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Heat rejected to surrounding,
INTRODUCTION
APPLICATION OF ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPT
MATHEMATICAL SOLUTION
A. Air conditioning Process
Introduction
Air conditioning system is applied to maintain a living space or a facility at desired temperature
and humidity. The process of the system include sensible heating which raises the temperature,
simple cooling which lowers the temperature, humidifying process which adds moisture and
dehumidifying
which
removes
moisture
from
the
system.
T3 = 20C
Evaporator
T2 = 10
2 = 100%
Condensate
1
Condensate Water
T1 = 35C
1 = 70%
P = 100 kPa
38,000 cfm
The conditioned air flows in a 0.5 m x 0.5 m square cross section conduit before being
discharged to the room through a vent.
1.
Provide a sketch of the air-conditioning processes with the ambient pressure of 100 kPa.
2.
Determine the required heat extraction rate at the cooling rate and heating rate when the
ambient air enters at 35C and 70% of relative humidity and leave the system at 20C.
3.
Analyze the cooling rate and heating rate when the ambient temperature changes from
28C to 40C if the exit temperature will maintain at 20C.
Assumptions:
It is a steady flow process, thus the mass flow rate of dry air remains constant during the
entire process.
Dry air and water vapour are ideal gases.
The kinetic and potential energy are negligible.
State 1- State 2
Air enters the system at 100kPa, 35oC & 70 % humidity at a rate of 17.934 m3/s, and it leaves as
saturated air at 10oC. Some of the moisture from condensation is also removed at 10oC
Analysis
The system undergoes cooling and dehumidification. During cooling, the temperature lowers.
While during dehumidification, moisture condenses and turns into liquid and the amount of
water vapour is expected to decrease.
Applying the mass and energy balances on the cooling and dehumidification gives:
Dry air mass balance : a1 = a2 = a
Water mass balance : a11 = a22 +
w = a (1- 2)
Energy balance
: QQout = a(h1-h2) - whw
State 1 : Cooling & Dehumidification
T1 = 35oC
Humidity, = 70%
Pambient = P1 = 100kPa
= 380000 cfm = 17.934 m3/s v
P1 = P2 + Pv1
0.622 P v 1 0.622 P v 1
=
P 1P v 1
Pa1
h1 = Cp T1 + hg1
= (1.005)(35) + (0.0255)(2564.6)
= 100.57 kJ/kg
a = v
Pa Va = RT1
RT 1
Va = P a
a =
=
0.287(308)
96.0596
0.622 P v 2
Pa
= 0.92022
v
17.934
0.92022
= 19.49 kg/s
State 2
T2 = 10oC
= 100%
P = 100kPa
P2 = Pa+Pv2
0.622 P v 2
= P 2P v 2
= 2500.9 + 1.82(10)
= 2519.1 kJ/kg
Pv2 = Pg2
= 1.0 (1.2281)
= 1.2281 kPa
Pa = P2 Pv2
Pa = 100kPa 1.2281kPa
= 98.77 kPa
0.622(1.2281)
0.622(1.2281)
=
=
P 2P v 2
98.77
= 7.73 x10-3 kg H2O / kg dry air
h2 = CpT2 + hg2
= (1.005)(10) + (7.73 x10-3)(2519.1)
= 29. 52 kJ/kg
hw = hf @ 10oC = 42.022kJ/kg (From table A-2)
Thus, the mass balance for water is;
w = a (1- 2)
= 19.49 (0.0255 - 7.73 x10-3)
= 0.3463 kg/s
The cooling rate is;
QQout = a(h1-h2) - whw
= 19.49 (100.57 29.52) (0.3463)(42.022)
= 1370.2 kW
Therefore, the system removes moisture and heat from outside air at the rates of 0.3463
kg/s and 1370.2 kW respectively.
State 2 State 3
Then the system take air of 10 oC and 100% humidity at a steady rate of 17.934 m 3/s and
condition it to 20oC.
Analysis
The system undergoes sensible heating. The temperature rises and there is no moisture added,
thus the process is sensible. The amount of water vapour is expected to remain contant since the
specific humidity of air is constant.
Applying the mass and energy balances on sensible heating gives:
Dry air mass balance : a3 = a2 = a
Water mass balance : a22 = a32
2 = 3
Energy balance
: QQin = a(h2-h3)
Analysis of the cooling rate and heating rate when the ambient temperature changes from
28C to 40C if the exit temperature will maintain at 20C.
From the mathematical solution, data are tabulated in a table and graph of Q in versus temperature
change and Qout versus temperature change is plotted.
T1
(C)
m1(kg/
s)
h1(kJ/k
g)
h2(kJ/k
g)
mw(kg/
s)
hw(kJ/k
g)
h3(kJ/k
g)
28
20.17
71.71
29.45
0.19
42.022
39.64
29
20.07
75.27
29.45
0.21
42.022
39.64
30
19.97
79.07
29.45
0.23
42.022
39.64
Qin
(kW)
205.4
6
204.4
7
203.4
5
31
19.87
83.17
29.45
0.25
42.022
39.64
202.4
Qout(k
W)
844.23
910.91
981.21
1056.6
5
32
19.76
87.5
29.45
0.28
42.022
39.64
33
19.66
91.85
29.45
0.3
42.022
39.64
34
19.55
96.22
29.45
0.32
42.022
39.64
35
19.45
100.61
29.45
0.35
42.022
39.64
36
19.34
105.92
29.45
0.38
42.022
39.64
37
19.23
111.27
29.45
0.41
42.022
39.64
38
19.12
116.64
29.45
0.44
42.022
39.64
39
19.01
122.03
29.45
0.47
42.022
39.64
40
18.9
127.46
29.45
0.5
42.022
39.64
201.3
3
200.2
7
199.2
2
198.1
8
197.0
3
195.8
9
194.7
6
193.6
3
192.5
1
1135.66
1214.1
4
1292.1
2
1369.6
2
1463.1
2
1556.0
2
1648.3
4
1740.0
7
1831.2
3
Qin (kW)
Qin
195
190
185
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
Temperature (C)
42
Qout
500
0
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
Temperature (C)
B. Refrigeration Cycle
Problem statement: A simple ideal vapor-compression refrigeration system is shown in figure
provides a cooling effect for a building. The evaporator of the refrigeration system is used to
dissipate the heat of the air flowing at 38,000 cfm from 35C to 10C.
Determine: If the refrigerant exits the evaporator as saturated vapor,
1. Select 2 refrigerants for the system and explain the reasons of selection based on safety
and thermal properties.
2. Choose operating conditions for the refrigeration cycle such as the evaporator and
condenser pressure if the surrounding temperature is 35C.
3. Calculate the required refrigerant mass flow rate to obtain the desired cooling effect.
4. Calculate the maximum COP and actual COP of the cycle if the compressor efficiency is
assumed at 80%.
5. Suggest an innovative system that can improve the current COP i.e. multistage or
cascade refrigeration cycle. Prove your suggestion using analytical analysis.
6. Estimate the cost of running the system (single cycle and multistage or cascade) for a 12
hour operation (based only on the compressor work input) under steady conditions and
actual Malaysian daylight electrical tariff.
Properties: Refer to any coolant manufacturer website, such as Cool Pack, for the list of
potential coolants and its properties
Analysis:
1. Select 2 refrigerants for the system and explain the reasons of selection based on safety
and thermal properties.
Two types of refrigerant are R-134 and R-12.
We choose R-134A because this refrigerant is a non-toxic refrigerant and it also free of
chlorine. This type of refrigerant is the best refrigerant so far.
R 12 is used mostly in fridges. This type of refrigerant is safe; however it has a bad long
term effect on the ozone layer. This is because refrigerant R 12 contains
chlorofluorocarbon, CFC and Freon.
There are several factor need to considered in choosing refrigerant which are to have a
non-toxic refrigerant, a chemically stable refrigerant, low cost and inflammable
refrigerant
1MPa
200 kPa
S
Figure 5 T-s graph of refrigeration process
Assumptions:
1. Steady operating conditions exist
2. For the actual vapor refrigeration cycle, the minimum pressure is 0.2MPa and the
maximum pressure is 1.0MPa
3. TNB domestic tariff will referred for the cost estimation calculation.
Calculation:
S
0.9179
0.93773
0.9525
0.937730.9179
0.95250.9179
h 2 s271.71
282.74271.71
h2 s h 1
h 2h 1
Therefore hs:
278.03 234.44
0.8 =
h 2234.44
h2 = 286.42 kJ/kg
At state 3: saturated liquid at 1 MPa
h3 = hf = 107.32 kJ/kg
At state 4: mixture
h4 = h3 = 107.32 kJ/kg
(h1-h4)
QL
= m
:
Therefore m
(234.44 107.32)
1370.76 = m
m
= 10.783 kg/s
Actual COP:
(h2-h1)
Win = m
Win= 10.783 (286.42 244.46)
Win = 452.45 kW
Ql
COPactual = Win
COPactual =
1370.76
452.45
COPactual = 3.0296
Maximum COP:
(h2s-h1)
Win = m
Win = 10.783 (278.03 244.46)
Win = 361.985 kW
Ql
COPmax = Win
1370.76
COPmax = 361.985
COPmax = 3.787
In order to improve the current COP, we suggest using the cascade refrigerant cycle.
Analysis:
At state 1:
h1=
kJ
kg
248.1
s 1= 0.93372
kJ
kg . K
At state 2:
h2 s = 262.13
kJ
kg
s 2=s1= 0.93372
259.3
kJ
kg
h2
263.46
kJ
kg
0.9240
0.93372
kJ
kg . K
kJ
kg . K
kJ
kg . K
kJ
0.9383 kg . K
h2 a = 265.64
0.8 =
kJ
kg
At state 3:
h3 = h f @500 kPa = 73.33
kJ
kg
(262.13248.1)
(h2 a248.1)
At state 4:
h4 = h3 = 73.33
kJ
kg
At state 5:
h5 = h g @500 kPa = 259.30 kPa
s 5 = s g @ 500 kPa = 0.92400
kJ
kg . K
At state 6
s 6=s5 = 0.9240
273.87
kJ
kg
h6
0.9130
kJ
kg . K
0.9240
kJ
kg . K
kJ
0.9267 kg . K
278.27
kJ
kg
h6 a
kJ
kg . K
0.8 =
= 281.925
kJ
kg
At state 7:
h7=hf @ 1200 kPa = 117.77
kJ
kg
At state 8:
h7 = h8 = 117.77
kJ
kg
m
A = 10.783 kg/s
m
B ( h2 ah3 ) = m
A ( h5h8 )
(277.4259.3)
(h6 a259.3)
(10.783)(265.6473.33)
(259.3117.77)
m
B
m
B
= 14.65 kg/s
COP R =
B
W = m
Q
W
A ( h2 ah1 )
( h6 a h5 ) + m
Q
= (10.783)(248.1-73.33) = 1884.54 kW
COP R =
1884.54
520.59
= 3.62
We can conclude that, by using the cascade refrigeration cycle, we can increase the value
of
COP R
compare to using the single refrigeration cycle. However, we can observe that the
cost for 12 hours operating is more higher when we using the cascade refrigeration cycle
compare to the single refrigeration cycle which is slightly lower.
D.
Unmixed Cross Flow Heat exchanger for the heating effect
Introduction and Theory
The principle of a heat exchanger is to either heat up or cool a substance using the theory of
thermodynamic equilibrium. Heat flows from a hotter substance to a colder substance and this
causes the hot substance to reduce in temperature while the cold substance increase in
temperature. An unmixed cross flow heat exchanger is used in part D where the hot gas to be
cooled comes from the Combuster in part C and the cold air to be heated comes from the airconditioning process.
In order to solve the problem faced in the heat exchanger, the Log Mean Temperature Method
(LMTD) was applied. The choice of using LMTD over other methods was due to the heat
exchanger being a cross flow heat exchanger. The correction factor available in LMTD method
ensures better accuracy in dealing with this specific type of heat exchanger. The engineering
theories and principles applied are:
V avg D H
Reynolds Number, =
V avg=
Nusselt Number,
0.8
Nu=
Nu=0.023 Pr
0.4
hDH
k
0.8
Nu=0.023 Pr
0.3
Cp T
Rate of heat transfer, Q=m
Q=U
A s T lm
T 1/ T2
ln()
Log mean temperature difference,
T1 T 2
T lm =
Calculations
From previous parts and the given values, we obtain:
Tc,in = 10 C, Tc,out = 20C, Th,in = 2000 C
m
h,gas = 1.4970 kg/s,
m
c,air = 19.48 kg/s
di = 0.015 m, do = 0.025 m, L = 0.05 m
Air
Properties of air are obtained from table A-15,
= 1.246 kg/m3
Cp = 1006 J/kgK
k = 0.02439 W/mK
= 1.778 (10-5) kg/ms
= 1.426 (10-5) m2/s
Pr = 0.7336
2 wh
2(0.5)( 0.5)
DH =
DH =
= 0.5
(w+ h)
(0.5+0.5)
V avg=
V avg=
V avg D H
19.48
( 1.246 ) (0.25)
= 62.536 m/s
( 62.536 )( 0.5)
5
1.426 (10 )
= (2402.684)(0.02439)(1/0.5)
= 117.203 W/mC
m
C p T = (19.48)(1006)(20 10)
Q=
= 195968.8 W
CO2
Properties of CO2 are obtained from table A-16,
= 0.2359 kg/m3
Cp = 1387 J/kgK
k = 0.11522 W/mK
= 7.322 (10-5) kg/ms
= 3.103 (10-4) m2/s
Pr = 0.8815
DH = 0.015
V avg=
V avg=
V avg D H
1.4970
( 0.2359 ) ( 1.767 ) (104)
=
0.8
Nu=0.023 Pr
= 2172.297
hDH
Nu=
hi
k
0.3
( 35910.5 ) (0.015)
4
3.103(10 )
= 35910.5 m/s
= (2172.297)(0.11522)(1/0.015)
= 16686.141 W/mC
m
Cp T
Q=
Th , out=Th ,
Q
p
mC
1980/ 1895.62
ln ()
(19801895.62)
T lm=
= 1937.504 C
Q=U
A s T lm N = (195968.8) / [(116.386)(1937.504)(3.142)(0.015)(0.5)]
= 37
N2
Properties of N2 are obtained from table A-16,
= 0.1502 kg/m3
Cp = 1297 J/kgK
k = 0.1859 W/mK
= 6.426 (10-5) kg/ms
= 4.278 (10-4) m2/s
Pr = 0.4483
DH = 0.015
m
V avg=
A
=
V avg=
V avg D H
1.4970
( 0.1502 ) ( 1.767 ) (104 )
=
0.8
Nu=0.023 Pr
= 1968.48
hDH
Nu=
hi
k
0.3
( 56404.703 ) (0.015)
4
4.278(10 )
= 56404.703 m/s
= (1968.48)(0.1859)(1/0.015)
= 24396.034 W/mC
m
Cp T
Q=
Th , out=Th ,
Q
p
mC
1980/1889.069
ln( )
(19801889.069)
T lm=
= 1934.178 C
Q=U
A s T lm N = (195968.8) / [(116.643)(1934.178)(3.142)(0.015)(0.5)]
= 37
H2O
Properties of H2O are obtained from table A-16,
= 0.0966 kg/m3
Cp = 2928 J/kgK
k = 0.29183 W/mK
V avg=
V avg=
A
( 0.0966 ) ( 1.767 ) (104)
=
V avg D H
( 87701.723 ) ( 0.015)
4
8.084 (10 )
= 87701.723 m/s
= (2172.297)(0.11522)(1/0.015)
= 38736.771 W/mC
m
Cp T
Q=
Th , out=Th ,
Q
p
mC
1980/1945.291
ln ()
(19801945.291)
T lm=
= 1962.594 C
Results
T1 = 1980,
T2 = 1895.62
Tlm = 1937.504 C
As
= N (3.142) d L
= 0.02356N
where N = number of tubes
Graph of U vs N
5000
4000
3000
Heat transfer coefficient, U 2000
1000
0
Number of tubes
Number of tubes, N = 37
Convection coefficient of hot gas, hi = 16686.141 W/mC
Convection coefficient of cold air, ho = 117.203 W/mC
Heat transfer coefficient, U = 116.386 W/m2C
Discussion
The number of tubes obtain is within 1 to 40 and is therefore within the realms of acceptability.
The LMTD method was used to calculate the number of tubes to be used in the heat exchanger.
The values of convection coefficient of the cold air and hot gas were obtained. Convection
coefficient values look to be reasonable. The number of tubes and convection coefficient were
taken from CO2 because CO2 gives the most viable values. Since H2O is water vapour and N2 is
an inert gas, CO2 is the only gas left that is reasonable to be considered. H2O and N2 are
considered to be byproducts.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
MEC 551
PROJECT BASED LEARNING ASSIGMENT
GROUP:
LECTURER:
NAME
NUR FAHIMAH BINTI MAT SALLEH
NASYRUL HAFIZI BIN ABD RAHIM
MUHAMMAD NASIR BIN IBRAHIM
AZLIINA BINTI YAHYA
ID
2013645122
2012272328
2013450818
2013233482
Report Assessment
Assignments Title
Groups Name
Leaders Name
Members Name
Scale
Level
3
Acceptable
Criteria
Factor
(A)
[CO1, PO1]
Problem Statement
[CO2, PO1]
Application of engineering
principles and concepts
[CO4, PO3]
[CO5, PO9]
[CO3, PO3]
(2013645122)
Integration mathematical
Solutions
Environmental aspects and
financial impact
Interpretation of results and
discussion
5
Excellent
Given
Mark (B)
4
4
4
[CO4, PO3]
Conclusion
[CO1, PO1]
Utilization of resources
AxB