FM Lal

S J B Institute of Technology
Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT No.01
VENTURIMETER
Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge and calibrate the given Venturimeter for
different flow rates.
Apparatus: Venturimeter experimental setup, stopwatch, scale
Theory: Write the theory on following topics
i.
Statement of Bernoullis Equation
ii.
Assumptions for Bernoullis equation
iii.
Bernoullis Equation applications
iv.
Venturimeter construction and working principle
v.
Necessity of divergent portion in Venturimeter
vi.
Derivation of discharge through Venturimeter
VENTURIMETER
Flow
Measuring Tank
Gate valve
PUMP MOTOR
Manometer
STORAGE TANK
VENTURIMETER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Procedure:
1. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level
2. Connect the flexible pipe to the selected pipe line by using quick action coupling
3. Connect the differential manometer to the selected tapping of the Venturimeter
4. Keep the valve open and switch on the pump
5. Keep the bypass valve fully open and the other valves are closed
6. Set a flow rate and wait for a steady state condition
7. Note down the difference in mercury level of differential Manometer
8. Record the time taken to collect R m of water in the measuring tank
9. Repeat the above procedure for different flow rates
Specifications:
Diameter of the pipe, d1=---------------mm
Area of the pipe, a1=mm2
Throat diameter, d2= --------------------mm
Area of the throat, a2=.mm2
Area of the measuring tank= A1=500mm 250mm=.mm2
Diameter of the pipe in the measuring tank=D2=...mm
Area of the pipe in measuring tank=A1=....mm2
Effective area of the measuring tank = A= A1-A2=..mm2
Tabular column:
Sl.
h1
h2
Qth
Qact
No.
cm of
cm of
m of
m3/s
m3/s
Hg
Hg
water
Cd
Error
m/s
Re
1
2
3
4
h= h 1 x
Sl
Where
x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg = h1~h2
h= Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water
Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid)=13.6
Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid)=1
h= 12.6 x
R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m
T= Time taken to collect R m of water in measuring tank, s
a1 a 2 2 gh
Qth=
a1 =
a1 a 2
2
d1 2
4
= Theoretical discharge, m3/s
=Area of the pipe or venturimeter inlet, m2
d 1 =Diameter of the pipe or Venturimeter inlet, m
a2
d22
4
=Area of throat, m2
d 2 = Diameter of the throat, m

Qact =
Cd =
A R
= Actual discharge m3/s
T
Qact
= Coefficient of discharge
Qth
% Error =
V=
Qact
a1
Qth Qact
Qact
100
Velocity of water in m/s
Re=Reynolds Number=
Vd 1
, = Density of water, 1000kg/m3
= Absolute viscosity of water, 1x10-3 Ns/m2
Graphs:
i.Qact v/s h
ii. Qact v/s h
iii. Cd v/s Re
Result:
EXPERIMENT NO.02
ORIFICEMETER
Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge and calibrate the given Orificemeter for
different flow rates
Apparatus: Orifice meter experimental setup, stopwatch, scale
Theory:
Write the theory on following topics
i.
Construction and working of Orifice meter
ii.
Advantages and disadvantages of Orifice meter
ORIFICEMETER
Measuring Tank
Gate valve
PUMP
MOTOR
Manometer
STORAGE TANK
ORIFICEMETER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Procedure:
3. Connect the differential manometer to the selected tapping of the Orificemeter
Specifications:
Effective area of the measuring tank = A= A1-A2=.mm2
Tabular column:
Sl.
h1
h2
Qth
Qact
No.
cm of
cm of
m of
m3/s
m3/s
Hg
Hg
water
Cd
Error
m/s
Re
1
2
3
4
h= h 1 x
Sl
Where
h= 12.6 x
a1 a 2 2 gh
Qth=
a1 =
a1 a 2
2
d1 2
4
=Area of the pipe or inlet area of Orifice meter, m2
d 1 =Diameter of the pipe or Orificemeter inlet, m

a2 =
d22
4
=Area of orifice, m2
d 2 = Diameter of the orifice, m

Qact =
A R
T
A= Area of the measuring tank, m2

Cd
Qact
Qth
% Error =
V =
Qth Qact
Qact
100
Qact
=Velocity of water in m/s
a1
Re=Reynoldss Number=
Vd 1
= Density of water, 1000kg/m3

Graphs:
i.Qact v/s h
ii. Qact v/s h
iii. Cd v/s Re
Result:

EXPERIMENT No. 03
RECTANGULAR NOTCH
Aim: To calibrate the given rectangular notch
Apparatus used:
1. Rectangular notch provided in the channel.
2. Hook gauge to measure the head over the notch.
3. A discharge measuring tank fitted with a piezometer and graduated scale.
4. Stop watch.
Theory: A notch is defined as a sharp edged obstruction over which the flow of liquid
occurs. Notches are used for measuring the rate of flow of liquid from a reservoir, small
channel or tank. Gene rally notches are rectangular, triangular [V notch] or trapezoidal
notch. Triangular notch has advantage of greater accuracy at reduced flow rate compared
with other shapes. The coefficient of contraction will be constant for all heads. The sheet of
water discharged by a notch is called "Nappe" or Vein.
Procedure:
1. Place the notch under test at the end of the approach channel, in the vertical plane, with
the sharp edge on the up-stream side.
2. Record the geometric shape of the notch.
3. Allow the water in the tank till it just passes over the notch [up to the crest level].
4. Stop the water supply and record the level of the water by hook gauge when water just
passes over the notch[h1].
5. Increase the supply of water by operating the valve [say by one revolution]. Then wait
for few seconds till the level of the water flow becomes constant. Record the reading
shown on the hook gauge for the water level [h2].
6. The difference h1-h2 give the head over the notch.
7. Collect the water discharging from the notch in measuring tank and measure the rise of
water level 'R' in the tank for certain period of time '1' sec.
8. Repeat the above the procedure for various discharges by operating regulating valve.
DIFFERENT SIZE
OF STONES
HOOK GUAGE
MEASURING
TANK
WATER TANK
Tabular column NOTCH [RECTANGULAR]

Sl
No.
Gauge
Reading
(cm)
h1
Head, over
notch,
H = h1 h2
(m)
Time taken
for R m
rise of water
(sec) (t)
Actual.
Discharge
Qact
m/s
Theoritical.
Discharge
Qth
m/s
Cd
Log
Qact
h2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
10
Log
H
Specification:
Rectangular notch
Length of the measuring tank, W=..mm
Breadth of the measuring tank, B=mm
Cross sectional area of measuring tank A1=W B=.mm2
Formulae:
1.
THEORETICAL DISCHARGE:
Through Rectangular Notch, Qt = (2 / 3) L 2 g H3/2 =.m3 / sec
Where, L = width of notch = . mm
2.
ACTUAL DISCHARGE
Rectangular notch, Qa = (A * R) / (t)
3.
CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
Cd = (Actual Discharge) / (Theoretical Discharge)
Graphs:
Rectangular notch 1. H vs Oa
2. Log H vs log Qa
Result
11

EXPERIMENT No. 04
V- NOTCH
Aim: To calibrate the given v- notch
Apparatus used:
1. v- notch provided in the channel.
2. Hook gauge to measure the head over the notch.
3. A discharge measuring tank fitted with a piezometer and graduated scale.
4. Stop watch.
Theory: A notch is defined as a sharp edged obstruction over which the flow of liquid
occurs. Notches are used for measuring the rate of flow of liquid from a reservoir, small
channel or tank. Generally notches are rectangular, triangular [V notch] or trapezoidal notch.
Triangular notch has advantage of greater accuracy at reduced flow rate compared with
other shapes. The coefficient of contraction will be constant for all heads. The sheet of water
discharged by a notch is called "Nappe" or Vein.
Procedure:
1. Place the notch under test at the end of the approach channel, in the vertical plane, with
the sharp edge on the up-stream side.
2. Record the geometric shape of the notch.
3. Allow the water in the tank till it just passes over the notch [up to the crest level].
4. Stop the water supply and record the level of the water by hook gauge when water just
passes over the notch[h1].
5. Increase the supply of water by operating the valve [say by one revolution]. Then wait
for few seconds till the level of the water flow becomes constant. Record the reading
shown on the hook gauge for the water level [h2].
6. The difference h1-h2 give the head over the notch.
7. Collect the water discharging from the notch in measuring tank and measure the rise of
water level 'R' in the tank for certain period of time '1' sec.
8. Repeat the above the procedure for various discharges by operating regulating valve.
12
DIFFERENT SIZE
OF STONES
HOOK GUAGE
MEASURING
TANK
WATER TANK
Tabular column V-NOTCH

Sl
No.
Gauge
Reading
(cm)
h1
Head, over
notch,
H = h1 h2
(m)
Time taken
for R m
rise of water
(sec) (t)
Actual.
Discharge
Qact
m/s
Theoritical.
Discharge
Qth
m/s
Cd
Log
Qact
h2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
13
Log
H
Specification:
V- Notch
Length of the measuring tank, W=..mm
Breadth of the measuring tank, B=mm
Cross sectional area of measuring tank A1=W B=.mm2
Angle of V-notch= 900
Formulae:
1.
THEORETICAL DISCHARGE:
Through V- Notch,
2.
Qt = (2 / 3) tan (/2) 2 g H5/2 =.m3 / sec
ACTUAL DISCHARGE
Rectangular notch, Qa = (A * R) / (t)
3.
CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
Cd = (Actual Discharge) / (Theoretical Discharge)
Graphs:
Rectangular notch 1. H vs Oa
2. Log H vs log Qa
Result:
14
EXPERIMENT NO.05
NOZZLE METER
Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge and calibrate the given Nozzle meter for
different flow rates
Apparatus: Nozzle meter experimental setup, stopwatch, scale
Theory:
Write the theory on following topics
iii.
Construction and working of Nozzle meter
iv.
Advantages and disadvantages of Nozzle meter
ORIFICEMETER
Measuring Tank
Gate valve
PUMP
MOTOR
Manometer
STORAGE TANK
NOZZLE METER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
15
Procedure:
3. Connect the differential manometer to the selected tapping of the Nozzle meter
Specifications:
Tabular column:
Sl.
No.
h1
h2
cm of
cm of
m of
Hg
Hg
water
R
m
Qth
Qact
m /s
m /s
Cd
Error
m/s
Re
1
2
3
4
16
h= h 1 x
Sl
Where
h= 12.6 x
a1 a 2 2 gh
Qth=
a1 =
a1 a 2
2
d1 2
4
=Area of the pipe or inlet area of Orifice meter, m2
d 1 =Diameter of the pipe or Nozzle meter inlet, m

a2 =
d22
4
=Area of orifice, m2
d 2 = Diameter of the orifice, m

Qact =
A R
T

Cd
Qact
Qth
% Error =
V =
Qth Qact
Qact
100
Qact
=Velocity of water in m/s
a1
17
Vd 1

Graphs:
i.Qact v/s h
ii. Qact v/s h
iii. Cd v/s Re
Result:
18

EXPERIMENT No.06
FRICTION IN PIPES (MAJOR LOSSES)

Aim: To determine the coefficient of friction of a given pipe
Apparatus: Friction pipe experimental setup, stop watch, measuring tape
Theory: Write theory on following topics
i.
Definition of friction coefficient
ii.
Darcys Weichbech and Chezys Formulae and their description
iii.
Wet area
iv.
Hydraulic mean depth
Procedure:
1. Note down the diameter and length of the pipe
3. Connect the manometer limbs between the tapings of the pipe
4. Start the pump and set the flow rate using control valve
5. Note down the difference in manometer
6. Note down the time taken for R rise of water
7. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates
Specifications:
Inner diameter of the pipe d1= 1inch=25.4mm for pipe 1
d1 =3/4inch =18mm for pipe 2
d1 =1/2inch=12.5mm for pipe 3
Cross sectional area of the pipe a1=..............................mm2
Length of the pipe L=1m for all three pipes
Area of the measuring tank= A1=..............................mm2
19
Tabular column:
Sl.
h1
No.
h2
hf
m of
m of
m of
Hg
Hg
water
R
m
Qact
m/s
m /s
Re
Type
of flow
hf= h 1 x = Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water

Sl
Where
x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg= h1~h2
Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid) =13.6
Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid) =1
h= 12.6 x
Qact =
V=
f=
A R
=Actual discharge m3/s
T
Qact
= Velocity of water in the pipe, m/s
a1
2g h f
4 LV 2
= Friction coefficient
where
L= Length of the pipe, m
Vd

20
Type of flow:
i.
Laminar flow -----Re>2000
ii.
Transition flow-----Re between 3000 and 4000
iii.
Turbulent flow------Re>4000
Graph:
1. Friction coefficient vs Re for pipe 1
Result:
21
EXPERIMENT No. 07
MINOR ENERGY (HEAD) LOSSES

Aim: To determine the minor energy losses of a flow through a pipe with different pipe
fittings.
Apparatus: Major and minor energy losses experimental setup, stop watch, measuring tape.

i.
Classification of energy losses in a pipe
ii.
Definition of major and minor energy losses
iii.
Determination of major energy losses theoretically
iv.
Determination of minor energy losses( theoretical formulae used)
v.
Equivalent length of a pipe
vi.
Definition of TEL and HGL and their significance.
Procedure:
2. Keep the bypass valve fully open and the other valves closed
3. Start the pump and adjust the flow rate to some value
4. Select the fitting for which the pressure drop is to be determined and connect the
manometer across that fitting by opening the corresponding cocks
5. Remove the air bubbles in the manometer
6. Note down the mercury level difference in manometer
7. Note down the mercury level difference in manometer by connecting it to other fittings
8. Repeat the experiment for different flow rate.
22
Specifications:
1.
Diameter of pipe with uniform cross section=...................mm
2.
Area of the measuring tank= A1=...............................mm2
3.
Diameter of the pipe in the measuring tank=D2=....mm
4.
Area of the pipe in measuring tank=A2=.....mm2
5.
Effective area of the measuring tank = A= A1-A2=....mm2
collar
Measuring Tank
Gate valve
PUMP
MOTOR
Manometer
STORAGE TANK
MINOR ENERGY LOSSES EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
23
Tabular columns:
Head difference in m of Hg
Type of pipe
fittings
h1
h2
Time taken
Actual
Loss
for R cm rise
discharge
coefficient
of water (T)
Qact
Non Return Valve

Gate valve
(25.4mm)
Wheel valve
25.4mm
Plug valve
Contraction
(25.4mm to
12.7mm)
Expansion
(12.7mm to
25.4mm)
0
90 short Elbow
25.4mm diameter
Elbow
Collar
Calculation:
1. h= h 1 x
Sl
Where
x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg
24
Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid) =13.6

Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid) =1
h= 12.6 x
2. Actual discharge Qa= AR
T
3. Velocity of water in pipe, V= Qa/area of pipe
4. Loss coefficient K=
2 gh
V2
Result:
25
EXPERIMENT No. 08
IMPACT OF JET ON VANES

Aim: To determine the coefficient of impact of a water jet when it strikes different vanes in
fixed condition
Apparatus: Impact of jet on vanes experimental setup, different types of vanes
Theory: Write following theory topics
i.
Definition of impact of jet
ii.
Principle behind the impact of jet on vanes
iii.
Derivation of force applied by a jet on fixed flat plate, inclined vane and
Hemispherical vane
Horizontal Lever arm
Balancing weight
weights
Hemispherical vane
Gate valve
PUMP
MOTOR
STORAGE TANK
IMPACT OF JET ON VANES EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
26
Procedure:
1. Select the required diameter of the jet and vane shape and fix them in position
2. Carefully level the horizontal lever by rotating the knob provided at the top of the
weighing balance to zero in the weighing balance
3. Switch on the pump and adjust the flow control valve to give maximum possible flow
through nozzle
4. Note down the flow rate in rotometer and weighing balance reading
5. Reduce the discharge in steps by adjusting the bypass valve and record the series of
rotometer and weighing balance readings
6. Repeat the above procedure for different shapes of vane
Specifications:
i.
Diameter of Nozzle d=..............mm
ii.
Angle of inclination for an inclined vane=...........
Tabular column:
Type of vane
No. of
trials
Flat vane
Qr
Fact
Fth
lpm
m/s
m /s
Ci
1
2
3
Inclined vane
1
2
3
Hemispherical
vane
2
3
27
R= Rotometer reading, lpm

Qr = Discharge through Rotometer, m3/S
=
R
1000 60
Fact= Actual force exerted by the jet, N

V= Velocity of jet, m/s
=
Qr
a
a= Cross sectional area of nozzle, m2

=
d2
4
d= Diameter of nozzle, m
Fth= Theoretical force applied by the jet, N
= aV 2 for flat plate
= aV 2 sin 2 for inclined vane
= 2 aV 2 for hemispherical vane
= Density of water= 1000kg/m3
= Angle of inclination, degrees
Ci= Coefficient of impact
=
Fact
Fth
Result:
28
EXPERIMENT No. 09
PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

Aim: To study the performance of Pelton Wheel turbine under constant speed and constant
head and draw the Main (constant head) and operating (constant speed) characteristic curves
Apparatus: Pelton wheel experimental setup, stop watch
i.
Layout of hydroelectric power plant with some examples
ii.
Definition of gross head, net head, head race, tail race, penstock, surge tank
iii.
Definition of Prime mover, Classification of turbines, Impulse turbine
iv.
Neat sketch of Pelton Wheel Turbine
v.
Construction and working of Pelton wheel
vi.
Turbine efficiencies( hydraulic, mechanical, overall, volumetric)
vii.
Define unit quantities and draw unit characteristic curves
viii.
Explain main, operating and iso-efficiency curves

FLOW
POWER SUPPLY
SPEAR
PUMP
TURBINE
P1
DP
P2
COUPLING
MOTOR
WATER TANK
PELTON WHEEL EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
29
SINGLE JET PELTON WHEEL

Procedure:
Constant speed:
1. Remove all the loads on the turbine
2. Switch on the pump starter, allow the pump to pick up full speed and becomes operational
3. Keep the gate valve opening at the maximum
4. Run the turbine with no load condition at the given speed
5. Apply the load (say 1kg) on brake drum using spring balance. Due to this speed of the
turbine decreases.
6. Get back the original speed of the turbine by adjusting gate valve/ spear
7. Note down spring balance readings, pressure gauge and head over V-notch readings
8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for different load conditions
9. Make sure that the load is released before switching off the turbine.
Constant head:
4. Set the pressure gauge to the given head (say 4kgf/cm2) using spear
5. Apply the load on brake drum using spring balance. Due this pressure head decreases.
30
6. Adjust the spear until the constant head is obtained

7. Note down spring balance readings, head over V-notch and speed of the turbine
Tabular column: common for both constant head and constant speed conditions
S.
Pg
No.
Kgs
kg/cm2 rpm
H Q
I/P
O/P
=(P1P2)x10
kg
m m3/s
kW
kW
Nu
Pu
o
%
m
P1
P2
Pg= Gauge pressure, kg/cm2

W= Load applied, kg
S=Spring balance reading, kg
N= Speed of the turbine or brake drum, rpm
h= Venturimeter Head, m
H= Head on turbine, m of water
=10 Pg +Z
Z=Gauge correction with respect to the centreline of turbine, m
Q= Discharge through the turbine, m3/s
= Cd
a1 a 2 2 gh
a1 a 2
2
Cd= Coefficient of discharge of V notch=0.6

= Angle of V-notch=900
I/P= Input power of the turbine, kW
=
wQH
1000
31
w= Specific weight of water=9810N/m3

O/P=Out Power of the turbine, kW
=2NT/(60x1000)
T=Torque induced, Nm
= W S 9.81
Db
2
Db= Diameter of the brake drum, m = 0.36 m

o= Overall efficiency of the turbine, %
=
O/ P
100
I/P
Ns= Specific speed of the turbine,

Unit Speed Nu = N/H
Unit Power Pu = OP/H3/2 ,Unit Discharge Qu = Q/H
Graphs Main characteristic curves
i.
o v/s N
ii.
O/P v/s N
iii.
Q v/s N
Operating characteristic curves

i.
o v/s H
ii.
O/P v/s H
iii.
Q v/s H
Result:
32
1/2 GATE OPENING

1/4 GATE OPENING
FULL
3/4
1/2
1/4
UNIT SPEED Nu
NIT EFFICIENCY ?
3/4 GATE OPENING
UNIT POWER Pu
UNIT DISCHARGE
FULL GATE OPENING
UNIT SPEED Nu
UNIT SPEED Nu
33

EXPERIMENT No. 10
FRANCIS TURBINE
Aim: To study the performance of Francis turbine under constant speed and constant head
and draw the Main (constant head) and operating (constant speed) characteristic curves
Apparatus: Francis experimental setup, stop watch
FRANCIS TURBINE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

i.
Definition of reaction turbine
ii.
Neat sketch of Francis Turbine
iii.
Construction and working of Francis turbine
iv.
Definition of inward and outward turbines
v.
Draft tube, functions, types
vi.
Difference between impulse and reaction turbines
vii.
Explain main, operating and iso-efficiency curves for Francis turbine
Procedure:
Constant speed:
4. Run the turbine with no load condition at the given speed
34
5. Apply electrical load (say 400 W) on alternator. Due to this speed of the turbine
decreases.
6. Get back the original speed of the turbine by adjusting gate valve/ guide wheel
7. Note down readings on pressure gauge, vacuum gauge, time for n revolutions of energy
meter disc and head over V-notch
Constant head:
4. Set the pressure gauge to the given head (say 0.75kgf/cm2) using guide wheel
5. Apply electrical load (say 400 W) on alternator. Due this pressure head decreases.
6. Adjust the guide wheel until the constant head is obtained
7. Note down readings on pressure gauge, vacuum gauge, time for n revolutions of energy
meter disc and head over V-notch
Tabular column: common for both constant head and constant speed conditions
Sl.
No.
Pg
W
Vg
2
kg/cm
Kgs
Mm of
h =(P1P2)x10
rpm
Hg
kg
m
P1
P2
I/P
O/P
kW
kW
m /s
W = load in Kgs
Pg= Gauge pressure, kg/cm2
Vg=Vacuum gauge reading, mm of Hg,
Wo = Hanger weight = 1 Kg
N= Speed of the turbine or brake drum, rpm,
Rb = Brake Drum diameter = 0.3m
h= Venturimeter head
35
t= time taken for n revolutions of energy meter disc

H= Head on turbine, m of water
=10 Pg +0.0136 Vg +Z
Z=Gauge correction with respect to the centreline of turbine, m
Q= Discharge through the turbine, m3/s
= Cd
a1 a 2 2 gh
a1 a 2
2
Cd= Coefficient of discharge of Venturimeter

I/P= Input power of the turbine, kW
=
wQH
1000
w= Specific weight of water=9810N/m3

O/P=Out Power of the turbine, kW
=2NT/(1000x60).KW
T = (W-S+Wo) 9.81 Rb.N-m
o= Overall efficiency of the turbine, %
=
O/ P
100
I/P
Graphs:
Main characteristic curves
iv.
o v/s N
v.
O/P v/s N
vi.
Q v/s N
Operating characteristic curves

iv.
o v/s H
v.
O/P v/s H
vi.
Q v/s H
Result:
36
EXPERIMENT No. 11
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Aim: To study the performance of Centrifugal Pump and draw the characteristic curves
Apparatus: Centrifugal experimental setup, stop watch
SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
37
Theory:
Write the following theory topics
i.
Neat sketch of centrifugal pump, working principle
ii.
Different types of casings
iii.
Efficiencies of centrifugal pump
iv.
Manometric head, NPSH, total head
v.
Priming of centrifugal pump
Procedure:
1. Prime the pump
2. Open the delivery valve fully and start the pump.
3. Note down the values of delivery pressure, suction pressure, speed of pump
4. Note down the time taken to collect R m of water in measuring tank and time for n
revolutions of energy meter disc
5. Change the discharge using delivery valve and once again note down the above readings
6. Repeat the experiment for different discharges
Tabular column:
Sl.
Pg
Vg
I/P
O/P
No.
kg/cm2
mm
rpm
m3/s
kW
kW
of Hg
Pg=Delivery pressure, kg/cm2

Vg= Suction or Vacuum gauge reading, mm of Hg
N= Speed of the pump, rpm
38
H= Total Head of the pump, m of water = Hm+Hd+Z

Hm= 10/760* Vg
Hd = 10Pg
Z= 0.2m Gauge correction
H =10 Pg +0.0136 Vg +0.2
Q =Actual discharge m3/s
=
A R
T
A= Area of the measuring tank, m2 =l x b,
l= Length of the tank, m

b=Breadth of the tank, m
I/P=Input Power of the turbine, kW
=
3600 n
m
k t
n= Number of revolutions of energy

meter disc
k= Energy meter constant
m= Efficiency of motor=0.7
O/P= Output power of the turbine,
kW
=
wQH
1000
w= Specific weight of water=9810

N/m3
=Efficiency of pump, %
=
O/ P
100
I/P
39
Operating characteristic curves of a centrifugal pump
Graphs:
i.
Efficiency v/s H
ii.
I/P v/s N
iii.
Q v/s H
iv.
O/P v/s H
Result:
40
EXPERIMENT No. 12
RECIPROCATING PUMP
Aim: To find the percentage slip and study the performance of Reciprocating Pump
Apparatus: Reciprocating pump experimental setup, stop watch
Theory: Write the following theory topics
i.
Neat sketch of reciprocating pump, working principle
ii.
Slip, % slip
iii.
Air vessels- working and applications
iii.
Indicator diagram
Fig : - Double-Action Piston Pump

Procedure:
1. Prime the pump
2. Open the delivery valve fully and start the pump.
3. Note down the values of delivery pressure, suction pressure and speed of pump
41
4. Note down the time taken to collect R m of water in measuring tank and time for n
revolutions of energy meter disc
5. Change the discharge using delivery valve and once again note down the above readings
6. Repeat the experiment for different discharges
Tabular column:
Sl.
Pg
Vg
kg/cm2 mm
No.
Qth
Qact
I/P
O/P
rpm
m3/s
m3/s
kW
kW
of
Hg
Where
Pg1=Delivery pressure of water in stage 1, kg/cm2
Pg2= Delivery pressure of water in stage 2, kg/cm2
Vg= Vacuum gauge reading, mm of Hg
N= Speed of the pump, rpm
T= Time taken to collect R m rise of water in measuring tank, s
H= Total Head of the pump, m of water
=10 Pg+0.0136 Vg
Qth=
LAc N
60
L=Stroke length of cylinder, m

Ac= Area of the cylinder, m2
=
D= Diameter of cylinder, m
42
Qact =Actual discharge m3/s

=
A R
T

=lxb
l= Length of the tank, m
b=Breadth of the tank, m
S= Percentage Slip
=
Qth Qact
Qth
100
I/P=Input Power of the turbine, kW

=
3600 n
m
k t
n= Number of revolutions of energy meter disc

k= Energy meter constant
m= Efficiency of motor=0.7
O/P= Output power of the turbine, kW
=
wQH
1000
w= Specific weight of water=9810 N/m3

=Efficiency of pump, %
=
O/ P
100
I/P
Graphs:
6.
Efficiency v/s H
7.
Q v/s H
8.
O/P v/s H
43

EXPERIMENT No. 13
RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

Aim: To conduct a performance test on two stage reciprocating air compressor
Apparatus: Two stage reciprocating air compressor setup, tachometer
Theory: Write the following theory topics
i.
Compressed air applications
ii.
Working of two stage air compressor
iii.
Compressor efficiencies
iv.
Methods used to get nearly isothermal compression

AIR COOLER
ON/OFF
LP
HP
First stage
Main
RPM
COMPRESSOR
Second stage
Manometer
OUTLET
T1
AIR
TWO STAGE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Procedure:
4. Close the delivery valve
5. Switch on the compressor and leave for some time to attain normal speed
6. When the compressor develops the pressure, adjust the control valve and
maintain a constant delivery pressure
7. Note down the manometer reading, speed of motor and compressor,
intermediate pressure, discharge pressure
8. Repeat the experiment for different discharge pressures
Specifications:
i.
Diameter of LP Cylinder=mm
44
ii.
Stroke length of LP Cylinder=.mm
iii.
Diameter of orifice= .mm
Tabular column:
Sl.
Plp
Php
hw
Ha
Va
Vth
Wiso
No.
kgf/cm2
kgf/cm2
rpm
m of water
m of
m3/s
m3 /
kW
h1
h2
hw
air
Plp= Delivery pressure of air, kgf/cm2

Php= Pressure of HP cylinder, kgf/cm2
N= Speed, rpm
hw= Manometer reading, m of water
Ha= Head of air, m of air
=
w hw
a
w = Density of water, 1000kg/m3, a = Density of air, kg/m3 =
Pa
RT a
Pa= Atmospheric pressure, 1.013 x100 kPa, R= Gas constant =0.287 kJ/kg K for air
Ta= Atmospheric or room temperature, K, Va= Actual volume of air delivered, m3/s,
= Cd Ao 2 gH a
Cd= Coefficient of Discharge=0.62, Ao= Area of orifice, m
do= Diameter of orifice, m
d02
4
g= Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81m/s2
Vth= Theoretical Volume of air delivered, m3/s

= (dlp2Llp +dhp2Lhp )/4
dlp=Diameter of LP Cylinder, m
dhp=Diameter of HP Cylinder, m
Llp=Stroke length of LP Cylinder, m
Lhp=Stroke length of HP Cylinder, m
Wiso=Isothermal work, kW
45
P 100 P1
= P1Va log e d
P1
P1= Pa= Atmospheric pressure=1.013x100 kPa

v= Volumetric efficiency, %
v =
Va
100
Vth
Graphs:
i.
v v/s Pd
ii.
iso v/s Pd
iii.
v v/s Nc
iv.
Ws v/s Va
Result:
46

EXPERIMENT No. 14
AIR BLOWER
Aim:
To study the performance of a centrifugal blower.
Apparatus:
Theory:
Centrifugal blower test rig, Motor digital tachometer, Manometer etc,

Write following theory topics
i.
Definition of Air Blower
ii.
Principle behind the Blower
iii.
Applications of Air Blower

Flow Rate
DOOR Opeaning
IMPELLER
PITOT TUBE
STATIC HEAD
ON / OFF
FLOW RATE
STATIC HEAD
MAINS
Pr. Involute casing
CONSOLE
ENERGY
METER
SPEED
Casing
MOTOR
Procedure:
1. Connect the input power for console 3HP , ac supply with neutral and earth.
2. Switch as the mains and observe the light indicators are on beneath the console
3. Switch on the console mains on.
4. Switch on the instrumentation
5. Keep the inlet and outlet valves fully open.
6. Switch on the starter so that motor speed builds up to the constant Rpm
47
7. Adjust the gate opening and maintain a static head and notedown the readings I)
Blower speed flow ,ii)Static head iii) Energy meter reading Iv) Casing presurre
distribution
8. Repeat the experiment for different heads
9. Switch off the motor and electrical mains
10. Tabulate the readings and draw the following characterstic curves
Sl
no
Blower
speed in
rpm
Time taken for 2

revs of energy
meter disc tsec
Volume flow rate of

discharge m3/min
Static head rise

hstaic m
Static presurre rise of air

Hstatic (m)
Flow diff Head of

pitot tube hf m of
water
Output power
KW
Input power
KW
Overall efficiency
Specifications :
1. Area of the duct = 0.066 m2
2. Diameter of the duct = 300 mm
3. Type of the impeller =forward propeller
4. Maximum speed 2800rpm
5. Motor capacity5HP
6. Electrical input 3phase, 415volts, 30amp ac supply with neutral and earth
48
Calculations:
1. Input power IP=(n x 3600)/(K x t) KW
Where n = no of revolutions of energy metre disc
K = energy meter constant = --------------rev/KWhr
t = time taken for n revolutions of energy meter disc=..sec
2. Static head of air Hstatic = [((w /a) 1)(hstatic)] ..m
Where w = Density of water i.e., 1000 Kg/m3
a = Density of air at room temperature =..Kg/m3
hstatic = manometer reading
Hstatic = Head of the air
3. Velocity head or flow head Hf = hf [(w /a) 1]..m
Where
hf = manometer reading
Hf = Head of the air
4. Volume flow rate or discharge Q = CdA 2 g Hf
5. Output power = (wQHstatic)/1000
w = specific weight of air
6.Efficiency =(OP/IP)100
Graphs:
Volume flow rate v/s static head
Volume flow rate v/s efficiency
Result:
49
QUESTION BANK FOR FLOW AND FLUID MACHINES EXPERIMENTS

1. Define fluid.
2. Differentiate between fluid and solid.
3. Define Specific volume
4. Define Specific gravity.
5. Define Viscosity.
6. Define Compressibility.
7. Define vapour pressure.
8. Define Capillarity.
9. Define Surface tension.
10. Differentiate between Absolute and gauge pressures.
11. Mention two pressure measuring instruments.
12. What is peizometer?
13. How manometers are classified.
14. What is pitot static tube?
15. Write down the units for dynamic and kinematic viscosity.
16. State Newtons law of viscosity.
17. Differentiate between Newtonian and non Newtonian fluid.
18. Differentiate between ideal and real fluid.
19. What is ideal plastic fluid?
20. Define velocity gradient.
21. What is the difference weight density and mass density?
22. What is the difference between dynamic and kinematic viscosity?
23. Differentiate between specific weight and specific volume.
24. Define relative density.
25. What is vacuum pressure?
26. What is absolute zero pressure?
27. Write down the value of atmospheric pressure head in terms of water and Hg.
28. Define steady flow.
29. Define uniform flow.
30. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow.
31. How will you classify the flow as laminar and turbulent?
32. Differentiate between compressible and incompressible flow.
33. Differentiate between rotational and irrotational flow.
34. Define stream function.
35. Define velocity potential function.
36. Write down continuity equation for compressible and incompressible fluid.
37. Write down continuity equation in three dimensions.
38. Write down Eulers equation of motion.
50
39. Write down Bernoullis equation of motion for ideal and real fluid.
40. State the assumptions made in Bernoullis equation of motion.
41. Mention the applications of Bernoullis equation of motion.
42. Mention few discharge measuring devices
43. Draw the venturimeter and mention the parts.
44. Why the divergent cone is longer than convergent cone in venturimeter?
45. Compare the merits and demerits of venturimeter with orifice meter.
46. Why Cd value is high in venturimeter than orifice meter?
47. What is the difference between Pitot tube and Pitot static tube?
48. What is orifice plate?
49. What do you mean by vena contracta?
50. Define coefficient of discharge.
51. Define coefficient of velocity.
52. Define coefficient of contraction.
53. State Buckinghams Pi Theorem.
54. What is dimensional homogeneity?
55. What is dimensionless number?
56. Mention the methods for dimensional analysis.
57. Mention few important dimensionless numbers.
58. Mention the type of forces acting in moving fluid.
59. Define Reynolds number.
60. What is the difference between model and prototype?
61. Mention two application of similarity laws
62. Define geometric similarity.
63. Define kinematic similarity.
64. Define dynamic similarity.
65. What is the difference between fluid kinematics and fluid dynamics?
66. Write down Hagen poiseulle's equation
67. Sketch the velocity distribution for laminar flow between parallel plates.
68. Sketch the shear stress distribution for laminar flow between parallel plates
69. Differentiate between Hydraulic Gradient line and Total Energy line.
70. Write down Darcy -weisback's equation.
71. Mention the application of moody diagram.
72. What is the difference between friction factor and coefficient of friction?
73. What do you mean by major energy loss?
74. List down the type of minor energy losses.
75. Define drag force.
76. Define lift force.
77. What are the classifications of turbine
78. Define impulse turbine.
79. Define reaction turbine.
80. Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine.
81. What is the function of draft tube?
82. Define specific speed of turbine.
83. What are the main parameters in designing a Pelton wheel turbine?
84. What is breaking jet in Pelton wheel turbine?
51
85. What is the function of casing in Pelton turbine

86. Draw a simple sketch of Pelton wheel bucket.
87. What is the function of surge tank fixed to penstock in Pelton turbine?
88. How the inlet discharge is controlled in Pelton turbine?
89. What is water hammer?
90. What do you mean by head race?
91. What do you mean by tail race?
92. What is speed ratio?
93. What is flow ratio?
94. What is the difference between propeller and Kaplan turbine?
95. Mention the parts of Kaplan turbine.
96. Differentiate between inward and outward flow reaction turbine.
97. What is the difference between Francis turbine and Modern Francis turbine?
98. What is the difference between outward and inward flow turbine?
99. What is mixed flow reaction turbine? Give an example.
100. Why draft tube is not required in impulse turbine?
101. How turbines are classified based on head. Give example.
102. How turbines are classified based on flow. Give example
103. How turbines are classified based on working principle. Give example.
104. What does velocity triangle indicates?
105. Draw the velocity triangle for radial flow reaction turbine.
106. Draw the velocity triangle for tangential flow turbine.
107. Mention the type of characteristic curves for turbines.
108. How performance characteristic curves are drawn for turbine.
109. Mention the types of efficiencies calculated for turbine.
110. Define Hydraulic efficiency
111. Define Mechanical efficiency.
112. Define overall efficiency.
113. Define pump.
114. How pumps are classified?
115. Differentiate pump and turbine.
116. Define Rotodynamic pump.
117. Define Positive displacement pump.
118. Differentiate between Rotodynamic and positive displacement pump.
119. Define cavitation in pump.
120. What is the need for priming in pump?
121. Give examples for Rotodynamic pump
122. Give examples for Positive displacement pump.
123. Mention the parts of centrifugal pump.
124. Mention the type of casing used in centrifugal pump.
125. Why the foot valve is fitted with strainer?
126. Why the foot valve is a non return type valve?
127. Differentiate between volute casing and vortex casing.
128. What is the function of volute casing?
129. What is the function of guide vanes?
130. Why the vanes are curved radially backward?
52
131. What do you mean by relative velocity?

132. What is whirl velocity?
133. What do you mean by absolute velocity?
134. What is the function of impeller?
135. Mention the types of impeller used.
136. Mention the types of efficiencies calculated for pump.
137. Define Hydraulic efficiency
138. Define Mechanical efficiency.
139. Define overall efficiency
140. Define specific speed of pump.
141. Mention the type of characteristic curves for pump
142. How performance characteristic curves are drawn for pump.
143. Mention the parts of reciprocating pump.
144. What is the function of air vessel?
145. What is slip of reciprocating pump?
146. What is negative slip?
147. What is the condition for occurrence of negative slip?
148. What does indicator diagram indicates?
149. What is the difference between actual and ideal indicator diagram?
150. Briefly explain Gear pump.
151. Differentiate between internal gear pump and external gear pump.
152. Briefly explain vane pump.
153. What is rotary pump?
154. Draw the velocity triangle for centrifugal pump.
155. Draw the indicator diagram fro reciprocating pump.
156. What is the amount of work saved by air vessel?
157. Mention the merits and demerits of centrifugal pump.
158. Mention the merits and demerits of reciprocating pump.
159. What is separation in reciprocating pump?
160. How separation occurs in reciprocating pump?
161. Write down the equation for loss of head due to acceleration in reciprocating
pump.
162. Write down the equation for loss of head due to friction in reciprocating pump.
163. Differentiate single acting and double acting reciprocating pump.
53

FM Lal

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S J B Institute of Technology

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Statement of Bernoullis Equation

Assumptions for Bernoullis equation

Bernoullis Equation applications

Venturimeter construction and working principle

Necessity of divergent portion in Venturimeter

Derivation of discharge through Venturimeter

VENTURIMETER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

= Theoretical discharge, m3/s

=Area of the pipe or venturimeter inlet, m2

d 1 =Diameter of the pipe or Venturimeter inlet, m

d 2 = Diameter of the throat, m

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Velocity of water in m/s

= Absolute viscosity of water, 1x10-3 Ns/m2

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Apparatus: Orifice meter experimental setup, stopwatch, scale

Write the theory on following topics

Construction and working of Orifice meter

Advantages and disadvantages of Orifice meter

ORIFICEMETER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

= Theoretical discharge, m3/s

=Area of the pipe or inlet area of Orifice meter, m2

d 1 =Diameter of the pipe or Orificemeter inlet, m

d 2 = Diameter of the orifice, m

A= Area of the measuring tank, m2

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

= Density of water, 1000kg/m3

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Tabular column NOTCH [RECTANGULAR]

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Tabular column V-NOTCH

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Qt = (2 / 3) tan (/2) 2 g H5/2 =.m3 / sec

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Apparatus: Nozzle meter experimental setup, stopwatch, scale

Write the theory on following topics

Construction and working of Nozzle meter

Advantages and disadvantages of Nozzle meter

NOZZLE METER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Department of Mechanical Engineering