ADMISSIONSto4yearMD,6yearMD,5yearDDS,6yearPHARMDand3year

PHYSIOTHERAPYPROGRAMSfortheacademicyear2015/2016

TOPICSTOPREPAREFORWRITTENTESTANDINTERVIEW
BIOLOGY
1.TheStructureandFunctionofLargeBiologicalMolecules.
Thediversityofpolymers.Carbohydrates.Proteins.Nucleicacids.Lipids.

Prokaryoticcellstructureandfunction.
Cellsurfacestructures.Motility.InternalorganizationandDNA(nucleoid,plasmids).Binaryfission
andconjugationinbacteria.

Eukaryoticcellstructureandfunction.
PlasmaMembrane.Compartmentalization.Cytoskeleton.Endomembranesystem:endoplasmic
reticulum,GolgiApparatusandlysosomes.TheNucleus.Ribosomes.Mitochondria.

Cellcommunication.
Celljunctions.Localandlongdistantsignaling.Chemicalmessengers.Receptors.Thestagesofcell
signaling.

Cellcycle.
Mitosisandmeiosis.Cellularorganizationofgeneticmaterial.Phasesofcellcycle.Themitotic
spindle.Cytokinesis.Cellularorganizationofgeneticmaterial.Thestagesofmitosisandmeiosis.A
comparisonofMitosisandMeiosis.Originsofgeneticvariationamongoffspring.

Cellularrespirationandfermentation.
CatabolicpathwaysandproductionofATP.Thestagesofcellularrespiration(glycolysis,oxidation
ofpuryvate,citricacidcycle,oxidativephosphorylation).Anaerobicrespiration.Typesof
fermentation.

Viruses.
Structureofviruses.Generalfeaturesofviralreplicationcycles.Viroidsandprions.Viraldiseases.
Emergingviruses.

BacteriaandArchaea.
Cellsurfacestructures.Motility.Internalorganization.Reproductionandadaptation.Diverse
nutritionalandmetabolicadaptationoxygenandnitrogenmetabolism,cooperation.Theroleinthe
biosphere(chemicalrecycling,ecologicalinteractions).Beneficialandharmfulimpactsof
Prokaryotesonhumans.

Protists
StructuralandfunctionaldiversityinProtists.RoleofProtistsinecologicalcommunities.

Fungi.
NutritionandEcology.Bodystructure.Sexualandasexualreproduction.Fungiaspathogens.
Practicalusesoffungi.


ChromosomalandMolecularBasisofInheritance.
The chromosomal basis of sex. Inheritance of X and Ylinked genes. Alternation of
chromosome number and structure. Human disorders due to chromosomal alternation.
Inheritance of organelle genes. DNA as genetic material. Structural model of DNA.
Chromosomesstructure.

Geneticmechanisms.
Theflowofgeneticinformation.Replication:baseparingtoatemplatestrain,synthesisofnewDNA
strands.Transcription:molecularcomponentsoftranscription,posttranscriptionalmodifications
(alternationofmRNAends,RNAsplicing).Translation:molecularcomponentsoftheprocess.
Buildingofpolypeptide.Geneticcode.Typeofmutations.
RegulationofGeneExpression(promoters,transcriptionfactors).

Tissuesandbodymembranes.

Structureandphysiologyof:connective,muscle,epithelialandnervoustissue;serous,mucous,
synovialandcutaneousmembranes.

Senses.
Hearingandequilibrium.Visualperception.Taste.Smell.Typesofsensoryreceptors.

Nervoussystem.
Organizationofnervoussystem.Thecentralnervoussystem.Theorganizationofhumanbrain.
Peripheralnervoussystem:motorandautonomicnervoussystem.Glia.Bloodbrainbarrier.Nervous
systemdisorders.

Neurons,synapsesandsignaling.
Neuronsstructureandfunction.Restingandactionpotential.Conductionofactionpotentials.
Postsynapticpotential.Neurotransmitters.

Hormonesandendocrinesystem.
Intercellularcommunication.Endocrinetissuesandorgans.Chemicalclassesofhormones.
Multipleeffectsofhormones.Simplehormonepathways.Feedbackregulation.

Immunesystem.Innateandadaptiveimmunity.
Antigen.Antibody.Thehumoralimmuneresponse.Thecellmediatedimmuneresponse.
Inflammatoryresponse.Immunologicalmemory.Allergies.Immunization(vaccination).

Cardiovascularsystem.
Organizationofhumancirculatorysystem.Heartandheartsrhythmicbeat.Bloodvesselsstructure
andfunction.Bloodpressure.Bloodcompositionandfunction.

Respiratorysystem.
Organizationofhumanrespiratorysystem.Negativepressurebreathing.Hemoglobin.

Digestivesystemandnutrition.
Essentialnutrients.Dietarydeficiencies.Organizationofhumandigestivesystem.Chemicaldigestion

inthehumandigestivesystem.Dentaladaptation.

Humanreproductionanddevelopment.
Femaleandmalereproductiveanatomy.Hormonalcontrolofreproductivesystem.Gametogenesis.
Conception.Embryonicdevelopment.Birth.

Osmoregulationandexcretion.
Excretoryorgans.Kidneystructure.Nephronorganizationandfunction.Kidneyfunction,water
balanceandbloodpressure.

Evolution.
Evolutionofpopulation.Evolutionofhumanbeing.TheOriginandEvolutionofVertebrates.
PhylogenyandtheTreeofLife.

Ecology
Bioticandabioticfactors,habitats,niches,levelsoforganization,symbiosis,mutualism,parasitism,
commensalism,trophiclevels,nutrientcycles(water,carbonandnitrogen),foodchains,primary
producers,typesofconsumers,energyandbiomasspyramids,limitingfactors,tolerance,carrying
capacity,adaptation,succession,climaxcommunity,pioneerspecies,biomes.

Geneticsofpopulation.
Geneticdriftandeffectivepopulationsize,bottleneckeffect,adaptationandphenotypicvariance,
HardyWeinbergequilibrium,maximumlikelihoodandBayesiananalysis.

CHEMISTRY

Atomictheory

Atoms

Elementsandatomic
numberIsotopesand
atomicweight

ThePeriodicTable
Theperiodictableandsomecharacteristicsofdifferent
groupsElectronicstructureofatomsandelectron
configurationsElectronconfigurationsandtheperiodic
table
Electrondotsymbols

IonicCompounds
Theoctetruleionsandionicbonds
Periodicproperties,ionformationformulas,namingionic
compoundsSomepropertiesofioniccompounds
H+andOHions:anintroductiontoacidsandbases

MolecularCompounds
Covalentbondsandtheperiodictable

Multiplecovalentbondsandcoordinatecovalentbonds
Characteristicsofmolecularcompounds
MolecularformulasandLewisstructures
Polarcovalentbondsandelectronegativity,polarmolecules
Namingbinarymolecularcompounds

ClassificationandBalancingofChemicalReactions
Classesofchemical
reactions
Chemicalequationsandbalancingchemical
equationsAcids,bases,andneutralization
reactions
Redoxreactions

Moleand
MassRelationshipsThe
moleandAvogadros
numberGrammole
conversions

ReactionRatesand
ChemicalEquilibria.Endothermicand
exothermicchemicalreactionsFactorsthat
influencechemicalreactionratesChemical
equilibrium

Equilibriumconstants

Nuclear
Chemistry
Radioactivity
Radioactive
halflife

Physical
quantities
Metricsystemof
unitsMetric
unitsoflength
Metricunitsof
massMetric
unitsofvolume
Significant
figures

FundamentalChemicalLaws
Lawofconservationof
massLawofdefinite
proportionsLawof
multipleproportions

ChemicalCalculations

Moleconceptandchemicalformulas
Calculationsinvolvingchemicalequations
Calculationsinvolvingvolumeand
concentration

Solutions

Mixtures

and
solutions Units of
concentration
Dilution
Ionsinsolution:
electrolytes

AcidsandBases
Acidsandbasesinaqueoussolution,somecommonacidsand
basesTheBrnstedLowrydefinitionofacidsandbases
Aciddissociationconstants.Acidandbase
strengthSomecommonacidbasereactions
Acidityandbasicityofsaltsolutions

Buffers
Measuringacidityinaqueoussolution:
pHBuffersolutions
Titration

IntroductiontoOrganicChemistry:Alkanes
Thenatureoforganicmolecules
Thestructureoforganicmolecules:alkanesandtheir
isomersDrawingorganicstructures
Theshapesoforganic
moleculesNamingalkanes
Propertiesof
alkanesReactions
ofalkanes

Cycloalkanes
Drawingandnamingcycloalkanes

Alkenesand
AlkynesAlkenesand
alkynesNaming
alkenesandalkynes

Thestructureofalkenes:cistrans
isomerismPropertiesofalkenesand
alkynes
Typesoforganicreactions
Reactionsofalkenesandalkynes


AromaticCompounds
Alkenepolymers
Aromaticcompoundsandthestructureofbenzene
Namingaromaticcompounds
Reactionsofaromaticcompounds

Alcohols
Somecommon
alcoholsNaming
alcohols
Propertiesofalcohols,acidityof
alcoholsReactionsofalcohols

Somecommon
phenolsAcidityof
phenols

Phenols

SomeCompoundswithOxygen,Sulfur,oraHalogen

Amines

Ethers
Thiolsanddisulfides
Halogencontainingcompounds
Amines

Propertiesofamines
Heterocyclicnitrogen
compoundsBasicityof
amines
Aminesalts

Aldehydes
Thecarbonylgroup
Namingaldehydes
Propertiesof
aldehydesSome
Commonaldehydes
Oxidationof
aldehydesReduction
ofaldehydes

Namingketones
Propertiesof
ketonesSome
Commonketones

Ketones

Reductionof
ketones

CarboxylicAcidsandtheirDerivatives
Carboxylicacidsandtheirderivatives:propertiesand
namesSomecommoncarboxylicacids
Acidityofcarboxylicacids
Reactionsofcarboxylicacids:esterandamide
formationHydrolysisofestersandamides

AminoAcidsandProteins
Aminoacidsstructures
Acidbasepropertiesofamino
acidsChemicalpropertiesof
proteins

Catalysisby
enzymesHow
enzymeswork
Vitaminsand
minerals

EnzymesandVitamins

Carbohydrates
Classificationofcarbohydrates
TheDandLfamiliesofsugars:drawingsugar
moleculesStructureofglucose
Disaccharides,structureof
maltoseSomeimportant
polysaccharidesPropertiesof
carbohydrates

Lipids
Structureandclassificationof
lipidsFattyacidsandtheir
estersPropertiesoffatsandoils

NucleicAcidsand
ProteinSynthesisDNA,
chromosomes,andgenes
Compositionofnucleicacids

Thestructureofnucleicacidchains
BasepairinginDNA:theWatsonCrickmodel

PHYSICS

Dynamics
Force,mass,Newton's1st,2ndand3rd
lawFreebodydiagrams

Contactforces:normalforceandfrictionforce
Linearmomentum,impulse,conservationofmomentum
Elasticandinelasticcollisions,centerofmass,translational
motion

Electriccurrents
Electriccurrent,
Ohmslaw,electricalresistanceandresistors
Electricpower
EMFandterminalvoltage.
Resistorsinseriesandparallel,Kirchhoffsrules

Electricfield
Electriccharge,staticelectricity,inducedcharge,electricfield,fieldlines,electricpotential,
equipotentiallines,voltage,
Coulombslaw
Electricfield,conductorsanddielectrics,charge
distribution
Capacitance,storageofelectricenergy,capacitorsinseriesandinparallel

Elementsofkinematicsanddynamicsofcircularandrotationalmotion
Angularvelocity,angularacceleration,torqueandrotational
inertiaAngularmomentum,conservationofangularmomentum
Period,frequency,centripetalacceleration,centripetal
forceConditionofequilibrium
Stabilityandbalance

ElementsofmodernPhysics:earlyquantumtheoryandmodelsoftheatom
Photontheoryoflight,photonenergy,Plancks
constantPhotoelectriceffect
Earlymodelsoftheatoms,atomicspectra,theBohrmodel:energylevels,transitions,absorption
andemissionWaveparticleduality:thedeBrogliehypothesis

Fluidsandsolids
Massandweight,specificdensityandspecific
gravityPascalsprinciple,pressure,hydraulic
liftArchimedes'principle,buoyancyand
buoyantforce
Elasticity,stress,strain,HookslawandYoungsmodulus

Geometricalopticsandwavenatureoflight
Theraymodeloflight
Reflectionoflight,formationofimagebyplanemirrorsandsphericalmirrors,totalinternalreflection,
fibreopticsRefraction,Snellslawindexofrefraction
Thinlenses,focalpoint,focallength,opticalpower,raytracing:convergingand
diverginglensesThetinlensesequation;magnification,combinationoflenses,
lensmakersequation,
Magnifyingglass,eyeandcorrectivelenses
Huygensprinciple,diffraction,diffractiongrating,interference,polarization


Kinematics
Vectorsandscalars,vectorcomponents,additionofvectors
Framesofreferenceanddisplacement
Velocityandacceleration
Motionataconstantacceleration;fallingobjects
Projectilemotion

Magnetismandelectromagneticinduction,electromagneticwaves
Magnetsandmagnetic
fields.
Magneticfieldofstraightwiresandcoilssuppliedwithelectric
current
Forceonanelectriccurrentinamagneticfieldandonelectricchargemovinginamagnetic
fieldFaradayslawofinduction;Lenzslaw,electricgenerators,transformersand
transmissionofpowerElectromagneticwavesandtheelectromagneticspectrum,production
ofelectromagneticwaves

NuclearPhysicsandradioactivity
Structureandpropertiesonthenucleus,
nuclearsizeBindingenergyandnuclearforces
Radioactivity:alpha,betaandgammadecay;conservationofnucleonnumber
andchargeThelawofradioactivedecay;thehalflifetime
Nuclearreactionsandtransmutationof
elementsNuclearfissionandfusion,nuclear
reactors

Sounds
Characteristicsofsound
Soundintensityandintensitylevel,ear,soundloudness
Dopplereffect
Sourcesofsound:vibratingstringsandaircolumns,standingwaves

Temperatureandkinetictheoryofgases
Temperature,kinetictheoryofgasesandmolecularinterpretationof
temperatureThermalEquilibriumandtheZerotheLawofThermodynamics
TheIdealGasLaw
Heatandinternalenergy,FirstLawof
ThermodynamicsSpecificheatandlatentheat
Heatengines,SecondLawofThermodynamics

Vibrationandwaves
Simpleharmonicmotion(SHL),energyintheSHL,conservationofenergyin
theSHL,Simplependulum,resonance,forcedvibration
Wavemotion,transverseandlongitudinal
wavesEnergytransportedbywaves
Propagationofwaves:reflection,refractionanddiffraction

Work,powerandenergy

Work,kineticenergy,potentialenergy,power
Conservativeandnonconservativeforces
Conversionofmechanicalenergy,energy
transformationsWorkenergyprinciple