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Preface
This report describes project work carried out within the Engineering
Programme at Sheffield Hallam University between October, 2013 and April,
2014. This submission of the report is in accordance with the requirements
for the award of the degree of BEng (Hons) Electrical and Electronic
Engineering under the auspices of the University.
Abstract
Home automation is a famous and most used technology in the world. The
main object of this project is to develop a home automation system with a
four button key fob transmitter by using RF (Radio Frequency) technology.
Nowadays, houses are gradually shifting from normal switches to centralized
control system, involving a remote control transmitter. This technology is not
only easy to use but also helps to prevent missuses of energy. Remote
control (key fob) transmitter is small and very light weight, which will work
from a decent distance. It helps elderly people to control switches from
anywhere up to 75 feet. This four button key fob transmitter is also very
productive for commercial uses in Industrial and medical systems.
To accomplish this object, it is designed into two parts. Both the parts have
individual toggle type receivers but they work in same frequency. One of
these toggle receivers works individually with some of the home appliances
but the other one interfaced to an Arduino Uno Rev3 microcontroller to
convert the signals from toggle to latching format. Arduino IDE software has
been used to compile some programs related to the microcontroller
ATmega328.
This project can be upgraded by using GSM modem, which can control
home appliances by sending an SMS through a mobile or a computer.
Benefit of using this technology is there will not be any range limitation
compared to Radio Frequency technology.
Acknowledgements
I would like to take this opportunity to thanks my project supervisor Dr
Hongwei Zhang for his support, guidance and advice. I also want to thank
my second marker Dr Tim Breikin. I want to thank Mr Mark Wesseler for
giving his valuable support during lab sessions.
Finally I want to thank my father for his encouragement, support and help
as an Electrical and Electronic Engineer.
Table of Contents
Abstract.......................................................................................................0
Acknowledgements.......................................................................................3
Table of Contents.........................................................................................4
List of figures...............................................................................................6
List of tables................................................................................................7
Chapter 1: Introduction...............................................................................8
1.1 Aims and Objectives............................................................................8
1.2 Overview of the report.......................................................................10
Chapter 2: Literature review.......................................................................11
2.1 Home Automation.............................................................................11
2.1.1 Description of Home Automation:................................................12
2.1.2 History of Home automation:.......................................................14
2.1.3 Different kinds of Home automation:...........................................15
2.1.4 Benefits of using Home Automation system:................................16
2.1.5 The Future of Home Automation:.................................................16
2.2 Embedded System.............................................................................17
2.3 Microcontrollers................................................................................17
2.3.1Most common Microcontrollers.....................................................17
Chapter 3: Designing and Procedure..........................................................19
3.1 Remote Controlled Home automation system.....................................19
3.1.1 Reason of using remote-control and RF system............................19
4
References..................................................................................................54
List of figures
Figure 1 Sample Home Automation System (Nairaland, 2005-2014)...........21
Figure 2 Diagram for Temperature Controlling System...............................25
Figure 3 File of Arduino - 1.5.6-r2..............................................................31
Figure 4 Starting state of the software........................................................31
Figure 5 Compiling codes for blink without delay.......................................32
Figure 6 Compiling codes for buttons.........................................................32
Figure 7 Compiling codes for state change detection...................................33
Figure 8 Diagram for the transmitter (Princeton, NG).................................35
Figure 9 Sample photo of receiver...............................................................36
Figure 10 Diagram for the receiver (Princeton, NG).....................................36
Figure 11 Schematic diagram for Arduino Uno Rev3 (Arduino, 2014).........37
Figure 12 Diagram for living room..............................................................39
Figure 13 Diagram for bedroom..................................................................40
Figure 14 Flow chart of the system.............................................................44
Figure 15 Circuit for living room.................................................................46
Figure 16 Circuit for bedroom....................................................................46
List of tables
Table 1 Illumination level of house.............................................................24
Table 2 Operation of temperature controlling system..................................26
Table 3 Costing of devices...........................................................................52
Chapter 1: Introduction
Home Automation is the housing extension of building automation system.
This system is actually automating the residential activity. The trendiness of
home automation has increased tremendously in recent years for the reason
of higher usability and simplicity by using remote control (key fob), smart
phones and tablet connectivity (through Wi-Fi, GSM, Bluetooth, Zig bee
etc.). Home automation actually is the termination of the automation system
for the maintenance of home appliances.
1934 in Chicago.
The first 'wired homes' built by hobbyists from America. In 1984, the
American Association of Householders invented the term of 'smart
house'.
In 1960s, an American engineer, Jim Sutherland developed 'ECHO IV'
named a developed home automation system.
The main and very basic need of using home systems like light, fan, air
conditioner, air heater by using different switches in different places.
Therefore people, especially adult people need to put a lot of afford to switch
all those components separately and with enough power to press. Those
switches are mostly made very unsafe way and it is also asking more energy
to put. These problems could be solved if home automation system would be
used.
an outlying key fob controller and home machineries (here I will try to show
that by using some LED's).
Here, the project is based on remote control home automation system, which
could help to save energy like electricity and lots of physical strength. It
could be secure, flexible, help to prevent power and more accurate
outcomes. Most of houses in the cities of the developed countries now using
remote control, mobile or touch screen based home automation system to
prevent energy and ensure adequate safety.
To accomplish the project, here first of all, trying to discuss about the
research has been done based on Home Automation and all related
hardware & Software.
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11
Performance based
Home automation system is the procedure how people can get
automated performance from all home appliances which we cannot get
with our physical efforts. As example, switch control lights take
fractionally more time than the automated lighting system. The
performance based definition is actually depends on saving more
energy and power.
Services based
Home automation system can provide more and unrested services
then the human efforts. For a sample, when we are sleeping, through
this system we can control our room temperature without any kind of
disturbances. Through this way our home system can control all the
12
System based
System wise we can say, Home automation is the technology, which is
formed a networking system to make the all home appliances working
together in a harmony, which gives us instant control over all the
appliances individually. This system provides us safe, convenient,
high-efficiency and comfortable home environment.
based
networks
with
different
degrees
of
preparation
businesses,
such
13
as
fast
food
take-away.
Volume
the
number
of
controllable
instruments
in
the
home
rises,
check and view your home security cameras are also examples of using
home automation. Home automation includes everything that provides you
remote or automatic control of the electronic components inside it.
15
16
17
ZigBee
Through Zigbee technology user can easily control whole home power
supplies through a monitor power. It also uses mobile phone to control
the system without any delay or error. Through this technology people
can control their home appliances from anywhere in the world.
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example, if anyone asks about the weather to ivee and if ivee is connected
with Wi-Fi then it can tell and show you the total forecast. It also can trigger
on and off the light and other home appliances like television, radio, light,
air-conditioner etc. Some other different kinds of Home Automation projects
are ongoing to improve and make easy the living of people.
For
modern
home
automation
system,
embedded
system
and
2.3 Microcontrollers
A microcontroller is a small computer that contains a microprocessor which
controls some aspects of the environment. Microcontrollers are used for
20
tools,
quad-copter
and
other
embedded
system.
Some
microcontrollers use 4-bit words. For low power consumption, this kind of
microcontrollers operates at clock rate frequencies as low as 4000 Harz.
Microcontroller is the main aspect of designing an embedded system.
2.3.1Most common Microcontrollers
There are lots of microcontrollers from different brands. Here, a discussion
about some of the microcontrollers has been used for home automation
system.
Atmel
AT89
series:
AT89
series
is
an
Intel
8051
family
21
22
25
light before getting inside the house. A pre-set peak value has been arranged
to help to roll down the situation quickly. Through this way, the system also
can control the brightness of the lights.
27
Activities
Living room area without sunlight
Living room area with sunlight
Getting in time
Time of cooking
During the time of reading
Entertainment time
Toilet time
Sleeping time
We know, Illumination, I =
Illumination (lux)
20-50
0-15
50-75
100-150
200
70-100
30-50
0-10
L f . . CV . LLF
AI
Where,
I= illumination (lux)
L1
Cv
= coefficient
LLF
AI
For basic heating system a temperature controlled heater has been used,
which works with a timer PCB (Programmable Circuit Board) and a
temperature controlling equipment. This heater helps to remain the room
temperature 23 degree Celsius all the time. It is also noise less and
windless. So the user feels the house is getting hot not the heater.
Basically, cooling system is necessary during the time of summer. For the
smart house an automatic cooling system has been utilized, which does not
need to turn on manually. It helps to remain the house temperature 23
degree Celsius. It is also noise free but has some wind effects.
As mentioned before that the house has couple of windows and doors. Thats
why ventilation system has been utilized for this project. Through this
system user can utilize the day light and the natural environmental wind
facilities. However, when the force of the wind go beyond the margin of 23
degree Celsius then the windows will automatically closed to filter them out.
Overall through this system home temperature can be controlled and adjust
into a bearable situation any times of day or night.
Table 2 Operation of temperature controlling system
House temperature
Heating
>23C(without
system
OFF
Cooling system
ON
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Windows
Ventilation
OPEN
system
OFF
wind)
OFF
OFF
CLOSE
ON
>23C(with wind)
<23C(without
ON
OFF
OPEN
OFF
wind)
ON
OFF
CLOSE
ON
<23C(with wind)
=23C(without
OFF
OFF
OPEN
OFF
wind)
OFF
OFF
CLOSE
ON
=23C(with wind)
Nowadays, each and every house should have the security system for
controlling access. This is one of the convenient systems of the house.
Through this system users can control the unwanted entrances. For this
part a high resolution video camera has been used just outside the main
entrance that turns on whoever will use it for entering into the house, user
can find it out before any unwanted situation happens. Through this way
user can get a safe and secure entrance facility.
To get a safe and sound sleep, a high resolution camera has been used,
which can capture at night too. Besides for safety during the sleeping period
a timer has been connected with the main entrance that make the door
closed after a certain time at night ad it will remain like this if the user dont
unlock the door manually.
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As the name suggests, alarm system controls all the alarms which control a
safe and secure house all the time. It is developed into two sections.
Burglar Alarm
Gas & Fire Alarm
Burglar alarm is the alarm system which normally used for night security.
Sometimes, this alarm system proves very helpful when the house members
are outside. It started to give responses or signals if there is any indecent
situation happens like robbery or stealing. Sometimes this system helps the
user to find any unwanted person inside the house. There is a button for the
user to set it off. However, if the user willingly or unwillingly does not turn it
off and it continued for more than three minutes then there will be a signal
send to nearest police control room to find the solution.
Gas and fire alarm is very important source of safety of a house. If gas leaks
is detected by gas monitor or fire monitor can detect flames, heat and smoke
anywhere in the building, this alarm will be activated. Without any delays,
doors and windows will be unlocked and opened. This system will give a
signal to all the members of the house and in order to avoid gas explosion or
fire distinguish; ventilation system will be automatically switched off. Then
the system will send a signal towards the fire station to reduce the
destruction.
3.3 Summary
The main method used in this smart home system is using automation
system to control and develop an appropriate design for the system to
achieve the goal to build a smart house. Because of the utilization of the
four basic factors of automation system, this house can get the intelligence
without the physical effort of human. Power supplies are given the energy,
lighting and temperature controlling system help to maintain a sustainable
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32
This system runs by the automatic power supply. This power supply has
been controlled by sensors on all the doors and windows.
Through this
sensor, the power supply can turn off if there is no member in the house
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and no signals from the users. These sensors will automatically turn on if
there are any traces of movement inside the house or any signal from the
users. As example, if the user just gets closer to the main entrance door or
any windows, this sensor will help the power supply to turn on
automatically. Through this circuit, has been trying to control the lighting
system of that area. Besides, the power supply works automatically. So,
whenever the user sends a signal to turn on the light, it gets on without any
delay. Same way user can control the temperature of the house. To
accomplish this goal, an Arduino board has been needed to connect with the
receiver to transfer the signals and get the benefit of latching.
First need to download the software Arduino IDE 1.5.6-r2 and open it
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35
Next, find out the 'BlinkWithoutDelay' file from the examples and try
to change some parts of the given codes. Then need to compile it.
Same way, need to open another example named 'Button' and then
change it according to project needed.
36
Then
another
programming
code
from
the
example
called
37
and minimum resources it was not possible to build it was as decided. There
are some parts which are not simulated as declared. Below, a demo version
has been trying to portray similar to the design.
4.4.1 Hardware
First of all, need to describe all the hardware available for the project. As
explained that the aim of the project is to build the whole process
controlling by three separate power supplies.
Switching
Automatic
Rechargeable
To achieve this aim three separate and very cheap battery holder power
supplies has been used. One of those power supplies works for the
transmitter (rechargeable), one for the automatic power supply and the other
one is occupied for the switching power supply.
39
receiver
has
been
used,
which
does
not
need
any
and
automatic
connected
with
the
315
MHz
matching
particular remote control transmitter user can control more than one
receiver at a time. Therefore if more than one receiver is in the area of
transmitter, then the transmitter can transfer same information to all of
them.
circuit
board
that
can
be
used
in
electrical
41
42
components.
Software Requirement: Software is the most important part for the
project, because for the whole heating system we use an Arduino Uno
rev3 board. This board is preprogramed and for the project Arduino
IDE 1.0.5-r3 software (Integrated Development Environment) has been
used.
4.4.2 Testing
Simulation of overall system will be divided into two parts.
Part 1: First, here is an explanation of the entrance part of the house or the
living room area. Living room is the most important part of the house.
Attached kitchen makes it more important. This part consists of a light,
whole internal heating system, whole house power sockets and cooking
system. For this project some LEDs has been used as symbol of different
home appliances. Overall two different breadboards have been used and one
of them has been made for living room area. As explained before that the
receiver can work on 6V power supply, thats why for the living room we use
6V power supply which easily can help to accomplish demo version of our
key fob controlled smart home. A four battery included battery holder has
been used for getting 6V energy, which gives us more than 20mA direct
current. Then this power supply needs to be connected with the solder less
breadboard.
Here we connect the 315 MHz receiver's ground pin with the ground of the
power supply and the input pin with the other part (voltage in) of the power
supply. Then four LEDs connect with the four output pins of the receiver
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(D0, D1, D2, and D3) and ground. The short leg of the LED's goes in ground
and big leg connects with the receiver. Some LEDs need some support from
the resistors but for this project we use the LEDs which are workable
without any support from resistors.
We also connect an Arduino Uno Rev3 board with the receivers output of D1
which is working for heating system of whole house. This Arduino board is
preprogramed as we explained before. However, for this particular project we
have to change some codes. This circuit is made with a micro controller
which helps to reset by itself. Pin 2 of Arduino is connected with ground and
pin 13 is connected with the LED, which we are using as heater (check the
figure below). Though heater is a kind of a home appliance what we use
often but long time use of heater can make lots of problems related to health
and mind. Thats why; we use this automatic reset micro controlling board
Arduino Uno rev3. This Arduino Uno Rev3 helps our circuit to control
heating system automatically after getting start.
Part 2: The other part of the house is the bed room area. This part consists
of a bed room and an attached toilet. For that part we use totally different
circuit board and a separate power supply. However, here we use the same
frequency's receiver and transmitter key fob. For that reason, we easily can
use the same fey fob we used for living room area. Though we can use the
same breadboard for that part too but though we are trying to use a same
frequency key fob so we dont want to make it more complicated.
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Here, for the bed room area we use the same design as Living room.
Although for that part we do not use any Arduino board. This part is
consisting of a light for the bed room, a fan or cooling system for bed room, a
light for toilet and water heating system for toilet.
The transmitter of 315 Mega Harz can control the receiver contact with
them. For the cost and utility we use the same transmitter key fob here. We
connect everything same way as we have been done with Living room area.
To save energy we try to use two different power supplies and though its a
student flat so we think may be, there is no necessity to use both the parts
together. Bed room and toilet's power supply is connected with a switch that
need to press to turn on the power supply for that part. However the living
room area's power supply is on during we are outside and we can switch it
off when we will using the other part. On that we can turn on the heater
and the light of living room before getting into the house and after getting in
we can control both the supplies according to our choice. Sometimes, we
may need to use both the power supply together as example on party nights.
On that situation we can turn the bedroom and living room supplies
altogether and we can control both of the with a same key fob transmitter,
which makes the part more comfortable and effort less.
Overall, with less resources, facilities and expanses we try to maintain a
smart with all kind of automation facilities instead of the security system.
However, overall we can say the simulation and the testing was successful
45
and it can provide users a smart and intelligent home system with decent
sorts of facilities.
46
47
supply which controls all the home appliances for the living room and the
kitchen area, it has been that the LED in Arduino board will turn
automatically on and it starts to latch or blink with minimum delay. It
happens because of the compilation of the program has been written for that
purpose.
As explained in Chapter 3, for the prospect of the project a same range of
receiver and transmitter has been used for the whole system. Through this
transmitter user can transfer signals for four different kinds of appliances
including the lighting system, temperature controlling system, power sockets
and cooking facilities.
Key
Key
Key
Key
For the use of living room facilities key 'A' has been used for turning on the
lighting system, key 'B' is working for turning on and off whole internal
home temperature or air controlling system (which also connected with the
Arduino board for latching the system properly), key 'C' is used for all the
power socket includes the socket for refrigerator, television, oven, table lamp
etc. and key 'D' helps to turn on the whole cooking systems including the
cooker, air distinguisher, water heater for kitchen facilities. Besides it has
been planned to use an alarming system for the whole house security. By
using the power socket system, user can accomplish this facility by spending
a little amount.
Bedroom area:
Bedroom area connects with the switch controlling power supply, so to run
the home appliances of bedroom area first user needs to turn on this power
48
shower facilities.
Key 'D' helps to use the water heating facilities only for the toilet and
shower area.
For using this area of the house, first user needs to turn on the power
supply connected with this area. Then, for turning on the lighting system of
bedroom, button or key 'A' of the transmitter need to press. Lighting system
for the bedroom will remain on until the user presses the button 'A' second
time. For turning on the cooler facility or fan, user needs to press key 'B' and
it continue to cooling the environment of the room until he turns it off by
pressing it again. As mentioned before, key 'C' works for the lighting system
of the toilet and shower area and same way, user needs to press key 'C' to
turn it on and off. Last but not the least key 'D' helps to use the water
heating system to enhance the toilet and shower facilities. If user wants to
49
use hot water for toilet and shower purposes, he just needs to press button
'D' and for cancelling the use same way press it again. Security of bedroom
area also confirmed through the same security system oriented for living
room area. All the windows are connected with some sensors and all of
those sensors are getting power from the automatic power supply (power
sockets).
Through this flow chart the whole system can be easily explained.
50
51
5.2 Description
Through, the whole project controlled by three different power sectors and
one of them is for the transmitter which needs to be on all the time and
others are working for the receivers. So, first of all, user needs to make sure
both the power supplies are on and giving 4.5V to 7V and more than 20mA
current. User always needs to keep the key fob transmitter with him, that he
can control anything from anywhere at home. It has been discussed that the
key fob has four key and it works from the distance of 40-75 feet.
The power supply for living and kitchen area is already on. When user
presses key 'A' of key fob, it can be seen the light of living room turns on and
it remain like that until he presses the key 'A' again. In the same way, when
the button or key 'B' has been pressed, the overall home temperature
controlling system turns on. For controlling the temperature of home it has
been trying to use a clock timer to turn on and off or reset the air
conditioning system. An Arduino Uno Rev3 reset board has been used for
controlling the latching facility. To accomplish this goal, the key fob
transmitter gives signal to the receiver, receiver will transfer it to the Arduino
and then the Arduino converts the outcome into latching. For that reason,
when user presses key 'B', whole flat's heating system turned on for a time
being and turn off for same duration (we did not make the reset timer into a
reasonable time because of the need of our experiment)and it will turn on
again after a same amount of time. As discussed, key 'C' is connected with
the power sockets for the whole flat, so when we pressed key 'C' on the key
fob it transfers energy for the sockets of whole flat. Micro-wave oven,
television, refrigerator and rice-cooker get power through those power
sockets. So, when the whole power sockets turned on, all those appliances
automatically get power and then user can easily use those manually. Last
but not the least; key 'D' works for turning on the whole cooking system
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includes, cooker, water kettle, etc. Besides, all of those appliances can be
controlled in the same time or more than one at a time or once at a time. As
example, before entering user easily can turn on the lighting system for
living room and the heating system that gives warm and comfortable
environment before getting in. Overall this system is the most important part
of the project.
For discussing the practical use of the bedroom facilities like light, fan, toilet
light and toilet water heater, first user needs to turn the power supply on
relevant to that sector. After turning it on, user can easily control all the
home appliances related to bed room. To turn on the light for the bed room
user needs to press key 'A', for tuning on the fan, user needs to use key 'B',
for using toilet facilities, we need to press key 'C' and key 'D' individually for
toilet light and toilet water heater.
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54
5.3 Discussions
After completing the simulation, assemble and viewing the results, it is
obvious to see that the simulation of the home automation system achieves
the desired goals. It shows the acting status of a smart home, which covers
the sectors of ease, comfort and flexibility.
This smart home controls by four separate systems.
Power supply system can distribute energy for all the home
The cooperation of the all the four systems can be beneficial for any kind of
home or flat. There are lots of supporting factors for utilizing this project in
practical environment. Through this procedure, user easily can control all
the home appliances with limited efforts and limited expanses. Some of
those technical merits are explained below.
etc.
Through this process user also can save some energy than the normal
switch controlled home automation.
55
To control both the rooms separately we are using two distance two different
power supplies. However, we can control both of the rooms by using one
power supply. Then both the rooms appliances will work together and the
outcome will come in same time.
For using this method in real condition, user needs to consider some of the
factors.
using battery power supplies, user can use a normal power supplies.
Because of real home experiences, instead of using four or five
appliances, use should consider to use more appliances. However, to
accomplish this goal, receivers with more outputs should be chosen to
use.
Instead of using only PCB (Programmable Circuit Board) controller,
user can consider to use a combination of PLC (Programmable Logic
Circuit) controller.
Economically it can be more beneficial to use a single power supply
instead of two separate power supplies.
With the consideration of the above factors, a practical smart home can be
designed, simulated and used with real experiences.
56
Chapter 6: Critique
During the whole project we have achieved lots of obstacles. However, if we
compared with our original specification then we will find some areas we
struggled a lot to achieve, some areas we could not get success and some
areas we need to improve.
Security System:
During the design, it had been decided that to use an alarm system for
maintaining the home security. However, it increased the total cost of the
project, besides the time period is not enough to achieve this goal.
57
testing circuit:
We struggled a bit during the testing of the circuits. Using the Arduino
Uno Rev3 and the Arduino IDE software was a little touch to accomplish.
58
To get more outcomes we just need to get some more output pins for the
receivers. For that, we can build those receivers on that way or we can
totally change the receivers. Same thing we need to do for controlling
both the circuit separately. We can change the frequency of one of the
receivers and use two separate transmitters or we can add a new
transmitter and change one of the receivers.
For reducing the energy, PCB system could be replaced by PLC system.
Through this way, energy could be saved in huge margin but the cost of
the project and the practical utilization would be tougher.
In the end, it could be said that, the project has some errors and some
unsuccessful sections. But overall, it is practically proved and almost there
where it was planned in the beginning.
59
Chapter 7: Costing
315 MHz - Key fob 4-Button RF remote control was bought from Adafruit
Electronic equipment
Key fob transmitter
T4 Receiver
Arduino Uno- R3
Battery Holder
4 AA batteries pack
Solder less breadboard
Extra equipment
Per cost
5.80
4.93
19.58
4.29
3
7.52
42
Units
1
2
1
1
2
2
Total cost =
60
Total cost
5.80
9.86
19.58
4.29
6
15.04
42
105 Inc. VAT
Design System
Design with Arduino board
Program with code for Arduino
Assembling and testing the model for result.
This Project could be design in nature by using handy portable key fob
facility. The cost of the project is also not that high and it is also take less
time to consume. This Project can be useful for the people who want to use
unconventional way to use switches and that can help to reduce exceeding
use of energy and power, such as electricity.
So, overall it could be a beneficiary project for the practical, busy and urban
life.
However, this project can be upgraded by using GSM modem, which can
control home appliances by sending an SMS. Benefit of using this
technology is there will not be any range limitation compared to RF
technology.
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http://arduino.cc/en/uploads/Main/Arduino_Uno_Rev3-schematic.pdf
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Cblambert (13 march, 2013). Ideal transformer (own work).
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