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Across-wind analysis
The across-wind response of chimney occurs mainly due to
vortex shedding and velocity dependent forces. Acrosswind analysis of chimney is required only if the critical wind
speeds for any mode of oscillation is less than the mean
design wind speed. The critical wind speed Vcri, for vortex
shedding in the ith mode of vibration is given by
Vcri =
fi d
Sn
(5)
Fz0i = 4 2 f i oi m z zi dz
2
(6)
509
z0
M z0i = 4 f i oi m z zi ( z z 0 ) dz
2
(7)
z0
oi =
2
1.25C L d hi a d { (L ) / 2(I + 2)}
mei
2Sn2
1 h 2
zi dz
h 0
( k
2
a a d / m ei )
(8)
where, mei = equivalent mass per unit length in kg/m in the
mei = m z zi dz
2
2
zi
dz
(9)
EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS
The earthquake loads are obtained as per IS 1893 (part 4):
2005. Time period of vibration, T of chimneys when fixed at
base is given by,
T = CT
Wt .h
E 2. A.g
(10)
Ah =
(Z 2 )(S a g )
(R I )
(11)
V = C v . Ah .Wt .Dv
(12)
M = Ah .Wt .h.Dm
(13)
510
EXAMPLE CHIMNEYS
Two chimneys are considered for the analysis purpose. The
217 m chimney as shown in Figure 1(a) consists of four
tapers and twenty one platforms. The platform details are
also shown in Figure 1(a). Where as the 220 m chimney as
shown in Figure 1(b) is of uniform taper whose outer
diameter and shell thickness at the top and bottom are
shown.
Modeling
For the analysis purpose Chimneys are modeled as vertical
cantilever fixed at the base having varying cross sections
using beam element (NKTP 12) of NISA (EMRC, 1998).
Chimneys are divided into elements of one meter length
along its height. The mass of each section is calculated by
averaging the mass of above and below it. Chimney is
idealized as mdf system with mass lumped at various levels.
Horizontal motion is considered. Natural frequency and
mode shapes required for the analysis are obtained from this
finite element model of chimney.
Material
The material used for chimney shell is M25 grade concrete
whose mass density () considered as 2.5 t/m3, weight
density as 25 KN / m3, Youngs modulus (E) as 3.2 x 107
kN/m2 and structural damping as a fraction of critical
damping () is considered as 0.016. Free vibration
characteristics such as natural frequency and time periods
are obtained from the dynamic analysis of chimneys and
shown in Table 1. Then critical wind speeds and mean
design wind speeds are calculated and presented in Table 2.
Natural Frequency
(Hz)
1st
2nd
3rd
mode mode mode
0.33
1.39
3.44
0.44
1.86
4.53
Time period
(sec.)
1st
2nd
3rd
mode mode mode
2.98
0.72
0.29
2.23
0.53
0.22
The critical wind velocity and the design wind velocity are
calculated by taking Vb = 44 m/s , k1 = 1.07 , k3 = 1.00, sn =
0.2 and d = average diameter over the top 1/3 height of
chimney
511
307-98) and
Institute, Detroit
[2] IS 4998(part-1):1992, Criteria for Design of
Reinforced Concrete Chimneys, 2nd revision,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[3] IS 1893 (Part 4):2005, Criteria for earthquake
resistant design of structures, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
[4] Jain, S.K., Singh, B.P., Guptha, B.K., 1990, I.S.
code provisions for seismic design of tall
chimneys, International of structures, Vol. 10,
No. 2, pp 103-111
[5] Jaiswal, O.R., Srinivas, V., 2005, Effect of tuned
mass damper on across-wind response of tall RC
Chimneys, Journal of Wind & Engineering, India,
vol.2, No.1, pp.9-21
[6] Shivaji, M., Raju, V.S.N., Dynamic analysis of
R.C.C. chimneys