Important notes of Biology

Chapter 1: Classification of living things

1: Carolos Linnaeus (1707-1718 AD) divided the world of living organism into two kingdoms: Plant and
animal kingdom.
2: Taxonomy: It is the branch of science that deals with identification, nomenclature and classification of
animals and plants.
3: Classification: The arrangement of organism into groups based on the particular characters.
4: Nomenclature: The process of giving scientific name to plant and animals.
5: The system of giving two names, first generic name and second specific name to each organism is
called binomial system of nomenclature.
6: Genus: It is the group of closely related species.
7: Specs: It includes a group of individuals, which resemble one another in all essential morphological
and reproductive characters.
8: Taxonomic hierarchy: The arrangement of taxonomic groups in their proper order according to their
taxonomic character.
Units of classification
A: Kingdom: it is the highest taxonomic category in which all the organisms are included in two kingdom
i.e. .plant and Animalia.
B: Phylum (division): It includes the class of different organism that has some same characteristics in
common. E.g., classes Pisces, amphibian etc.
C: Class: It includes the groups of closely related order. For example primates, carnivorous, mammals.
D: Order: It includes the group of related family.
E: Family: It is a group of closely related one or more genera.
F: scientific name: It includes the scientific name of plants and animals.

Method of classification of organism

Dog;

Kingdom

Animal

Phylum

chordate

Sub-phylum

Class

Mammalian

Order

Carnivores

Family

Scientific name:

Vertebrata

Canidae
Canis familiars

PLANT KINGDOM
Name of
plant
Cycas ,
Pine

Kingdoms SubDivisions
SubClasses
kingdoms
Divisions
Plant
Phanerogam Spermatophyte Gymnosperm
-------

Maize,
Rice
Wheat

Plant

Phanerogam Spermatophyte Angiosperm

Mustard,
Pea
,Lemon

Plant

Phanerogam Spermatophyte Angiosperm

Characters

: They bear cones instead of flower.

: Seeds are naked without true
fruits.
: Leafs are green and needle
shaped.
Monocotyledon : Their seeds are enclosed in true
fruits and contain one cotyledon.
: Leaves bear parallel venation.
: They have fibrous root system.
Dicotyledonous

: Their seed contain two cotyledons.

: They have tap root system.
: Leaves bear reticulate venation.

ANIMAL KINGDOM

Name of animal Kingdoms

Fish, Sea horse

Animalia

Subkingdoms
vertebrate

Frog, Toad,

Animalia

vertebrate

Phyla

Classes

Characters

chordata

Pisces

Chordate

Amphibian

1. Body is long and

streamlined.
2. Heart is two chambered.
3. Respiration takes place
through gills.
1. They have moist skin.

Hyla.

Lizard, Snake,
Turtle

Animalia

Vertebrata

Chordata

Crow, Duck,
Hen

Animalia

Vertebrata

Chordate

Cat, Cow, Bat,

Monkey, Rat,
Dolphin

Animalia

Vertebrata

Chordate

2. Three chambered heart.

3. Body is divided into head
and trunk.
Reptilian
1. Skin is dry and covered with
scales.
2. They respire through lungs.
3. Body is divided into head,
neck, and tail.
Aves
1. They have beak without
teeth.
2. Heart is four chambered.
3.Bones are hollow and body
is covered with feathers
Mammalian 1. Body is covered with hairs
and has glands.
2. They have four-chambered
heart.
3. Body is divided into head,
neck, and, trunk.

VIRUS
1: Virology: It is the branch of biology that deals with the study of viruses.
2: Viruses are ultramicroscopic nucleoprotein entities that reproduce only inside the living cell.
3: Viruses are known as obligatory parasites as they are fully dependent on the living organisms for
multiplication.
4: The natures of viruses are;

They reproduce within the host cell only.

They are composed of organic bimolecular: nucleic acids and proteins.

They have their own genetic material in the form of RNA or DNA.

They are infective and capable of spreading diseases.

They respond to light, chemicals and heat.

They can be crystallized and stored in bottles like chemicals.

They do not respire, inject food, and have no energy producing system.

5: The protein coat that encloses the nucleic acid in its head is also called cupid.
6: Classification of viruses;

Animal viruses: The viruses that infect and live inside the animal cell including human.

Bacterial viruses: The viruses that attack bacteria are called bacterial viruses.

Blue green algae viruses: These viruses are usually called cyan phage

Plant virus: These viruses attack the plant cell. Their genetic material is RNA.

7: Chart of diseases caused by viruses.

S.N

Name of
diseases
Common
cold

Name of
viruses
Rhino
virus

Effective
organs
Upper portion
of the
respiratory
system

Mode of
transmission
Mucus and
sneezing droplets

Preventive
measures
Covering of
mouth while
sneezing and
coughing.

2.

Mumps

Paramyxo
virus

Saliva and sneezing

(water droplets)

Covering of
mouth while
sneezing and
coughing.

3.

Measles

Paramyxo
virus

Mucus and saliva

Vaccination
against this
disease.

4.

Polio

Polio virus

Saliva ,mucus and

faces

Polio drops
(oral).

5.

Rabies

Rabies
virus

Respiratory
system,
Salivary
glands, all part
of body due to
circulation of
blood and
testes of male.
Mouth,
respiratory
tract, skin and
intestine
Pharynx,
intestine,
Blood and
spinal cord
Spinal cord
and brain

Saliva of infected
wild and domestic
animals.

Anti-rabies
vaccination

6.

AIDS

Retro

Skin, Blood

Sexual contact,

Use of

1.

Symptoms
Inner layer of
nose becomes
red, Headaches,
over blow of
nose, fever.
Fever, ache and
swelling at the
parotid gland,
swelling of testes
in male,
paralysis.

High fever, wet

eyes, throat sore,
Eyes are more
sensitive to light.
High fever,
stiffed neck

Hydrophobia,
sever pain at
bite, contraction
of muscles,
problem in
swallowing.
Coughs, fast

virus(HIV)

and Brain

blood(containing
HIV) transfusion

sterilized
needle, Avoid
unsafe sexual
contact
Receive blood
without HIV

heartbeat, lose
motion, loss of
weight, tiredness
etc.

Chapter: 3
STIMULATION AND REACTION
1: The environmental change that brings response in an organism is called stimulus.
2: The reaction toward stimulus is called response.
3: Taxis: The movement of whole body or body parts by changing location under the influence of the
stimulus is called taxis. There are two types of taxis:

Photo taxis: The movement of organism in relation to light is called photo taxis.

Chemo taxis: The movement of organism in relation to chemicals is called chemo taxis.

4: Tropism: the movement of parts of plant under the influence of stimulus is called tropism. There are 5
types of tropism, they are;

Phototropism: The movement of parts of plants in response to the stimulus of light is called
phototropism.

Chemotropism: The movement of parts of plants in response to the stimulus of chemicals is

called chemotropism

Hydrotropism: The movement of parts of plants in response to the stimulus of water is called
hydrotropism.

Geotropism: The movement of parts of plants in response to the stimulus of gravity is called
geotropism.

Thermo tropism: The movement of parts of plants in response to the stimulus of heat is called
thermo tropism.

Some examples of taxis and tropism

S.N.
1.

Stimuli
Light

Type
Photo taxis

2.

Chemicals

Chemo taxis

3.

Heat

Thermo tropism

4.

Light

Phototropism

5.

Gravity

Geotropism

6.

Water

Hydrotropism

7.

Chemicals

Chemotropism

8.

Contact or
touch

Thermo
tropism/
Haptotropism

Nature
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative

Examples
Movement of algae towards light.
Movement of earthworm against light.
Antherozoids of fern move towards malic
acid.
Mosquitoes fly away from smoke.
Opening of lotus in sun heat.
Opening of water lily at night.
Growth of shoot towards light.
Growth of root against light.
Growth of roots towards the gravity.
Growth of shoot against the gravity.
Growth of root towards water.
Growth of shoot against water.
Growth of root towards minerals.
Withering of leaves.
Wrapping of tendrils of climbers.
Collapsing of leaves of mimosa plant
(touch me not).

5: Nervous system: The system that receives the stimulus transmits it to the other parts of the body,
which show the corresponding effects are known as nervous system.
6: Neuron: The cells that transmit the message from one part of body to other are known as nerve cell
or neurons.

S.N. Glands

Location

Secretion

Function

1.

Skull

1: Growth
hormone
2: Stimulating
hormone

Controls the
growth of the
body, control
and stimulate
in the

Pituitary

Hypo
secretion
High BP,
Growth
retardation,
more
urination.

Hyper
secretion

2.

Thyroid

Throat

1: Thyroxin
2: Calcitonin

3.

Parathyroid Over thyroid

1:
parathromone

4.

Pancreas

Alimentary
canal

1: Insulin
2: Glucagon

5.

Adrenal

Kidney

1: Adrenalin
2: Aldosterone
3:
Hydrosterone

6.

Testes

Scrotum(male)
1:Testosterone

7.

Ovary

Reproductive
1: Estrogen
system(female)
2:
Progesterone

secretion of
other glands
Encourage CA Drying of
deposit in
skin,
bone
physical and
Growth of
mental
the body and retardation.
stimulates
cellular
metabolism
Maintenance
of calcium
Tetany
and
phosphate
level, Control
the proper
development
of bones
Maintenance
Hypoglycemia
of sugar level Diabetes
blood and
Hyperglycemia
supplies
sugar in
blood
Maintain
blood
+++++
Hypertension
pressure,
prepares
body to face
emergency
and balance
salt and
water in body
Develop and
maintain the Unable to
+++++++
male
reproduce
secondary
sex
characters.
Production of
sperms.
Growth of mammary
gland
Growth and
++++++ ++++++
development of
female secondary
sexual characteristics.

Prepares uterus
suitable for the
development of
embryo.

8: Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands.

S.N.
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

Exocrine gland
They are ducted glands.
They secrete juice like mucus, saliva, tear,
etc.
Consumption of their secretion is more in
amount
Their secretion is carried by the duct to the
related regions of the body, where they
have to work.
Distance between the gland and the
working region of the juices producing by
them is less.
Examples: Salivary gland, tear gland, liver
etc.

Endocrine gland
They are ductless glands.
They secrete hormones.
Consumption of their secretion is less in amount
Their secretion is carried through blood stream to
the related region where they have to work.
Distance between the gland and the working
region of the juices producing by them is more.
Examples: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid
glands etc.

9: Hormones: They are the chemical substance secreted by endocrine and heteroclite glands. They are
also called chemical messenger because they transport chemicals.
10: Reflex actions: The involuntary action performed by muscle under the direction of spinal cord in
response to the stimulus.
11: Reflex arc: The route taken by nerve impulses from the receptor to the effectors during involuntary
actions is called a reflex arc.
12. The function of nerve is to carry different impulses and it is performed by the following ways:

Afferent or sensory nerve: They carry impulses from various parts of body to the brain or to the
spinal cord.

Efferent or motor nerves: They transmit common messages, impulses from brain or the spinal
cord to the other part of body. There are three types of efferent nerves:

Motor nerve

Sensory nerve

Mixed nerves: The nerve formed by the axon of both motor and sensory neurons is called mixed
nerves. All the spinal nerves are of mixed type.

13. Ganglions: The mass of nerves tissue that receives or sends nerve fibers are called Ganglions.
14. Synapses: The pairs of same homologous chrosome are called synapses.

Parts of nervous system

The nervous system consists of three sub-systems. They are central nervous system, peripheral nervous
system and autonomic nervous system.

A. Central nervous system

Central nervous system is also called the controlling center of the body. It controls and coordinates
the activities of the entire nervous system. It consists of brain and spinal cord.

Brain: It is the main organ of nervous system whose weight is about 1.2Kg. It lies in the cranium,
which protects the brain from injury. It is covered by three membranes, called meanings. They
are outer duramater, middle arachnoids mater and inner piamater. Cerebro-spinal fluid
protects the brain from internal injury.
The different parts of brain are as follows:

Cerebrum: It occupies most of the area of the brain. It has a number of ridges and groves called
convolutions, which increase the area of the brain. Its surface area is about 2200 cm2. The
sensory area controls pain, touch and sensation of cold and heat.

Chapter-17
CELL DIVISION
1. Introduction: Cell is the structural and functional unit of life. Our body is made of up different
types of cell. There are two types of cell, Animal and Plant cell. The formation of new cells and
their enlargement are the important factors in the growth of plants and animals. Cell division
takes place after the collection or synthesis of sufficient amount of protoplasm in the cell.
Mainly there are three types of cell division. They are
i.
Amitosis

ii.

Mitosis

iii.

Meiosis

A. Amitosis cell division. It is the most primitive type of cell division. It is the means of asexual
reproduction which is sometime termed as fission. Commonly it is found in some protozoans,
bacteria, yeast etc. during this division, the nucleus elongates and cell develops a constriction in
the middle of nucleus. This constriction continues to divide the nucleus into two daughter
nuclei. The nuclear division is followed by the division of cytoplasm. Finally two daughter cells
are produced with its own nucleus.
B. Mitosis cell division: The mitosis is a part of somatic division which includes the division of
nucleus {karyokinesis} and the division of cytoplasm {cytokinesis}. Stras burger (1875), a
German botanist was first to work out details of mitosis. It can be best studied in the root,
shoots leafs & tips of several plants. Mitosis is that type of nuclear division in which chrosome
replicate and become equally distributed into two daughter cells. The cell cycle is completed in
three main different phases
1) Interphase: It is also called resting phase because the nucleus is inactive. It is metabolically
quite active and passes through three stages i.e. G1, S, and G2. In G1 sub stage synthesis of
RNAs and proteins, in S stage the chrosome produce their duplicates and synthesis of
histone protein and in G2 stage synthesis of spindle proteins, synthesis of RNA, DNA,
synthesis and storage of ATP, duplication of cell organelles and the cell is ready for the
division.
2) M-phase: It takes place after interphase and involves the division of nucleus {karyokinesis}
and completes into following stages.
Prophase (Gr. Pro=first, phase=stage)
Prophase is the first stage of mitosis and studied into three sub stages i.e. early,
middle and late. In early prophase the chromatin reticulum opens due to the loss of
surrounding water. In middle stage the chromatins are shorter, thicker and
overlapped in one or more places and overlapped part is called centromere. In late
prophase (i) the nuclear membrane and nucleus undergo disappearing.
(ii) formation of bipolar spindle fibers and a clear structure of chrosome are formed.

Metaphase (Gr. Meta=center , phase=stage)

The metaphase stage is initiated by the disappearing of nucleus and nuclear
membrane and clear structure of spindle fibers which are bipolar in nature. The
chrosome becomes shorter, thicker and move to the equatorial plane of the cell.
Sometime the centromere of each chrosome fuses to each other and forms
metaphasic plate
Anaphase (Gr. Ana=center , phase=stage)
In this stage the centromere of each chrosome divides into two, so that each
chromatid comes to have its own centromere. The separated daughter chrosome
moves towards the opposite pole with the help of spindle fibers. It is also studied
into two stages i.e. early and late. In early anaphase just separation of chrosome or
karyokinesis and in late anaphase separated chrosomes moves towards opposite
poles. In this stage the daughter chrosome may be arranged V, Y,I and j shaped.

Friday, 13 March, 2015

Prepared by: Pranav Badu