |10-1 | 1 5,2 0,1 |10-1

s

| 13,47 0 ,01 |10-1 | 14,4 0 ,1 |10-1

s

| 12,69 0 ,01 |10-1

| 13,0 0,1 |10 -1

| 11,87 0 , 01 |10-1

| 0,35 0,0005 | | 12,2 1 |

| 12,2 0,1 |10 -1

s

| 10,99 0 ,01 |10-1

| 0,30 0,0005 | | 11,2 1 |

| 1 1,2 0 ,1 |10-1
s

4. The plot charts the relations between T2 and l

The period based on theory to equation the period pendulum mathematical
Tabel 5. Relation T2 with l

No.

The length of string

(m)

T2 (s2)

1.

0,50

2,0144

2.

0,45

1,8144

3.

0,40

1,6126

4.

0,35

1,4099

5.

0,30

1,2096

Graph 1. Relation T2 with l

Relation T2 with l
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
The length of Period
string T2(s2)
l (m)

f(x) = 0.25x - 0
R = 1
Linear (Period T2(s2))

0.2
0.1
0
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1

The period T (s)

Acceleration of gravity from the graphic plot

T = 2

l
g

T 2 = 4
g = 4

l
g

l
T

in the graphic we get :

m=

y
l
=
x T

so, the equatioan acceleration of gravity is :

g = m4
y = mx + c
y = 0,248x + 0,000
so, m = 0,248, the value of g is :

g = 0,248 4
find

22
7

N/m = 9,79 m/s 2

( ) N/m = 0,248 1936
49

g by graph :

R2= 1
DK = 100% R2
DK = 100% 1 = 100 %
KR = 100% - DK = 100% - 100 % = 0 % (4 AB)

KR =
g =
PF = |g

g
100%
g
KR g 0% 9,79
=
= 0,00 m/s 2
100%
100%

g | satuan

PF = |9,79 0,0 | m/s2

EXPLANATION
In practicum are 3 activity in pendulum mathematical. The first activity is the
influence of a byway to the period swing, to these activities will be done with member a
byway in pendulum five times, a byway used small enough because only a multiple 2,
and after doing this activity we get that the time needed pendulum to swing 10 times by
on each a byway only a distinct 0,2 second that of foreclose on we can conclude that a
byway given impact on large the period swings on pendulum mathematical. The work of

the second we will prove the influence of mass load against the period swing, to these
activities provided 5 load with heavy different starting from 0,003 grams up to 100
grams. After doing practicum in fact burden also affect the period swing in the time every
burden namely 0,2 seconds. The activity of the three of which is the influence of the
length of the rope to the period swing, to these activities we hung load with a rope
converted in length as many as 5 times (mass burdens and a byway constant), after doing
practicum this we can identify the effects the length of the rope to the period swing,
because the more we add the length of the rope so the period swing pendulum also will be
bigger.
On the activities of third can be seen table results obtained data observation
where the time it takes to perform 10 times swing with a long rope different having travel
time (period) different. And based on the theory says that a length of rope period affecting
large swings. Where the results to a length of rope |0,50 0,0005|m large stretch out
|15,2 0,1|10 -1 s, the length of the rope |0,45 0,0005|m large stretch out

|14,4 0,1|10 -1 s, the length of the rope |0,40 0,0005|m large stretch out
|13,0 0,1|10 -1 s, the length of the rope |0,35 0,0005|m large stretch out
|12,2 0,1|10 -1 s, and the length of the rope |0,30 0,0005|m large stretch out
|11,2 0,1|10-1 s. Of anlisis charts obtained the value of the acceleration of gravity
of 9,79 m/s2 .
CONCLUSION
After doing practicum we can conclude that factor that influences large the period swings
on pendulum mathematical is the length of the rope, mass pendulum and a byway.
Through a method of swing simple we can determine large the acceleration of gravity
using formulas
formula T=

T=2

l
g

to pendulum mathematical in theory and can also through

t
, to find stretch out first in practicum.
n

REFERENCE
[1] Halliday, Resnick, Walker. 2010. Fisika Dasar Jilid 1. Ciracas: Erlangga
[2] Practice Guidebook 1 Unit Basic Physics Basic Physics Laboratory Department of
Physics, State University of Makassar
[3] Serway, Jewett. 2009. Fisika untuk Sains dan Teknik. Jagakarsa, Jakarta : Salemba
Teknika