CSG ch10

C H A P T E R 1 0
Topics in Analytic Geometry

Section 10.1 Lines
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904
Section 10.2 Introduction to Conics: Parabolas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912

Section 10.3 Ellipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922
Section 10.4 Hyperbolas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932
Section 10.5 Rotation of Conics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
Section 10.6 Parametric Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
Section 10.7 Polar Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
Section 10.8 Graphs of Polar Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
Section 10.9 Polar Equations of Conics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Problem Solving
Practice Test
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
C H A P T E R 1 0
Section 10.1
Lines
The inclination of a nonhorizontal line is the positive angle , ( < 180) measured counterclockwise from
the x-axis to the line. A horizontal line has an inclination of zero.
If a nonvertical line has inclination of and slope m, then m tan .

If two nonperpendicular lines have slopes m1 and m2, then the angle between the lines is given by
tan
m2 m1
.
1 m1m2
The distance between a point x1, y1 and a line Ax By C 0 is given by

d
Ax1 By1 C.

A2 B2
Vocabulary Check
2. tan
1. inclination
3.
m2 m1
1 m1m2
4.
Ax1 By1 C
A2 B2
1. m tan
3

6
3
2. m tan

1
4
3. m tan
3
1
4
4. m tan
2
3
3
5. m tan

3
3
6. m tan
3
5

6
3
7. m tan 1.27 3.2236
8. m tan 2.88 0.2677
9.
m 1
1 tan
180 arctan(1)

11. m 1
10. 2 tan
tan1
2
2.034 radians 116.6
3
13. m 4
3
4
tan
arctan34 0.6435 radian 36.9
904
12. 2 tan
1 tan
3
radians 135
4
tan1 2

radian 45
4
1.107 radians 63.4
14. 52 tan
tan1 52 1.9513 radians 111.8
Section 10.1
16. m
15. (6, 1), (10, 8)

m
7
81

10 6 4
11
0.6023 radian 34.5
16
tan1
4 1.0517 radians 60.3

7
17. (2, 20), (10, 0)

m
8 3
11

12 4 16
11
tan
16
7
tan
4
arctan
Lines
18.
0 20
20
5

10 (2)
12
3
m
100 0
2
0 50
2 tan
tan12 2.0344 radians 116.6
5
tan
3
3 2.1112 radians 121.0
arctan
19. 6x 2y 8 0
20. 4x 5y 9 0
y 45 x 95 m 45
y 3x 4 m 3
45 tan
3 tan
tan1 45
arctan 3 1.2490 radians 71.6
2.4669 radians 141.3

21. 5x 3y 0
22. x y 10 0
y x 10 m 1
5
5
y x m
3
3
1 tan
5
tan
3
tan1 1 45
3 2.1112 radians 121.0
arctan
23. 3x y 3 y 3x 3 m1 3
xy2 yx2
tan
m2 1
1 3
2
1 31
24. x 3y 2
2
1
1
y x m1
3
3
3
1
3
x 2y 3 y x
2
2
tan
xy0
yx
m1 1
3
1
3
3x 2y 1 y x m2
2
2
2
tan
3
2
1
1

3
5
1 2 1
arctan
1
0.1974 radian 11.3
5
m2
1
2
12 13
1
1 1312
tan1 1 45
25.

radian
4
26. 2x y 2

radian
4
y 2x 2
m1 2
4
4
4x 3y 24 y x 8 m2
3
3
tan
43 2
2
1 243
tan
1
2 63.4 1.1071 radians
905
906
27.
Chapter 10
1
7
x 2y 7 y x
2
2
6x 2y 5 y 3x
tan
3 12
1 (3)
1
2
m1
1
2
5
5
28. 5x 2y 16 y x 8 m1
2
2
3
1
3x 5y 1 y x
5
5
5
m2 3
2
tan
7
1
1
29. x 2y 8 y x 4 m1
2
2
tan
12
1
2
1
arctan
12

1
2
m2
1
2
tan
m1
72 53
1 53 72
arctan
31
29
5
3
32.
33. Let A (2, 1), B (4, 4), and C (6, 2).
35 35
15

1 3535
8
15
61.9 1.0808 radians
8
0.03x 0.04y 0.52
3
3
y x 13 m2
4
4
34 25
23

1 2534
14
tan1
14 58.7 1.0240 radians

23
34. Let A 3, 2, B 1, 3, and C 2, 0.
Slope of AB:
m1
14 3

24 2
Slope of AB : m1
1
23

3 1 4
Slope of BC:
m2
42
1
46
Slope of BC : m2
30
3
12
Slope of AC:
m3
12 1

26 4
Slope of AC : m3
2
20

3 2
5
tan A
1
4
32
1
A arctan
tan B
3
2
3
2

1
4
5
4
11
8
10
11
tan A
11 42.3
10
(1)
1 (1)
3
2
5
2
1
2
B arctan 5 78.7
tan C
1 14
1 (1)
1
4

tan C
18 35.8
5
C arctan
59.0
3
5
3
13
3 25
135 13

1 325
115 11
C tan1
5
4
3
4
14 25
1320 13

1 2514
1820 18
A tan1
5
3
5
2
19
2
0.02x 0.05y 0.19 y x
m1
5
5
5
tan
29 0.8187 radian 46.9

31
tan1
7
7
0.07x 0.02y 0.16 y x 8 m2
2
2
tan
m1
3
12
3
3x 5y 12 y x
m2
5
5
5
4
3
5
31. 0.05x 0.03y 0.21 y x 7
3
52 35
31

1 5235
5
3
3
30. 3x 5y 3 y x
5
5
3 0.9273 radian 53.1

4
3
5
31
80.8 1.4109 radians
tan1
5
1
x 2y 2 y x 1
2
m2
11 49.8
13
B 180 A C 180 35.8 49.8

94.4
Section 10.1
35. Let A (4, 1), B (3, 2), and C (1, 0).
36. Let A 3, 4, B 2, 1, and C 2, 2.
Slope of AB:
m1
1 2 3

4 3 7
Slope of AB : m1
41
3

3 2
5
Slope of BC:
m2
20
1
31
Slope of BC : m2
12
1

2 2
4
Slope of AC:
m3
1 0 1

4 1 5
Slope of AC : m3
42
2
3 2
tan A
1
5
37
1
A arctan
tan B
3
7

1
5
8
35
38
35
4
19
19 11.9
4
1 37
1 (1)
3
7
B arctan
4
7
10
7
tan A
tan B
5 21.8
2
4x 3y 0 A 4, B 3, and C 0
4(0) 3(0) 0 0 0
4 3
4(2) 3(3) (10) 7

42 32
d
41. (6, 2) x1 6 and y1 2

x 1 0 A 1, B 0, and C 1
1(6) 0(2) 1 7
12 02
43. (0, 8) x1 0 and y1 8

6x y 0 A 6, B 1, and C 0
d
6(0) (1)(8) 0
(1)2
8
8 37

1.3152
37
37
and y1 0
20 10 4

22 12
4
5
45
1.7889
5
x y 2 0 A 1, B 1, and C 2
d
62
40. 2, 1 x1 2 and y1 1
4x 3y 10 0 A 4, B 3, and C 10
d
23 16.9
2x y 4 0 A 2, B 1, and C 4
39. (2, 3) x1 2 and y1 3
d
130.6
Note: The point is on the line.
d
38. 0, 0 x1 0
37. (0, 0) x1 0 and y1 0
11 32.5
C 180 A B 180 32.5 16.9
180 11.9 21.8 146.3
35 14
7

1 3514
23
B tan1
C 180 A B
d
35 2
7

1 352
11
A tan1
2
5
Lines
12 11 2

12 12
5
2
52
3.5355
2
42. 10, 8 x1 10 and y1 8

y 4 0 A 0, B 1, and C 4
d
010 18 4 4 4

02 12
44. 4, 2 x1 4 and y1 2

x y 20 0 A 1, B 1, and C 20
d
14 12 20

12 12
18
2
92 12.7279
907
908
Chapter 10
45. A 0, 0, B 1, 4, C 4, 0

(a)
(b) The slope the line through AC is m
y
6
00
0.
40
The equation of the line through AC is y 0.
The distance between the line and B 1, 4 is
3
2
d
C
1 A
01 14 0 4.
02 12
x
5
(c) The distance between A and C is 4.

1
A 44 8 square units
2
46. (a)
(b) The slope of the line through AC is m
02
2
.
05
5
2
The equation of the line is y 0 x 0 2x 5y 0.
5
4
3
2
The altitude from vertex B to side AC is the distance between the line
through AC and
2 1
1
B 4, 5 d
24 55 0
22 52
33
29
3329
.
29
(c) The distance between A and C is d 0 52 0 22 29,

which is the length of the base of the triangle. So,
1
33
3329
A 29

square units.
2
29
2

1 1
5
47. A , , B 2, 3, C , 0
2 2
2
(a)
y
5
4
3
2
2 1
1
C
1
x
4
1
2
0

12
5
2
The equation of the line through AC is y 0
1
.
6
The distance between the line and B (2, 3) is d

(c) The distance between A and C is d
A
2x 12y 5 0.
2(2) 12(3) (5)

22 122
21 52
12 0
35 74 37 358 square units
1 37
2 2
1
5
x
6
2
35
148
37
3537
.
74
Section 10.1
48. (a)
Lines
y
12
10
8
6
4
x
6 4
8 10
12 5 17
.
6 4
10
The equation of the line through AC is y 12
17
x 6 17x 10y 18 0.
10
The altitude from vertex B to side AC is the distance between the line through AC and
B 3, 10 d
173 1010 18

172 102
31
389
31389
.
389
(c) The distance between A and C is d 6 42 12 52 389, which is the length of the base of the triangle.
A

1
389 31389389
2
312
49. x y 1 (0, 1) is a point on the line x1 0

and y1 1
50. 3x 4y 1
3x 4y 10
5
A point on 3x 4y 10 is 0, 2 . The distance
5
between 0, 2 and 3x 4y 1 is:
5
A 3, B 4, C 1, x1 0, y1
2
x y 5 A 1, B 1, and C 5
d
1(0) 1(1) (5)

12 12
4
2
22
d
51. Slope: m tan 0.1 0.1003

Change in elevation: sin 0.1
es
2 mil
0.1 radian
x
25280
30 452 1 9
32 42
Not drawn to scale
x 1054 feet
52. Slope: m tan 0.2 0.2027
53. Slope
Change in elevation:
x
x 5280 sin 0.20 1049 feet
sin 0.20
5280
(b) m
54. (a)
1m
3m
1
3
1
tan
3
tan1
13
or 18.4
3
5
Inclination tan1
3
31.0
5
(c) Use similar triangles:

10 m
1m
x
5m
3m
Not drawn to scale
10
x

5
1
x 510 15.8 m
909
910
Chapter 10
55. tan
6
9
arctan
23 33.69
6 ft
90 56.31
6 ft
9 ft
36 ft
Also, since the right triangles containing and are equal, 33.69.
m tan
56. (a)
0.709 tan
600
500
tan1 0.709
400
300
0.6167 radian, or 35.34
200
elev
sin
896.5
(b)
(d)
100
x
100 200 300 400 500 600
896.5 sin elev
elev
896.5 sin 0.6167 518.5 ft
(c) m 0.709 and y-intercept 0, 0, so y 0.709x.
58. False. Substitute m1 tan 1 and m2 tan 2 into the
formula for the angle between two lines.
57. True. The inclination of a line is related to its slope by

m tan . If the angle is greater than 2 but less than
, then the angle is in the second quadrant where the
tangent function is negative.
59. (a) (0, 0) x1 0 and y1 0
(b)
y mx 4 0 mx y 4
6
5
m(0) (1)(0) 4
4
d

m2 (1)2
m2 1
2
1
(c) The maximum distance of 4 occurs when the slope

m is 0 and the line through (0, 4) is horizontal.
m
4 3 2 1
(d) The graph has a horizontal asymptote at d 0.

As the slope becomes larger, the distance between
the origin and the line, y mx 4, becomes
smaller and approaches 0.
60. Slope m and y-intercept 0, 4
(a) x1, y1 3, 1 and line: y mx 4
(b)
A m, B 1, C 4
d
8
6
m3 11 4 3m 1

m2 12
m2 1
(c) From the graph it appears that the maximum distance

is obtained when m 1.
(d) From the graph it appears that the distance is 0 when
m 1.
(e) The asymptote of the graph in part (b) is d 3. As the
line approaches the vertical, the distance approaches 3.
m
2
2
4
Section 10.1
61. f x x 72
Lines
911
62. f x x 92
x-intercept: 0 x 72 x 7
7, 0
f x x 92 0 x 9
x-intercept: 9, 0
y-intercept: y 0 7 49
2
0, 49
f 0 0 92 81
y-intercept: 0, 81
63. f x x 52 5
64. f x x 112 12
x-intercepts: 0 x 52 5
5 x 52
f x x 112 12 0
x 112 12
5 x 5
No solution
5 5 x
x-intercept: none
5 5, 0
f 0 0 112 12 133
y-intercept: y 0 52 5 20
y-intercept: 0, 133
0, 20
65. f x x2 7x 1
66. f x x2 9x 22
x-intercepts: 0 x2 7x 1
x
7 53
by the Quadratic Formula
2
7 53
,0
2
y-intercept: y 02 70 1 1
0, 1
67. f x 3x2 2x 16
3x2 23x 16
f x x2 9x 22 0
x 11x 2 0
x 11, 2
x-intercepts: 11, 0, 2, 0
f 0 22
y-intercept: 0, 22
68. f x 2x2 x 21

1
1
1
21
2
2x2 12x 21
2 2x 2 x 16 16 2
3x2 23x 19 13 16
2x 14 169
16
3x 13 49
3
2x 14 169
8
Vertex: 13, 49
3
Vertex:
69. f x 5x2 34x 7
14, 1698
70. f x x2 8x 15
5x2 34
5 x 7
x2 8x 15 x2 8x 16 16 15
289
289
5x2 34
5 x 25 5 7
x 42 1 x 42 1
324
5x 17
5 5
2
Vertex:
17
5,
324
5
71. f x 6x2 x 12

6x2 16x 12
1
6x2 16 x 144
241 12
1
6x 12
289
24
2
Vertex:
121 , 289
24
Vertex: 4, 1
72. f x 8x2 34x 21

21
8x2 17
4 x 8
289
289
21
8x2 17
4 x 64 64 8
121
8x 17
8 64
2
121
8x 17
8 8
2
121
Vertex: 17
8, 8
912
Chapter 10
73. f x x 42 3
74. f x 6 x 12
Vertex: 4, 3
Vertex: 1, 6
12
9
y-intercept: 0, 19
x-intercept: None
4
3
2
1
gx
3
3
x
3
12
3
4
2
6
2
4
75. gx 2x2 3x 1
76. g x x2 6x 8
b
6

3 Vertex 3, g3 3, 1
2a
21
3
9
9
2 x2 x
1
2
16
8
2 x
Vertex:
3
4
3 1
,
4 8
1
8
6
5
gx
8
3
3
8
y-intercept: 0, 1
x-intercept:

1
, 0 , 1, 0
2
x
4 3 2 1
1
4
6
8
Section 10.2
Introduction to Conics: Parabolas
A parabola is the set of all points x, y that are equidistant from a fixed line (directrix) and a fixed point
(focus) not on the line.
The standard equation of a parabola with vertex h, k and:

(a) Vertical axis x h and directrix y k p is: (x h)2 4p(y k), p 0
(b) Horizontal axis y k and directrix x h p is: ( y k)2 4p(x h), p 0
The tangent line to a parabola at a point P makes equal angles with:

(a) the line through P and the focus.
(b) the axis of the parabola.
Vocabulary Check
1. conic
2. locus
3. parabola; directrix; focus
4. axis
5. vertex
6. focal chord
7. tangent
Section 10.2
913
1. A circle is formed when a plane intersects the top or

bottom half of a double-napped cone and is perpendicular
to the axis of the cone.
2. An ellipse is formed when a plane intersects only the top

or bottom half of a double-napped cone but is not
perpendicular to the axis of the cone, not parallel to the
side of the cone, and does not intersect the vertex.
3. A parabola is formed when a plane intersects the top or

bottom half of a double-napped cone, is parallel to the
side of the cone, and does not intersect the vertex.
4. A hyperbola is formed when a plane intersects both halves

of a double-napped cone, is parallel to the axis of the
cone, and does not intersect the vertex.
7. x2 8y
Vertex: 0, 0
Opens downward since p
is negative; matches graph (d).
6. x2 2y
5. y2 4x
Vertex: 0, 0
Opens to the left since p
is negative; matches graph (e).
Vertex: 0, 0
p 12 > 0
Opens upward; matches graph (b).
9. ( y 1)2 4(x 3)
8. y2 12x
Vertex: 3, 1
Opens to the right since p
is positive; matches graph (a).
Vertex: 0, 0
p 3 < 0
Opens to the left; matches graph (f).
x2 2y
1
p 2 < 0
Opens downward; matches graph (c).
Vertex: 0, 0
4 y h 0, k 0, p
1
2
1
2
Focus:
Vertex: (0, 0)
Focus: 0,
Vertex: 3, 1
12. y 2x2 x2 4 18y
11. y 12 x2
x2
10. x 32 2 y 1
1
2
Directrix: y
1
8
3
4
12
4 3 2 1
Directrix: y
0, 18
2
1
x
14. y2 3x 434 x
13. y2 6x
y2 4 32 x h 0, k 0, p 23
Vertex: 0, 0
Vertex: 0, 0
Focus:
3
Focus: 2, 0
34, 0
Directrix: x 34
4
3
Directrix: x 2
y
4
2
6 5 4 3 2 1
x
1
2
2
3
4
914
Chapter 10

16. x y2 0
15. x2 6y 0
x2 6y 4
32
y
h 0, k 0, p
Focus: 0, 32
Focus:
1
4 3
3
2
Vertex: 0, 0
3
2
y2 x 4 14 x
Vertex: 0, 0
Directrix: y
32
14,
0
Directrix: x 4
x
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
17. (x 1)2 8( y 2) 0
18. x 5 y 12 0
y 12 4 14 x 5
(x 1)2 4(2)( y 2)
h 1, k 2, p 2
Vertex: 5, 1
Vertex: (1, 2)
Focus: (1, 4)
1
21
Focus: 5 4 , 1 4 , 1
1
19
Directrix: x 5 4 4
Directrix: y 0
3 2 1
x
1
5
6
4
2
6
2
2
4
3
19. x 2 4 y 2
2
20. x 12 4 y 1 41 y 1
2
x 32 2 41 y 2
1
Vertex: 2, 1
8
7
6
5
4
3
h 32, k 2, p 1
3
Vertex: 2, 2
3
Focus: 2, 3
1
1
Focus: 2, 1 1 2, 2
Directrix: y 1 1 0
1
x
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Directrix: y 1
1 2 3
21.
y 14x2 2x 5
4y x2 2x 5
4y 5 1
x2
22.
4x y2 2y 1 1 33 y 12 32
2x 1
y 12 41x 8
4y 4 (x 1)2
Vertex: 8, 1

2
(x 1)2 4(1)( y 1)
h 1, k 1, p 1
Vertex: 1, 1
Focus: 1, 2
Directrix: y 0
x 14 y2 2y 33
x
2
Focus: 9, 1
Directrix: x 7
2
x
2
2
4
6
10
Section 10.2
915
24. y2 4y 4x 0
23. y2 6y 8x 25 0
y2 4y 4 4x 4
y2 6y 9 8x 25 9
h 2, k 3, p 2
Vertex: (2, 3)
6
4
2
Directrix: x 0
Focus: 0, 2
2
8
Vertex: 1, 2
10
y 22 41x 1
( y 3)2 4(2)(x 2)
Focus: (4, 3)
Directrix: x 2
4
6
8
26. x2 2x 8y 9 0
25. x2 4x 6y 2 0
x2 2x 1 8y 9 1
x2 4x 6y 2
x 12 8 y 1 42 y 1

3
Vertex: 1, 1
Focus: 1, 3
8
10
Directrix: y 1
x2 4x 4 6y 2 4
x 22 6 y 1
x 22 4 32 y 1
h 2, k 1, p 32
Vertex: 2, 1
4
14
10
1
Focus: 2, 2
5
Directrix: y 2
12
On a graphing calculator, enter:

1
y1 6x2 4x 2
27. y2 x y 0
y2
1
4
y x
y 12 2 4 14 x 14
y2 4x 4 41x 1
10
h 14, k 12, p 14
Vertex:
Focus:
28. y2 4x 4 0
1
4
2
Vertex: 1, 0
Focus: 0, 0
Directrix: x 2
14, 12
0, 12
20
1
Directrix: x 2
To use a graphing calculator, enter:

y1 12 14 x
1
1
y2 2 4 x
29. Vertex: 0, 0 h 0, k 0

Graph opens upward.
x2 4py
Point on graph: 3, 6
32 4p(6)
9 24p
3
8
p
Thus, x2 438 y x2 32 y.
30. Point: 2, 6
31. Vertex: (0, 0) h 0, k 0
x
3
3
Focus: 0, 2 p 2
ay2
2 a62
1
18
a
1 2
x 18
y
y2 18x
x2 4py
x2 4 32 y
x2 6y
916
Chapter 10
32. Focus:
52, 0
p 52
33. Vertex: (0, 0) h 0, k 0
y 2 4px
Focus: (2, 0) p 2
y 2 10x
y2 4px
34. Focus: 0, 2 p 2

x2 4py
x2 8y
y2 4(2)x
y2 8x
35. Vertex: (0, 0) h 0, k 0
36. Directrix: y 3 p 3
37. Vertex: (0, 0) h 0, k 0
Directrix: y 1 p 1
x2 4py
Directrix: x 2 p 2
x2 4py
x2 12y
y2 4px
x2 41y
y2 42x
x2 4y
y2 8x
38. Directrix: x 3 p 3
y2
4px
y2
12x
39. Vertex: (0, 0) h 0, k 0

Horizontal axis and passes through
the point (4, 6)
y2
4px
x2 4py
32 4p3
9 12p
62 4p(4)
36 16p p
40. Vertical axis

Passes through: 3, 3
9
4
y2 494 x
p 34
x2 3y
y2 9x
41. Vertex: 3, 1 and opens downward.
Passes through 2, 0 and 4, 0.
y (x 2)(x 4)
x2 6x 8
(x 3)2 1
(x 3)2 ( y 1)
42. Vertex: 5, 3 h 5, k 3

Passes through: 4.5, 4
y k2 4px h
y 32 4px 5
1 4p4.5 5
p 12
y 32 2x 5
44. Vertex: 3, 3 h 3, k 3
Passes through: 0, 0
x h2 4p y k
x 32 4p y 3
0 32 4p0 3
9 12p
p 34
x 32 3 y 3
45. Vertex: 5, 2

Focus: 3, 2
Horizontal axis
p 3 5 2
y 2 42x 5
2
y 22 8x 5
43. Vertex: (4, 0) and opens to

the right.
Passes through 0, 4.
(y 0)2 4p(x 4)
42 4p(0 4)
16 16p
1p
y2 4(x 4)
46. Vertex: 1, 2 h 1,
k2
Focus: 1, 0 p 2
x h2 4p y k
x 12 42 y 2
x 12 8 y 2
Section 10.2
47. Vertex: 0, 4
Directrix: y 2
Vertical axis

49. Focus: 2, 2
Directrix: x 2
Horizontal axis
Vertex: 0, 2
48. Vertex: 2, 1 h 2,

k1
Directrix: x 1 p 3
p422
y k2 4px h
x 02 42y 4
p202
y 12 43x 2
x2 8 y 4
( y 2)2 4(2)(x 0)
y 12 12x 2
50. Focus: 0, 0
( y 2)2 8x
51. ( y 3)2 6(x 1)
Directrix: y 8 p 4
52. y 12 2x 4

y 1 2x 4
For the upper half of the parabola:

y 3 6(x 1)
h 0, k 4
y 1 2x 4
y 6(x 1) 3
x h2 4p y k
917
Lower half of parabola:

y 1 2x 4
x2 44 y 4
x2 16 y 4
53. y2 8x 0 y 8x
1 2
54. x2 12y 0 y1 12
x
10
x y 3 0 y2 3 x
xy20 yx2
5
25
10
1
2
x2 4
Point: (4, 8)
12
2 y x
1
1
b
2
d2
4 0 8 21
Focus:
17
2
d1
1
b
2
d2
3 0 92 21
p
2
d1 d2 b 8
Slope: m
8 8
4
40
y 4x 8 0 4x y 8
x-intercept: (2, 0)
10
12y
d1
12
x 2 2y
56.
Focus: 0,
12
Using the trace or intersect

feature, the point of tangency is
6, 3.
The point of tangency is (2, 4).
55. x2 2y p
1
2
0, 2
1
5
1
b5
2
9
2
92 92
3
m
03
9
Tangent line: y 3x 6x 2y 9 0
2
3
x-intercept: , 0
2
b
918
Chapter 10
1
1
57. y 2x2 x2 y p
2
8
Point: (1, 2)
1
y x2
2

1
8
1
1
d1 b b
8
8
Focus: 0,
d2
81y x
4
Focus:
17
8
d1 d2 b 2
2 2
4
1 0
1
8
1
0,
8
d1
1
b
8
d2
2 0 8 81

2
65
8
65
1
b
8
8
y 4x 2 0 4x y 2
1
x-intercept: , 0
2
p
1 0 2 81
Slope: m
y 2x2
58.
b

m
64
8
8
8 8
8
20
Tangent line: y 8x 8 8x y 8 0

x-intercept: 1, 0
x 1062 45R 14,045
59.
x2 212x 11,236
45R
60. Maximum revenue occurs at x 135.
11,236
30,000
R 265x 54x2
The revenue is maximum
when x 106 units.
15,000
0
275
0
225
0
61. Vertex: 0, 0 h 0, k 0

Focus: 0, 4.5 p 4.5
(x h)2 4p(y k)
(x 0)2 4(4.5)(y 0)
1 2
x2 18y or y 18
x
62. (a)
(b) Vertex: 0, 0; opens upward
y 0 ax 0
(640, 152)
(640, 152)
152 a6402
152
a
6402
x
19
a
51,200
An equation of the cables is
y
19
x2.
51,200
(c)
Distance, x
Height, y
250
23.19
400
59.38
500
92.77
1000
371.09
Section 10.2
63. (a) Vertex: 0, 0 h 0, k 0
Points on the parabola: 16, 0.4
919
(b) When y 0.1 we have

1 2
0.1 640
x
x2 4py
64 x2
162 4p0.4
8 x.
256 1.6p
Thus, 8 feet away from the center of the road, the

road surface is 0.1 foot lower than in the middle.
160 p
x2 4160y
x2 640y
1
y 640x2
64. Vertex: 0, 0
65. (a) V 17,5002 mihr
y 0 4px 0
2
24,750 mihr
y2 4px
At 1000, 800: 8002 4p1000 p 160
y2 4160x
x 02 44100 y 4100

x2 16,400 y 4100
y2 640x
66. (a)
(b) p 4100, h, k 0, 4100
67. (a) x2
12
322
y 75
16
x2 64 y 75
(b) When y 0, x2 6475 4800.
0
18
Thus, x 4800 403 69.3 feet.
(b) Highest point: 6.25, 7.125

Range: 15.69 feet
68.
540 mi
1 hr
5280 ft
1 mi
1 hr
60 min
1 min
792 fts
60 s
s 30,000
69. False. It is not possible for a parabola to intersect its

directrix. If the graph crossed the directrix there would
exist points closer to the directrix than the focus.
The crate hits the ground when y 0.

x2
v2
y s
16
x2
7922
0 30,000
16
x2 1,176,120,000
x 34,295
The distance is about 34,295 feet.
70. True. If the axis (line connecting the vertex and focus) is horizontal, then the directrix must be vertical.
920
Chapter 10
71. (a)
p=3
p=2

(b) 0, 1, (0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4
21
p=1
(c) 4, 8, 12, 16. The chord passing through the focus

and parallel to the directrix has length 4p .
18

p=4
(d) This provides an easy way to determine two additional

points on the graph, each of which is 2p units away
from the focus on the chord.
18

As p increases, the graph becomes wider.
72. (a) A
642
8 12 32 8
2 4 2 8
square units
3
3
3
73. y y1
(b) As p approaches zero, the parabola becomes narrower

and narrower, thus the area becomes smaller and smaller.
x1
x x1
2p
Slope: m
x1
2p
74. Sample answer: Any light ray (or other electromagnetic radiation) that enters a parabolic reflector (a surface for
which any cross section containing the axis is a parabola) in a direction parallel to the axis of the surface will be
reflected to the focus of the surface (the focus of any of the cross-sectional parabolas). Conversely, any ray projected
from the focus in a direction that intersects the parabolic surface will be reflected in a direction parallel to the axis.
75. f x x3 2x2 2x 4
76. f x 2x3 4x2 3x 10
Possible rational zeros: 1, 2, 4
p
Rational zeros : p factor of 10, q factor of 2
q
1
5
Possible rational zeros: , 1, 2, , 5, 10
2
2
78. f x 3x3 12x 22
77. f x 2x5 x2 16

Possible rational zeros: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,
p
Rational zeros : p factor of 22, q factor of 3
q
1
2
1 2
11 22
Possible rational zeros: , , 1, 2, , ,
3 3
3
3
11, 22
79. f (x) (x 3) x (2 i)
x (2 i)
80. f x 2x3 3x2 50x 75
x 3 x 2 i
x 2 i
3
2
(x 3)x2 4x 5
3
3
50
0
75
75
50
x3 7x2 17x 15
2x2 50 0 x2 25 x 5i
Zeros: x 32, 5i
2
81. g(x) 6x4 7x3 29x2 28x 20

Possible rational roots: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20,
1
10
20
2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 , 3 , 6, 6
x 2 are both solutions.
2
7
12
29
38
28
18
20
20
19
10
19
12
9
14
10
10
5
g(x) (x 2)(x 2)6x2 7x 5

(x 2)(x 2)(2x 1)(3x 5)
1
The zeros of g(x) are x 2, x 2, x 3.
Section 10.2
82. hx 2x4 x3 19x2 9x 9
20
5
921
83. A 35, a 10, b 7

sin B sin 35

sin B 0.4015 B 23.67
7
10
C 180 35 23.67 121.33
10
c

c 14.89
sin 121.33 sin 35
50
Zeros: x 3, 1,
1
2
84. B 54, b 18, c 11

Because B is acute and 18 > 11, one triangle is possible.
sin C
c sin B 11 sin 54

0.49440 C 29.63
b
18
A 180 B C 180 54 29.63 96.37

a
b
18
sin A
sin 96.37 22.11
sin B
sin 54
86. B 26, C 104, a 19

A 180 B C 180 26 104 50
b
a
19
sin B
sin 26 10.87
sin A
sin 50
c
19
a
sin C
sin 104 24.07
sin A
sin 50
85. A 40, B 51, c 3

C 180 40 51 89
a
3

a 1.93
sin 40 sin 89
b
3

b 2.33
sin 51 sin 89
87. a 7, b 10, c 16
cos C
sin B sin 139.84

sin B 0.4031 B 23.77
10
16
A 180 B C A 16.39
88. a 58, b 28, c 75

cos A
b2 c2 a2 784 5625 3364

0.725 A 43.53
2bc
22875
cos B
a2 c2 b2 3364 5625 784

0.943103 B 19.42
2ac
25875
C 180 A B 180 43.53 19.42 117.05

89. A 65, b 5, c 12
a2 5 2 122 2512 cos 65 a 10.8759 10.88
sin B
sin 65

sin B 0.4167 B 24.62
5
10.8759
C 180 A B C 90.38
90. B 71, a 21, c 29
b2 a2 c2 2ac cos B
b2 441 841 22129 cos 71 885.458
b 29.76
cos A
b2 c2 a2 29.762 841 441

0.74484 A 41.85
2bc
229.7629
C 180 A B 180 41.85 71 67.15
7 2 102 162
0.7643 C 139.84
2710
922
Chapter 10
Section 10.3
Ellipses
An ellipse is the set of all points x, y the sum of whose distances from two distinct fixed points (foci) is constant.
The standard equation of an ellipse with center h, k and major and minor axes of lengths 2a and 2b is:
(a)
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1 if the major axis is horizontal.
a2
b2
(b)
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1 is the major axis is vertical.
b2
a2
c2 a2 b2 where c is the distance from the center to a focus.
c
The eccentricity of an ellipse is e .
a
Vocabulary Check
1. ellipse; foci
2. major axis, center
3. minor axis
4. eccentricity
1.
4.
7.
x2 y2
1
4
9
2.
x2 y2
1
9
4
3.
x2
y2

1
4
25
Center: 0, 0
Center: 0, 0
Center: 0, 0
a 3, b 2
a 3, b 2
a 5, b 2
Vertical major axis
Horizontal major axis
Vertical major axis
Matches graph (b).
Matches graph (c).
Matches graph (d).
y2 x2
1
4
4
5.
(x 2)2
( y 1) 2 1
16
6.
x 22 y 22

1
9
4
Center: 0, 0
Center: 2, 1
Center: 2, 2
Circle of radius: 2
a 4, b 1
a 3, b 2
Matches graph (f).
Matches graph (a).
Matches graph (e).
x2
y2

1
25 16
8.
x2
y2

1
81 144
15
a 12, b 9,
Ellipse
Center: 0, 0
a 5, b 4, c 3
Vertices: 5, 0
Foci: 3, 0
e
3
5
9
6
3
c 63 37
2
x
12
Ellipse
6
9
Center: 0, 0
6
15
Vertices: 0, 12

Foci: 0, 3 7
Eccentricity: e
6 3
7
3 6
12 15
Section 10.3
9.
x2
y2

1 x 2 y 2 25
25 25
10.
Circle
x2 y2
1 x2 y2 9
9
9
5
4
Center: 0, 0
2
1
Radius: 5
6
5 4
Radius: 3
923
Circle
Center: 0, 0
Ellipses
2 1
1 2
4 5
2 4 6
10
2
x
2
4
5
2
4
6
11.
x2 y2
1
5
9
12.
y2
x2

1
64 28
10
8
6
4
2
a 8, b 28 27,
Ellipse
2
a 3, b 5, c 2
Center: 0, 0
c6
1
x
4 3
Ellipse
6 4 2
4
Vertices: 0, 3
Center: 0, 0
Foci: 0, 2
Vertices: 8, 0
e
8
10
Foci: 6, 0
2
3
Eccentricity: e
13.
x 32 y 52

1
16
25
14.
12
Ellipse
a 5, b 4, c 3
Center: 3, 5
2
1
Foci: 4, 1, 4, 5
3
e
5
e
x2
y 12
4

1 x 2 y 12
49
49
9
16.
2 3 4 5 6
2 1

4 2
x 52
y 12 1
94
Circle
Center: 0, 1
2
Radius:
3
Ellipse
1
1
1
2
2
1
5
3
a , b 1, c
2
2
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
2
Center: 5, 1
Vertices:
Foci:
e
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Vertices: 4, 1, 4, 7
2 1
Center: 4, 3
Foci: (3, 8)(3, 2)
x 42 y 32

1
12
16
Ellipse
8 6 4
3
4
a 4, b 23, c 2
Vertices: (3, 10)(3, 0)
15.
5
5

7
13
,1 , ,1
2
2
5

, 1 , 5
5
,1
924
17.
Chapter 10
x 22 y 42

1
1
14
18.
3
3
1
a 1, b , c
2
2
e
Circle
Center: 3, 1

, 4
4 3
, 4
2
3
2
9x2 4y2 54x 40y 37 0
20.
9x2 6x 9 4 y2 10y 25 37 81 100
9x2 4x 4 4 y2 6y 9 36 36 36
9x 22 4 y 32 36
x 32 y 52

1
16
36
(x 2)2 ( y 3)2

1
4
9
a 6, b 4,
Ellipse
Center: 2, 3
Center: 3, 5
Vertices: 2, 6), (2, 0
Vertices: 3, 1, 3, 11

Foci: 3, 5 25
5
Eccentricity: e
3
x 2 y 2 2x 4y 31 0
21.
6 4 2
a 3, b 2, c 5
Foci: 2, 3 5
c 20 25
Ellipse
e
1
1
9x2 4y2 36x 24y 36 0
19.
5
Radius: 2

3
5
4
Center: 2, 4
2
Ellipse
Foci:
x 32 y 12

1
254
254
10
12
5
x2 8x 16 5 y2 6y 9 39 16 45
x 2 2x 1 y 2 4y 4 31 1 4
x 12 y 22 36
x 42 5 y 32 100
x 12 y 22

1
36
36
x 42 y 32

1
100
20
Ellipse
Center: 1, 2
a 10, b 20 25,
2
8 6
2
2
4
6
10
14
12
10
8
Center: 4, 3
Radius: 6
x
2
x2 5y2 8x 30y 39 0
22.
Circle
4
2
c 80 45
Foci: 4 45, 3
Vertices: 14, 3, 6, 3
e
45 25

10
5
64
4
6
8
10
10
14
Section 10.3
3x2 y2 18x 2y 8 0
23.
925
3x2 6x 9 y2 2y 1 8 27 1
3x 32 y 12 36
4
2
x 3
y 1

1
12
36
2
Ellipses
10 8
4 2
Ellipse
6
a 6, b 12 23, c 24 26

Center: 3, 1
Foci: 3, 1 26
Eccentricity: e
6
6x2 2y2 18x 10y 2 0
24.
6 x2 3x
9
25
27 25

2 y2 5y
2
4
4
2
2
6 x
3
2
2 y
5
2
x2 4y2 6x 20y 2 0
25.
24
x 32 4 y
x 32 2 y 52 2 1
4
Foci:
Vertices:
23, 52 23
Center:
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4
Foci:
2
3
22 6

e
3
23
3,
5
2
9,

5
5
, 3,
2
2
3 33, 25
Eccentricity: e
x2 y2 4x 6y 3 0
26.
Vertices:
x
6 5 4 3
27.
x
2
2
4
10
3
4
9
x 12 y 12

1
49
49
2
2
x 12 y 12
9x 12 9 y 12 4

y
Radius: 4
9x2 9y2 18x 18y 14 0
x 22 y 32

1
16
16
Center: 2, 3
9x2 2x 1 9 y2 2y 1 14 9 9
x2 4x 4 y2 6y 9 3 4 9
Circle
36
a 6, b 3, c 27 33
3 5
, 22
2 2
Ellipse
23, 52
a 12 23, b 2, c 8 22
Center:
5
2
x 32 y 52

1
36
9
12
Ellipse
25
2 9 25
4
x2 6x 9 4 y2 5y
Circle
3
Center: 1, 1
2
8
Radius:
2
3
3
1
1
926
Chapter 10

y
16x2 25y2 32x 50y 16 0
28.
16x 2x 1 25 y 2y 1 16 16 25

2
16x 1 25 y 1 25
2
x 12
y 12 1
2516
2
3
25
9
a , b2 1, c2
16
16
2
Ellipse
Center: (1, 1)
4, 1, 4, 1

9
1
Vertices: , 1, , 1
4
4
7
Foci:
e
3
5
9x2 25y2 36x 50y 60 0
29.
16x2 16y2 64x 32y 55 0
30.
9x2 4x 4 25 y2 2y 1 60 36 25
16x2 4x 4 16 y2 2y 1 55 64 16
9x 22 25 y 12 1
16x 22 16 y 12 25
x 22 y 12

1
19
125
1
1
4
a ,b ,c
3
5
15
Center: 2, 1
Vertices:

5
7
,1 , ,1
3
3
Circle
Radius:
1
y2
5
1
a 5, b 3, c 2
Foci: 0, 2
Vertices: 0, 5
10
2
1
2
x
2
1
2
4
5
Center: 0, 0
e
5
4
32. 3x2 4y2 12
31. 5x2 3y2 15

x2
Center: 2, 1
26
,1 ,
,1
34
15 15
Eccentricity: e
25
16
(x 2)2 ( y 1)2

1
2516
2516
Ellipse
Foci:
x 22 y 12
To graph, solve for y.

y2
15
3
y1
y2
x2
4
5x2
y
1
3
a2 4, b2 3, c2 1
Center: 0, 0
15 5x2
3
15 3
Vertices: 2, 0
Foci: 1, 0
5x2
Section 10.3
12x2 20y2 12x 40y 37 0
33.
To graph, solve for y.
1
12 x2 x
20 y2 2y 1 37 3 20
4
12 x
1
2
( y 1)2 3 1
20 y 12 60
x 12
( y 1)2
1
3
a 5, b 3, c 2
Foci:
y1 1
31 x 50.5
y2 1
31 x 50.5
2 2, 1
2 5, 1
1
Vertices:
e
(x 0.5)2
5
2, 1
Center:
Ellipses
10
5
35. Center: 0, 0
36x2 9y2 48x 36y 72 0
34.
a 4, b 2
4
4
36 x2 x
9 y2 4y 4 72 16 36
3
9
x
2 2
3
31
9
a2
y 2
124
9
124 2 31 2 31
,b ,c
9
9
3
Center:
32, 2
Vertices:
Foci:
32, 2
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1
b2
a2
1
231
3
93
x2
y2

1
4
16
32, 2
Vertical major axis
36. Vertices: 2, 0 a 2
37. Vertices: 6, 0
a 6, c 2 b 32 42
Foci: 0, 4 c 4
0, 2 b 2
Foci: 2, 0
b2 a2 c2 64 16 48
x2
y2
21
2
a
b
y2
x2

1
22 322
Center: (0, 0)
x2
y2
1
b2 a2
y2
x2

1
48 64
Endpoints of minor axis:

3
x2 4y2

1
4
9
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1
a2
b2
y2
x2

1
36 32
927
928
Chapter 10
39. Foci: 5, 0 c 5
40. Foci: 2, 0 c 2
Center: 0, 0
Major axis length: 8 a 4
b2 a2 c2 16 4 12
Major axis of length 12 2a 12
x2
y2
21
2
a
b
a6
x2
y2

1
16 12
62 b2 52 b2 11
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1
a2
b2
x2
y2

1
36 11
Center: 0, 0
Vertical major axis
Point: 4, 2
42
22

1
b2 25
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1
b2
a2
21
16
4

1
b2
25 25
400 21b2
y2
x2

1
2
b
25
400
b2
21
x2
y2

1
40021 25
y2
21x2

1
400
25
42. Major axis vertical

Passes through: 0, 4 and 2, 0
a 4, b 2
y2
x2
21
2
b
a
x2
y2

1
4
16

Center: 4, 0 h 4, k 0
Endpoints of minor axis: 1, 0, 7, 0 b 3
x h2 y k2

1
b2
a2
x 42
y2

1
9
16
43. Center: 2, 3

a 3, b 1
Vertical major axis
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1
b2
a2
(x 2)2 ( y 3)2

1
1
9
45. Center: 2, 3
a 4, b 3
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1
a2
b2
(x 2)2 ( y 3)2

1
16
9
Section 10.3
Minor axis of length 2 b 1

Center: 2, 4 h, k
x h2 y k2

1
a2
b2
x h2 y k2

1
a2
b2
x 22 y 42

1
4
1
x 22 y 12

1
4
1
49. Foci: 0, 0, 0, 8 c 4
48. Foci: 0, 0, 4, 0 c 2, h 2, k 0

Major axis length: 8 a 4
Major axis of length 16 a 8
b2 a2 c2 16 4 12
b2 a2 c2 64 16 48
x h2 y k2

1
a2
b2
Center:0, 4 h, k
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1
b2
a2
2
2
x
( y 4)

1
48
64
x 22
y2

1
16
12
50. Center: 2, 1 h 2, k 1

1
3
a
Vertex: 2,
2
2
Minor axis length: 2 b 1
51. Center: 0, 4

Vertices: 4, 4, 4, 4 a 4

a 2c 4 2c c 2
22 42 b2 b2 12
x h y k2

1
b2
a2
x 2
y 1

1
1
32 2
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1
a2
b2
4 y 12
1
9
( y 4)2
x2

1
16
12
x 22
53. Vertices: 0, 2, 4, 2 a 2
52. Center: 3, 2 h 3, k 2

a 3c
Center: 2, 2
Foci: 1, 2, 5, 2 c 2, a 6
Endpoints of the minor axis: 2, 3, 2, 1 b 1
b2 a2 c2 36 4 32
x h2 y k2

1
a2
b2
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1
a2
b2
x 32 y 22

1
36
32
54. Vertices: 5, 0, 5, 12 a 6
Endpoints of the minor axis:
1, 6, 9, 6 b 4

Center: 5, 6 h 5, k 6
x h2 y k2

1
b2
a2
x 52 y 62

1
16
36
929
47. Vertices: 0, 4, 4, 4 a 2
46. Vertices: 0, 1, 4, 1 a 2

Center: 2, 1 h 2, k 1
Ellipses
(x 2)2 ( y 2)2

1
4
1
Eccentricity:
3
3
c a3
5
5

e
1
c
1
,c4
2
a 2
b2 a2 c2 25 9 16
b2 a2 c2 64 16 48
Center: 0, 0 h, k
Center: 0, 0
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1
a2
b2
y2
x2

1
25 16
x2
y2
2 2 1
b
a
x2
y2

1
48 64
930
Chapter 10
57. (a)

(b) a 25, b 10
(c) When x 4:
x2
y2
1
a2 b2
42
y2

1
625 100
y2
x2

1
625 100
(0, 10)
y 2 100 1
(25, 0)
(25, 0)
y
16
2436

625
25
9.87 feet > 9 feet

2436
25
Yes. If the truck travels down the center of the tunnel,

it will clear the opening of the arch.
58. The tacks should be placed at the foci and the length of the string is the length of the major axis, 2a.
Center: 0, 0
a 3, b 2, c 5
Foci (Positions of the tacks): 5, 0
Length of string: 6 feet
59. (a) a
e
35.88
17.94
2
(b)
c
0.967
a
14
21
c ea 17.35
14
b2 a2 c2 20.82
x2
a2
2
y2
b2
21
(c) The suns center is at a focus of the orbit, 17.35 astronomical units
from the center of the orbit.
1
Apogee 17.35 1235.88 35.29 astronomical units
y2
x

1
321.84 20.82
Perigee 1235.88 17.35 0.59 astronomical units
60. a c 6378 947 7325

a c 6378 228 6606
Solving this system for a and c yields a 6965.5 and c 359.5.
e
c
359.5

0.052
a 6965.5
61. (a) The equation is the bottom half of the ellipse.
(b)
y
0.4
2
y2

1
0.22 1.62
0.8 0.4
0.4
0.8

1 0.04
y 1.6
80.04 2
1.6
(c) The bottom half models the motion of the pendulum.
Section 10.3
62. For
x2
y2
2 1, we have c2 a2 b2.
2
a
b
When x c:
63.
( 49 , 7 )
2
x
( 49 , 7 )
( 49 , 7 )
2b2 232 9

a
4
2
a
2b2
a
Additional points:
9
4

9
4
, 7 , , 7
65. 5x2 3y2 15
a 2, b 1, c 3
3, 12
3, 12
3, 12
x2 y2
1
3
5
2, 0, 0, 1
3, 12
a 5, b 3, c 2
Points on the ellipse:
Length of latera recta:
( 3 5 5 ,
(3 5 5 , 2)
x
( 3 5 5 , 2 )
3, 0, 0, 5
2b 2 21 2

1
a
2
(3 5 5 , 2 )
4
Length of latus recta:

1
1
Additional points: 3, , 3,
2
2
2b2 2 3 65

5
a
5
Additional points:
66. 9x2 4y2 36
35
, 2
5
( 43 ,
x2 y2
1
4
9
( 43 , 5 )
2
a 3, b 2, c 5
Points on the ellipse: 2, 0, 0, 3

Length of latera recta:
2b2 2 2 2 8

a
3
3
( 43 , 5 )
( 43 , 5 )
3, 5, 3, 5
4
x2
y4 1 is not an ellipse.
4
The degree on y is 4, not 2.
67. False. The graph of
69.
( 94 , 7 )
4
Length of latus recta:
x2 y2
1
4
1
Additional points:
3, 0, 0, 4
b2
Length of latus rectum: 2y
64.
931
a2 b2
b4
y2 b2 1
2
2
a
a
y
x2
y2

1
9
16
a 4, b 3, c 7
c2
y2
21
2
a
b
Ellipses
68. True. If e is close to 1, the ellipse is elongated and the

foci are close to the vertices.
y2
x2
21
2
a
b
(a) a b 20 b 20 a
A ab a(20 a)
(b) 264 a(20 a)

0 a2 20a 264
0 a2 20a 264
By the Quadratic Formula: a 14 or a 6. Choosing the larger value of a,
we have a 14 and b 6. The equation of an ellipse with an area of 264 is
CONTINUED
x2
y2

1.
196 36
932
Chapter 10
69. CONTINUED
(c)
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13
301.6
311.0
314.2
311.0
301.6
285.9
(d)
The area is maximum when a 10 and the ellipse is a circle.
350
20
0
The area is maximum (314.16) when a b 10

and the ellipse is a circle.
70. (a) Length of string 2a
(b) By keeping the string taut, the sum of the distances from the two fixed points is constant (equal to the length of the string).
71. 80, 40, 20, 10, 5, . . .
72. 66, 55, 44, 33, 22, . . .
Geometric, r 12
6
75.
3
Arithmetic, d 1
Arithmetic sequence
1 3 9 27 81 243 729
74. 14, 12, 1, 2, 4
73. 12, 12, 32, 52, 72, . . .
76.
n0
3
n0
3
n1
Geometric sequence
a1 1, r 3
n1
547
4
4 n 1 3
5
3
1 43
11

10
77.
n0
S7
n1
a1 4, r
n1
3
4
3
41 4
10
340.15
Section 10.4
4 4
10
78.
11 37
1093
13
S10
1 34
15.10
Hyperbolas
x, ydifference of whose distances from two distinct fixed points (foci)
the
A hyperbola is the set of all points

is constant.
The standard equation of a hyperbola with center h, k and transverse and conjugate axes of lengths 2a and 2b is:
(x h)2 (y k)2

1 if the traverse axis is horizontal.
a2
b2
(y k)2 (x h)2
(b)

1 if the traverse axis is vertical.
a2
b2
(a)
c2 a2 b2 where c is the distance from the center to a focus.
The asymptotes of a hyperbola are:

b
(a) y k (x h) if the transverse axis is horizontal.
a
a
(b) y k (x h) if the transverse axis is vertical.
b
c
The eccentricity of a hyperbola is e .
a
To classify a nondegenerate conic from its general equation Ax2 Cy2 Dx Ey F 0:
(a) If A C (A 0, C 0), then it is a circle.
(b) If AC 0 (A 0 or C 0, but not both), then it is a parabola.
(c) If AC > 0, then it is an ellipse.
Section 10.4
Hyperbolas
933
Vocabulary Check
1. hyperbola
2. branches
3. transverse axis; center
4. asymptotes
5.
1.
4.
Ax 2
Cy 2
Dx Ey F 0
x2
y2

1
9
25
2.
y2
x2
1
25
9
3.
Center: 0, 0
Center: 0, 0
Center: 1, 0
a 3, b 5
a 5, b 3
a 4, b 2
Vertical transverse axis
Vertical transverse axis
Horizontal transverse axis
Matches graph (b).
Matches graph (c).
Matches graph (a).
x 12 y 22

1
16
9
5. x2 y2 1
Center: 1, 2
a 4, b 3
7.
5
4
3
2
a 3, b 5
c
34
Center: 0, 0
5 4
Vertices: 3, 0
2 1
x2
y2
1
36
4
1 2
5
Asymptotes: y x
9
9.
Center: 1, 2
4
x
12
4
8
12
(x 1)2 ( y 2)2

1
4
1
a 2, b 1, c 5
12
10
8
6
4
2
x
8 6
10
y
3
2
1
x
1

Foci: 1 5, 2
1
Asymptotes: y 2 x 1
2
6 8 10
2
4
6
Foci: 0, 106
12
c 36 4 210
1
Asymptotes: y x
3
y2
x2

1
25 81
Vertices: 0, 5
4 5
a 6, b 2,
Foci: 210, 0
Center: 0, 0
x
5
Asymptotes: y x
3
Center: 0, 0
Vertices: 6, 0
a 5, b 9, c 106
3
4
5
Foci: 34, 0
8.
Center: 0, 0
Asymptotes: y x
x2
y2

1
9
25
52
a 1, b 1, c 2
Foci: 2, 0
Matches graph (d).
32
Vertices: 1, 0
6.
(x 1)2 y2
1
16
4
4
5
934
10.
Chapter 10
x 32 y 22

1
144
25
18
15
12
9
6
a 12, b 5
c 144 25 13
Center: 3, 2
Asymptotes: y 2
Vertices:
Foci:
2, 173, 2, 193
13
9x 22 y 32 9
(x 2)2 ( y 3)2

1
1
9
1
1
a 1, b 3, c 10
Center: 2, 3

Foci: 2 10, 3
5
14. x2 9y2 36y 72 0

x 9 y 2 36
x2
y 22

1
36
4
Center: 0, 2
4
6
8
(x 1)2 9( y 3)2 0
12
y 3 13 (x 1)
Degenerate hyperbola is two lines intersecting at (1, 3).
4
8
x
4
4
4
12
Vertices: 6, 2
Foci: 210, 2
2
2
4
1
Asymptotes: y 2 x
3
16.
x
2
x2 2x 1 9 y2 6y 9 80 1 81
c 36 4 210
6 4 2
x2 9y2 2x 54y 80 0
15.
4y 4 72 36
a 6, b 2,
Asymptotes:
y 3 3x 2
Center: 3, 1
12
14
9
10
9x2 4x 4 y2 6y 9 18 36 9
y2
9x2 y2 36x 6y 18 0
x2
2, 6
13.
y
1
1
a ,b
2
4
14 161
2
Asymptotes: y 6 x 2
3
y 12 x 32

1
14
116
c
Center: 2, 6
5
x 3
12
6 5
6
9
12
Foci: 10, 2, 16, 2
y 62 x 22

1
19
14
13
1
1
a ,b ,c
3
2
6
6 3
Vertices: 9, 2, 15, 2
12.
11.
16y2 x2 2x 64y 63 0
16 y2 4y 4 x2 2x 1 63 64 1
16 y 22 x 12 0
y 2 14x 1
Degenerate hyperbola
The graph is two lines intersecting at 1, 2.
y
x
1
1
2
3
4
Section 10.4
17. 2x2 3y2 6
Hyperbolas
To use a graphing calculator, solve for y first.
x2 y2
1
3
2
y2
a 3, b 2, c 5
2x2 6
3
2x 3 6
2x 6

3
2
y1
Center: 0, 0
Vertices: 3, 0
y2
Foci: 5, 0
Asymptotes: y
23 x 36x

y3
6
y4
6
Hyperbola
12
12
Asymptotes
18. 6y2 3x2 18

y2 x2
1
3
6
a 3, b 6, c 3 6 3
Center: 0, 0
Vertices: 0, 3
Foci: 0, 3
2
Asymptotes: y
9y2 x2 2x 54y 62 0
19.
9
y2
6y 9
x2
2x 1 62 1 81
To use a graphing calculator, solve for y first.

9(y 3)2 18 (x 1)2
9 y 32 x 12 18
y 3
y 32 x 12

1
2
18
18 (x9 1)
1
y1 3 18 (x 1)2
3
a 2, b 32, c 25

Center: 1, 3
1
y2 3 18 (x 1)2
3
Foci: 1, 3 25
1
y3 3 (x 1)
3
Vertices: 1, 3 2
1
Asymptotes: y 3 (x 1)
3
1
y4 3 (x 1)
3
2
8
10
10
Hyperbola
Asymptotes
935
936
Chapter 10

21. Vertices: (0, 2) a 2
9x2 y2 54x 10y 55 0
20.
9x 6x 9 y 1 0 y 2 5 55 81 25
2
x 32 y 52

1
19
1
b2 c2 a2 16 4 12
Center: 0, 0 h, k
10
1
a , b 1, c
3
3
( y k)2 (x h)2

1
a2
b2
Center: 3, 5
Vertices:
Foci:

1
10
8
3 , 5 , 5 , , 5
3
3
3
3
10
,5
Foci: (0, 4) c 4
y2
x2

1
4
12

10
Asymptotes:
y 5 3x 3
12
6
2
Foci: 6, 0 c 6
Asymptotes: y 5x
b2 c2 a2 36 16 20 b 25
Center: 0, 0 h, k
x2
y2
21
2
a
b
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1
a2
b2
y2
x2

1
16 20
y2
x2

1
1
25
25. Foci: 0, 8 c 8

Asymptotes: y 3x
a
3, b 1
b
Asymptotes: y 4x
c2 a2 b2 64 16b2 b2
y2 x2
1
9
1
64
1024
b2 a2
17
17
( y k)2 (x h)2

1
a2
b2
y2
x2

1
102417 6417
17x2
17y2

1
1024
64
26. Foci: 10, 0 c 10

3
b 3m
Asymptotes: y x
4
a 4m
a 42 8
b 32 6
c a b 100 3m 4m

2
a
4 a 4b
b
Center: 0, 0 h, k
y2
x2
21
2
a
b
b
5, b 5
a
100 25m2
2m
y2
x2

1
a2 b2
x2
y2

1
64 36
Section 10.4
28. Vertices: 2, 3, 2, 3 a 3
27. Vertices: (2, 0), (6, 0) a 2

Foci: (0, 0), (8, 0) c 4
Center: 2, 0
b2 c2 a2 16 4 12
Foci: 2, 6, 2, 6 c 6
Center: (4, 0) (h, k)
b2 c2 a2 36 9 27
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1
a2
b2
y k2 x h2

1
a2
b2
(x 4)2
y2

1
4
12
y2 x 22

1
9
27
30. Vertices: 2, 1, 2, 1 a 2
29. Vertices: (4, 1), (4, 9) a 4

Foci: (4, 0), (4, 10) c 5
Center: 0, 1
b2 c2 a2 25 16 9
Foci: 3, 1, 3, 1 c 3
Center: (4, 5) (h, k)
b2 c2 a2 9 4 5
( y k)2 (x h)2

1
a2
b2
x h2 y k2

1
a2
b2
( y 5)2 (x 4)2

1
16
9
x2 y 12

1
4
5
32. Vertices: 2, 1, 2, 1 a 2
31. Vertices: (2, 3), (2, 3) a 3

Passes through the point: (0, 5)
Center: 0, 1
Center: (2, 0) (h, k)
Point on curve: 5, 4
( y k)2 (x h)2

1
a2
b2
x h2 y k2

1
a2
b2
x2 y 12

1
4
b2
y2 (x 2)2

1
9
b2
25
9
21
4
b
y2 9
x 22 y2
1
2
b
9
9
b2
9(x 2)2 9(2)2 36 9

b 2
y 9
25 9 16 4
2
x2 y 12

1
4
127
y2 (x 2)2

1
9
94
x2 7 y 12

1
4
12
4x 2
y

1
9
9
2
33. Vertices: 0, 4, 0, 0 a 2

Passes through the point 5, 1
Center: 0, 2 h, k
y k2 x h2

1
a2
b2
y 22 x2
x2
y 22
y 22 4
21 2
1
4
b
b
4
4
4x2
45
20

4
y 22 4 1 22 4
5
2
b2
y 22 x2
1
4
4
12
7
Hyperbolas
937
938
Chapter 10

Center: 1, 0
Point on curve: 0, 5
y k2 x h2

1
a2
b2
35. Vertices: 1, 2, 3, 2 a 1
36. Vertices: 3, 0, 3, 6 a 3
Asymptotes: y x, y 4 x
Center: 3, 3
b
b
1 1 b1
a
1
Asymptotes: y 6 x, y x
Center: 2, 2 h, k
a
1 b3
b
y2 x 12
1

4
b2
x h2 y k2

1
a2
b2
y k2 x h2

1
a2
b2
5
1
1
4 b2
x 22 y 22

1
1
1
y 32 x 32

1
9
9
b2 4
y2 x 12

1
4
4
37. Vertices: (0, 2), (6, 2) a 3
2
2
3
3
b 2
b2
a 3
Center: (3, 2) (h, k)
(x
a2
(y
b2
k)2
(y
(x 3)

9
4
2)2
h)2
1
1
39. (a) Vertices: 1, 0 a 1
38. Vertices: (3, 0, 3, 4 a 2

2
2
3
3
a 2
b3
b 3
Center: 3, 2 h, k
y k2 x h2

1
a2
b2
y 22 x 32

1
4
9
(b) When y 5: x 2 1

x
Center: 0, 0
Point on the graph: 2, 13

22 132
2 1
12
b
4
169
1
b2
3b2 169
b2
169
56.33
3
Thus we have
25
1.2016
1 56.33
Width: 2x 2.403 feet
y2
x2
2 2 1
a
b
y2
x2

1.
1
56.33
52
56.33
Section 10.4
2c 4 mi 21,120 ft
40.
Hyperbolas
939
c 10,560 ft
1100 fts18 s 19,800 ft
5,000
The lightening occurred 19,800 feet further from B than from A:

d2 d1 2a 19,800 ft
d2
(10,560, 0)
a 9900 ft
d1
15,000 10,000 5,000
x
15,000
5,000
(10,560, 0)
b2 c2 a2 10,5602 99002
b2 13,503,600
x2
y2

1
99002 13,503,600
x2
y2

1
98,010,000 13,503,600
41. Since listening station C heard the explosion 4 seconds after listening station A, and since listening station B heard the
explosion one second after listening station A, and sound travels 1100 feet per second, the explosion is located in
Quadrant IV on the line x 3300. The locus of all points 4400 feet closer to A than C is one branch of the hyperbola.
y2
4400
x2
2 1 where c 3300 feet and a
2200 feet, b2 c2 a2 6,050,000.
2
a
b
2
When x 3300 we have
Solving for y:
y2
33002
y2
1.

2
2200
6,050,000
33002
6,050,000
1
22002
y
3000
2000
B (3300, 1100)
1000
7,562,500
C ( 3300, 0)
4000 3000
y 2750
A (3300, 0)
1000
Since the explosion is in Quadrant IV, its coordinates are 3300, 2750.
1000
4000
2000
(3300, 2750)
3000
42. (a) Foci: 150, 0 c 150
Center: 0, 0 h, k

150
d2
d1

0.001 2a 186, a 93
186,000 186,000
(x, 75)
b2 c2 a2 1502 932 13,851

(150, 0)
(150, 0)
x
150
x2 932 1
752
12,161
13,851
x 110.3 miles
(b) c a 150 93 57 miles
30
270

0.00129 second
186,000 186,000
CONTINUED
d2
d1
x2
y2

1
2
93
13,851
(c)
75
75
75
150
940
Chapter 10
42. CONTINUED
(d)
d2
d1

0.00129
186,000 186,000
2a 239.94
a 119.97
b2
c2 a2 1502 119.97 2 8107.1991
x2
y2

1
119.972 8107.1991
x2 119.97 2 1
60 2
8107.1991
x 144.2 miles
Position: 144.2, 60
43. Center: 0, 0 h, k
Focus: (24, 0) c 24
Solution point: (24, 24)
242 a2 b2 b2 242 a2
(x h)2 (y k)2

1
a2
b2
44. (a) x 2 y 2 200x 52,500 0

Ax 2 Cy 2 Dx Ey F 0
A 1, C 1, D 200, E 0, F 52,500
A C: circle
(b) x 2 200x 10,000 y 2 52,500 10,000
x 1002 y2 62,500
x2
y2
242
242
2
1 2 2
1
2
2
a
24 a
a
24 a2
x 1002
y2

1
62,500
62,500
Solving yields a 1223 5 OR
125 1 14.83 and b2 355.9876.

Thus, we have
y2
x2

1.
220.0124 355.9876
100
The right vertex is at (a, 0) (14.83, 0).
x
100
200
300
100
(c) d 100 02 150 02 5013

d 180.28 meters
45. x2 y2 6x 4y 9 0
46. x2 4y2 6x 16y 21 0
A 1, C 1
A 1, C 4
A C Circle
AC 14 > 0 and A C Ellipse
47. 4x2 y2 4x 3 0
48. y2 6y 4x 21 0
A 4, C 1
A 0, C 1
AC 41 4 < 0 Hyperbola
AC 01 0 Parabola
49. y 2 4x 2 4x 2y 4 0
50. x 2 y 2 4x 6y 3 0
A 4, C 1
A 1, C 1
A C Circle
Section 10.4
Hyperbolas
941
52. 4x 2 y 2 8x 3 0
51. x 2 4x 8y 2 0
A 1, C 0
A 4, C 1
AC 10 0 Parabola
AC 4 > 0 and A C Ellipse

54. 4y2 2x2 4y 8x 15 0
53. 4x2 3y2 8x 24y 51 0
AC 24 < 0 Hyperbola
A 4, C 3
AC 43 12 > 0 and A C Ellipse
55. 25x2 10x 200y 119 0
56. 4y2 4x2 24x 35 0
A 25, C 0
A C 4 Circle
AC 250 0 Parabola
57. 4x2 16y2 4x 32y 1 0
58. 2y 2 2x 2y 1 0
A 4, C 16
A 0, C 2
AC 416 64 > 0 and A C Ellipse
AC 0, but C 0 Parabola
59. 100x2 100y2 100x 400y 409 0
60. 4x 2 y 2 4x 2y 1 0
A 100, C 100
A 4, C 1
A C Circle
61. True. For a hyperbola, c2 a2 b2 or

e2
c2
a2
1
b2
a2
62. False. For the trivial solution of two intersecting lines to

occur, the standard form of the equation of the hyperbola
would be equal to zero.
x h2 y k2
y k2 x h2

0 or

0
a2
b2
a2
b2
The larger the ratio of b to a, the larger the eccentricity

e ca of the hyperbola.
63. Let x, y be such that the difference of the distances from c, 0 and c, 0 is 2a (again only deriving one of the forms).
2a x c2 y2 x c2 y2

2a x c
2
4a2
4ax c
2
y2
x c
2
y2
x c
y2
x c2 y2
y2
4ax c2 y2 4cx 4a2

ax c2 y2 cx a2
a2
x2
2cx c2 y2 c2x2 2a2cx a4

a2c2 a2 c2 a2x2 a2y2
Let b2 c2 a2. Then a2b2 b2x2 a2y2 1
x2
y2
2.
2
a
b
64. The extended diagonals of the central rectangle are the asymptotes of the hyperbola.
942
Chapter 10
9x2 54x 4y 2 8y 41 0
65.
9x2 6x 9 4 y 2 2y 1 41 81 4
9x 32 4 y 12 36
x 32 y 12

1
4
9
y 12 x 32

1
9
4
y 12 9
x 32
1
4
The bottom half of the hyperbola is:
9 x 4 3 1
x 3
1
y 1 3
4
2
y1
66.
1
3
Value of C
Possible number of points of intersection
C > 2
C2
2 < C < 2
C 2
CONTINUED
Section 10.4
Hyperbolas
66. CONTINUED
C < 2
or
or
For C 2, we need to analyze the two curves to determine the number of points of intersection.
C 2:
x2 y2 4
and
y x2 2
x2 y 2
y 2 y 2 4
Substitute:
y2 y 2 0
y 2 y 1 0
y 2, 1
x2 y 2
x2 y 2
x 2 2 2
x2 1 2
x2 0
x2 3
x0
x 3
0, 2
3, 1, 3, 1
There are three points of intersection when C 2.

C < 2:
x2 y2 4
and
y x2 C
x2 y C
y C y 2 4
Substitute:
y2 y 4 C 0
y
1 12 41C 4
2
y
1 1 4C 4
2
If 1 4C 4 < 0, there are no real solutions (no points of intersection):

1 4C 16 < 0
4C < 17
C <
17
, no points of intersection
4
If 1 4C 4 0, there is one real solution (two points of intersection):

1 4C 16 0
4C 17
C
CONTINUED
17
, two points of intersection
4
943
944
Chapter 10
66. CONTINUED
If 1 4C 4 > 0, there are two real solutions (four points of intersection):
1 4C 16 > 0
4C > 17
C >
17
, but C < 2, four points of intersection
4
Summary:
a. no points of intersection: C > 2
or C <
17
4
b. one point of intersection: C 2

c. two points of intersection: 2 < C < 2
17
4
or C
d. three points of intersection: C 2

e. four points of intersection:
17
< C < 2
4
67. x3 16x xx2 16 xx 4x 4
68. x2 14x 49 x2 27x 72 x 72
69. 2x3 24x2 72x 2x(x2 12x 36 2xx 62
70. 6x3 11x2 10x x6x2 11x 10

x6x2 15x 4x 10
x 3x2x 5 22x 5
x3x 22x 5
72. 4 x 4x 2 x3 4 4x 2 x x3
71. 16x3 54 28x3 27

2 2x3 33
41 x 2 x1 x2
22x 34x2 6x 9
4 x1 x 2
73. y 2 cos x 1
74. y sin x
Amplitude: 2
1
x
3
2
3
2
4
2
1
x
3
4

3
4
Period: 2
One cycle: 0 to 2
3
4
2
3
4
1
Graph y cos x first.
2
1
76. y sec x
2

2
Amplitude: 1
Period:
1
Key points: 0, 0, , 1 ,
2
3
1, 0, , 1 , 2, 0
2
75. y tan 2x
2
Period: 2
Period: 2
3
2
1

2
3
2
Section 10.5
Section 10.5
Rotation of Conics
945
Rotation of Conics
The general second-degree equation Ax2 Bxy Cy2 Dx Ey F 0 can be rewritten as

A(x ) 2 C( y ) 2 Dx Ey F 0 by rotating the coordinate axes through the angle
, where cot 2 A CB and the following quantities are invariant under rotation:
1. F F
2. A C A C
3. B2 4AC B2 4AC
x x cos ysin
y x sin y cos
The graph of the nondegenerate equation Ax2 Bxy Cy2 Dx Ey F 0 is:

(a) An ellipse or circle if B2 4AC < 0.
(b) A parabola if B2 4AC 0.
(c) A hyperbola if B2 4AC > 0.
Vocabulary Check
1. rotation of axes
2. A(x ) 2 C( y ) 2 Dx Ey F 0
3. invariant under rotation
4. discriminant
1. 90; Point: (0, 3)
2. 45; Point: 3, 3
x x cos y sin
y x sin y cos
x x cos y sin
0 x cos 90 y sin 90
3 x sin 90 y cos 90
y x sin y cos
0 y
3 x
Solving the system yields x, y 32, 0.
45 y sin 45

33 xx cos
sin 45 y cos 45
So, (x, y ) (3, 0).

3. 30; Point: (1, 3)
x x cos y sin
y x sin y cos
4. 60 ; Point: 3, 1
30 y sin 30

13 xx cos
sin 30 y cos 30
3 3 33 1
,
.
Solving the system yields x, y
2
2
5. 45; Point 2, 1

x x cos y sin
y x sin y cos
x x cos y sin
y x sin y cos
60 y sin 60

31 xx cos
sin 60 y cos 60
Solving this system yields x, y
3 2
3 1 33
.
6. 30; Point: 2, 4
45 y sin 45

21 xx cos
sin 45 y cos 45
Solving the system yields x, y
3 2 2, 22 .

x x cos y sin
y x sin y cos
30 y sin 30

24 xx cos
sin 30 y cos 30
Solving this system yields x, y 3 2, 23 1.
946
Chapter 10
7. xy 1 0, A 0, B 1, C 0
cot 2
AC

0 2
B
2
4
x x cos
x

y sin
4
4
y x sin
2 2
2
y
2
x
x y
2
2 2
y
2
x y
2

x y
2
10
4 3 2
2
3
( y ) 2 (x ) 2

1
2
2
x y
2
8. xy 2 0, A 0, B 1, C 0
cot 2

AC
0 2

B
2
4

x x cos y sin
4
4
3
2

y x sin y cos
4
4
x y
2
xy 1 0

y cos
4
4
2
xy 2 0
x y
2
x y
2

x y
20
2
x 2 y 2
2
2
x 2 y 2

1
4
4
9. x2 2xy y2 1 0, A 1, B 2, C 1
cot 2
AC

0 2

B
2
4
2 2
2
y
y'
2
x
x y
2
y
2
x y
2
x 2y 2x 2yx 2y x 2y 1 0

2
x2 2x y y2 2x2 y2 x2 2x y y2

10
2
2
2
2 y2 1 0
y2
1
2
y
The graph is two parallel lines.
Alternate solution:
x2 2xy y2 1 0
x y2 1
x y 1
yx 1
x2 2xy y2 1 0

1
1
2 2
2
x'
2
1

y x sin y cos
4
4

x x cos y sin
4
4
x
12 22

Section 10.5
Rotation of Conics
10. xy x 2y 3 0
A 0, B 1, C 0
cot 2

AC
0 2

B
2
4
y
8

x x cos y sin
4
4
2
2
x
y
2
2

y x sin y cos
4
4
2
2
x
y
2
2

x y

2
6
4

8 6 4
x y

2
6
8
xy x 2y 3 0
x y
2

x y
x y
x y

2
30
2
2
2

x 2 y 2
x
y
2x
2y

30
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
2x
2
2 y
2
32y
2
32
2
32
2
x 2 y
32
2
10
y
2
x 2
2
10
2
6 2
2
32
2
10
1
11. xy 2y 4x 0
8
A 0, B 1, C 0
cot 2
x
AC

0 2

B
2
4
x x cos

y sin
4
4
y xsin
2 y 2
2
2
x
x y
2

y cos
4
4
2 y 2
2
2
x y
2
x 2yx 2y 2x 2y 4x 2y 0

)2
(x

2
( y )2
2
2x 2y 22x 22y 0
(x ) 2 62x 32 2

( y ) 2 22y 2 2 0 32 2 2 2
x 32 2 y 2 2 16
x 322 y 2 2 1
16
16
xy 2y 4x 0

2
4
947
948
Chapter 10
12. 2x2 3xy 2y2 10 0

A 2, B 3, C 2
4
C
71.57
cot 2
B
3
cos 2
4
5
2
1 45

1 cos
2
2
1 cos 2
1 45
cos

2
2
sin
x x cos y sin
x
x
x 3y
10
1
10
y x sin y cos
10 y 10
1
3
10
10 y 10
3
3x y
10
2x2 3xy 2y2 10 0

2
x 3y
10
3
x 3y
10

3x y
3x y
2
10
10
10 0
x 2 6x y 9 y 2 9x 2 24x y 9 y 2 9x 2 6x y y 2

10 0
5
5
5
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
x 2 y 2 10
2
2
x 2 y 2

1
4
4
13. 5x2 6xy 5y2 12 0
A 5, B 6, C 5
y'
x'
cot 2
AC

0 2

B
2
4
x x cos
x

y sin
4
4
y x sin
2 2
2
y
2
x
x y
2

y cos
4
4
y
2 2
2
2
x y
2
5x2 6xy 5y2 12 0
x 2y 6x 2yx 2y 5x 2y 12 0

2
)2
5(x
2
5xy
5( y ) 2
2
3(x ) 2 3( y ) 2
5(x) 2
2
5xy
5( y ) 2
12 0
2
2(x ) 2 8( y )2 12
(x ) 2 ( y ) 2

1
6
32
Section 10.5
Rotation of Conics
949
14. 13x2 63xy 7y2 16 0

A 13, B 63, C 7
cot 2
AC
1

2

3
B
3
6
x x cos
x

y sin
6
6
3
2
y x sin

y cos
6
6

3x y
3 2
3
1
x
y
2
2
1
y
2

2
3
x 3y
2
13x2 63xy 7y2 16 0

13
3x y
63
3x y

x 3y
x 3y
7
2
2
16 0
39x 2 133x y 13 y 2 18x2 183x y 63x y

4
2
4
4
4
4
18 y 2 7x 2 73x y 21 y 2

16 0
4
4
2
4
16x 2 4 y 2 16
x 2 y 2

1
1
4
y
15. 3x2 23xy y2 2x 23y 0
A 3, B 23, C 1
1
AC

60
cot 2
3
B
2
2
y x sin 60 y cos 60
x x cos 60 y sin 60

3
1
x 3y
y

x
2
2
2

x
2
3
3x y
1
y

2
2
3x2 23xy y2 2x 23y 0

3
x 2 3y 2 3x 2 3y

3x y

3x y
2x 2 3y 2 3
2
3x y
0
3x 2 63xy 9 y 2 6x 2 43xy 6 y 2 3x 2 23xy y 2

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
x 3y 3x 3y 0
4 y 2 4x 0
y 2 x
950
Chapter 10
16. 16x2 24xy 9y2 60x 80y 100 0

A 16, B 24, C 9
7
C

53.13
cot 2
B
24
cos 2
7
25
sin
2
1 725 4

1 cos
2
2
5
cos
1 cos 2

2
y x sin y cos
5 y 5
3
1 725
3

2
5
x x cos y sin
x
1
y
x
3 y 5
4
4x 3y
5
16x2 24xy 9y2 60x 80y 100 0
16
3x 4y
5
24
3x 4y
5

4x 3y
4x 3y
9
5
5
60
3x 4y
4x 3y
80
100 0
5
5
144x 2 384x y
256 y 2 288x 2 168x y
288 y 2 144x 2 216x y

25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
81 y 2
36x 48y 64x 48y 100 0
25
25 y 2 100x 100 0
y 2 4x 1
y
17. 9x2 24xy 16y2 90x 130y 0

6
A 9, B 24, C 16
cot 2
7
AC

53.13
B
24
cos 2
2
1

1 cos
2
2
1 cos 2

2
7
25
3
5
y xsin ycos
x x cos y sin
5 y5
3x 4y
5
x
CONTINUED
7
1 25
4
5
2
cos
x
7
25
sin
4
y
5 y 5
4
4x 3y
5
Section 10.5
Rotation of Conics
17. CONTINUED
9x2 24xy 16y2 90x 130y 0
9
3x 4y
5
24
3x 4y
5

4x 3y
4x 3y
16
5
5
90
3x 4y
4x 3y
130
0
5
5
81x2 216xy 144 y2 288x2 168xy 288 y2 256x2 384xy 144 y2

25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
54x 72y 104x 78y 0
25x2 50x 150y 0
x2 2x 6y

x2 2x 1 6y 1
x 12 6 y
18. 9x2 24xy 16y2 80x 60y 0

A 9, B 24, C 16
cot 2
7
C

53.13
B
24
cos 2
7
25
sin
1 cos 2

2
cos
1 cos 2

2
1 725 4

2
5
3
1 725

2
5
x x cos y sin

2
x
y x sin y cos

3
4
y
x
5
5
3
y
1
1

4
3
x
y
5
5
3x 4y
5
4x 3y
5
9x2 24xy 16y2 80x 60y 0
3x 4y
5
24
3x 4y
5

4x 3y
4x 3y
16
5
5
80
3x 4y
4x 3y
60
0
5
5
81x 2 216x y
144 y 2 288x 2 168x y
288 y 2 256x 2 384x y
144 y2

25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
48x 64x 48x 36x 0
25x 2 100y 0
x 2 4y
1 2
x y
4
1
6
951
952
Chapter 10
19. x2 2xy y2 20
10
A 1, B 2, C 1
cot 2
15
AC 11

0 or 45
B
2
4
15
10
To graph the conic using a graphing calculator, we need to solve for y in terms of x.
x y2 20
x y 20
y x 20
Use y1 x 20 and y2 x 20.
21. 17x2 32xy 7y2 75
20. x2 4xy 2y2 6

A 1, B 4, C 2
cot 2
AC 12 1

cot 2
B
4
4
A C 17 7 24 3

26.57
B
32
32 4
Solve for y in terms of x by completing the square.
1
1

tan 2 4
7y2 32xy 17x2 75

y2
tan 2 4
2 75.96
y2
37.98
To graph conic with a graphing calculator, we need to
solve for y in terms of x.
32
17
75
xy x2
7
7
7
32
256 2 119 2 525 256 2
xy
x
x

x
7
49
49
49
49
y 7 x
16
x2 4xy 2y2 6
y 2xy
2
x2
x2
3 x2
2
x2
y x2 3
2
yx
3 x2
yx
Enter y1 x
3 2
x2
3 x2
and y2 x
16x 515x2 21
7
and y2
16x 515x2 21
.
7
y
16x 515x2 21
7
16
x
7
Use y1
375x 49 525
y
3 x2 .
375x2 525
49
Section 10.5
23. 32x2 48xy 8y2 50
22. 40x2 36xy 25y2 52

A 40, B 36, C 25
cot 2
5
A C 40 25

cot 2
B
36
12
8y2 48xy 32x2 50
y2 6xy 4x2
2 67.38
y2 6xy 9x2 4x2
33.69
25y2 36xy 52 40x2
y
y
Enter y1
y2
1300 676x2

625
18
x
25
36
324 2 52 40 2 324 2
y2 xy
x
x
x
25
625
25 25
625
25
9x2
4
5x 254
25
y 3x 5x
4
25
Use y 3x 5x
and
4
25
y 3x 5x .
4
y 3x
52 40 2
36
y2 xy
x
25
25 25
25
4
25
4
y 3x2 5x2
Solve for y in terms of x by completing the square:
18
y x
25
A C 24 1

31.72
B
48 2
Solve for y in terms of x by completing the square.
1
5

tan 2 12
12
tan 2
5
Rotation of Conics

1300 625
676x2
18x 1300 676x2

25
18x 1300 676x2

and
25
18x 1300 676x2

.
25
24. 24x2 18xy 12y2 34

A 24, B 18, C 12
A C 24 12 2

B
18
3
3
tan 2
2
2 56.31
cot 2
28.15
Solve for y in terms of x by completing the square:
12x2 9xy 6y2 17

3
27
69
9
6 y2 xy x2 17 12x2 x2 17 x2
2
16
8
8
3 2 136 69x2
y x
4
48
3
y x
4
Enter y1
9x 3136
12
136 48
69x2
69x2
and y2
9x 3136 69x2

12
9x 3136 69x2

.
12
953
954
Chapter 10
25. 4x2 12xy 9y2 413 12x 613 8y 91

A 4, B 12, C 9
cot 2
5
AC 49

B
12
12
5
1

tan 2 12
tan 2
12
5
2 67.38
33.69
Solve for y in terms of x with the quadratic formula:
4x2 12xy 9y2 413 12x 613 8y 91
12x 613 8y 4x2 413x 12x 91 0
9y2
a 9, b 12x 613 8, c 4x2 413x 12x 91

y
y
b b2 4ac
2a
12x 613 8 12x 613 82 494x2 413x 12x 91

18
12x 613 8 624x 3808 9613
18
18
Enter y1
and y2
12x 613 8 624x 3808 9613

18
27
12x 613 8 624x 3808 9613

.
18
26. 6x2 4xy 8y2 55 10x 75 5y 80
A 6, B 4, C 8
cot 2
AC 68 1

B
4
2
tan 2 2
2 63.43
31.72
Solve for y in terms of x using the quadratic formula.
8y2 4x 75 5y 6x2 55 10x 80 0
y
1
4x 75 5 4x 75 52 326x2 55 10x 80
16
Enter y1 and y2 from the above expression.

27. xy 2 0
B2 4AC 1 The graph is a hyperbola.
cot 2
AC
0 45
B
Matches graph (e).
28. x2 2xy y2 0
x y2 0
xy0
y x
The graph is a line. Matches graph (f).
Section 10.5
29. 2x2 3xy 2y2 3 0
B2
4AC
(3)2
4(2)(2) 25
A 1, B 1, C 3
B2 4AC 12 413 11
4
AC
18.43
B
3
Matches graph (b).
31. 3x2 2xy y2 10 0

B2
4AC
(2)2
4(3)(1) 8
AC 13

2 13.28
B
1
Matches graph (a).
cot 2
A 1, B 4, C 4
B2 4AC 42 414 0
The graph is a parabola.
AC
1 22.5
B
AC 14 3

26.57
B
4
4
Matches graph (c).
cot 2
Matches graph (d).
33. (a)
The graph is an ellipse.
32. x2 4xy 4y2 10x 30 0
The graph is an ellipse or circle.

cot 2
34. (a) x2 4xy 2y2 6 0
16x2 8xy y2 10x 5y 0

B2 4AC 82 4161 0
A 1, B 4, C 2
B2 4AC 42 412 24 > 0

The graph is a hyperbola.
(b) y2 8x 5y 16x2 10x 0

8x 5 8x 52 4116x2 10x
y
21
8x 5 8x 52 416x2 10x

2
(c)
(b) 2y2 4xy x2 6 0

1
y
4x 16x2 8x2 6
4
(c)
1
4
955
30. x2 xy 3y2 5 0

cot 2
Rotation of Conics
12
12
2
8
12x2 6xy 7y2 45 0
35. (a)
36. (a) 2x2 4xy 5y2 3x 4y 20 0
B2 4AC 62 4127 300 < 0
A 2, B 4, C 5
B2 4AC 42 425 16 40 24 < 0
(b) 7y2 6xy 12x2 45 0

y
6x 36x2 2812x2 45

14
(c)
6x 6x 4712x 45

27
2
(b) 5y2 4x 4y 2x2 3x 20 0

y
(c)
4x 4 4x 42 202x2 3x 20

10
5
5
3
3
956
Chapter 10
x2 6xy 5y2 4x 22 0
37. (a)
38. (a) 36x2 60xy 25y2 9y 0
B2 4AC 62 415 56 > 0
A 36, B 60, C 25
B2 4AC 602 43625 0
(b) 5y2 6xy x2 4x 22 0

y

(b) 25y2 60x 9y 36x2 0
6x 6x2 45x2 4x 22

25
y
6x 36x2 20x2 4x 22

10
(c)
6x 36x2 20x2 4x 22

10
(c)
60x 9 60x 92 3600x2

50
1
6
5
9
39. (a) x2 4xy 4y2 5x y 3 0
40. (a) x2 xy 4y2 x y 4 0
B2 4AC 42 414 0
A 1, B 1, C 4
B2 4AC 12 414 15

(b) 4y2 4x 1y x2 5x 3 0
y
4x 1 4x 1 44

24
2
x2
5x 3
(b) 4y2 x 1y x2 x 4 0

y
4x 1 4x 12 16x2 5x 3

8
(c)
x 1 x 12 16x2 x 4

8
(c)
3
4
41. y2 9x2 0
42.
x2 y2 2x 6y 10 0
9x
x2 2x 1 y2 6y 9 10 1 9
y 3x
x 12 y 32 0
y2
Point at 1, 3
Two intersecting lines

y
4
3
2
1
4 3 2 1
x
1
2
3
6
(1, 3)
Section 10.5
43. x2 2xy y2 1 0
(x
y)2
x2 10xy y2 0
44.
10
Rotation of Conics
y 10xy 25x2 25x2 x2

2
y 5x2 24x2
(x y)2 1
x y 1
y 5x 24x2
y x 1
y 5x 26x
y 5 26x
Two parallel lines

y
3
2
x
4 3 2 1
2 1
x
1
3
4
x2 y2 4x 6y 4 0 ( y 3)2 (x 2)2 1
45.
x2 y2 4x 6y 12 0 (x 2)2 ( y 3)2 1
2y2 12y 16 0
2( y 2)( y 4) 0
The points of intersection are 2, 2 and 2, 4.
y 2 or y 4
For y 2: x2 22 4x 6(2) 12 0
x2 4x 4 0
(x 2)2 0
For y 4:
x2
42
8
1
x2
4x 6(4) 12 0
x2 4x 4 0
(x 2)2 0
x2
46. x2 y2 8x 20y 7 0 x 42 y 102 109

x2 9y2 8x 4y 7 0 x 42 9 y
8y2
2 2
9
85
9
0
24y
8y y 3 0
y 0 or y 3
When y 0:
x2
90 8x 40 7 0
2
x 7x 1 0
x 7, 1
When y 3:
x2 932 8x 43 7 0
x2 8x 76 0
No real solution
Points of intersection: 7, 0, 1, 0
957
958
Chapter 10
47. 4x2 y2 16x 24y 16 0

4x2 y2 40x 24y 208 0
192 0
24x
x 8
30
When x 8: 482 y2 408 24y 208 0

10
y2 24y 144 0
10
0
y 122 0
y 12
The point of intersection is 8, 12. In standard form the equations are:
x 22 y 122
x 52 y 122

1 and

1
36
144
9
36
48.
x2 4y2 20x 64y 172 0 x 102 4 y 82 16

16x2 4y2 320x 64y 1600 0 16x 102 4 y 82 256
17x2
340x
1428 0
17x 238x 6 0
x 6 or x 14
When x 6:
62
4y2
206 64y 172 0

4y2
0
25
64y 256 0
y2 16y 64 0
y 82 0
20
y 8
When x 14:
142 4y2 2014 64y 172 0

4y2 64y 256 0
y2 16y 64 0
y 82 0
y 8
49.
x2 y2 12x 16y 64 0
x2 y2 12x 16y 64 0
2x2
24x
0
2xx 12 0
16
x 0 or x 12
When x 0:
10
02 y2 120 16y 64 0
20
4
y2 16y 64 0
y 82 0
y8
When x 12: 122 y2 1212 16y 64 0
y2 16y 64 0
y 82 0
y8
The points of intersection are 0, 8 and 12, 8. The standard forms of the equations are:
x 62 y 82

1 and x 62 y 82 36
36
36
Section 10.5
50.
Rotation of Conics
x2 4y2 2x 8y 1 0 x 12 4 y 12 4

2x 4y 1 0 y 14x 12
x2
12y
4y2
0
4y y 3 0
y 0 or y 3
When y 0: x 40 2x 80 1 0
2
x2
2x 1 0
x 12 0
x1
x2
When y 3:
2x 43 1 0
x2 2x 13 0
No real solution
Point of intersection: 1, 0
51. 16x2 y2 24y 80 0
16x2 25y2
400 0
24y2 24y 480 0
The point of intersection is (0, 4).

In standard form the equations are:
x2 ( y 12)2

1
4
64
24( y 5)( y 4) 0
y 5 or y 4
When y 5:
16x2
25(5)2
y2
x2

1
25 16
400 0
16x2 225
No real solution
When y 4: 16x2 25(4)2 400 0
16x2
0
5
x0
16y 128 0 16x2 y 82 64
52. 16x2 y2
y2 48x 16y 32 0 y 82 48x 96

16x2
48x
160 0
16
x2
3x 10 0
x 5x 2 0
x 5 or x 2
When x 5:
y2
485 16y 32 0
y2
16y 272 0
y 8 421
When x 2:
30
25
50
y2 482 16y 32 0
y2 16y 64 0
y 82 0
y8
Points of intersection: 5, 8 421, 5, 8 421, 2, 8
20
959
960
Chapter 10
y2 4 0
3x y2
0
2
x 3x
40
x 4x 1 0
53. x2
x 4
54. 4x2 9y2 36y 0 4x2 9y 22 36
x2 9y 27 0 y
6
x2
3
9
427 9y 9y2 36y 0
or x 1
9y2 72y 108 0
9 y 6 y 2 0
When x 4: 34 y2 0
y 6 or y 2
y2 12
When y 6 : x 27 96 27

2
No real solution
No real solution
When x 1: 31 y2 0
When y 2 : x2 27 92 9
y2 3
x 3
y 3
The points of intersection are 1, 3 and 1, 3 .
The standard forms of the equations are:

x2 y2 4
6
y2 3x
6
2
55. x2 2y2 4x 6y 5 0
No real solution
x y 4 0 y x 4
x2
No points of intersection
2x 4 4x 6x 4 5 0
The standard forms of the equations are:
x 22
x2 2x2 8x 16 4x 6x 24 5 0
27
2
3x2 18x 51 0
y 32 2 1
27
4
x y 4
3x2 6x 17 0
x2 6x 17 0
x2 6x 9 17 9
x 32 8
6
56. x2 2y2 4x 6y 5 0 2x 22 4 y 32 27

2
x2 4x y 4 0 y x2 4x 4
y 4 2y2 6y 5 0
2y2 7y 9 0
2y 9 y 1 0
y 92 or y 1
When y 1:
x2 4x 1 4 0
x 3x 1 0
x 1 or x 3
9
9
When y 2 : x2 4x 2 4 0
x2 4x 17
2 0
No real solution
Section 10.5
xy x 2y 3 0 y
57.
x 3
x2
x 3
x2
xy10 y1x
5x2 2x1 x 51 x2 12 0
5x2 2x 2x2 51 2x x2 12 0
9
5x2 2x 2x2 5 10x 5x2 12 0
x2(x 2)2 4(x 3)2 9(x 2)2
12x2 12x 7 0
x2x2 4x 4 4x2 6x 9 9x2 4x 4

x4
x
4x 4x 4x 24x 36 9x 36x 36
3
x4 4x3 x2 60x 0
x(x 3)
x2
7x 20 0
x 0 or x 3
3 30
3 30 3 30

: y1
6
6
6
When x
3 30
3 30 3 30

: y1
6
6
6
Points of intersection:
0 3
3

02
2
63 30, 63 30, 63 30, 63 30

1
(3) 3
When x 3: y
0
3 2
2, (3, 0).
The points of intersection are 0,
3 30
6
When x
Note: x2 7x 20 0 has no real solution.

When x 0: y
961
58. 5x2 2xy 5y2 12 0
x2 4y2 9 0
x2 4
Rotation of Conics
6
2
9
59. x2 xy ky2 6x 10 0
B2 4AC 12 41k 1 4k > 0 4k > 1 k <
1
4
True. For the graph to be a hyperbola, the discriminant must be greater than zero.
60. False. The coefficients of the new equation, after rotation of axes, are obtained by making the substitutions.
x x cos y sin
y x sin y cos
61. r2 x2 y2 x cos y sin 2 y cos x sin 2
x 2 cos2 2xy cos sin y 2 sin2 y 2 cos2 2xy cos sin x 2 sin2
x 2cos2 sin2 y 2sin2 cos2 x 2 y 2
Thus, x 2 y 2 r2.
62. In Exercise 14, the equation of the rotated ellipse is:
x
y

1
1
4
2
a2 4 a 2
b2
1 b1
Length of major axis is 2a 22 4.

Length of minor axis is 2b 21 2.
63. f x x 3
Shift the graph of y x

three units to the left.
6
5
4
3
2
1
6 5 4 3 2 1
1
2
x
1
962
Chapter 10
64. f x x 4 1
g x 4 x2
65.
y2 4 x2
The graph of the function

f x is the graph of x shifted
four units to the right and one
unit upward.
4
3
x2 y2 4
4
3
gx is the top half of this

circle since y 0.
2
1
1
4
3
Domain:
x,
2
3,
0

2
3,
2
3
11
3
1
68. h t 2t 43
h 0
1
2 0
4
3
3 2 1
1
6
4
4
0
2
1
27
2
32
125
2
32, 0, 32

x-intercept: 0
2
1
ht
43
2 1
1
y-intercept:
Reflect the graph of y x3

about the x-axis, shift it to the
right two units, and upward
three units.
2 3x
2
3
67. ht t 23 3
0 2 3x 2
x-intercept: 0 3x 2
66. g x 3x 2
2 1
1
4 3 2 1
1
2 t
4
3
4
2
1
0t4
7 6
t 4, 4, 0
4 3 2 1
1
t
1
2
3
4
69. f t t 5 1
Shift the graph of y x
five units to the right and
upward one unit.
70. f t 2t 3
1
1
1
3
t
2
3
4 3 2 1
1
t
1
3
4
71. Area 12 ab sin C

2812 sin 110
72. sin 70
h
25
45.11 square units
h 25 sin 70
1
Area baseheight
2
1
1625 sin 70
2
187.9
25
70
A
16
Section 10.6
73. s
Parametric Equations
a b c 11 18 10

19.5
2
2
Area ss as bs c 19.58.51.59.5 48.60 square units

74. Law of Cosines:
35 2 232 272 22327 cos

cos
11
414
cos1
35
11
414

27

h 23 sin cos1
23
11
h
sin sin cos1
23
414
Not drawn to scale
11
414

310.4
1
11
1
27 23 sin cos1
Area baseheight
2
2
414
Section 10.6
If f and g are continuous functions of t on an interval I, then the set of ordered pairs f t, gt is a
plane curve C. The equations x f (t) and y g(t) are parametric equations for C and t is the parameter.
To eliminate the parameter:

(a) Solve for t in one equation and substitute into the second equation.
(b) Use trigonometric identities.
You should be able to find the parametric equations for a graph.
Vocabulary Check
1. plane curve; parametric; parameter
2. orientation
3. eliminating the parameter
1. x t, y 3 t
1. (a)
(b)
2 3
4
2
1
(c) x t
x2 t
2
y3x
y3t
The graph of the parametric equations only shows the right

half of the parabola, whereas the rectangular equation yields
the entire parabola.
y
4
4
3
2
1
2
1
x
1
1
2
4 3
1
2
3
4
963
964
Chapter 10
2. x 4 cos2 , y 2 sin
(a)
2
4
4
2
2
2
(b)
2
(c)
x
y
cos2 , sin
4
2
cos2 sin2 1

x
y

4
2
y
4
3
1
4
3
x
4 3 2 1
x
y2
1
4
4
y 2
4
The rectangular version of the graph continues into the

second and third quadrants.
4 3 2 1
2
3
4
3. (a) x 3t 3, y 2t 1
4. (a) x 3 2t, y 2 3t
2
1
3
2
1
9
6
3
1
3
3
1
7
4
1
11
6
5
4
2
1
5
4
2
x
4 3 2 1
1 2 3
2
3
4
2 1
x3
(b) x 3t 3 t
3
(b) x 3 2t t 12x 32
y 2 3t
2
2
y 2t 1 y x 3 1 x 3
3
3
y 2 3 12x 32
y 2 32x 92
2y 4 3x 9
3x 2y 13 0
5. (a) x 14 t, y t 2
y
6. (a) x t, y t3
2
1
12
14
1
4
1
2
3
2
1
3
2
1
27
8
1
27
y
2
2
1
(b) x 14 t t 4x
y
t2
4 3 2
y 16x
2
3
4
(b) x t, y t 3, y x 3
Section 10.6
7. (a) x t 2, y t 2
2
1
8. (a) x t, y 1 t
2
3
1
2
4
1
2
1
2 1
6
3
(b) x t x2 t, t 0
(b) x t 2 t x 2
y x 22 x 2 4x 4
y t2
t
t1
9. (a) x t 1, y
y 1 t 1 x 2, x 0
t
t1
10. (a) x t 1, y
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
4
3
2
1
3
2
1
2
2
3
3
4
2
3
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
3
1
2
(b) x t 1 t x 1
y
(b) x t 1 t x 1
t
x1
y
t1
x
y
x1
x1
t

t1 x11
x
11. (a) x 2t 1, y t 2
12. (a) x t 1 , y t 2
10
3
2
1
10
14
18
22
1
14
12
6
10
8
2
x
10
8 10 12 14
(b) x 2t 1
y t2
x2
x
1 t or t
2
2
y

x
x
12 3
2
2
965
(b) x t 1
yt2 ty2 x y3
OR y x 3, x 0 and y x 3, x 0
966
Chapter 10
13. (a) x 3 cos , y 3 sin
(b) x 3 cos
3
y 3 sin
3
cos2

2
3
3
3
2
2
sin2
1
4
3 3
x
2 1
1
x2 y2
1
9
9
14. (a) x 2 cos , y 3 sin
(b) x 2 cos
4
2
34
54
32
74
2
y 3 sin
2
2
2
2
2
cos2 sin2 1
322
322
322
3
322
2x 3y
2
1
x2 y2
1
4
9
2
1
4 3
2
4
15. (a) x 4 sin 2, y 2 cos 2

4
3
4

2
(b) x 4 sin 2
4
x
y 2 cos 2
2
sin2 2
4
3
4
2
4 2
3 2 1
cos2 2
1
y2
x2
1
16
4
(b) x cos
16. (a) x cos , y 2 sin 2
4
2
34
54
32
74
2
22
22
1
22
22
2
2
y 2 sin 2
y 2 sin 2
y 22 sin cos
y2 16 sin2 cos2
y2 161 x2x2
y2 16x21 x2
x
Section 10.6
17. (a) x 4 2 cos , y 1 sin
(b) x 4 2 cos
y

2
3
2
2
1
1
2
x4
2
cos2
y 1 sin (y 1)2 sin2
(x 4)2 ( y 1)2

1
4
1
2
1
1
967
2
3
4
5
18. (a) x 4 2 cos , y 2 3 sin
4
2
34
54
32
74
2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
2 322
2 322
2 322
1
2 322
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
(b) x 4 2 cos
y 2 3 sin
cos2 sin2 1
x 42 y 22

1
4
9
19. (a) x et, y e3t
t
2
(b) x et
1
y e3t y et 3
7.3891
2.7183
0.3679
0.1353
0.0025
0.0498
20.0855
403.4288
y
x
y
1
, x > 0, y > 0
x3
2
1
x
1
et
x
(b) x e2t
20. (a) x e2t, y e t

t
x
y
3
0.0025
0.0498
2
0.0183
0.1353
1
y et y2 e2t
0 1
0.1353 1 7.3891
0.3679 1 2.7183
2
3
x e2t y2
y2 x, y > 0
54.5982
7.3891
1
x
1
1
968
Chapter 10
21. (a) x t 3, y 3 ln t
(b) x t3
y 3 ln t y ln t3
1
2
1
8
27
64
2.0794
2.0794
3.2958
4.1589
x13 t
4
4
y lnx133
y ln x
2
1
2 1
1
x
1
2
3
4
(b) x ln 2t t 12ex
22. (a) x ln 2t, y 2t 2
y 2t2
1
1
y 2t2 22ex 2e2x
2
0.6931
1.3863
1.7918
2.0794
18
32
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
4 3 2 1
23. By eliminating the parameter, each curve becomes

y 2x 1.
(a) x t
y 2t 1
There are no restrictions on x and y.
(b)
x cos
1 x 1
y 2 cos 1 1 y 3
The graph oscillates.
Domain: ,
Domain: 1, 1
Orientation: Left to right
Orientation: Depends on
3
2
2
1
x
2
2
x
(c) x et
x > 0
y 2et 1 y > 1
Domain: 0,
Orientation: Downward or right to left
x > 0
(d) x et
y 2et 1 y > 1
Domain: 0,
Orientation: Upward or left to right
y
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
x
2
2
x
2
Section 10.6
24. By eliminating the parameter, each curve represents a portion of y x2 1.

(a) x t
y
(b) x t2 x 0
t2
1
y t4 1
There are no restrictions on x.
1
2
2
2
2
Domain: 0,
Orientation: Depends on t
Domain: ,
(d) x et x > 0
(c) x sin t 1 x 1
y e2t 1
y sin2 t 1
1
x
1
2
Domain: 1, 1
Orientation: Depends on t
25. x x1 tx2 x1, y y1 t y2 y1
x x1
t
x2 x1
y y1
y y1
Domain: 0,
26. x h r cos , y k r sin
cos
x x1
y2 y1
2 x1
x
y2 y1
x x1 mx x1
x2 x1
27. x h a cos , y k b sin
xh
yk
, sin
r
r
x h2 y k 2

1
r2
r2
x h2 y k2 r2
cos2 sin2
28. x h a sec , y k b tan
yk
xh
cos ,
sin
a
b
yk
xh
sec ,
tan
a
b
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1
a2
b2
x h2 y k2

1
a2
b2
29. From Exercise 25 we have:

x 0 t(6 0) 6t
y 0 t(3 0) 3t
30. Line through 2, 3 and 6, 3

From Exercise 25 we have:
x x1 tx2 x1 2 t6 2 2 4t
y y1 ty2 y1 3 t3 3 3 6t
969
970
Chapter 10

32. Circle with center 3, 2; radius: 5
31. From Exercise 26 we have:

x 3 4 cos
y 2 4 sin
x h r cos 3 5 cos
y k r sin 2 5 sin
33. Vertices: ( 4, 0) (h, k) (0, 0) and a 4

Foci: ( 3, 0) c 3
c2 a2 b2 9 16 b2 b 7
34. Ellipse
Vertices: 4, 7, 4, 3 h, k 4, 2, a 5
Foci: 4, 5, 4, 1 c 3
b2 a2 c2 25 9 16 b 4
x 4 cos
x h b cos 4 4 cos
y 7 sin
y k a sin 2 5 sin
35. Vertices: ( 4, 0) (h, k) (0, 0) and a 4
36. Hyperbola
Foci: ( 5, 0) c 5
Vertices: 2, 0 h, k 0, 0, a 2
c2 a2 b2 25 16 b2 b 3
Foci: 4, 0 c 4
b2 c2 a2 16 4 b 23
x 4 sec
y 3 tan
x h a sec 2 sec
y k b tan 23 tan
38. x 3y 2
37. y 3x 2
(a) t x x t and y 3t 2
1
(a) t x, x t, y 3t 2
(b) t 2 x x t 2 and
1
1
(b) t 2 x, x 2 t, y 3x 2 34 t
y 3t 2 2 3t 4
40. y x3
39. y x2
(a) t x x t and y t2
(a) t x, x t, y t3
(b) t 2 x x t 2 and
(b) t 2 x, x 2 t, y 2 t3
y t 22 t2 4t 4
42. y 2 x
41. y x2 1
(a) t x x t and y t2 1
(a) t x, x t, y 2 t
(b) t 2 x x t 2 and
(b) t 2 x, x 2 t, y 2 2 t t
y t 2 1
2
43. y
t2
4t 5
1
x
(a) t x x t and y
44. y
1
t
(b) t 2 x x t 2 and y
1
2x
(a) t x, x t, y
1
1

t 2 t 2
1
2t
(b) t 2 x, x 2 t, y
1
1

22 t 4 2t
Section 10.6
45. x 4 sin
46. x sin
47. x 32 sin
y 41 cos
y 1 cos
y 1 32 cos
34
971
8
6
0
0
51
18
12
0
6
48. x 2 4 sin
49. x 3 cos3
y 2 4 cos
y3
50. x 8 4 sin
sin3
14
y 8 4 cos
14
6
0
30
0
51. x 2 cot
y2
52. x
3t
1 t3
y
3t2
1 t3
sin2
4
53. x 2 cos 2 x 2
y sin 2 1 y 1
Matches graph (b).
Domain: [2, 2]
100
Range: [1, 1]
6
54. x 4 cos3 4 x 4
y6
sin3
6 y 6
55. x 12cos sin

y
1
2 sin
56. x 12 cot < x <
cos
y 4 sin cos 2 y 2
Matches graph (c).
Matches graph (d).
Matches graph (a).
Domain: 4, 4
Domain: ( , )
Domain: ,
Range: 6, 6
Range: ( , )
Range: 2, 2
57. x v0 cos t and y h v0 sin t 16t2

(a) 60, v0 88 ftsec
x 88 cos 60t and y 88 sin 60t 16t2
(b) 60, v0 132 ftsec

x 132 cos 60t and y 132 sin 60t 16t2
100
220
250
0
500
0
Maximum height: 90.7 feet
Range: 209.6 feet
Range: 471.6 feet
CONTINUED
972
Chapter 10
57. CONTINUED
(d) 45, v0 132 ftsec
(c) 45, v0 88 ftsec

x 88 cos 45t and y 88 sin 45t
16t2
100
x 132 cos 45t and y 132 sin 45t 16t2

200
300
600
0
Maximum height: 60.5 ft
Maximum height: 136.1 ft
Range: 242.0 ft
Range: 544.5 ft
58. x v0 cos t

y h v0 sin t 16t2
(a) 15, v0 60 ft sec
Range: 56.3 feet
(b) 15, v0 100 ft sec

Range: 156.3 feet
15
60
(c) 30, v0 60 ft sec

Range: 97.4 feet
(d) 30, v0 100 ft sec

Range: 270.6 feet
40
15
100
160
0
300
0
5280
440
59. (a) 100 miles per hour 1003600 ftsec 3 ftsec
x 440
3 cos t (146.67 cos )t
2
2
y 3 440
3 sin t 16 t 3 (146.67 sin )t 16t
(b) For 15, we have:
50
x 440
3 cos 15t 141.7t
2
2
y 3 440
3 sin 15t 16t 3 38.0t 16t
The ball hits the ground inside the ballpark, so it is not a home run.
450
0
(c) For 23, we have:

x 440
3 cos 23t 135.0t
60
2
2
y 3 440
3 sin 23t 16t 3 57.3t 16t
The ball easily clears the 7-foot fence at 408 feet so it is a home run.
(d) Find so that y 7 when x 408 by graphing the parametric
equations for values between 15 and 23. This occurs when 19.3.
500
0
Section 10.6
(b) y 5 240 sin 10t 16t2 0
60. (a) x v0 cos t

y h v0 sin t 16t2
t
h 5, v0 240, 10
x 240 cos 10t
y 5 240 sin 10t 16t2
61. x v0 cos t t
40
(c)
240 sin 10 240 sin 102 4165

216
t 0.1149, 2.7196
Distance traveled before arrow hits ground:
700
0
240 cos 102.7196 643 feet
(d) Time arrow is in the air:

approximately 2.72 seconds
(see part b)
x
v0 cos
y h v0 sin t 16t2

h v0 sin
v
x
x
16
cos

v
cos

0
0
h (tan )x
16x2
v02 cos2
16 sec2 2
x (tan )x h
v02
62. y 7 x 0.02x2
(a) Exercise 61 result: y
16 sec2 2
x tan x h
v02
(b)
25
h7
tan 1 45
0
(c) Maximum height: 19.5 feet
x v0 cos t 40 cos 45 t

y h v0 sin t
7 40 sin 45t
60
0
16 sec2 45
0.02 v0 40
v02
16t2
Range: 56.2 feet

16t2
63. When the circle has rolled radians, the center is at (a, a).
sin sin(180 )
AC BD
b

BD b sin
P
b
cos cos(180 )
AP
b
973

AP b cos
C
a
x
B D
Therefore, x a b sin and y a b cos .

64. The coordinates of point x, y can be thought of as the
sum of two vectors:
From origin to center of small circle: 3 cos , 3 sin
From center of small circle to point x, y: cos , sin
Because the small circle rotates by 2 when its center
has rotated by , we have 3.
x 3 cos cos 3 3 cos cos 3
y 3 sin sin 3 3 sin sin 3
65. True
xt
y t2 1 y x2 1
x 3t
y 9t2 1 y x2 1
974
Chapter 10
66. False. Since t2 0, the graph is that of y x for x 0.
67. The use of parametric equations is useful when graphing

two functions simultaneously on the same coordinate
system. For example, this is useful when tracking the path
of an object so the position and the time associated with
that position can be determined.
68. For selected values of t, prepare a table of values for xt

and yt. Plot the points xt, yt in the table. Sketch a
curve through the points in order of increasing t (this is
the orientation of the curve).
69.
5x 7y 11
5x 7y 11
3x y 13 21x 7y 91
16x
80
x
5
55 7y
11 y 2
Solution: 5, 2
70.
6x 10y 18
3x4x 5y2y 149
20x 10y 70
26x
71. 3a 2b c 8 9a 6b 3c 24
2a b 3c 3 2a b 3c 3
11a 5b
21
52
2a b 3c 3 6a 3b 9c 9
a 3b 9c 16 a 3b 9c 16
7a
7
a
1
x 2
32 5y 9 y 3
Solution: 2, 3
111 5b 21 b 2
31 22 c 8 c 1
Solution: 1, 2, 1
72.
5u 7v 9w 4
u 2v 3w 7
8u 2v w 20
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
u 2v 3w 7
5u 7v 9w 4
8u 2v w 20
Interchange Eq.1 and Eq.2
89w 178 w 2
17v 242 31 v 1
u 21 32
7 u 3
u 2v 3w
7
17v 24w 31
14v 25w 36
u 2v 3w
7
17v 24w 31
89w 178
Solution: 3, 1, 2
5Eq.1 Eq.2
8Eq.1 Eq.3
73. 105
14Eq.2 17Eq.3
74. 230
180
180 105 75

105
230 180 50
230
x
75.
2
3

76.
2

3
3
5
6

x
2
3
5

6
6
5
6
Section 10.7
Section 10.7
Polar Coordinates
975
Polar Coordinates
In polar coordinates you do not have unique representation of points. The point r, can be represented
by r, 2n or by r, 2n 1 where n is any integer. The pole is represented by 0,
where is any angle.
To convert from polar coordinates to rectangular coordinates, use the following relationships.
x r cos
y r sin
To convert from rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates, use the following relationships.
r x2 y2
tan y x
If is in the same quadrant as the point x, y, then r is positive. If is in the opposite quadrant as the point x, y, then r
is negative.
You should be able to convert rectangular equations to polar form and vice versa.
Vocabulary Check
1. pole
2. directed distance; directed angle

y
4. x r cos , tan
x
3. polar
y r sin ,
1. Polar coordinates:
4, 3
2.
4, 3 2 4, 53

4

4,
3
3

1, 34
1, 4
Additional representations:
4,
r2 x2 y2
1 2 3 4
1,
5
4
3
2
3
2
0, 76
0, 76 2 0, 56

0, 76 0, 6 or 0, for any , 2 < < 2
1 2 3 4
3
2
2 3 4
976
4.
Chapter 10
16, 52
16,

2
5. Polar coordinates: 2, 2.36
16, 32
4 8 12 16
2, 2.36 2 2, 3.92

2, 2.36 2, 0.78
3
2
1 2 3 4
3
2
6. 3, 1.57
3, 1.5716
3, 4.7132
1 2 3 4
22, 4.71 2 22, 1.57

22, 2 4.71 22, 1.57
3
2
1 2 3 4
3
2
8. 5, 2.36
5, 0.7816
5, 3.9232
2 4 6 8
3
2
3, 32 r,
x r cos 3 cos
y r sin 3 sin
3
0
2
3
3
2
Rectangular coordinates: 0, 3
x 3 cos

0
2
y 3 sin

3
2
3, 2

x 1 cos
5
5
1, 4
4
2
Rectangular coordinates:
, y 1 sin
22, 22

5
4
2
Section 10.7
12. Polar coordinates: 0, r,
x r cos 0
y r sin 0
Polar Coordinates
977
2, 34
x 2 cos
3
2
4
y 2 sin
3
2
4
2, 76 r,
x r cos 2 cos
y r sin 2 sin
15. Polar coordinates: 2.5, 1.1

x 2.5 cos 1.1 1.1340
7
3
6
y 2.5 sin 1.1 2.2280

Rectangular coordinates: 1.1340, 2.2280
7
1
6

16. Polar coordinates: 8.25, 3.5 r,
17. Rectangular coordinates: (1, 1)
x r cos 8.25 cos 3.5 7.7258
r 2, tan 1,
y r sin 8.25 sin 3.5 2.8940

Rectangular coordinates: 7.7258, 2.8940
Polar coordinates:
Polar coordinates:
2,

5
, 2,
4
4
19. Rectangular coordinates: 6, 0

r 32, tan 1,
5
or
4
4
r 6, tan 0, 0 or
5
4
Polar coordinates: 6, , 6, 0
5
32, 4
4 6 8
3
2

r 5, tan undefined,
Polar coordinates:
5,
3
2
3
2
4 6 8

2
21. Rectangular coordinates: (3, 4)

4
r 9 16 5, tan , 2.2143, 5.3559
3
Polar coordinates: (5, 2.2143), (5, 5.3559)
978
Chapter 10

r 9 1 10, tan 13, 0.322 or 5.9614

r 3 3 6, tan 1,
Polar coordinates: 10, 5.961
Polar coordinates:
4 6 8
5
5
or
4
4
6, 4 , 6, 4
3
2

r 3 1 2, tan
Polar coordinates: 2,
11
6
1
11
,
6
3
r 62 92 117 313

tan 96, 0.9828, 4.1244
Polar coordinates: 313, 0.9828, 313, 4.1244
2 3 4
3
2

r 25 144 13, tan 12
5 , 1.176
Polar coordinates: 13, 1.176
4 8 12 16
3
2
27. Rectangular: 3, 2

(3, 2) Pol
(3.606, 0.5880)
or 13, 0.5880
or 13, 5.6952

R Pr32, 32 6
R P32, 32 0.785
4
6,
29. Rectangular: 3, 2
3, 2 Pol
R Pr5, 2 5.385
2.646, 0.8571
R P5, 2 2.761
or 7, 0.8571
5.385, 2.761
31. Rectangular:
2, 3 Pol
5 4
2, 3
5 4
2.833, 0.4900
or
176, 0.4900
Section 10.7
32. Rectangular coordinates:
R Pr
74, 32
34. x2 y2 16
33. x2 y2 9
2.305
R P 0.709
7 3
4, 2
Polar Coordinates
r3
r4
7 3
4, 2
2.305, 0.709
y4
35.
yx
36.
r sin 4
37.
r cos r sin
r 4 csc
3x y 2 0
r cos 4a
r 4a sec
r 10 sec
40.
3r cos r sin 2 0
3x 5y 2 0
3r cos 5r sin 2 0
r(3 cos sin ) 2
r3 cos 5 sin 2
2
r
3 cos sin
xy 16
41.
(r cos )(r sin ) 16

r 16 sec csc 32 csc 2
2
x 4a
38.
r cos 10
1 tan

4
39.
x 10
r
42.
2
3 cos 5 sin
2xy 1
2r cos r sin 1
2r2 cos sin 1
r2
1
2 cos sin
r2
1
sec csc
2
r2 csc 2
44. x2 y22 9x2 y2
43. y2 8x 16 0
r2 sin2 8r cos 16 0
By the Quadratic Formula, we have:
r
8 cos 8 cos 2 4sin2 16

2 sin2
8 cos 64 cos2 64 sin2

2 sin2
8 cos 64 cos2 sin2

2 sin2
8 cos 8
2 sin2
4cos 1
1 cos2
r
4cos 1
4

1 cos 1 cos 1 cos
or
r
4cos 1
4

1 cos 1 cos 1 cos
r22 9r2 cos2 r2 sin2

9r2cos2 sin2
r2 9 cos 2
979
980
Chapter 10

46. x2 y2 9a2
45. x2 y2 a2
47. x2 y2 2ax 0
r 3a
r2 a2
r2 2a r cos 0
rr 2a cos 0
ra
r 2a cos 0
r 2a cos
48. x2 y2 2ay 0
r2 2ar sin 0
x2
r 2a sin
50. Because x r cos and r is

given as 2 cos :
r 4 sin
49.
r2
4r sin
y2
4y
x 2 cos cos 2 cos2

r 2 cos
x2 y2 4y 0
r 2 4 cos2
x2 y 2 2 2 cos2
x2 y 2 2x
x 2 y 2 2x 0
51.
2
3
52.
2
tan tan
3
53.
r4
y
3
x
54.
r 10
16
r2 100
x2 y2 16
x2 y2 100
r2
tan 3
y
3
x
y 3 x
y 3x
3 x y 0
3x y 0
55.
5
3
r 4 csc
56.
r sin 4
r 3 sec
r
3
sec
y4
r2 cos
57.
r3 r cos
x2 y23 x
r cos 3
x2 y232 x
x 3
x2 y23 x2
x2 y2 x23
x2 y2 x23 0
58.
r2 sin 2 2 sin cos

r2 2
r r
y
r 4 2xy
x2 y22 2xy
2xy
r2
59.
r 2 sin 3
r 2 sin 2
r 2sin cos 2 cos sin 2
r 2sin 1 2 sin2 cos 2 sin cos
r 2sin 2 sin3 2 sin cos2
r 2sin 2 sin3 2 sin 1 sin2
r 2(3 sin 4 sin3 )
r4 6r3 sin 8r3 sin3
x2 y22 6x2 y2y 8y3

x2 y22 6x2y 2y3
Section 10.7
r 3 cos 2
60.
r
61.
r 32 cos2 1
r3
r
r3
2x r
r2
r3
2x 2 x2 y 2
x2 y 2
r3
x
r2 9
x
x 2 y2 9
2x
1
2
2
x2 y 2
2 y2
r
62.
981
1
1 cos
r(1 sin ) 2
r r cos 1
r r sin 2
x2 y2 x 1
x2 y2 1 2x x2
r 2 r sin
x2 y 2
2 y2
2
1 sin
Polar Coordinates
y2 2x 1
x2 y2 2 y
x2 y2 2 y2
x2 y2 4 4y y2
x2 4y 4 0
x 2 y 2 2
x2 y 22
x 2 y 23 9x2 y 22

r
63.
6
2 3 sin
r
6
2 cos 3 sin
r
6
2xr 3yr
r
6r
2x 3y
1
6
2x 3y
64.
r(2 3 sin ) 6
2r 6 3r sin
2
x2
y2
6 3y
4x2 y2 6 3y2

4x2 4y2 36 36y 9y2
4x2 5y2 36y 36 0
2x 3y 6
65. The graph of the polar

equation consists of all
points that are six units
from the pole.
r6
4
2
8
4 2
r2 36
x2
66. The graph of the polar

equation consists of all
points that are eight units
from the pole.
r2
67. The graph of the polar equation consists of all points that
make an angle of 6 with the polar axis.

6
tan tan
3
tan tan
1
2
3
4
10
3
4
3
2
1
x
4 3 2
3y 3x
3x 3y 0
3
2
10
4
6
3
4
y 3

x
3
y
2 4 6
68. The graph of the polar equation consists of all points that
make an angle of 34 with the polar axis.

6
64
x2 y2 64
6
4
2
6 4 2
y 36
r8
10
y
1
x
y x
xy0
4 3 2 1
2
3
4
982
Chapter 10
69. The graph of the polar equation is not evident by simple

inspection. Convert to rectangular form first.
r 3 sec
70. The graph of the polar equation is not evident by simple

inspection. Convert to rectangular form first.
r 2 csc
r cos 3
x3
r sin 2
4
3
y2
x30
y20
4 3 2 1
71. True. Because r is a directed distance, then the point r,

can be represented as r, 2n.
r 2(h cos k sin )
73.
4 3 2 1
r
x2
x2
x2
2hx
h2
2hx
y2
y2
2hx 2ky
y2
2hx 2ky
r cos 3 sin
74.
r
x 3y

r
r
r2 x 3y
2hx 2ky
r
r2
72. False. r1, and r2, represent the same point only if
r1 r2.
r k r
r2 h
x
1
x2 y2 x 3y
x2 x y2 3y 0
x 2 y 2
1
2ky 0
2ky k2 h2 k2
5
2
The graph is a circle.
(x h)2 (y k)2 h2 k2
Center: h, k
Radius: h2 k2
75. (a)
r1, 1 x1, y1 where x1 r1 cos 1 and y1 r1 sin 1.

r2, 2 x2, y2 where x2 r2 cos 2 and y2 r2 sin 2.
d x1 x22 y1 y22
x12 2x1x2 x22 y12 2y1y2 y22
x12 y12 x22 y22 2x1x2 y1y2
r12 r22 2 r1r2 cos 1 cos 2 r1r2 sin 1 sin 2
r12 r22 2r1r2 cos1 2
(b) If 1 2, then

d r1 r2 2r1r2
2
r1 r22
r1 r2 .
This represents the distance between two points on
the line 1 2.
(c) If 1 2 90, then
d r12 r22.
This is the result of the Pythagorean Theorem.
(d) The results should be the same. For example, use the
points

3,
and 4, .
6
3

The distance is d 2.053.

Now use the representations
7
4
3, 6 and 4, 3 .

The distance is still d 2.053.
Section 10.7
76. (a) For horizontal moves, just the x -coordinate changes.

For vertical moves, just the y -coordinate changes.
77. log 6
Polar Coordinates
x2z
log 6 x2z log 6 3y
3y
log 6 x2 log 6 z log 6 3 log 6 y
(b) For horizontal moves, both r and change.

For vertical moves, both r and change.
2 log 6 x log 6 z log 6 3 log 6 y
(c) Unlike r and , x and y measure horizontal and vertical

changes, respectively.
78. log4
2x
log42x log4 y
1
log4 2x log4 y
2
1
1
log4 2 log4 x log4 y
2
2
1 1
log4 x log4 y
4 2
80. ln 5x2x2 1 ln 5 ln x2 lnx2 1
79. ln xx 42 ln x lnx 42

ln x 2 lnx 4
81. log7 x log7 3y log7
ln 5 2 ln x lnx2 1
82. log5 a 8 log5x 1 log5 a log5x 18
83.
1
2
x
3y
ln x lnx 2 ln x lnx 2
ln xx 2
log5 ax 18
84. ln 6 ln y lnx 3 ln 6y lnx 3

ln
85.
6y
x3
5x 7y 11
3x y 3
By Cramers Rule we have:
11 7
32
3
1
x

2
5 7
16
3
1
5 11
3 3
48
y

3
5 7
16
3
1
Solution: 2, 3
86. 3x 5y 10
4x 2y 5
10 5
5 2
45
x

3 5
14
4 2
3
4
y
3
4
10
5
55

5
14
2
Solution:
45 55
,
14 14
983
984
87.
Chapter 10
3a 2b c 0
2a b 3c 0
a 3b 9c 8
3
2
1
2
1
3
88.
1
3 35
9
u

2
1
1 3
40 8
3
9

35
35 7
0
0
8
a
3
2
1
b
2
1
3
35
3
2
1
c
Solution:
89.
0
0
8
y
z
7
9
2 3
2
1
295 295

,
89
89
89
5
1
8
15
9
7 3
0
1
844 844

,
89
89
89
5
1
8
7 15
2
7
2
0
672
672

89
89
89
89 , 89 , 89
295 844
672
56 8

35 5
8 88 8
90.
2x1 x2 2x3 4
2x1 2x2
5
2x1 x2 6x3 2
2
D 2
2
2
1 15
2
x
7
2
2
7, 35, 5
1
3
4
w
15
7
0
Solution:
x y 2z 1
2x 3y z 2
5x 4y 2z 4
1
2
5
v
0
1
0 3
88
8
9

35
35
5u 7v 9w 15
5
u 2v 3w 7 1
8u 2v w 0
8
1
2
4
1
3
4
15
2
1
2
1
2
5
1
2
4
15
2
1
2
1
2
5
1
1
3 2
4
4
45

3
15
15
30
2
15
45
3
15
1
2
1
2
0 0
6
Cramers Rule does not apply.
Solution: 2, 3, 3

91. Points: 4, 3, 6, 7, 2, 1
4
6
2
3
7
1
1
1 20 0
1
The points are not collinear.
92. Points: 2, 4, 0, 1, 4, 5
2
0
4
4
1
5
1
1 0 collinear
1
9
3 89
1
Section 10.8
93. Points: 6, 4, 1, 3, 1.5, 2.5
6 4
1 3
1.5 2.5
94. Points: 2.3, 5, 0.5, 0, 1.5, 3
2.3
0.5
1.5
1
1 0
1
The points are collinear.
Section 10.8
Graphs of Polar Equations
5
0
3
1
1 4.6 not collinear
1
When graphing polar equations:

1. Test for symmetry.
(a) 2: Replace (r, ) by (r, ) or (r, ).
(b) Polar axis: Replace (r, ) by (r, ) or (r, ).
(c) Pole: Replace (r, ) by (r, ) or (r, ).
(d) r f (sin ) is symmetric with respect to the line 2.
(e) r f (cos ) is symmetric with respect to the polar axis.
2. Find the values for which r is maximum.

3. Find the values for which r 0.
4. Know the different types of polar graphs.
(a) Limaons 0 < a, 0 < b
(b) Rose curves, n 2
r a b cos
r a cos n
r a b sin
r a sin n
(c) Circles
r a cos
r a sin
(d) Lemniscates
r2 a2 cos 2
r2 a2 sin 2
ra
5. Plot additional points.
Vocabulary Check

2
4. circle
1.
2. polar axis
3. convex limaon
5. lemniscate
6. cardioid
1. r 3 cos 2
Rose curve with 4 petals
2. r 5 5 sin
Cardioid
3. r 31 2 cos
Limaon with inner loop
4. r 2 16 cos 2
Lemniscate
5. r 6 sin 2
6. r 3 cos
Circle
7. r 5 4 cos

:
2
r 5 4 cos( )
r 5 4 cos
8. r 16 cos 3

: r 16 cos3
2
r 16 cos3
r 16 cos 3
Not an equivalent equation

Polar axis: r 5 4 cos( )
r 5 4 cos
Polar
axis:
Equivalent equation
Pole:
Symmetric with respect to polar axis
r 16 cos3
r 16 cos 3
r 5 4 cos
Answer:
r 16 cos3
Equivalent equation
r 16 cos 3
Answer: Symmetric with respect to polar axis
Pole:
985
986
Chapter 10
9. r
2
1 sin

:
2
10. r

3
: r
2
2 cos
r
2
1 sin( )
r
2
1 sin cos cos sin

Polar
axis:
2
r
1 sin
r
3
2 cos
Equivalent equation
Equivalent equation
2
Polar axis: r
1 sin( )
r
3
2 cos
Pole:
r
3
2 cos
2
1 sin
Answer: Symmetric with respect to polar axis

r
Pole:
2
1 sin
Symmetric with respect to 2
Answer:
11. r2 16 cos 2

:
2
12. r 2 36 sin 2

: r2 36 sin2
2
r2 16 cos 2

r2 16 cos 2
Equivalent equation
Polar axis:
r2
16 cos 2
r2
16 cos 2
Polar
axis:
Pole:
Equivalent equation
r2 36 sin 2
Equivalent equation
r2 16 cos 2
Pole:
r2 36 sin2
Answer: Symmetric with respect to pole
r2 16 cos 2
Equivalent equation
Symmetric with respect to
Answer:

, the
2
polar axis, and the pole

13.
r 10(1 sin ) 101 sin 10(2) 20

1 sin 2
1 sin 2
or
1 sin 2
sin 3
sin 1
3

2
Maximum: r 20 when
0 10(1 sin )
sin 1

2

Zero: r 0 when
2
Not possible
14.
r 6 12 cos 6 12 cos

6 12cos 18
cos 1
0
Maximum: r 18 when 0
3
2
0 6 12 cos
cos
1
2
2 4
,
3 3
Zero: r 0 when
2 4
,
3 3
Section 10.8
15.
r 4 cos 3 4cos 3 4

cos 3 1
16.
cos 3 1
987
r 3 sin 2 3sin 2 3

sin 2 1
sin 2 1
3 5 7
, , ,
4 4 4 4
2
0, ,
3 3
2
Maximum: r 4 when 0, ,
3 3
Maximum: r 3 when
0 4 cos 3
3 5 7
, , ,
4 4 4 4
0 3 sin 2
cos 3 0
sin 2 0

3
0, , ,
2
2
5
, ,
6 2 6
Zero: r 0 when

3
Zero: r 0 when 0, , ,
2
2
5
, ,
6 2 6
17. Circle: r 5
19. Circle: r
18. Circle: r 2
0
2
0
1
3
2
3
4
22. r 4 cos
Symmetric with respect to polar axis
Circle with a radius of 32
Circle with radius 2
3
2
21. r 3 sin

6
3
2
20. r
0
1
3 4
3
2
24. r 41 sin

the polar axis
a 4
1 Cardioid
b 4
r 8 when
r 6 when
r 0 when 0
3
2
23. r 31 cos
0
1
a 3
1 Cardioid
b 3
0
1
3
2
3
2
r 0 when

2
0
2
3
2
3
2
988
Chapter 10
25. r 41 sin
26. r 21 cos

2
a 4
1 Cardioid
b 4
27. r 3 6 sin

polar axis
a 2
1 Cardioid
b 2
a 3
< 1 Limaon with
b 6
inner loop
r 4 when 0
r 8 when 2
r 0 when
3
r 0 when
2
r 9 when 2
r 0 when
3
2
0
4
7 11
,
6 6

2
0
2 4
3
2
3
2
28. r 4 3 sin
a 4, b 3
a 4
Dimpled limaon
b 3
3
r 7 when
2

a 1
< 1 Limaon with
b 2
inner loop
r 3 when
r 0 when
30. r 1 2 cos
29. r 1 2 sin
3
2

2
Symmetric with respect to the

polar axis
a 1
b 2
r 3
when
r 0 when
5
,
6 6
3
2
3
2
31. r 3 4 cos
Symmetric with respect to the polar axis
0
2
r 7 when
r 0 when cos
3
2
a 3
< 1 Limaon with inner loop
b 4
3
or 0.723, 5.560
4
5
,
3 3
3
2
Section 10.8
32. r 4 3 cos
33. r 5 sin 2
Symmetric with respect to 2, the polar axis,
and the pole

a 4
> 1 Dimpled limaon
b 3
Rose curve n 2 with 4 petals
r 7 when 0
3 5 7
, ,
4 4 4
r 5 when 4 ,

r 0 when 0, ,
2
989
0
4
3
2
3
2
34. r 3 cos 2

Rose curve n 2 with four petals
r 3

3
when 0, , ,
2
2
r 0 when
r
3 5 7
, , ,
4 4 4 4
r 2 sec
35.
3
2
r 5 csc
36.
r sin 5
2
cos
r
37.
r(sin 2 cos ) 3
y 5 Line
r cos 2
y 2x 3
y 2x 3 Line
x 2 Line
1 2 3 4
0
1
0
1
3
2
3
2
3
2
38.
3
sin 2 cos
r
6
2 sin 3 cos
r2 sin 3 cos 6

2y 3x 6
3
y x 3 Line
2
3
2
990
Chapter 10
39. r2 9 cos 2
40. r2 4 sin

the polar axis, 2,
and the pole
r 2sin
r 2sin
0
4
Lemniscate
0
3
2
3
2
41. r 8 cos
6
14
0 2
43. r 3(2 sin )

4
11
10
10
0 2
45. r 8 sin cos2

3
0 2
min = 0
max = 2
step = 24
Xmin = -4
Xmax = 14
Xscl = 2
Ymin = -6
Ymax = 6
Yscl = 2
42. r cos 2
min = 0
max = 2
step = 24
Xmin = -10
Xmax = 10
Xscl = 1
Ymin = -10
Ymax = 4
Yscl = 1
44. r 2 cos3 2
min = 0
max = 2
step = 24
Xmin = -4
Xmax = 4
Xscl = 1
Ymin = -3
Ymax = 3
Yscl = 1
46. r 2 csc 5
0 2
min = 0
max =
step = 24
Xmin = -2
Xmax = 2
Xscl = 1
Ymin = -2
Ymax = 2
Yscl = 1
0
2
5
sin
0 2
0 < 2
49. r 2 cos
14
3
2
0 < 4
min = 0
max = 2
step = 24
Xmin = -9
Xmax = 9
Xscl = 1
Ymin = -4
Ymax = 8
Yscl = 1
0 < 2
48. r 5 4 cos
min = 0
max = 2
step = 24
Xmin = -3
Xmax = 3
Xscl = 1
Ymin = -2
Ymax = 2
Yscl = 1
47. r 3 4 cos
10
Section 10.8
50. r 3 sin
5
2
0 <
1
0 < <

1.0
5
1.5
1.5
53.
52. r2
51. r2 9 sin 2
0 < 4
1.0
r 2 sec 2
1
cos
r cos 2 cos 1
r(r cos ) 2r cos r

6
x2 y2 x 2x x2 y2
x2 y2 (x 1) 2x
x2 y2
x2 y2
y2
2x
x1
4x2
(x 1)2
4x2
x2
(x 1)2
4x2 x2(x 1)2 4x2 x2x2 2x 1

(x 1)2
(x 1)2
x4 2x3 3x2 x2x2 2x 3

(x 1)2
(x 1)2
y
The graph has an asymptote at x 1.
54.

x 3(x2x1) x x x 1
r 2 csc 2
r sin 2 sin 1
3 2x x2
1
sin
rr sin 2r sin r
x2 y2 y 2y x2 y2
x2 y2 y 1 2y
2y
x2 y2 y 1
x2 y2
x2
4y2
y 12
y23 2y y2
y 12
x

y 3 y2y1 y y y 1
2
The graph has an asymptote at y 1.
3 2y y2
991
992
Chapter 10
55. r
3
3 3 sin 3 sin

r
r sin
y
y
3 sin
r 2 cos 2 sec
56.
r
2 cos 2
cos
2cos2 sin2
cos
r cos 2cos2 sin2
x 2cos2 sin2
As 0, y 3
As

, x 2.
2
58. False. For a graph to be symmetric about the pole, one

portion of the graph coincides with the other portion when
rotated radians about the pole.
57. True. For a graph to have polar axis symmetry, replace

r, by r, or r, .
59. r 6 cos

(a) 0
2
Upper half of circle

2
(b)
Lower half of circle
0
1
3
2
(c)
3
2

2
2
0
1

3
(d)

4
4
Left half of circle
Entire circle
0
1
3
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3
2
60. r 61 cos
(a)
(b)
(c)
12
14
16
9
18
12
4
The angle has the effect of rotating the graph by the angle . For part (c),

61 sin .
r 6 1 cos
2
61. Let the curve r f () be rotated by to

form the curve r g(). If r1, 1 is a
point on r f (), then r1, 1 is on
r g(). That is, g1 r1 f 1.
Letting 1 , or 1 , we see that
g g1 f1 f .
15
(r, + )
(r, )
Section 10.8
62. Use the result of Exercise 61.

2
Original graph: r f sin
3
2
(a) Rotation:

(c) Rotation:
Rotated graph: r f sin

2
f cos

Rotated graph: r f sin
3
2
f cos
(b) Rotation:
Rotated graph: r f sin f sin
63. (a)
r 2 sin

4
2 sin cos
2
2

2
(b) r 2 sin

cos sin
4
4

cos sin
2
2
2 sin cos
2 cos
(sin cos )
3
2
(d) r 2 sin
(c) r 2 sin( )
2 sin cos
2 sin
3
3
cos sin
2
2
2 sin cos cos sin
2 cos
64. r 2 sin 2
6

2 2 sin cos
6
6
(a) r 2 sin 2

4 sin
cos
6
6

2
(c) r 2 sin 2
3
2 2 sin
4 sin
65. (a)
(b) r 2 sin 2

2
2 sin2
2 sin 2
22 sin cos

4 sin cos
(d) r 2 sin2
2
2
cos
3
3

2
2
cos
3
3

2 sin2 2
2 sin 2
22 sin cos
4 sin cos
r 1 sin
(b) r 1 sin

4

Rotate the graph in part (a) through the angle .
4
0
1
0
1
3
2
3
2
993
994
Chapter 10
r 3 sec
66. (a)
r
r 3 sec
(b)
3
cos
r
r cos 3 x 3
r
2
r cos
2
2

4
3
cos 4
0
2
3
cos cos4 sin sin4
3
2
r sin 3
x
2
y3
3
2
r 3 sec
(c)

3
r
3
cos 3
r
3
cos cos3 sin sin3
3
1
r cos
r sin 3
2
2
(d)
3
2
3
1
x
y3
2
2

r 3 sec
2
r
3
cos 2
r
3
cos cos2 sin sin2
r sin 3 y 3
3
2
67. r 2 k sin
k 1: r 2 sin
68. r 3 sin k
k 0: r 2
Circle
k=3
(a) r 3 sin 1.5
k=2
k=1
(b) r 3 sin 2.5
0 < 4
0 < 4
k=0
3
Convex limaon
k 2: r 2 2 sin
Cardioid
k 3: r 2 3 sin
(c) Yes. r 3 sink.

Find the minimum value of , > 0, that is a multiple
of 2 that makes k a multiple of 2.
Section 10.9
y
69.
x2 9
x1
70. y 6
x2 9
0
x1
4
x2 4
y5
71.
No zeros
5
x2 9 0
3
x2
y
72.
3
0
x2
5
x2 9
Polar Equations of Conics
995
x3 27
x2 4
Zero: x 3
3
x2
5x 2 3
x 3
5x 10 3
5x 13
x
73. Vertices: 4, 2, 2, 2 Center at 1, 2 and a 3
74. Foci: 3, 2, 3, 4; Major axis of length 8

Center: h, k 3, 1
Minor axis of length 4: 2b 4 b 2

y
13
5
Vertical major axis
x h2 y k2

1
a2
b2
a 4, c 3, b2 a2 c2 16 9 b 7
x 1
y 2

1
9
4
x h2 y k2

1
b2
a2
1
5 4 3 2 1
1
x
1
2
3
x 32 y 12

1
7
16
3
2
1
x
1
2
3
4
5
Section 10.9
The graph of a polar equation of the form

r
ep
ep
or r
1 e cos
1 e sin
is a conic, where e > 0 is the eccentricity and p is the distance between the focus (pole) and the directrix.
(a) If e < 1, the graph is an ellipse.
(b) If e 1, the graph is a parabola.
(c) If e > 1, the graph is a hyperbola.
Guidelines for finding polar equations of conics:

(a) Horizontal directrix above the pole: r
ep
1 e sin
(b) Horizontal directrix below the pole: r
ep
1 e sin
(c) Vertical directrix to the right of the pole: r

(d) Vertical directrix to the left of the pole: r
ep
1 e cos
ep
1 e cos
996
Chapter 10
Vocabulary Check
1. conic
2. eccentricity; e
3. vertical; right
4. (a) iii
1. r
4e
1 e cos
2. r
4
, parabola
1 cos
2
4

, ellipse
(b) e 0.5, r
1 0.5 cos 2 cos
(a) e 1, r
(c) e 1.5, r
e=1
(b) i
4e
1 e cos
e 1, r
6
12

, hyperbola
1 1.5 cos 2 3 cos
(c) ii
4
, parabola
1 cos
e 0.5, r
2
, ellipse
1 0.5 cos
e 1.5, r
6
, hyperbola
1 1.5 cos
7
e=1
e = 1.5
e = 0.5
6
e = 1.5
14
15
e = 0.5
7
3. r
4e
1 e sin
4. r
4
, parabola
1 sin
2
4
(b) e 0.5, r

, ellipse
1 0.5 sin 2 sin
(a) e 1, r
(c) e 1.5, r
6
16
6
12

, hyperbola
1 1.5 sin 2 3 sin
e 1, r
2
, ellipse
1 0.5 sin
e 1.5, r
6
, hyperbola
1 1.5 sin
e = 0.5
14
17
e = 1.5
e=1
2
1 cos
e 1 Parabola
Vertical directrix to the right
of the pole
Matches graph (f).
2
1 sin
e 1 Parabola
Horizontal directrix below pole
Matches graph (e).
e=1
15
16
8. r
4
, parabola
1 sin
e 0.5, r
e = 1.5
5. r
4e
1 e sin
e = 0.5
3
2 cos
6. r
1
Ellipse
2
e
15
7. r
3
1 2 sin
e 2 Hyperbola
Matches graph (d).
Vertical directrix to the left

of the pole
Matches graph (c).
9. r
4
2 cos
2
1 0.5 cos
e 0.5 Ellipse
Matches graph (a).
10. r
4
1 3 sin
e 3 Hyperbola
Horizontal directrix below pole
Matches graph (b).
Section 10.9
2
1 cos
e 1, the graph is a parabola.
11. r
12. r
3
1 sin
13. r
5
1 sin
Vertex:
997
e 1, the graph is a parabola.
e 1 Parabola
3
Vertex:
,
2 2

Vertex: (1, )
5
2, 2
0
1
0
1
3
2
14. r
0
2
3
2
6
1 cos
15. r
e 1 Parabola
Vertex: 3, 0
e
3
2
1
2

2 cos 1 12 cos
1
< 1, the graph is an ellipse.
2
Vertices: (2, 0),
3,
2
16. r
3
1

3 sin
1 13 sin
1
< 1 Ellipse
3
3
3 3
, , ,
Vertices:
4 2
2 2
e

0
2
3
2
0
1
3
2
3
2
17. r
3
6

2 sin 1 12 sin
18. r
e
1
< 1, the graph is an ellipse.
2
e
Vertices:
3

2, , 6,
2
2

19. r
3
32

2 4 sin 1 2 sin
e 2 > 1, the graph is a hyperbola.
2
< 1 Ellipse
3
Vertices:

9
Vertices: 9, 0, ,
5
1
3 3
2, 2 , 2, 2
9
3

3 2 cos 1 23 cos
0
2
10
0
1
3
2
3
2
3
2
998
Chapter 10
20. r
5
1 2 cos
5
1 2 cos
21. r
Vertices:
3
2 6 sin
Vertices:
3
3 3
8, 2 , 4, 2
0
1
3
2
23. r
1
3
2
3
2
2
4

2 cos 1 12 cos
43,
24. r
1
e < 1, the graph is an ellipse.
2
Vertices: 4, 0,
32
1 3 sin
e 3 > 1 Hyperbola
4, 0, 8,
22. r
e 3 > 1, the graph is a hyperbola.
e 2 > 1 Hyperbola
5
Vertices: 5, 0, ,
3
3
32

2 6 cos 1 3 cos
2
2 3 sin
1
1 32 sin
3
> 1 Hyperbola
2
2
3
Vertices:
, , 2,
5 2
2
e

0
1
3
2
25. r
1
1 sin
3
2
26. r
e 1 Parabola
5
52

2 4 sin 1 2 sin
3
4 2 cos
e
1
Ellipse
2
e 2 Hyperbola
3
3
27. r
3
2
4
3
4
2
28. r
4
1 2 cos
29. r
e 2 Hyperbola

4
Rotate the graph in Exercise 11
through the angle 4.
1 cos
30. r

3 sin
3
31. r

15

2 sin
6

Section 10.9
5
32. r
1 2 cos
2
3
Rotate the graph in Exercise

20 through the angle
23.
34. Parabola: e 1
Directrix: y 2
p2
Directrix:
12
2

1 1 sin 1 sin
3
4
Directrix: y 3
36. Ellipse: e
Horizontal directrix below the pole
343
9

1 34 sin 4 3 sin
3
2
Directrix: x 1
38. Hyperbola: e
p1
Vertical directrix to the left of the pole

r
x 1

9
r
1
1(1)

1 1 cos 1 cos
35. Ellipse: e
1
2
Directrix: y 1
Horizontal directrix above the pole
r
12(1)
1

1 12 sin 2 sin
37. Hyperbola: e 2
Directrix: x 1
p1
p3
r
e1
p1

r
33. Parabola:
321
3

1 32 cos 2 3 cos
Vertical directrix to the right of the pole

r
2(1)
2

1 2 cos 1 2 cos
39. Parabola
Vertex:
1, 2 e 1, p 2

r
1(2)
2

1 1 sin 1 sin
41. Parabola
40. Parabola
Vertex: 6, 0 e 1, p 12
Vertex: (5, ) e 1, p 10
r
12
112

1 1 cos 1 cos

Vertex: 10,
e 1, p 20
2
r
10
1(10)

1 1 cos 1 cos
43. Ellipse: Vertices (2, 0), (10, )
42. Parabola
r
120
20

1 1 sin 1 sin
2
3
Center: (4, ); c 4, a 6, e
r
2p
23p

1 23 cos 3 2 cos
2
2p
3 2 cos 0
p5
r
10
25

3 2 cos 3 2 cos
999
1000
Chapter 10

45. Ellipse: Vertices (20, 0), (4, )
44. Ellipse
Vertices:

3
2, , 4,
2
2

Center: (8, 0); c 8, a 12, e
3
1, 2 ; c 1, a 3, e 3
Center:

r
Horizontal directrix above the axis

13p
p
r

1 13 sin 3 sin
2
20
p
3 sin2
23p
2p

1 23 cos 3 2 cos
2p
3 2 cos 0
p 10
p8
r
8
r
3 sin
20
2(10)

3 2 cos 3 2 cos
3
3
, 9,
2
2
3
5
Center: 5,
; c 5, a 4, e
2
4
47. Hyperbola: Vertices 1,
46. Hyperbola
Center: 5, 0; c 5, a 3, e
5
3

r
53p
5p

1 53cos 3 5 cos
5p
2
3 5 cos 0

r
54 p
5p

1 54 sin 4 5 sin
1
5p
4 5 sin32
16
5
p
9
5
r
16
5165

3 5 cos 3 5 cos
r
9
595

4 5 sin 4 5 sin
49. When 0, r c a ea a a(1 e).
48. Hyperbola
Center:
p
Vertices:
2
3
Therefore,
4, 2 , 1, 2
5
a(1 e)
2, 2 ; c 2, a 2, e 32 3
5

r
53p
5p

1 53 sin 3 5 sin
1
5p
3 5 sin2
p
8
5
r
8
585

3 5 sin 3 5 sin
52
ep
1 e cos 0
a(1 e)(1 e) ep
a1 e2 ep.
Thus, r
1 e2a
ep

.
1 e cos 1 e cos
Section 10.9
51. r
50. Minimum distance occurs when .
1 e2a
1 e1 ea

a1 e
1 e cos
1e
r
Maximum distance occurs when 0.
1 e2a
1 e1 ea
r

a1 e
1 e cos 0
1e
52. r
Perihelion distance:
r 95.956 106(1 0.0167) 9.4354 107 miles
Aphelion distance:
r 95.956 106(1 0.0167) 9.7558 107 miles
1 0.05422
1.427 109
1.4228 109

1 0.0542 cos
1 0.0542 cos
Aphelion distance: r 1.427 1091 0.0542 1.5043 109 kilometers
1 (0.0068)2
108.209 106
1.0820 108

1 0.0068 cos
1 0.0068 cos
Perihelion distance: r 108.209 106(1 0.0068) 1.0747 108 kilometers

Aphelion distance: r 108.209 106(1 0.0068) 1.0894 108 kilometers
54. r
1 0.20562
35.98 106
3.4459 107

1 0.2056 cos
1 0.2056 cos
Perihelion distance: r 35.98 1061 0.2056 2.8583 107 miles

Aphelion distance: r 35.98 1061 0.2056 4.3377 107 miles
55. r
1.4039 108
1 0.09342
141.63 106

1 0.0934 cos
1 0.0934 cos
Perihelion distance: r 141.63 1061 0.0934 1.2840 108 miles

Aphelion distance: r 141.63 1061 0.0934 1.5486 108 miles
56. r
1 0.04842
778.41 106
7.7659 108

1 0.0484 cos
1 0.0484 cos
Perihelion distance: r 778.41 1061 0.0484 7.4073 108 kilometers

Aphelion distance: r 778.41 1061 0.0484 8.1609 108 kilometers
57. e 0.847, a
2a
4.42
2.21
2
0.847p
0.847p

5.9945p 4.42
1 0.847 1 0.847
p 0.737, ep 0.624
r
0.624
1 0.847 sin
To find the closest point to the sun, let

r

.
2
0.624
0.338 astronomical units
1 0.847 sin2
1001
1 (0.0167)2
95.956 106
9.5929 107

1 0.0167 cos
1 0.0167 cos
Perihelion distance: r 1.427 1091 0.0542 1.3497 109 kilometers
53. r
1002
Chapter 10
58. (a) r
ep
1 e sin
(b)
Since the graph is a parabola, e 1. The distance

between the vertex and the focus (pole) is 4100, so the
distance between the focus (pole) and the directrix is
p 8200.
r
5,000
10,000
10,000
1,000
8200
1 sin
(d) When 60, r
8200
4394.4
1 sin 60
Distance between surface of Earth and satellite:
8200
5466.7
1 sin 30
Distance between surface of Earth and satellite:
(c) When 30, r
4394.4 4000 394 miles
5466.7 4000 1467 miles

59. True. The graphs represent the same hyperbola, although
the graphs are not traced out in the same order as goes
from 0 to 2.
60. False. The graph has a horizontal directrix below the pole.
61. True. See Exercise 63.
62. Answers will vary.
e
63.
2
3
< 1
x2
y2

a2 b2
2
2
r cos r2 sin2

a2
b2
2
2
2
r cos r 1 cos2

a2
b2
r2b2 cos2 r2a2 r2a2 cos2
1
1
r2 cos2 r2 sin2

1
a2
b2
1
r2 cos2 r21 cos2

1
a2
b2
a2b2
r2b2 a2cos2 r2a2 a2b2

Since b2 a2 c2, we have:
r2c2 cos2 r2a2 a2b2

c 2
c
cos2 r2 b2, e
a
a
r2e2 cos2 r2 b2
r2
y2
x2
1
a2 b2
64.
r21 e2 cos2 b2
r2
b2
1 e2 cos2
r2b2 cos2 r2a2 r2a2 cos2 a2b2

r2b2 a2 cos2 r2a2 a2b2
a2 b2 c2
r2c2 cos2 r2a2 a2b2
r2
a
c
cos2 r2 b2, e
c
a
r2e2 cos2 r2 b2
r2e2 cos2 1 b2
r2
e2
b2
cos2 1
b2
1 e2 cos2
Section 10.9
65.
x2
y2

1
169 144
66.
a 13, b 12, c 5, e
x2
y2

1
25 16
a 5, b 4, c 3, e
5
13
r2
144
24,336

r
2
1 25169 cos 169 25 cos2
2
67.
x2
y2

1
9
16
68.
a 3, b 4, c 5, e
r2
5
3
400
25 9 cos2
a 6, b 2, c 210, e
16
144

1 259 cos2 25 cos2 9
69. One focus: 5, 0
r2
10
4
36

1 109 cos2 9 10 cos2
36
10 cos2 9
70. Ellipse
One focus: 4, 0

a 4, c 5 b 3 and e
5
4
x2
y2

1
16
9
71. r
3
5
y2
x2
1
36
4
r2
Vertices: 5, 0, 5,

a 5, c 4, b 3, e
r2
9
144

1 2516 cos2 16 25 cos2
4
5
9
225

1 1625 cos2 25 16 cos2
4
1 0.4 cos
(a) Since e < 1, the conic is an ellipse.

4
has a vertical directrix to the right
1 0.4 cos
4
of the pole and r
has a horizontal
1 0.4 sin
directrix below the pole. The given polar equation,
4
r
, has a vertical directrix to the left
1 0.4 cos
of the pole.
(c)
r2 =
4
1 0.4 sin
10
(b) r
12
12
r1 =
4
1 + 0.4 cos
r=
4
1 0.4 cos
1003
1004
Chapter 10
72. If e remains fixed and p changes, then the lengths of both the major axis and the minor axis change.
For example, graph r
graph r
5
2
15
, with e and p , and
1 23 sin
3
2
6 23
2
, with e and p 10 on the same set of coordinate axes.
1 23 sin
3
The first ellipse has a major axis of length 18 and a minor axis of length 65, and the second ellipse
has a major axis of length 21.6 and a minor axis of length 7.25.
73. 43 tan 3 1
43 tan 4
tan
cos x
1
3
x

n
6
x
77. 2 cot x 5 cos
4
3
sin x
1
2
sin2

5
2n,
2 n
3
3

2
cos
cot x 0

2
n,
n
3
3
x
3

2
n,
n
3
3
78. 2 sec 2 csc
2 cot x 0
3
3
4
sin
76. 9 csc2 x 10 2
csc2 x
75. 12 sin2 9
74. 6 cos x 2 1

n
2

4
1
2

5
2n,
2n
3
3
For 7982 use the following:

u and v are in Quadrant IV;
sin u
79. cos(u v cos u cos v sin u sin v

4512 53 12

4
52
3
52

cos v
1
2
sin v
cos v
1
2
3
52
4
3
82. sin u , cos u
5
5
cos v
1
2
2
, sin v
2
sinu v sin u cos v cos u sin v
53 22 45 22

52
72
10
2
72
10
10
, sin v
53 22 45 22
2
52
sinu v sin u cos v cos u sin v
52
2

4512 53 12
1
2
4
3
80. sin u , cos u
5
5
81. cosu v cos u cos v sin u sin v

3
4
cos u ;
5
5
2
10
Review Exercises for Chapter 10

4
3
< u < cos u
83. sin u ,
5 2
5
cos 2u cos2 u sin2 u
sin 2u 2 sin u cos u

2
84.
53 45
45 53
24
25
tan u 3,
sin u
3

9
16
7

25 25
25
3
< u < 2
2
, cos u
tan 2u
3
2 tan u
1
tan2 u
24
7
1
4
41
0 n 1
3
1

2
2
tan 2u
2425
725
an a1 n 1d

1
3
1
cos 2u cos u sin u

2
2
2
2
85. a1 0, d
1
2
sin 2u 2 sin u cos u 2
sin 2u
cos 2u
2 3
1 3
86. an a1 dn 1
1
1
n
4
4
3
88. an ak dn k
87. a3 27, a8 72
an 13 3n 1
a8 a3 5d
an 13 3n 3
72 27 5d d 9
an 10 3n
a1 27 29 9
a4 a1 d4 1
9.5 5 d3
d 1.5
an a1 n 1d
an 5 1.5n 1
9 n 19
9n
89.
12C9
12!
12 11 10

220
12 9!9!
3!
90.
18C16
91.
10P3
10!
10!

10 9 8 720
10 3!
7!
92.
29P2
18!
18 17

153
16!2!
2
29 28 812

1. Points: 1, 2 and 2, 5
m
52
3
1
2 1 3
tan 1

radian 45
4
3. y 2x 4 m 2
tan 2 arctan 2 1.1071 radians 63.43
2. m
47
3
tan
3 2
5
53
arctan
2.6012, or about 149.04
4. 6x 7y 5 0
m 67 tan
arctan 67 0.7086, or about 40.60
1005
1006
5.
Chapter 10
4x y 2

y 4x 2 m1 4
5x y 1 y 5x 1
tan
6. 5x 3y 3
2x 3y 1
m2 5
9
5 4

1 45
19
arctan
9
0.4424 radian 25.35
19
m1
5
3
m2
2
3
tan
53 23
9

1 5323
19
0.4424, or about 25.35

2
8
2
7. 2x 7y 8 y x m1
7
7
7
8. 0.02x 0.07y 0.18

0.09x 0.04y 0.17
0.4x y 0 y 0.4x m2 0.4

tan
m1
0.4 27
24

31
1 270.4

m2
24
arctan
0.6588 radian 37.75
31
9
4
tan
2
7
71
94 27

1 2794
10
1.4309, or about 81.98

10. 0, 4 x1 0, y1 4
9. (1, 2) x1 1, y1 2
x y 3 0 A 1, B 1, C 3
d
1(1) (1)(2) (3)

12
(1)2
4
2
x 2y 2 0 A 1, B 2, C 2
d
22
11. Hyperbola
10 24 2

12 22
6
5
65
5
12. A parabola is formed.

14. Vertex: 2, 0 h, k
13. Vertex: 0, 0 (h, k)
15. Vertex: (0, 2) (h, k)
Focus: 4, 0 p 4
Focus: 0, 0 p 2
Directrix: x 3 p 3
y k2 4px h
y k 2 4px h
( y k2 4p(x h)
( y 2)2 12x
y 2 8x 2
y 02 44x 0
y 2 16x
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
3
5
4
3
2
1
4 3 2 1
2
3
4
5
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
x
1
4
4 3 2 1
2
3
1 2 3 4 5
16. Vertex: 2, 2 h, k
17. x2 2y p
Directrix: y 0 p 2
x 22 8 y 2
1
2
0, 21
Focus:
x h 2 4p y k
d1 b
1
2
2 0 2 21

9
5
4
4 2
d2
5
4
2
1
1
d1 d2
2 1
1
5
1
b
2 2
1007
(0, b)
d1
3 2
0, 12
b2
The slope of the line is
2 2
m
2.
20
x
2
1
2
d2
(2, 2)
3
4
Tangent line: y 2x 2

x-intercept: 1, 0
18. x2 2y
p
1
2
Focus:
19. Parabola
Opens downward
Vertex: (0, 12)
1
0,
2
(x h)2 4p(y k)
Tangent line through point 4, 8:

Slope: m
d2
16 8p
1
2
2 p
1
4 0 8
2
2
d1 d2 b 8
m
8 8
4
4 0
y 4x 8
x-intercept of tangent line: 2, 0
20. y2 4px
p 1.5
y2 6x
Solution points: ( 4, 10)

16 4p(10 12)
y-intercept: 0, b
d1 b
x2 4p(y 12)
17

2
x2 8(y 12)
To find the x-intercepts, let y 0.
x2 96
x 96 46
At the base, the archway is 246 86 meters wide.
1008
Chapter 10

22. Vertices: 2, 0, 2, 4 a 2, h, k 2, 2
21. Vertices: (3, 0), (7, 0) a 5

(h, k) (2, 0)
Foci: 2, 1, 2, 3 c 1
Foci: (0, 0), (4, 0) c 2

b2
b2 a2 c2 4 1 3
a c 25 4 21
2
(x h)2 ( y k)2

1
a2
b2
x h 2 y k 2

1
b2
a2
10
8
6
y2
(x 2)2

1
25
21
y
4
x 2 2 y 2 2

1
3
4
3
2
8 6 4
2 4 6 8 10
2
6
8
10
x h 2 y k 2

1
b2
a2
12
x 4 2 y 52

1
4
36
3
2
10
8
6
x
8 6
25. 2a 10 a 5
26.
b4
x2
y2

1
324 196
a 324 18, b 196 14
c2 a2 b2 25 16 9 c 3
c a2 b2 128 82
The foci occur 3 feet from the center of the arch

on a line connecting the tops of the pillars.
Longest distance: 2a 36 feet

Shortest distance: 2b 28 feet
Distance between foci: 2c 162 feet
27.
x 22 y 12

1
81
100
28.
x 52 y 32

1
1
36
a 10, b 9, c 19
Center: 5, 3
Center: 2, 1
a 6, b 1, c a2 b2 35
Vertices: 2, 11 and 2, 9
Foci: 2, 1 19
Foci: 5, 3 35
Eccentricity: e
19
10
2 1
1
24. Vertices: 4, 1, 4, 11 a 6, h, k 4, 5

Endpoints of the minor axis: 6, 5, 2, 5 b 2
x 2 2
y 1 2 1
4
23. Vertices: 0, 1, 4, 1 a 2, h, k 2, 1

x h 2 y k 2

1
a2
b2
x
1
1
Eccentricity: e
35
c

a
6
2
2
x
2

16x2 9y2 32x 72y 16 0
29.
30.
16x2 2x 1 9y2 8y 16 16 16 144
4x2 25y2 16x 150y 141 0

4x2 4x 4 25 y2 6y 9 141 16 225
16x 12 9 y 42 144
x 22 y 32

1
25
4
x 12 y 42

1
9
16
Center: 2, 3
a 4, b 3, c 7
a 5, b 2, c a2 b2 21
Center: 1, 4
Foci: 2 21, 3
Foci: 1, 4 7
Eccentricity: e
Eccentricity: e
7
32. Vertices: 2, 2, 2, 2 a 2, h, k 0, 2
31. Vertices: (0, 1) a 1, (h, k) (0, 0)

Foci: (0, 3) c 3
Foci: 4, 2, 4, 2 c 4
b2 c2 a2 9 1 8
b 2 c 2 a 2 16 4 12
(y k)2 (x h)2

1
a2
b2
x h 2 y k 2

1
a2
b2
x2
1
8
x 2 y 2 2

1
4
12
34. Foci: 3, 2 c 2, h, k 3, 0
33. Foci: (0, 0), (8, 0) c 4, (h, k) (4, 0)

Asymptotes: y 2(x 4)
b
2, b 2a
a
Asymptotes: y 2x 3
b2 c2 a2 4a2 16 a2
(x
a2
h)2
(y
b2
k)2
y k 2 x h 2

1
a2
b2
1
y2
x 3 2
5y 2 5x 32

1

1
165
45
16
4
(x 4)2
y2

1
165
645
5(x 4)2 5y2

1
16
64
x 32 y 52

1
16
4
y
2
a 4, b 2, c 20 25
x
2
Center: 3, 5

Foci: 3 25, 5
1
Asymptotes: y 5 x 3
2
13
1
y x
2
2
a
2, a 2b
b
4
16
b2 c 2 a 2 4 4b2 b 2 , a 2
5
5
16
64
a2 , b2
5
5
35.
21
c

a
5
y2
10
1
7
or y x
2
2
1009
1010
36.
Chapter 10
y 12
x2 1
4
Center: 0, 1
a 2, b 1, c a2 b2 5
Foci: 0, 1 5
Asymptotes: y 1 2x
37.
4 3 2
9x2 16y2 18x 32y 151 0
9x2 2x 1 16 y2 2y 1 151 9 16
6
4
9x 12 16y 12 144
2
x
x 12 y 12

1
16
9
6 4
a 4, b 3, c 5
6
8
Center: 1, 1

Foci: 6, 1 and 4, 1
3
Asymptotes: y 1 x 1
4
7
3
y x
4
4
38.
3
1
or y x
4
4
4x2 25y2 8x 150y 121 0

4x2 2x 1 25 y2 6y 9 121 4 225
y 32 x 12

1
4
25
Center: 1, 3
1
x
a 2, b 5, c a2 b2 29
Foci: 1, 3 29
2
Asymptotes: y 3 x 1
5
39. Foci: 100, 0 c 100

Center: 0, 0
d1
d2

0.0005 d2 d1 93 2a a 46.5
186,000 186,000
b2 c2 a2 1002 46.52 7837.75
100
x2
y2

1
2162.25 7837.75
d2
y2 7837.75
60
1 5211.5736
2162.25
y 72 miles
(60, y)
B
d1
A
100
100
50
100
40. BD AD 6
5280
CD AD 8
5280
1100
1100
2a CD BD 2
a
5280
1100
5
2279
, c 2 b2
24
576
Thus, we have
y2
576x2 576y2
x2

1 x and y in miles or

1 x and y in feet.
25
2279
1,210,000 110,303,600
OR:
CD AD 8
5280
BD AD 6
5280
1100
y
2
1100
2a BD AD 6
1100
5280
B
1

5
39
5
a3
, c 1 b2
24
8
64
Center: 1, 0
64(x 1)2 64y2
x 52802
y2

1 x and y in miles or

1 x and y in feet.
25
39
10,890,000
16,988,400
41. 5x2 2y2 10x 4y 17 0
42. 4y2 5x 3y 7 0
AC 52 10 < 0
AC 04 0 Parabola

43. 3x 2 2y 2 12x 12y 29 0
44. 4x 2 4y 2 4x 8y 11 0
A 3, C 2
A 4, C 4
AC 32 6 > 0
A C Circle

45. xy 4 0
A C 0, B 1
B2 4AC 12 400 1 > 0
cot 2 0 2

2
4

x y
x x cos y sin
4
4
2
y x sin

x y
y cos
4
4
2
x y
2

x y
40
2
x2 y2
4
2
x2 y2

1
8
8
3
2
x
4 3 2
2
2
3
1011
1012
Chapter 10
46. x2 10xy y2 1 0
B2 4AC 102 411 96 > 0 Hyperbola
cot 2
AC 11

0 2

B
10
2
4
x x cos
1

y sin
x y
4
4
2
y
y

1
y x sin y cos
x y
4
4
2
1
2
1
1
x y 2 5x yx y x y2 1 0
2
2
1
2
6 y 2 4x2 1 0
x2 y2

1
14
16
47. 5x2 2xy 5y2 12 0
A C 5, B 2
B2 4AC 22 455 96 < 0
y
y

cot 2 0 2

2
4
1
x
x x cos

x y
y sin
4
4
2
y x sin

x y
y cos
4
4
2
1
2
x 2y 2x 2yx 2y 5x 2y 12 0

2
5
5
x2 2xy y2
x2 y2
x2 2xy y2
12
2
2
4x2 6 y2 12
x2 y2

1
3
2
48. 4x2 8xy 4y2 72x 92y 0
B2
4AC
cot 2
82
444 0 Parabola
y
y

1
y x sin y cos
x y
4
4
2
CONTINUED
AC 44

0 2

B
8
2
4

1
x x cos y sin
x y
4
4
2
2
x
4 3
3
4

48. CONTINUED
2x y2 4x yx y 2x y2 7x y 9x y 0
8x2 16x 2y 0
y 4x2 8x
y 4x2 2x 1 4
y 4x 12 4
y 4 4x 12
4x 12 y 4
y 4x 12 4
49. (a) 16x2 24xy 9y2 30x 40y 0
(c)
B2 4AC 242 4169 0

3
(b) To use a graphing utility, we need to solve for y in terms of x.
9
1
9y2 24x 40y 16x2 30x 0

y
24x 40 24x 402 4916x2 30x

29
24x 40 24x 402 3616x2 30x

18
50. (a) 13x2 8xy 7y2 45 0
(c)
B2 4AC 82 4137 300 < 0 Ellipse

6
(b) Use the Quadratic Formula to solve for y in terms of x:

7y2 8xy 13x2 45 0
y
1
8x 64x2 2813x2 45
14
51. (a) x2 y2 2xy 22x 22y 2 0
(c)
B2 4AC 22 411 0
11
(b) To use a graphing utility, we need to solve for y in terms of x.
y2 2x 22 y x2 22x 2 0

y
2x 22
52. (a) x2 10xy y2 1 0
2x 22 2 4x2 22x 2

2
(c)
Since B2 4AC (10)2 4(1)(1) > 0 Hyperbola

(b) Use the Quadratic Formula to solve for y in terms of x:
y2 10xy x 2 1 0
y 12 10x 100x2 4x2 1
1013
1014
Chapter 10

4
1
54. x t and y
5
t1
53. x 3t 2, y 7 4t
t
3
2
11
8
2
19
15
1
5
1
15
2
5
3
5
4
5
4
3
2
4
20
16
12
2
1
x
12 8 4
4
12
3
56. (a)
55. (a)
57. (a)
4
4 3 2 1
3 2 1
3
y 4t y 4
5
1
x
1
(b) x 1 4t, y 2 3t
x
(b) x 2t t
2
t
2 2x
x
(b) x t 2, x 0
x1
4
y t y2 t
y23
x1
4
x y22 x
4 x
y4 y
3x 4y 11
58. (a)
59. (a)
y
8
60. (a)
8
6
2
x
(b) x t 4, y t 2
tx4
y x 4 2
4 2
4
2
x
2
8
8
(b) x 6 cos , y 6 sin
x
2
10
2
4
(b) x 3 3 cos , y 2 5 sin

x3
y2
, sin
3
5
x
y
cos , sin
6
6
cos
x2
y2

1
36 36
x 3 2 y 22

1
9
25
x2 y2 36

62. (h, k) (3, 4)
61. Center: 5, 4
63. Hyperbola
Radius: 6
2a 8 a 4
Vertices: 0, 4
x h r cos 5 6 cos
2b 6 b 3
Foci: 0, 5
(x 3)2 ( y 4)2

1
16
9
y k r sin 4 6 sin
1015
Center: 0, 0
a 4, c 5, b c2 a2 3
x 3 4 cos
x 3 tan , y 4 sec
y 4 3 sin
This solution is not unique.
y QB QA
64.
QP arc QC r
QA r sin90
90
O B
r cos
2, 4
Additional polar representations:

P (x, y)
2, 74, 2, 54
QB r sin
Therefore,
y r sin r cos rsin cos .
1 2
3 4
Similarly, x OB AP.
Therefore, x r cos r sin r cos sin .
5, 3 5, 23 or 5, 53
Additional polar representations: 7, 1.05, 7, 2.09
3
2
2 4
6 8
3
2
3, 2.62 3, 3.66 or 3, 5.76
1 2 3 4
3
2
2 4 6 8
3
2
1, 3
x 1 cos

1

3
2
y 1 sin
3

3
2
21, 23
1016
Chapter 10
2, 54 r,
x r cos 2 cos
y r sin 2 sin
5
2
4
5
2
4
x 3 cos
32
3

4
2
y 3 sin
3 32

4
2
0, 2 r,
tan is undefined
Polar coordinates:

3
,
2 2
2, 2 or 2, 32

r 42 62 52 213
Polar coordinates:
r 5 5 10
tan 1,
r 02 22 2

0
2
3 2 2, 3 2 2

x r cos 0 cos 0
2
y r sin 0 sin
3, 34
tan
3
4
6
0.9828, 4.1244
4
Polar coordinates: 213, 0.9828 or 213, 4.1244
10, 34
77. x 2 y 2 49
78. x 2 y 2 20
r 2 49
x2 y2 r 2
Polar coordinates:
r 32 42 5
r7
r 2 20
r 25
4
tan , 0.9273
3
5, 5.356
79. x2 y 2 6y 0
80. x2 y2 4x 0
6r sin 0
r2 4r cos 0
r2
rr 6 sin 0
81. xy 5
r cos r sin 5
r 4 cos
r2
r 0 or r 6 sin
Since r 6 sin contains r 0,
we just have r 6 sin .
82.
xy 2
83.
r5
r cos r sin 2
r2
r 2 cos sin 2
x 2 y 2 25
r2
2
cos sin
r 2 2 sec csc
r 2 4 csc 2
25
84.
5
sin cos
10
10 csc 2
sin 2
r 12
r 2 144
x 2 y 2 or x 2 y 2 144

r 3 cos
85.
86. Because y r sin and r is given as 8 sin ,
r2 3r cos
x2
y2
y 8 sin sin 8 sin2 .
3x
r 8 sin
r2 64 sin2
r 2 88 sin2
x2 y2 8y
x2 y2 8y 0
r2 sin
87.
r2 cos 2
88.
r 3 r sin
r2
x 2 y 23 y
xr yr
2
x2 y22 x2 y2
x2 y23 y2
x2 y 2 y23
90. r 11
89. r 4
Circle of radius 4 centered at the pole
Symmetric with respect to 2, the polar axis
and the pole

Maximum value of r 4, for all values of
Symmetry:

, polar axis, pole
2

Maximum value of r : 11, for all values of

Zeros of r: none
Zeros: None
0
4
0
2
3
2
3
2
91. r 4 sin 2
92. r cos 5
Rose curve (n 2) with 4 petals
Symmetry: polar axis
Symmetric with respect to 2, the polar axis,

and the pole
Maximum value of r : r 1 when

Maximum value of r 4 when

3
Zeros: r 0 when 0, , ,
2
2
3 5 7
,
, ,
4 4 4 4

0,
2 4 6 8
, , ,
5 5 5 5
Zeros of r: r 0 when
3
2
3
2
3 7 9
, , , ,
10 10 2 10 10
1017
1018
Chapter 10
93. r 21 cos
94. r 3 4 cos

Maximum value of r 4 when 0

Maximum value of r : r 7 when
Zeros: r 0 when
3
3
Zeros of r: r 0 when arccos , 2 arccos
4
4
a 2
1 Cardioid
b 2
0
2
3
2
3
2
95. r 2 6 sin
r f sin

symmetry
2

Maximum value: r 8 when

2
0
2
3
2
1
Zeros: 2 6 sin 0 sin 3.4814, 5.9433
3
96. r 5 5 cos
r 51 cos

Maximum values of r : r 10 when
Zeros of r: r 0 when 0, 2
3
2
97. r 3 cos 2

r f cos polar axis symmetry

: r 3 cos 2 3 cos2 2 3 cos 2
2

Equivalent equation symmetry
2
Pole:
r 3 cos 2 3 cos2 2 3 cos 2

Equivalent equation pole symmetry

3
Maximum value: r 3 when 0, , ,
2
2

Zeros: 3 cos 2 0 when cos 2 0
3 5 7
, , ,
4 4 4 4
0
4
3
2

98. r cos 2
1019

Maximum value of r : r 1 when 0,

Zeros of r: r 0 when
3

, ,
2
2
0
2
3 5 7
, , ,
4 4 4 4
3
2
99. r 32 cos
100. r 31 2 cos
6 3 cos
r 3 6 cos
16
a 6
2
b 3
12
Limaon with inner loop.

8
The graph is a convex limaon.

101. r 4 cos 3
102. r2 9 cos 2
The graph is a rose curve

with 3 petals.
Lemniscate
6
103. r
1
,e2
1 2 sin
104. r
Hyperbola symmetric with respect to

and having
2
3
1
vertices at ,
and 1,
.
3 2
2

2
1 sin
e 1 parabola
2
Vertex: 1,
3
2
0
1
3
2
105. r
r
4
5 3 cos
45
1 35 cos
,e
3
5
Ellipse symmetric with

respect to the polar axis and
having vertices at 2, 0 and
12, .
106. r
0
1
3
2
16
4 5 cos
r
4
1 54 cos
e
5
> 1 Hyperbola
4
Vertices:
169, 0, 16,
3
2
9 12 15
21
1020
Chapter 10
107. Parabola: r
ep
,e1
1 e cos
Vertex: (2, )
Focus: 0, 0 p 4
4
1 cos
109. Ellipse: r
e1
2
Vertex: 2,
Focus: 0, 0 p 4
r
ep
,
1 e sin
108. Parabola: r
r
ep
1 e cos
4
1 sin
110. Hyperbola: r
ep
1 e cos
Vertices: (5, 0), (1, ) a 3
Vertices: 1, 0, 7, 0 a 3
One focus: (0, 0) c 2
One focus: 0, 0 c 4
e
c
2
5
,p
a 3
2
e
4
7
c
,p
a 3
4
r
53
2352

1 23 cos 1 23 cos
r
4374
73
7

1 43 cos 1 43 cos 3 4 cos
5
3 2 cos
111. a c 122,800 4000 a c 126,800

a c 119 4000
a c 4,119
2a
130,919
a
65,459.5
c 61,340.5
c
61,340.5
e
0.937
a 65,459.5
r
112. Parabola: r
Vertex:
r 126,800 when 0
6,000,000, 2
Focus: 0, 0 p 12,000,000

r
ep
0.937p

1 e cos 1 0.937 cos
ep
,e1
1 e sin
12,000,000
1 sin

3
r 89,600,000 miles
ep
126,800
1 e cos 0
ep 126,800 1
61,340.5
7978.81
65,459.5
Thus, r
7978.81
.
1 0.937 cos
When

7978.81
15,011.87 miles.
,r
3
1 0.937 cos3
The distance from the surface of Earth and the

satellite is 15,011.87 4000 11,011.87 miles.
113. False. When classifying equations of the form
Ax2 Bxy Cy2 Dx Ey F 0,
its graph can be determined by its discriminant. For a
graph to be a parabola, its discriminant, B2 4AC, must
equal zero. So, if B 0, then A or C equals 0, but not
both.
114. False.
x2
y 4 1 is a fourth-degree equation.
4
The equation of a hyperbola is a second degree equation.
Problem Solving for Chapter 10

115. False. The following are two sets of parametric
equations for the line.
1021
116. False.
r, , r, 2, r, , etc.
x t, y 3 2t
All represent the same point.
x 3t, y 3 6t
117. 2a 10 a 5
118. The orientation would be reversed.
b must be less than 5; 0 < b < 5.

As b approaches 5, the ellipse becomes more circular
and approaches a circle of radius 5.
119. x 4 cos t and y 3 sin t
4, 6 , 4, 6 : symmetric about the pole
120. (a)
(a) x 4 cos 2t and y 3 sin 2t

The speed would double.
(b) x 5 cos t and y 3 sin t
The elliptical orbit would be flatter. The length of
the major axis is greater.
(b)
4, 6 , 4, 6 : symmetric about the polar axis
(c)
4, 6 , 4, 6 : symmetric about the 2 axis.
(b) x y 0 y x
121. (a) x2 y2 25
r5

4
The graphs are the same. They are both lines with slope 1
and intercept 0, 0.
The graphs are the same. They are both circles

centered at 0, 0 with a radius of 5.
122. Area of the circle: A 100

Area of the ellipse: A ab a10 2100 a 20
Length of major axis: 2a 40

1. (a) 1.10 0.84 1.2016 radians
(b) sin 0.84
sin 1.10
x
x 3250 sin 0.84 2420 feet
3250
6700 ft
y
3250 ft
y
y 6700 sin 1.10 5971 feet
6700
1.10 radians
( 48.5, 0)
50
40
30
(0, 23)
x2
y2
21
2
48.5
23
(48.5, 0)
10
x
30
10
30
40
50
0.84 radians
(a) Let 0, 0 represent the center of the ellipse. Then

2a 97 a 48.5 and 2b 46 b 23.
2.
10 20 30 40
(0, 23)
x2
y2

1
2352.25 529
(b) c2 a2 b2 2352.25 529 1823.25
c 42.7
The foci are 2c 85.4 feet apart.
(c) A ab 48.523 1115.5 3504.45 square feet
1022
Chapter 10
3. Since the axis of symmetry is the x-axis, the vertex is h, 0 and y2 4px h. Also, since the focus is 0, 0,
0 h p h p and y2 4px p.
4. Let x, x be the corner of the square in Quadrant I.
A 4x2
(x, x)
x2
x2
a2b2
1 x2 2
a2 b2
a b2
Thus, A
4a2b2
a2 b2
5. (a)
(b)
boat
12
d1
d2
9
6
12 m
Island 1
Island 1
Island 2
12
Since d1 d2 20, by definition, the

outer bound that the boat can travel is
an ellipse.The islands are the foci.
6 3
3
Island 2
3
9 12
6
9
12
(c) d1 d2 2a 20 a 10
Island 1 is located at 6, 0 and Island 2 is located at 6, 0.
The boat traveled 20 miles. The vertex

is 10, 0.
(d) c 6, a 10 b2 a2 c2 64
x2
y2

1
100 64
6. Foci: 2, 2 and 10, 2 Center is 6, 2 and c 4
d2 d1 2a 6
c2
a2
b2
a3
16 9 b 2 b 2 7
x 62 y 22

1
9
7
7. Ax2 Cy2 Dx Ey F 0
Assume that the conic is not degenerate.
(b) A 0 or C 0 (but not both). Let C 0.
(a) A C, A 0
Ax2
Ay2
Dx Ey F 0
x2 y2
x
E
F
D
x y 0
A
A
A

D
D2
E
E2
F
D2
E2
x 2 y2 y 2 2 2
A
4A
A
4A
A 4A
4A
x 2AD y 2AE
D2 E2 4AF
4A2
D
E
This is a circle with center ,
and radius
2A 2A
2
2
D E 4AF
.
2A

CONTINUED
Ax2 Dx Ey F 0
x2
x2
D
E
F
x y
A
A
A
D
D2
E
F
D2
x 2 y 2
A
4A
A
A 4A
x 2AD
E
F
D2
y

A
E
4AE
This is a parabola with vertex

A 0 yields a similar result.
D D2 4AF
,
.
2A
4AE

7. CONTINUED
(c) AC > 0 A and C are either both positive or are both negative (if that is the case, move the terms
to the other side of the equation so that they are both positive).
Ax2 Cy2 Dx Ey F 0
A x2
D
2A
A x
x 2AD
D
D2
E
E2
D2
E2
x 2 C y2 y 2 F

A
4A
C
4C
4A 4C
2
C y
y 2CE
CD2 AE2 4ACF

4A2C
E
2C
CD2 AE2 4ACF

4AC
1
CD2 AE2 4ACF

4AC 2
Since A and C are both positive, 4A2C and 4AC 2 are both positive. CD2 AE2 4ACF must be positive
D
E
or the conic is degenerate. Thus, we have an ellipse with center ,
.
2A 2C
(d) AC < 0 A and C have opposite signs. Lets assume that A is positive and C is negative. (If A is negative
and C is positive, move the terms to the other side of the equation.) From part (c) we have
x 2AD
y 2CE
CD2 AE2 4ACF

4A2C
1.
CD2 AE2 4ACF

4AC 2
Since A > 0 and C < 0, the first denominator is positive if CD2 AE2 4ACF < 0 and is negative if
CD2 AE2 4ACF > 0, since 4A2C is negative. The second denominator would have the opposite sign
since 4AC2 > 0. Thus, we have a hyperbola with center
D
E
,
.
2A 2C
8. (a) The first model describes linear motion, whereas the second model describes parabolic motion.
(b) x v0 cos t t
y v0 sin t t
x
v0 cos
y
v0 sin
x
y

v0 cos v0 sin
v0 cos y v0 sin x

y tan x
x
v0 cos
x v0 cos t t
y h v0 sin t 16t2

y h v0 sin
v
y h tan x
x
x
16
cos

v
cos

0
0
v
16
x2
cos2
(c) In the case x v0 cos t, y v0 sin t, the path of the projectile is not affected by changing the velocity v.
When the parameter is eliminated, we just have y tan x. The path is only affected by the angle .
1023
1024
Chapter 10
9. To change the orientation, we can just replace t with t.

x cost cos t
y 2 sint 2 sin t
10. x a bcos t b cos

y a bsin t b sin
a b b t
a b b t
(a) a 2, b 1
x cos t cos t 2 cos t

y sin t sin t 0
The graph oscillates between 2 and 2 on the x-axis.
(b) a 3, b 1
x 2 cos t cos 2 t
y 2 sin t sin 2 t
(c) a 4, b 1
x 3 cos t cos 3t
y 3 sin t sin 3 t
(d) a 10, b 1
10
x 9 cos t cos 9 t
y 9 sin t sin 9 t
10
10
10
(e) a 3, b 2
x cos t 2 cos
y sin t 2 sin
t
2
t
2
The graph looks the same as the graph in part (b), but is oriented clockwise instead of counterclockwise.
(f) a 4, b 3
x cos t 3 cos
y sin t 3 sin
t
3
t
3
The graph is the same as the graph in part (c), but is oriented clockwise instead of counterclockwise.
11. (a) y2
t21 t22 2 1 t22

,x
1 t22
1 t22
1x

1x
11 tt 2t

1t
2
1
1t
2
t2
r cos sin2 sin2 cos2 r cos3

r cos sin2 cos2 cos2 sin2
r cos cos 2
11 xx.
r cos 2
(c)

11 rr cos
cos
sin2 1 r cos cos2 1 r cos
1
Thus, y2 x2
r2 sin2 r2 cos2
(b)
1025
sec
0
1
12. r 2 cos
12
r 3 sin
52
r cos2
2
r 2 sin
47
The graphs all contain overlapping loops or petals.

13. r a sin b cos
r2 ra sin b cos
r2 ar sin br cos
x2 y2 ay bx
x2 y2 bx ay 0
x
bx

b2
a2
a2 b2
y2 ay

4
4
4
4
x 2b y 2a
2
This represents a circle with center
14. r ecos 2 cos 4 sin5
a2 b2
4
b2, a2 and radius r 12a
b2.
12
(a) No, the graph appears to have a period of 2 but does not. For example, r r 3.
(b) By using the table feature of the calculator we have r 4.077 when 5.54 for 0 2 and
r 4.46 when 11.83 for 0 4. The graph is not periodic. As increases the value of r changes.
1026
Chapter 10
15.
n 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 produce bells; n 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 produce hearts.
16. (a) Neptune: a
9.000 109
4.500 109
2
perihelion: a1 e 4.500 1091 0.0086
e 0.0086
1 0.008624.500 109
rNeptune
1 0.0086 cos
rNeptune
4.4997 109
1 0.0086 cos
10.0813 109
a
5.4065 109
2
Pluto:
(b) Neptune:
4.461 109 km
aphelion:
4.539 109 km
Pluto:
perihelion: a1 e 5.4065 1091 0.2488
4.061 109 km
e 0.2488
1 0.248825.4065 109
rPluto
1 0.2488 cos
rPluto
(c)
5.0718 109
1 0.2488 cos
1.2 1010
Neptune
1.8 1010
1.8 1010
aphelion:
a1 e 5.4065 1091 0.2488

6.752 109 km
(d) If the orbits were in the same plane, then they would
intersect. Furthermore, since the orbital periods
differ (Neptune 164.79 years, Pluto 247.68 years),
then the two planets would ultimately collide if the orbits
intersect.
The orbital inclination of Pluto is significantly larger than
that of Neptune 17.16 vs. 1.769 , so further analysis is
required to determine if the orbits intersect.
Pluto
1.2 1010
(e) perihelion
a1 e 4.500 1091 0.0086
Neptune
Pluto
4.461 109 km
4.061 109 km
Pluto is sometimes closer to the sun than Neptune (for

about 20 years of its 248-year orbit). At the time of its
discovery, Pluto was more distant than Neptune. At
that time, Pluto was the most distant planet (the ninth
in distance) and was also the ninth planet discovered.
Practice Test for Chapter 10
Chapter 10
Practice Test
1. Find the angle, , between the lines 3x 4y 12 and 4x 3y 12.

2. Find the distance between the point 5, 9 and the line 3x 7y 21.
3. Find the vertex, focus and directrix of the parabola x2 6x 4y 1 0.
4. Find an equation of the parabola with its vertex at 2, 5 and focus at 2, 6.
5. Find the center, foci, vertices, and eccentricity of the ellipse x2 4y2 2x 32y 61 0.
1
6. Find an equation of the ellipse with vertices 0, 6 and eccentricity e 2.
7. Find the center, vertices, foci, and asymptotes of the hyperbola 16y2 x2 6x 128y 231 0.
8. Find an equation of the hyperbola with vertices at 3, 2 and foci at 5, 2.
9. Rotate the axes to eliminate the xy-term. Sketch the graph of the resulting equation, showing both sets of axes.
5x2 2xy 5y2 10 0
10. Use the discriminant to determine whether the graph of the equation is a parabola, ellipse, or hyperbola.
(a) 6x2 2xy y2 0
(b) x2 4xy 4y2 x y 17 0
11. Convert the polar point 2,
3
to rectangular coordinates.
4
12. Convert the rectangular point 3, 1 to polar coordinates.

13. Convert the rectangular equation 4x 3y 12 to polar form.
14. Convert the polar equation r 5 cos to rectangular form.
15. Sketch the graph of r 1 cos .
16. Sketch the graph of r 5 sin 2.
17. Sketch the graph of r
3
.
6 cos
2 and focus at 0, 0.
18. Find a polar equation of the parabola with its vertex at 6,
For Exercises 19 and 20, eliminate the parameter and write the corresponding rectangular equation.
19. x 3 2 sin , y 1 5 cos
20. x e2t, y e4t
1027

CSG ch10

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C H A P T E R 1 0

Topics in Analytic Geometry

Section 10.2 Introduction to Conics: Parabolas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912

If a nonvertical line has inclination of and slope m, then m tan .

The distance between a point x1, y1 and a line Ax By C 0 is given by

Ax1 By1 C.

7. m tan 1.27  3.2236

8. m tan 2.88  0.2677

 2.034 radians  116.6

arctan34  0.6435 radian  36.9

 1.107 radians  63.4

tan1 52   1.9513 radians  111.8

15. (6, 1), (10, 8)

4  1.0517 radians  60.3

17. (2, 20), (10, 0)

tan12   2.0344 radians  116.6

 3  2.1112 radians  121.0

arctan 3  1.2490 radians  71.6

 2.4669 radians  141.3

 3  2.1112 radians  121.0

arctan 2  1.1071 radians  63.4

2  63.4  1.1071 radians

Topics in Analytic Geometry

33. Let A (2, 1), B (4, 4), and C (6, 2).

0.03x 0.04y 0.52

14  58.7  1.0240 radians

34. Let A 3, 2, B 1, 3, and C 2, 0.

29  0.8187 radian  46.9

3  0.9273 radian  53.1

arctan 7  1.4289 radians  81.9

B 180 A C  180 35.8 49.8

36. Let A 3, 4, B 2, 1, and C 2, 2.

4(2) 3(3) (10) 7

41. (6, 2) x1 6 and y1 2

43. (0, 8) x1 0 and y1 8

20 10 4

40. 2, 1 x1 2 and y1 1

39. (2, 3) x1 2 and y1 3

Note: The point is on the line.

37. (0, 0) x1 0 and y1 0

C 180 A B  180 32.5 16.9

 180 11.9 21.8 146.3

12 11 2

42. 10, 8 x1 10 and y1 8

010 18 4 4 4

44. 4, 2 x1 4 and y1 2

14 12 20

Topics in Analytic Geometry

45. A 0, 0, B 1, 4, C 4, 0

(b) The slope the line through AC is m

The equation of the line through AC is y 0.

The distance between the line and B 1, 4 is

(c) The distance between A and C is 4.

(b) The slope of the line through AC is m

(c) The distance between A and C is d 0 52 0 22 29,

(b) The slope of the line through AC is m

The equation of the line through AC is y 0

The distance between the line and B (2, 3) is d

2(2) 12(3) (5)

 35 74 37 358 square units

(b) The slope of the line through AC is m

The equation of the line through AC is y 12

173 1010 18

7. m tan 1.27 3.2236

8. m tan 2.88 0.2677

2.034 radians 116.6

arctan34 0.6435 radian 36.9

1.107 radians 63.4

tan1 52 1.9513 radians 111.8

4 1.0517 radians 60.3

tan12 2.0344 radians 116.6

3 2.1112 radians 121.0

arctan 3 1.2490 radians 71.6

2.4669 radians 141.3

3 2.1112 radians 121.0

arctan 2 1.1071 radians 63.4

2 63.4 1.1071 radians

14 58.7 1.0240 radians

29 0.8187 radian 46.9

3 0.9273 radian 53.1

arctan 7 1.4289 radians 81.9

B 180 A C 180 35.8 49.8

C 180 A B 180 32.5 16.9

180 11.9 21.8 146.3

35 74 37 358 square units

51. Slope: m tan 0.1 0.1003

52. Slope: m tan 0.2 0.2027

0.6167 radian, or 35.34