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Intro
Appl.
Types
Satellites
Handoff
Routing
How it
Works
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The power and bandwidth of these satellites depend upon the preferred
size of the footprint, complexity of the traffic control protocol schemes
and the cost of ground stations.
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Important parameters
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GEO
HEO
MEO
Earth
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Issues
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Positioning information.
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Altitude 500-2000km
Satellite visibility 10-20m, Orbital period 5-8 hour
Delay : relatively low (approx 10 ms)
Smaller footprints of LEOs allow for better frequency reuse, similar to
the concepts used for cellular networks
Applications:
Issues
Remote sensing
Mobile communication services (due to lower latency).
48 and above satellites required to cover whole earth
Short life: 4-10 years
Larger Handoffs
LEO
Earth
Examples:
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Altitude 10000km-20000km
Orbital period 6-12 hour
10-15 satellites required
Earth
Satellite visibility 2-4 hrs
Propagation delay less
Set-up cost is medium
MEO can cover larger populations, so requiring fewer
handovers than LEO
Issues
Example:
MEO
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Altitude 40000km
Orbital period 8-24 hour
2-3 satellites required
Large propagation delay
Satellite lifetime 20-25 yrs
HEO orbits offering visibility over Earth's polar regions,
which most geosynchronous satellites lack
Example
Molniya
Tundra
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Satellite
Segment
Inter Satellite Link
(ISL)
Mobile User
Link (MUL)
Gateway Link
(GWL)
MUL
Ground
Segment
GWL
small cells
(spotbeams)
base station
or gateway
footprint
ISDN
PSTN: Public Switched
Telephone Network
PSTN
User data
GSM
End User
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Benefits
Less complex
Switching circuits are on the ground and the satellites are just reflectors
Easier to operate
Issues
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Benefits
Issues
Minimizes the cost of the ground segment & long distance and interconnect
fees
Forward connections or data packets within the satellite network as long as
possible
Only one uplink and one downlink per direction needed for the connection of
two mobile phones
More complex focusing of antennas between satellites
High system complexity due to moving routers
Higher fuel consumption, thus shorter lifetime
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Gateway handover
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How to Deal ??
Prioritised handover call over new call
Allocating guard channel
Queuing the handover request
Channel reservation in advance
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Current Status
Evaluation of 3G
Satellite System from
GMR Standard
S-CDMA to S-WCDMA
CDMA based evolution of
3G satellite system
Technical evolution of
Satellite system from 3G to
B3G
GMR1, GMR2
Thuraya, AceS and
Inmarsat systems
Followed 3G and
developed the standard
of S-UMTS
Adaptive modifications
for wireless transmission
conditions.
MOUS of USA for
military application
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Weather Forecasting
Radio and TV Broadcast
Military App
Navigation App
Global Telephone
Connecting Remote Areas
Global Mobile Communication
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