Agrohydrology Manual

MANUAL FOR AGROHYDROLOGY
AND
ENGINEERING DESIGN
FOR SMALL WATER IMPOUNDING
PROJECT (SWIP)
Department of Agriculture
BUREAU OF SOILS AND
WATER MANAGEMENT
Diliman, Quezon City
March 1997
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION
1.
ESTIMATION OF RUN-OFF and DERIVATION OF INFLOW

1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
2.
Establishment of Project Data

Estimation of Basin Lag Time and Time Concentration
Computation for Rainfall Depth
Rainfall Increments Determination
Rearrangement of Rainfall Pattern
Derivation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
Convolution of Equation for Flood Hydrograph
PAGE NO.
HYDROGRAPH
1
1
2
2
3
8
9
FIELD WATER BALANCE COMPUTATION
10
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
10
10
11
11
14
14
14
14
14
15
Establishment of Cropping Pattern and Cropping Calendar

Computation of 80% Dependable Rainfall
Crop Coefficient and Crop Rooting Depth
Percolation Loss
Soil Water Holding Capacity
Actual Evapotranspiration
Change in Storage
Initial Storage
Estimation of Water Storage at End of Decade
Irrigation Efficiency
3. ESTIMATION OF 10-DAY RESERVOIR INFLOW

3.1
3.2
16
Estimation of 10-Day Inflow for Region I, II, & IV

Estimation of 10-Day Inflow for Other Regions
16
16
Philippine Water Resources Region

Climate Map of the Philippines
Monthly Distribution of Potential Evapotranspiration
of Selected Places in the Philippines
Planting Calendar
24
25
4. ANNEXES
A.
B.
C.
D.
27
28
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
1
PAGE NO.
Regression Coefficients of the Rainfall Intensity-Duration
Frequency Curve for Different Locations
Soil Groups for Estimation of Watershed Index W.
Antecedent Moisture Condition for Estimation

of Water Index W.
Values of Watershed Index W.
Adjustment of Watershed Index W for Antecedent Moisture

7
Condition
Recommended Retention Rate for Hydrologic Soil Groups
T/Tp versus q/qp for Dimensionless Hydrograph
Percolation for Different Soil Types
12
S W H C of Different Soil Textural Class
15
10
Regional Run-off Coefficient and % Monthly Baseflow

Distribution
17
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE NO.
Rearrangement of Rainfall Increments
Water Management Scheme and Crop Depending Variables

for Field Water Balance for Irrigated Wetland Rice.
12
Crop Depending Variables for Field Water balance

of Irrigated Corn.
12

of Irrigated Mungo.
13

of Irrigated Tomato.
13

of Irrigated Peanut.
14
3
4
5
6
AGROHYDROLOGIC STUDIES AND ANALYSES

There are 3 general computations to be considered in the study. These are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
Estimation of Run-off and Derivation of Inflow Hydrograph (25 yrs.)

Field Water Balance Computation
Reservoir Inflow Computation
1.
ESTIMATION OF RUN-OFF AND DERIVATION OF INFLOW

HYDROGRAPH
This would require the following data and inputs to be taken from the project site. These are
topographic map soil and land capability mp or report, land use/vegetation map or report and
rainfall intensities. The following arranged procedures would be helpful in deriving the inflow
hydrograph.
1.1
Establishment of the Project Data

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Drainage Area, A, in sq. km.

Mainstream length from outlet to highest ridge, L.
Mainstream from outlet to point nearest basin centroid, Lc.
Total fall (elevation difference) from highest ridge to outlet, H, in meter.
Watershed gradient,
f.
Soil type of watershed (dominant) to determine the soil group the identified soil
type in the watershed belong to.
Watershed cover/land use.
g.
1.2.
Estimation of Basin Lag Time, TL and time of Concentration TC using

Snyders Method (revised), Time to peak, Tp and peak runoff, qp.
a.
Compute for unadjusted TL
(TL in hours)
Where: L = mainstream length from outlet to highest ridge, in miles
LC = mainstream length from outlet to the nearest basin centroid.
Y = watershed gradient
a = 0.38
Ct = coefficient with values (Linsleys):
1.2 for mountatins drainage area
0.72 for foothill drainage area
0.35 for valley drainage area
b.
Adjust estimate of TL
Adjusted TL (for D = 0.4
)
Adjusted TL = TL + (D c.
1
Compute time of concentration, TC, in hours.
Method, and
TC = TL / 0.70
d.
e.
Compute the time to peak, Tp using

Tp = D + TL (adjusted)
Where: D = time duration of one inch of excess rainfall (USDA SCS)
suggested values of D as 0.5 hr. (or 0.40 hr.) where Tc < 3; 1
hr. where 3<Tc<6:1/5 Tc where Tc>6.
Compute the Peak rate of Runoff, qp, in cms/mm excess rainfall:
qp =
Where:
A = drainage area, sq. km.
TL = time lag (adjusted), hr.
qp = cms/mm
1.3
Compute for rainfall Depth P for different duration D, utilizing equation:

P = iD where
i = rainfall intensity computed using Rainfall Intensity Duration, Frequency
Curve for different location in the Philippines (Table 1).
Gen. Equation :
D = Duration
The tabulation of rainfall depth Pi versus Duration Di is thus:
Seq. No.
1
2
4
Duration,
D, Hr
D1 = D
D2 = 2D1
D3 = 3D1
Dn = 2Dn
1.4
Rainfall Intensity
I, min/hr.
1
2
3
n
Rainfall Depth
P, mm
P1
P2
P3
Pn
Obtain rainfall increments Pi and rearranged them according to three maximization

patterns:
1.
2.
3.
Peak P1 at middle time position, i = n/2

Peak P1 at 1/3 time position, i = n/3
Peak P1 at 2/3 time position, i= 2n/3 + 1
The sequences for peak at the different positions mentioned are shown in figure I.
Considering that the highest qp is usually computed or obtained from the 2/3 time position pattern,
the hydrograph to be derived will utilize this pattern without anymore working the other 2 patterns
for comparison, thus tabulation would only be as follows:
2
Rainfall Increments
Rearranged Rainfall Increments
APi, mm
in 2/3 Position of peak pi
________________________________________________________________________
Seq. No.
1. P1 = P1
P14
2. P2 = P2 - P1
P13
3. P3 = P3 P2
P12
4. P4 = P4 P3
P10
5. P5 = P5 P4
P9
6. P6 = P6 P5
P7
7. P7 = P7 P6
P6
8. P8 = P8 P7
P5
9. P9 = P9 P8
P3
10. P10 = P10 P9
P2
11. P11 = P11 P10
P1
12. P12 = P12 P11
P4
13. P13 = P13 P12
P8
14. P14 = P14 P13
P11
15. P15 = P15 P14
P15
This rainfall-increment pattern is subjected to estimation of losses in the next step for the determination of
rainfall excess amounts.
1.5
For the rearranged rainfall pattern considered,

-Apply the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Method to obtain Initial Abstraction, Ia:
Ia = 0.2s
Where: Ia = initial abstraction, in inches
s = 1000 10
W
= maximum potential difference between rainfall and runoff, in inches
W = watershed index, also called the runoff curve number N or CN
= function of soil group, antecedent moisture condition (AMC), and land use
cover in the watershed
- Refer to Table 2 (Soil Group), Table 3 (Antecedent Moisture Conditions, Table 4 Value of W for
different land uses/covers, assuming AMC II) and Table 5 (Adjustments of W for AMC I and AMC
III).
- The computed initial abstraction Ia is subtracted from the rainfall over the necessary initial number
of time increment until Ia is satisfied.
- After subtracting Ia, a uniform retention rate f is applied in succeeding time increments so that
retention depth subtracted each time from a rainfall increments is at most equal to f AP, Applicable
values are given in Table 6.
TABLE 1 Regression Coefficients if the Rainfall intensity, f (mm/hr) Duration, t (hr)

Frequency, T Curve for Different Locations: General Equation: i = aTC
(t+b)d
REGION
1
2
3
6
7
8
9
10
11
STATION/LOCATION
Vigan, Ilocos Sur
Baguio City
Laoag City
Tuguegarao, Cagayan
Aparri, Cagayan
San Agustin, Arayat,
Pampanga
Sta. Cruz, Pampanga
Dagupan, Pangasinan
Matalava, Lingayen
Iba, Zamabales
Cabanatuan City
Cansinala, Apalit,
Pampanga
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija
Infanta, Quezon
Calapan, Mondoro Or.
MIA
Pot Area, Manila
Tayabas, Quezon
Casiguran, Quezon
Alabat, Quezon
Ambalong, Tanauan,
Batangas
Angono, Rizal
Daet, Camarines Norte
Legaspi, City
Virac, Catanduanes
Iloilo City
Cebu Airport
Dumaguete City
Borongan, Eastern
Samar
UEP, Catarman, Samar
Catbalogan, Samar
Tacloban, Leyte
Zamboanga City
Cagayan de Oro
Surigao City
Binatuan, Surigao
del Sur
Davao City
47.295
51.414
60.676
47.263
53.503
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.20
0.2710
0.2337
0.2370
0.2290
0.2780
0.577
0.343
0.554
0.598
0.610
0.9882
0.9800
0.9944
0.9949
0.9916
48.749
41.687
53.665
0.890
51.960
62.961
0.40
0.85
0.10
0.10
0.80
0.20
0.2330
0.2220
0.1340
0.2220
0.2020
0.1395
0.690
0.611
0.575
0.611
0.448
0.754
0.9973
0.9976
0.9959
0.9973
0.9951
0.9950
36.597
43.209
67.327
54.846
46.863
58.798
39.710
77.587
55.424
0.10
0.30
0.30
0.10
0.20
0.70
0.20
0.2280
0.2150
0.2010
0.2460
0.1940
0.1980
0.1320
0.2380
0.2310
0.568
0.487
0.617
0.768
0.609
0.679
0.461
0.717
0.491
0.9962
0.9942
0.9867
0.9969
0.9979
0.9981
0.9912
0.9849
0.9880
41.351
62.314
44.553
55.836
49.052
44.390
59.330
100.821
0.70
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.40
1.00
0.2310
0.1910
0.2240
0.2480
0.2480
0.2040
0.2400
0.2370
0.511
0.630
0.570
0.591
0.591
0.670
0.812
1.057
0.9620
0.9934
0.9971
0.9958
0.9958
0.9970
0.9956
0.9963
51.622
61.889
51.105
39.661
48.571
78.621
61.486
0.10
0.40
0.10
0.10
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.1680
0.2300
0.2020
0.1660
0.2090
0.1950
0.2520
0.581
0.681
0.620
0.629
0.803
0.954
0.602
0.9972
0.9905
0.9948
0.9968
0.9973
0.9992
0.9901
57.433
81.959
0.10
0.50
0.1340
0.1740
0.577
0.945
0.9932
0.9986
Note:
If b - the resulting rainfall intensity-duration-frequency curves are straight lines (plotted on log, log chart).
TABLE 2:
Soil Groups for Estimation of Watershed Index W
Soil Group
Description of Soil Characteristics
Soils having very low runoff potential,

For Example, deep sands with little silt or clay.
Light soils under/or well structured soils having above
Average infiltration when thoroughly melted.
For example, light sandy loams, silty loams.
Medium soils and shallow soils having below-average
Infiltration when thoroughly melted. For example,
clay loams.
Soils having high runoff potential. For example,
heavy soils, particularly days of high swelling
capacity, and very shallow soils underlain by
dense clay horizons.
B
C
D
TABLE 3:
Antecedent Moisture Conditions for Estimation of Watershed Index W
Antecedent Moisture Condition

(AMC)
Rain in pervious 5 days

Dormant Season
I
II
III
TABLE 4:
less than 0.5 in.

0.5 1.1 in.
more than 1.1 in.
Growing Season
lass than 1.4 in.
1.4 to 2.1 in.
more than 2.1 in.
Values of Watershed Index W

(Assuming Antecedent Moisture Condition II)
Native pasture
or grassland
Farming
Treatment
-
Timbered Areas
Land Use or Cover
Improved Permanent
pastures
Rotation pastures
Hydrologic
Condition
Poor
Fair
Good
Poor
Fair
Good
A
70
50
40
45
35
25
SOIL GROUP
B
C
80
85
70
80
60
75
65
75
60
75
55
70
D
90
85
80
85
80
75
Good
30
60
70
80
Poor
Good
Poor
Good
Poor
Good
Poor
Good
65
60
65
55
65
70
70
65
80
75
70
75
70
75
80
80
75
85
85
80
80
80
85
85
85
80
90
90
85
85
85
90
90
90
85
95
Straightrow
Contoured
Crop
Straightrow
Contoured
Fallow
6
(Table 4 Cont)
The meaning of the terms listed under the heading Hydrologic Condition are as follow:
a.
Native pastures: Pastures in poor condition is sparse, heavily grazed pastures with less than half
the
total watershed area under plant cover. Pasture in fair condition is moderately grazed and with between half
and three-quarters of the catchment under plant cover. Pasture in good condition is lightly grazed and with
more than three-quarters of the catchment area under plant cover.
b.
Timbered areas: Poor areas are sparsely timbered and heavily grazed with no undergrowth. Fair areas are
moderately grazed, with some undergrowth. Good areas are densely timbered and ungrazed, with
considerable undergrowth.
c.
Improved permanent pastures: Densely sown permanent legume pastures subject to careful grazing
management are considered to be in good hydrologic condition.
d.
Rotation pastures: Dense, moderately grazed pastures used as part of a well planned, crop-pasture-fallow
rotation are considered to be in good hydrologic condition. Sparse, overgrazed or opportunity pastures
are considered to be poor condition.
e.
Crops: Good hydrologic condition refers to crops which form a part of a well planned and managed croppasture-follow rotation. Poor hydrologic condition refers to crops managed according to a simple cropfollow-rotation.
TABLE 5:
Adjustment of Watershed index W for Antecedent moisture Condition
AMC = II
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
Corresponding Value of W for:

AMC = I
100
87
80
70
65
60
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
20
15
10
AMC = III
100
99
98
97
95
90
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
TABLE 6:
1.6
Recommended Retention Rate for Hydrologic Soil Group (USBR)
Hydrologic Soil Group
Retention Rate, inches/hour
A
B
C
D
0.4
0.24
0.12
0.04
Derive the synthetic unit hydrograph, using T/Tp versus q/qp for dimensionless hydrograph
(Table 7)
-interpolate from the values of Table 7 the selected values of discharge ratios q/qp for values of
ratio equal to
T/Tp = D , 2D , 3D
TP
TP
TP
Until q/qp is less than 0.001
etc.
-Compute the ordinate of Synthetic Unit hydrograph as follows:

Ui = (q/qp) i qp
Where: Ui = ordinate of synthetic unit hydrograph in cms/mm (i= 1, 2, 3 . . . )
q/qp I = interpolated value of q/qp from smooth dimensionless hydrograph.
qp = Computed peak rate of runoff in cms/mm
-Obtain correction factor k for synthetic unit hydrograph
K = 3.6 U1 D
(Dimensionless and ideally close to 1:
A
D in hours; A in sq. km.)
-Correct to ordinate Ui ( i = 1, 2, 3 . . . )
Uu (Corrected Ui) = original Ui
K
-To check, K should be equal to one when using the same formula:
K = 3.6 U1 D
A
-In tabulated form we will have:
Seq. No.
i
Time
T, hr
Dimensionless
T/Tp
1
2
3
4
D
2D
3D
4D
D/Tp
2DTp
3D/Tp
4D/Tp
nD
nD/Tp
Hydrograph
q/qp
Values
interpolated
From
Table 7
Unit Hydrograph
Ui = (q/qp) i qp
Cms/mm
Uu = Ui/ki
(q/qp)1 qp
(q/qp)2 qp
(q/qp)3 qp
(q/qp)4 qp
Uu1
Uu2
(q/qp)n qp
Ui
Uu n
Uu
time
TABLE 7:
T/Tp versus q/qp for dimensionless hydrograph
Time Ratio
T/Tp
Disch. Ratio
q/qp
Time Ratio
T/Tp
Disch. Ratio
q/qp
1.5
0.66
0.1
0.015
1.6
0.56
0.2
0.175
1.8
0.42
0.3
0.16
0.32
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0.28
0.43
0.6
0.77
0.89
0.97
1
0.98
0.92
0.84
0.75
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Infinity
0.24
0.18
0.13
0.098
0.075
0.036
0.018
0.009
0.004
0
1.7
To the rearrange pattern of excess rainfall, apply the synthetic unit hydrograph Qi ( i = 1, 2, 3 . . . )
according to the convolution equations:
Q1 = U1 E1
Q2 = U1 E2 + U2 E1
Q3 = U1 E3 + U2 E2 + U3 E1
Q4 = U1 E4 + U2 E3 + U3 E2 + U4 E1
etc.
\
9
2.
FIELD WATER BALANCE COMPUTATION
Establish the best cropping pattern and cropping calendar with the following objectives:
a) minimum irrigation requirements; b) maximum annual production; c) optimum growing
conditions for the given crop and growing stages: d) grow paddy rice during wet season when
water
abundant and irrigation is minimal.
Fill the column for the rainfall (rain) with 80% dependability computed using the two parameter lognormal distribution and the average potential evapotranspiration (PET). To compute for 80%
dependable for a
given site the following procedures are to be considered:
a.
Collect 10-day rainfall data, defined as the sums of daily rainfall over each defined 10day period and arrange them as follows:
Year
Month
Jan.
Feb.
Dec.
b.
Decade
1
2
3
4
5
6
34
35
36
1
-
2
-
3
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
N
-
Mean
-
Std.
Dev.
-
Compute the mean of 10 day rainfall for all decades

K = 1, 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Where
c.
Compute the standard deviation of 10 day rainfall for decades

K = 1, 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
__
SK =
1
(XKi - X )2
N-1 i=1
Where
d.
N
XK = 1 XKi
N i =1
XK = mean of 10 day rainfall in decade K
XKi = 10 day rainfall data in decade K and year 1
N = number of recorded observation in decade K in years.
SK = standard deviation of 10 day rainfall in decade K
Compute the coefficient of variation of 10 day rainfall for all decades K = 1, 2, 3,

Where ZK = coefficient variation
10
.36
e.
Compute the standard normal deviation corresponding to an axceedance probability, p of 80 %, tp,

for p = 80% tp = -0.831
f.
Compute the frequency factor for all decades K 1, 2, 3. . . . 36
Where: B = Ln ( 1 + Z2 )
KK = frequency factor in decade K
g.
Compute the 10 day rainfall at 80% dependability for all decades

_
RK = XK + SK KK
Where: RK = 10 day rainfall at 80% dependability

h.
Tabulate the results as follows:
Month
Decade
XK
SK
ZK
KK
RK
Jan.
1
2
3
.
.
.
34
35
36
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
-
Dec.
Mean 80% dep or 10 day rainfall

at project site
Fill- up the crop-coefficients (kc) and crop-rooting depth columns according to the establishment
of cropping calendar and crop growing stages. Refer to Figures 2 to 6. For wetland rice, the crop
coefficient at all stages can be assumed equal to one (1).
Make a reasonable assumption for probable percolation losses (mm/day) or refer to Table 8.
11
TABLE 8:
Percolation For Different Soil Types
Clay --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Silty Clay --------------------------------------------------------------------------Clay Loam-------------------------------------------------------------------------Silty Clay Loam-------------------------------------------------------------------Sandy Clay Loam-----------------------------------------------------------------Sandy Loam-----------------------------------------------------------------------Figure 2:
1.25 mm / day
1.50 mm / day
1.75 mm / day
1.75 mm / day
2.0 mm / day
4.0 mm / day
Water Management Scheme & Crop Depending Variables Used In Field Balance
Computation For Irrigated Wetland Rice
Rainfall
Collecting Period
Land
Soaking
1
Maximum water
depth in paddy,
mm
Minimum water
depth, mm
Optimum water
depth, mm
FIGURE 3
Land
Preparation
2
Crop in the Field

(100 Days)
4
10
11
12
13
10
11
12
13
200
80
80
80 80
80
80
80
80
80
80
10
10
20
20
20 20
20
20
20
20
20
20
100
65
65
50 50
50
50
50
45
45
45
Crop Depending Variables For Field Water Balance For Irrigated Corn
Rainfall
Collection
Crop in the Field
&
(110 Days)
Land Preparation
LP
LP
Crop Coefficient
Rooting Depth
(mm)
10
11
1
0.65
2
0.65
3
0.75
4
0.8
5
0.85
6
0.9
7
0.9
8
0.9
9
0.9
10
0.75
11
0.5
100
200
300
450
600
700
775
825
875
900
900
12
FIGURE 4
Crop Depending Variables Used in the Field Water Balance For Irrigated Mungo
Rainfall Collection
&
Land Preparation
LP
LP
Crop Coefficient
Rooting Depth
FIGURE 5
1
0.35
80
2
0.5
150
3
0.7
230
Crop in the Field

(80 Days)
4
5
4
0.9
300
5
0.9
300
6
0.85
300
7
0.77
300
8
0.7
300
Crop Depending Variables Used in the Field Water Balance for Irrigated Tomato
Rainfall Collection
&
Land Preparation
LP
LP
Crop Coefficient
Rooting Depth (mm)
1
0.35
80
2
0.5
100
3
0.7
300
13
Crop in the Field

(80 Days)
4
5
4
0.9
400
5
0.9
500
6
0.85
600
7
0.77
700
8
0.7
700
FIGURE 6
Crop Depending Variables for the Field Water Balance for Irrigated Peanut
Rainfall Collection
&
Land Preparation
LP
LP
Crop Coefficient
Rooting Depth
(mm)
1
0.40
80
Crop in the Field

(100 Days)
3
4
5
10
10
0.70
0.70
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.75
0.75
0.55
150
200
250
300
350
400
600
600
0.75
500
2.5
Make a reasonable assumption of soil water capacities WHC in volume percentage of soils used
for upland crops. (10% - 20%).
Refer to Table 9.
2.6
Actual evapotranspiration (AET) is equal to

AET = PET x KC
2.7
Change in storage (STOR) is equal to

STOR = RAIN - AET - PERCO - for paddy rice
STOR = RAIN - AET for upland crops.
2.8
Initial Storage (INIT) is estimated using the following formula

INIT = (Raini + Raini 1) (0.70) for paddy rice
INIT = (Raini + Raini 1) (0.50) for upland crops
2.9
Estimate the water storage (STOR) at the end of a given decade:

STORi = STORi 1 + STOR
If STORi > allowable max storage
Then DRAINAGE = STORi allowable max storage
STORi = allowable max storage
IRRIGATION = .
If STORi < allowable minimum storage
Then IRRIGATION = Optimum Storage STORi
STORi = Optimum Storage
Drainage = .
ELSE
IRRIGATION = .
DRAINAGE = .
14
Note: For upland crops, allowable min. soil moisture storage is usually assumed to 50% of soil water
holding capacities in the root zone, that is 0.54 (WHC) (ROODEP). Do not irrigate
during the last
two decade of a given period.
2.10
Use an irrigation efficiency if 51% for paddy rice (lowland) and 54% for upland crops to the
estimated net crop irrigation to get an estimate of system irrigation requirements.
TABLE 9
Soil Water Holding Capacities of Different Soil Textural Classes:
Soil Texture
Sandy
Sandy Loam
Loam
Clay Loam
Silty Clay
Clay
Total Available Moisture

Pv =Pw As
Volume%
8
(6-10)
12
(9-15)
17
(14-20)
19
(16-22)
21
(18-23)
23
(20-25)
15
3.
ESTIMATION OF 10 DAY RESERVOIR INFLOW
3.1
For Regions I, III, IV, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons, 10 day reservoir inflow are
estimated as follows:
a.
DQj = RCj . Pj
Where:
DQj = direct runoff in decade j (mm)
RCj = runoff coefficient in decade j, equal to estimated mean monthly
runoff coefficient
Pj = 80% dependable rainfall
b.
10 day Baseflow
BFj = F .Qj 1
Where:
BFj = baseflow in decade j (mm)
F = 10 day reservoir factor
= 0.002 + 0.026 (D.A.) where DA is drainage area in sq. km. (This
regression equation analysis of several small watersheds <100 km2
In the country).
Qj 1 = Total runoff (or inflow) in the previous decade (j-j), mm
c.
3.2
10 day Reservoir Inflow

Qj = DQj + BFj
Where:
Qj = reservoir inflow in decade j (mm)
BFj = baseflow in decade j (mm)
For the other regions in the country which are predominantly characterized by indistinct, short, or no dry
season with more or less continuous rainfall, 10 day reservoir inflow are estimated as follows:
a.
10 day Direct Runoff
DQj = RCj . Pj
Where:
RCj = runoff coefficient in decade j, equal to estimated monthly runoff
coefficients
Pj = mean 10 day rainfall in decade j (mm)
b.
Annual Baseflow
BF = a + b . DA
Where:
BF = annual baseflow
a.b. = regression factor for the region where the project is located
(Table 10)
D.A . = Drainage Area, (sq. km.)
c.
10 day Baseflow
Qj =
Where:
Qj =
DQj =
BFj =
DQj + BFj
reservoir inflow in decade j (mm)
direct runoff in decade j (mm)
baseflow in decade j (mm)
16
TABLE 10
Regional Run off Coefficient and % Monthly Baseflow Distribution:
Region 1
Month
Run - off Coefficient, RC
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
0.25
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.17
0.37
0.64
0.67
0.75
0.75
0.61
0.25
Region 2
Month
%Baseflow
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
8.76
7.91
7.22
7.05
6.7
6.42
7.39
8.18
9.37
10.43
10.84
9.72
0.17
0.17
0.08
0.08
0
0.17
0.2
0.34
0.4
0.41
0.44
0.37
Linear Curve Fit

a = 286.021
BF
a + b
b = -9.72 x 10-1
(D.A)
R = 0.74
17
Region 3
Month
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.

0.45
0.08
0
0
0.24
0.34
0.58
0.7
0.75
0.7
0.4
0.5
Month
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.

0.45
0.44
0.19
0
0
0.19
0.19
0.26
0.33
0.47
0.57
0.5
Region 4
Region 5
Month
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
%Baseflow
9.17
8.69
8.28
7.91
7.64
7.66
7.86
8.08
8.31
8.53
8.79
9.07
Linear Curve Fit
a = 2, 057.31

0.5
0.38
0.3
0.25
0.1
0.08
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.35
0.39
0.47
BF = a + b (D.A)
b = 18.28
18
R = 0.87
Region 6
Month
%Baseflow
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
8.06
8.1
7.96
8.1
8.26
8.45
8.66
8.73
8.6
8.47
8.37
8.21
0.39
0.19
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.18
0.44
0.44
0.33
0.49
0.39
0.39
Linear Curve Fit
a = 1, 043.65
BF = a + b (D.A)
b = 8.221
R = 0.695
Region 7
Month
%Baseflow
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
8.23
8.07
8.09
8.22
8.23
8.35
8.47
8.66
8.57
8.45
8.37
8.29
0.26
0.15
0.1
0
0.09
0.15
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.26
Linear Curve Fit

a = 1, 055.85
BF = a + b (D.A)
b = 11.80
R = 0.766
19
Region 8
Month
%Baseflow
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
9.1
8.8
8.6
8.3
8.1
7.9
7.7
7.6
7.7
7.9
8.4
9
0.38
0.28
0.25
0
0.14
0.22
0.3
0.34
0.34
0.51
0.7
0.7
Linear Curve Fit
a = 12.52
BF = a + b (D.A)
b = 14.051
R = 0.872
Region 9
Month
%Baseflow
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
8.53
8.33
8.16
7.94
8
8.13
8.19
8.32
8.42
8.53
8.66
8.76
0.3
0.22
0.08
0
0
0.07
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.24
0.24
0.3
Linear Curve Fit

a = 1, 164.37
BF = a + b (D.A)
b = 30.36
R = 0.999
20
Region 10
Month
%Baseflow
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
8.51
8.43
8.36
8.29
8.21
8.16
8.21
8.27
8.3
8.34
8.4
8.49
0.49
0.4
0.37
0.32
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.24
0.24
0.28
0.25
0.52
Linear Curve Fit
a = 2, 119.90
BF = a + b (D.A)
b = 6.09
R = 0.562
Month
%Baseflow
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
8.42
8.38
8.35
8.31
8.3
8.25
8.27
8.3
8.32
8.34
8.37
8.39
0.17
0
0
0
0.12
0.12
0.29
0.29
0.26
0.26
0.23
0.22
Region 11
Linear Curve Fit

a = 152.608
BF = a + b (D.A)
b = 7.53
R = 0.751
21
Region 12
Month
%Baseflow
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
8.13
7.99
8.03
8.13
8.24
8.39
8.54
8.69
8.66
8.53
8.4
8.26
0.21
0.12
0
0.13
0.25
0.35
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.21
0.21
Linear Curve Fit

a = 1, 751.61
BF = a + b (D.A)
b = -4.018
R = 0.915
22
23
ANNEX A I
PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCE REGIONS
Water Resources Region No. 1 ILOCOS

Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, Benguet, La Union and part of Mt. Province.
Predominant Climate : Type I
Water Resources Region No. 2 CAGAYAN VALLEY
Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Viscaya, Quirino and parts of Mt. Province, Kalinga-Apayao, Ifugao and
Predominant Climate : Type III
Water Resources Region No. 3 CETRAL LUZON
Nueva Ecija, Pamapanga, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Bulacan, ZamabaleS, Bataan and portions of Benguet and
Province.
Quezon.
Aurora
Water Resources Region No. 4 SOUTHERN TAGALOG

Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon and Metropolitan Manila in Luzon, and the island provinces of
Marinduque, Mindoro, Romblon, and Palawan.
Water Resources Region No. 5 BICOL
Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Albay, Sorsogon in the South-eastern Peninsula of Luzon and the
of Catanduanes and Masbate.
Predominant Climate : Type II and Type III and Type IV
inslands
Water Resources Region No. 6 WESTERN VISAYAS

Negros Occidental, the sub-province of Guimaras, and the island of Panay which consist of the provinces of Aklan,
Antique, Capiz and Iloilo.
Predominant Climate : Type I and Type III
Water Resources Region No. 7 CENTRAL VISAYAS
Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Negros Oriental
Predominant Cliamate : Type III
Water Resources Region No. 8 EASTERN VISAYAS
Samar and Leyte Islands.
Predominant Climate : Type IV
Water Resources Region No. 9 SOUTHWESTERN MINDANAO
Misamis Occidental, Zamboanga del Sur and Zamboanga del Norte together with Sulu Archipelago.
Predominant Climate : Type III and Type IV
Water Resources Region No. 10 NORTHERN MINDANAO
Agusan del Norte, Misamis Oriental and part of Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon and Lanao del Norte.
Predominant Climate : Type II
Water Resources Region No. 11 SOUTHEASTERN MINDANAO
Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental and Surigao del Sur and South Cotabato provinces.
Predominant Climate : Type II and Type IV
Water Resources Region No. 12 SOUTHERN MINDANAO
Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Bikidnon, North Cotabato, Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat and
Predominant Climate : Type III and Type IV
24
South
Cotabato.
25
26
27
PLANTING CALENDAR
PLANTING CALENDAR FOR TYPE I CLIMATE
TWO PRONOUNCED SEASONS : DRY from November to April
WET during the rest of the year
All the provinces of the western part of the islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Negros,
and Palawan are covered in Type I.
CROP
Rice:
Lowland
PERIOD
Palagad
Upand
June October January April -
September
December
February
June
Corn:
Dry season
Rainy season
Ocrober May -
January
June
Peanut:
Dry season
Rainy season
November May -
January
June
Beans:
Batao
Bountiful Bean
Cowpea
Cadios
Mungo
Patani
Seguidillas
Sitao
Soybean
CROP
Muskmelon
Okra
Patola
Squash
May May October May October May July November May October May May November May -
Tomato
Upo
Watermelon
Root:
Camote(Sweet
Potato)
Gabi
Ginger
Raddish
Sinkamas
Tugue
Ubi
Cassava
June
June
December
June
November
June
September
February
June
January
June
June
February
June
Others:
Garlic
Onion
Sweet Pepper
Condol
Vegetables:
Leafy:
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Celery
Lettuce
Mustard
Pechay
Fruit:
Ampalaya
Cucumber
Eggplant
Melon
Chayote
October October October August August October -
December
February
February
January
January
December
May October May September May September October -
July
January
June
December
June
February
January
Spinach
Sweet Peas
Carrot
Potato(Irish)
Talinum
Kutchai
Arrowroot
Tapilan
Beets
Jute
Endive
Snap Bean
28
PERIOD
November May October May October May October October October November -
January
June
December
June
January
June
December
January
January
January
May December May May October October May May May October -
June
February
June
June
December
December
June
June
June
December
October October May September May October May October October October October October May October October May May September October May September October -
December
December
June
December
June
December
June
December
November
December
December
December
June
December
December
June
June
October
January
June
October
December
PLANTING CALENDAR
PLANTING CALENDAR FOR TYPE 2 CLIMATE
NO DRY SEASON with a very PRONOUNCED MAXIMUM RAINFALL from November to
January. The areas covered are Catanduanes, Sorsogon, Eastern part of Albay, the Eastern and
Northern parts of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur, a great portion of the Eastern part of Quezon,
the Eastern part of Leyte and a large portion of Eastern Mindanao.
CROP
Rice:
Lowland
Palagad
Upand
Corn:
Dry season
Rainy season
Peanut:
Dry season
Rainy season
Beans:
Batao
Cowpea or Kibal
Cadios
Bountiful Bean
Mungo
Patani(climbing)
Seguidillas
Sitao
Soybean
Tapilan
Vegetables:
Leafy:
Cabbage
Celery
Kutchai
Lettuce
Pechay
Cauliflower
Mustard
Spinach
PERIOD
October May June September -
CROP
Fruit:
Ampalaya
December
July
August
November
Condol
Cucumber
Eggplant
March - May
January - February
August - September
Melon(ordinary)
Muskmelon
Okra
Patola
Squash
Tomato
Janury - Febraury
August - September
May - June
Febraury January
May November Febraury January Febraury January Febraury May January January August
January January March March January January January January -
Upo
Watermelon
Root:
Camote
Carrot
Cassava
Gabi
Ginger
Raddish
April
March
July
December
March
May
June
May
April
June
March
March
October
Ubi
Others:
Irish Potato
Endive
Onion
Garlic
Sinkamas
Sweet Pepper
March
March
July
June
March
March
March
March
Chayote
Arrowroot
Beet
Peas
Jute
Talinum
29
PERIOD
June November January March January August March March Whole year
March Whole year
January August November January -
August
Febraury
March
April
April
September
June
June
September
April
September
March
March
Year Round
March - April
Year Round
Year Round
Year Round
November - December
March - May
Year Round
February December December November October February August February June January February January June November -
March
March
March
December
November
March
September
March
September
March
March
March
July
December
PLANTING CALENDAR
Seasons are not pronounced, relatively DRY from November to April and WET during the rest of
the year. This type of climate covers the Western part of Cagayan(Luzon), Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya,
the Eastern portion of the Mountain Province, Southern Quezon, the Bondoc Peninsula, Masbate,
Romblon, Northeast Panay, Eastern Negros, Central and Southern Cebu, part of Northern Mindanao,
and most of Eastern Palawan.
CROP
PERIOD
CROP
PERIOD
Rice:
Lowland
June - August
Mustard
May - July
Palagad
November - January
October - December
Upand
April - June
Pechay
May - June
October - December
Corn:
Spinach
May - June
Dry season
October - December
October - December
Rainy season
April - June
Third Crop
December - February
Fruit:
Ampalaya
May - June
Peanut:
November - December
Dry season
September October
Chayote
May - June
Rainy season
April - June
November - January
Third Crop
December - January
Cucumber
May - June
October - January
Beans:
Eggplant
May - June
Batao
May - June
November - January
Bountiful Bean
May - June
Melon(ordinary)
May - June
November - January
October - January
Cowpea or Kibal
May - June
Muskmelon
November - January
November - December
Okra
May - July
Kadios
May - June
October - December
October - November
Patola
May - July
Mungo
December - January
October - January
September - October
Squash
May - June
Patani
May - June
October - December
(climbing)
November - December
Sweet Pepper
May - June
Seguidillas
May - June
October - December
Sitao
May - June
Tomato
October - January
November - January
Upo
April - May
Soybean
May - June
October - January
October - December
Condol
June - July
Tapilan
May - June
November - January
November - December
Watermelon
October - January
Peas
April June
November - January
Root:
Vegetables:
Sweet Potato
April - June
Leafy:
November - January
Cabbage
April - June
Carrot
October - December
October - December
Gabi
May - July
Cauliflower
October - December
October December
Celery
May - July
Garlic
October December
October - December
Ginger
October December
Lettuce
April - May
November - December
October - December
Irish Potato
October - December
PLANTING CALENDAR
RAINFALL more or less evenly distributed throughout the year.
The areas covered by Type 4 climate are Batanes Province, Northeastern Luzon, Western Camarines
Norte and Camarines Sur, Albay, Eastern Mindoro, Marinduque, Western Leyte, Northern Negros,
and most of Central, Eastern, and Southern Mindanao.
CROP
PERIOD
CROP
PERIOD
Rice:
Lowland
May - July
Lettuce
May - June
August - October
January - February
Palagad
November - January
Mustard
June - July
Upand
April - June
September - January
Corn:
Pechay
May - July
Dry season
Rainy season
Third Crop
Peanut:
Dry season
Rainy season
Third Crop
Beans:
Batao
Bountiful Bean
Cowpea or Kibal
Kadios
Mungo
Patani
Seguidillas
Sitao
Soybean
Tapilan
Peas
Vegetables:
Leafy:
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Celery
Kutchai
September - November
April - June
November - February
September - November
May - June
November - February
Spinach
Fruit:
Ampalaya
Chayote
May May October May October -
June
June
December
June
December
Cucumber
May May November May November May May October May November May November June December -
July
June
January
June
January
June
June
January
June
January
June
December
July
January
Muskmelon
Okra
Eggplant
Melon
Patola
Squash
Sweet Pepper
Tomato
Upo
Watermelon
June October April September June January June -
September
January
July
January
July
Febraury
July
Root:
Camote
Carrot
Gabi
November - January
April - May
May September May November May October June October June November November -
June
January
June
December
June
December
July
December
July
January
January
November June September January May December May November May September May October May October April November -
January
July
October
February
June
January
June
January
June
January
June
January
June
January
May
January
May September May November June January -
June
November
June
January
September
February
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
Title
Page
1.0
GENERAL
2.0
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.2
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.4
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
DAM
Determination of Dam Height
Dead or Inactive Storage
Active Storage
Flood Surcharge
Freeboard
Outline of Dam Height Computation
Dam Crest Width
Selection of Type of Earth Dam
Homogeneous/ Modified Homogeneous Type
Zoned Embankment Type
Embankment Slopes
Seepage Through Earth Embankment
Seepage Line
Position of Seepage Line
Quantity of Seepage
Filter Design
Embankment Slope Protection
Upstream Slope
Downstream Slope
1
1
1
3
3
6
7
7
7
7
9
11
13
13
13
13
21
22
22
23
Section
Title
Page
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.4
SPILLWAY
General
Spillway Type and Alignment
Spillway Hydraulics
Control Section
Discharge Channel
Terminal Section
Structural Requirements
24
24
24
24
25
25
31
40
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.4
OUTLET WORKS
General
Specific Type and Physical Arrangement
Outlet Works Hydraulics
Section of Design Discharge Head Combination
Sizing of Discharge Pipe
Sizing of Impact Type Dissipator
Structural Design Considerations
43
43
43
44
44
44
48
48
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.4
IRRIGATION WORKS
General
Canal Layout and Profile
Canal Hydraulics
Slide Slopes
Permissible Velocity
Applicable Formula for Sizing of Canal
Freeboard
Design of Canal Structures
51
51
51
51
51
52
52
53
53
Appendix I
General Design Criteria for Canal Structures
55
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Title
Page
Outline of Dam Height and Dam Crest
Embankment Slopes for Homogeneous Dams
14
Embankment Slopes for Zoned Dams
15
Permissible Velocities for Non-Cohesive Soils
27
Permissible Velocities for Grassed Channel
28
Outline of USBR Basin Computations Format
46
Cantilever Retaining Wall Parameters
41
Discharge Pipe Computations Format
46
Impact Type Stilling Basin Computations Format
50
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9a
9b
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Title
Reservoir Storage Allocations
Reservoir Operation Studies Format and Flow Chart
Flood Routing Format and Flow Chart
Modified Homogeneous Dam Sections
Size of Impervious Core of Zoned Dam
Slope Stability Chart No. 1
Elements of Seepage Line
Diagrams for Determining a and a
Flow Profile Along Spillway
Unsubmerged Deflector Bucket
Type IV USBR Basin
Type III USBR Basin
Type II USBR Basin
Hydraulic Jump Nomograph
(Stilling basin Depth Vs Hydraulic Head
for Various Channel Losses)
Typical Chute and Stilling Basin Section
Typical Outlet Works System
Impact Type Energy Dissipator
Types of Irrigation Canal Layout
Page
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4
5
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39
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45
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54
ENGINNERING DESIGN
1.0
GENERAL
For the Water Impounding Component of the Rainfed Project, the earth embankment dam type
(homogeneous or zoned type) is considered to be more cost effective over concrete or other types of dam.
The dam embankment volumes, consisting of natural earth materials, are relatively small and are available
at or in the vicinity of the project site. These materials are soil and rock in their many varied forms.
Included in this section are the procedures, criteria and assumptions used in the design of a small
earth dam and its appurtenances.
Also included in the later part of this section are the procedures, criteria and assumptions in the
design of irrigation works consisting of canals and canal structures as well as access roads to complete the
coverage on the physical structural component of the project.
In the procedures and assumptions that follow, it is assumed that dam location, necessary site
investigations as well as prerequisites studies on geology, hydrology, etc., have already been undertaken.
2.0
DAM
2.1
Determination of dam Height

In general, the height of the dam is determined on the basis of the following vertical
space requirements in the reservoir.
a. Dead or Inactive Storage Space
b. Active Storage Space
c. Flood Surcharge
d. Freeboard
e. Settlement
Space allocations of each of the above items are illustrated in Figure 1.

2.1.1 Dead or Inactive Storage
The number of years for sediment to fill up the dead storage space plus about 20% of the
live storage is termed as the expected economic life of the project. This time magnitude is an agency
policy decision.
Unless amended later, sediment volume shall be computed on the basis of 25 years of
accumulation in the reservoir. This volume shall be allocated in the dead storage space as shown in Figure
1.
2.1.2
Active Storage
The active storage is allocated primarily for irrigation purposes. This space is determined from
reservoir operation studies.
Reservoir operation study basically water accounting. No clear-cut formula is involved but the
basic principle is to optimize reservoir to meet water requirement.
The study involves trial runs for different hectareage of service area until maximum area is
attained with minimum reservoir spill or shortage.
Among the data and assumptions needed to undertake the reservoir operation study are the
following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Reservoir inflow
Reservoir evaporation loss
Water requirements
Reservoir area-capacity-elevation curves.
Reservoir elevation at the end of the operation must be equal to the starting elevation.
Items a, b and c are obtained from the results of Hydrologic Studies. Item d is derived from a
reservoir topographic map.
Shown in Figure 2 are the typical format and detailed flow chart for reservoir operation studies.
2.1.3
Flood Surcharge
Flood surcharge space is allocated for the design flood.
Maximum surcharge height is the difference between maximum and normal water surface. It is
dependent on three factors namely;
a. Spillway size opening.
b. Reservoir capacity-elevation relationship.
c. Magnitude and shape of the inflow hydrograph.
Flood surcharge height is estimated by flood routing.
There are a number of methods for flood routing but the basic formula is:
I=O+S
Where;
----------------------------------------- 1
I = inflow volume
O = outflow volume
S = change in storage
A simple and expedient method of flood routing is by arithmetic trial and error.
Shown in Figure 3 are format and detailed flowchart for such method.
In this all other methods of flood routing, it is assumed that all outlets are fully closed and all
discharges are allowed to pass only over the spillway. Moreover, water surface in the reservoir is at
normal level at the start of the flood.
The data required to undertake flood routing computations are the following:
a. Hydrograph of inflow design flood.
b. Reservoir capacity-elevation curve.
c. Spillway rating curve or equation given by the following formula for a broadcrested weir:
Q = CLH3/2
Where:
------------------------------------------ 2
Q = discharge over the spillway
C = weir coefficient; 1.704 metric
H = surcharge height
L = spillway width
2.1.4 Freeboard
Freeboard space is provided against wave splash along the upstream face of the dam, which may
coincide with occurrence of the design flood as well as embankment settlement. It is estimated
by the following formula:
For vertical wall
--------------------3
Fb1 =
Fb2 = 2% to 5 % of dam height ------------------------------------------- 4
Fb = Fb1 + Fb2
------------------------------------------------------------------5
Where:
F b1= freeboard due to wave run-up, m

F = reservoir effective fetch, km
V = wind velocity, km/hr
Fb2 = freeboard due to embankment settlement, m
Fb = total freeboard, m
2.1.5
Outline of Dam Height Computation

Shown in Table 1 is an outline form for dam height computations.
2.2
Dam Crest Width

Width of the dam crest is computed on the basis of the following criteria:
a. Minimum width for maintenance purposes = 4.00 m
b. W1 = 5/3
--------------------------------- 6
+ 10
--------------------------------- 7
c. W2 =
Where:
W1 = width of the dam crest, m

H1 = dam height, m
W2 = width of dam crest, ft
H2 = dam height, ft
The largest dimension computed from the above items is adapted as the width of the
dam crest.
2.3
Selection of Type of Earth Dam
The availability and excavation costs of the materials often dictate the type of the construction of
dam embankment to be considered. An abundant supply of materials of low permeability (e.g. sandy or
silty clay, other clayey material) points to the use of a homogenous earth dam. Sufficient quantities of
both pervious and impervious materials indicate the suitability of a zoned dam.
2.3.1
Homogenous/Modified Homogenous Type
A purely homogenous type of dam is composed of a single kind of embankment

material exclusive of slope protection. The basic requirement for this type is that the embankment
material must be sufficiently impervious to provide adequate water barrier and that the slopes must be
stable under critical loading condition. Recognizing the basic short coming of purely homogenous
section which is in seepage and pore water control, the usually adopted type of dam is the modified
homogenous type. The modification is carefully placed pervious material which help to control seepage
flow and pore pressure development. This permits the use of steep slopes by lowering the phreatic level
within the embankment, the flowing of fine particle with the seepage water is also screened off
preventing piping. The two types of modified homogeneous dam are shown in Figure 4.
If a rockfill toe is provided, as shown in Figure 4a, a filter must be constructed between
the embankment proper and the rockfill toe.
Table 1
Outline of Computation For Dam Height
& Dam Crest Elevation
1. Creek Bed Elevation
= __________________ m
2. Min. Water Surface Elevation
= __________________ m
3. Normal W.S. Elevation

(From Reservoir Operation Studies)
= __________________ m
4. _____ Year Flood Surcharge Height

(From Flood Routing)
= __________________ m
5. Max. W.S. Elev. 3 + 4
= __________________ m
6. Freeboard due to Wave run-up, Fb
= __________________ m
7. Preliminary Dam Crest Elev. (5 + 6)
= __________________ m
8. Preliminary Dam Height (7 1)
= __________________ m
9. Embankment Settlement, (2% to 5% of 8)
= __________________ m
10. Final Dam Height (8 + 9)
= __________________ m
11. Final Dam Crest Elevation (1 + 10)

(Round-off to nearest 0.50 m)
= __________________ m
To perform its function of lowering the phreatic or seepage line and to provide added stability to
the downstream portion of the dam, the horizontal drainage blanket as shown in Figure 4b, should extend
from the downstream toe deep into the embankment. A chimney drain will help to provide better
collection capability. The blanket should not however extend so far upstream as to shorten much the
seepage path to critical extent. It is recommended that the horizontal filter blanket extend, from
downstream toe to a distance not grater than one third of thye base of the dam.
2.3.2 Zoned Embankment Type
This type consists of a central impervious core flanked between zones of more pervious
materials. The central portion, is called the core while the more pervious flanks, the shell. The shell
enclose and support the core. To prevent migration of material from the core to the shell, a transition
zone is provided. Essentially the transition is filter and therefore designed as such. The upstream shell
affords stability against rapid drawdown and the downstream shell acts as a drain to control seepage.
Three major advantages of using this type of embankment are listed below:
a. Steeper slopes could be adopted with consequent reduction in total volume of
embankment materials.
b. A wide variety of materials could be utilized.
c. Utilization of materials excavated structure could be maximized.
d. More stable and affords added stability against earthquake, cracking and settlement.
Figure 5 shows the suggested size of minimum core for the following conditions:
a. Impervious or shallow pervious foundation penetrated by a positive cut-off trench. Use
Minimum Core A.
b. Exposed pervious foundation and covered pervious foundation not penetrated by a
positive cut-off trench. Use Minimum Core B.
10
2.4 Embankment Slopes

There are various methods of computing the stability of slopes of earthfill dams. In general,
these are based on certain assumptions on the mode and mechanics of embankment failure. The most
common and the simplest of the method, the Swedish or slices method assumes the surface of rupture to
be circular in shape. It gives sufficiently accurate results for static analyses.
In this method, it is assumed that the driving force exerted on any soil masses within the
slipping block is equal to the component of the weight of the mass acting along the slip plane. Resistance
to sliding is provided by interparticle friction ( a function of the normal component of the weight of the
mass0 and cohesion. Pore water pressure acting on the soil mass results in an uplift force which reduces
the normal component of the weight segment.
The safety factor for the assumed slip, plane is computed from the following equation:
------------------------------- 8
Where: N
U
T
L
C
= Component of the weight of the soil mass

normal to the slip plane.
= uplift forces due to pore water pressure
= component of the weight of the soil mass tangent to the slip plane
= length of arc of slip-circle
= cohesion
= angle of internal friction
Various centers and radii of the slip-circle are considered and computations repeated until
that arc which gives the minimum factor of safety is established.
On order to compute for the factor of safety given in equation 11, it is necessary to determine
the value of C and
of the soil as well as the magnitude of pore-water pressures under construction,
steady state and drawdown conditions. It is also necessary to determine the strength properties of the
foundation. To simplify stability analyses calculation, stability chart similar to the ones shown in Figure
6,7 and 8 have been prepared by several Fig. 6 & 7, in conjunction with Figure 8 can be used in
conditions like submergence and surcharge loading. For the other critical conditions of the dam, ( e.g.
steady seepage and rapid drawdown), calculation for the factor of safety using the slices method or other
slope stability analysis method will have to be adopted.
11
12
Tables 2 and 3 give recommended slopes for homogeneous and zoned dams respectively. The
values given are based on USBR experience on their constructed dams. For small dams, these values are
conservative and will result in adequate factor of safety provided proper placement and compaction
control on embankment material is attained during construction.
2.5 Seepage Through Earth Embankment
2.5.1 Seepage Line
The seepage or phreatic line may be defined as the line with no filter arrangements. With
rock toe provision, the basic parabola may be drawn in a similar way taking point A as focus. It should be
noted that the parabola is the seepage line for a horizontal filter. For a horizontal filter, = 180.
Due to large difference in the permeabilities of the inner core and outer shells in a zoned
or composite dam, the effect of the outer shell is neglected and the seepage line is drawn as if it was a
dam with a core alone.
2.5.3 Quantity of Seepage
The quantity of seepage through earth dams is computed on the basis of the Darcys
Law:
Q=KiA
Where:
------------------------------- 9
K = coefficient of permeability
i = hydraulic gradient
A = area of flow
Under steady state condition, the equation of the based parabola is:
y = 2 x yO + yO2
--------------------------------- 10
i = dy / dx
--------------------------------- 11
Where, y represents the vertical height of the seepage line above the dam base. For a unit length,
y would represent the area flow.
13
Table 2
Recommended Slopes for Small Homogeneous
Earth Fill Dams on Stable Foundation
Case
Purpose
A. Homogenous
Or Modified
Homogeneous
Detention
or
Storage
B. Modified
Homogenous
1/
2/
3/
Storage
Drawdown
Condition
Slow
Rapid
Embankment
Classification
GC,GM,SC,
SM,CL,ML,CH,
MH
GC,GM,SC,
SM,CL,ML,CH,
MH
Slopes
Upstream
Downstream
2:.5:1
2:1
3:1
2.5:1
3.5:1
2.5:1
3:1
3.5:1
4:1
From Design of Small Dams, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

Draw down rates of 0.15 m/day following prolonged storage at high level.
Definitions:
GC
GM
SC
SM
CL
- Clayey, poorly graded gravel-sand-clay mixture

- Silty gravel, poorly graded-sand-silt mixture.
- Clayey sand, poorly graded sand-silt mixture.
- Silty sand, poorly graded sand-silt mixture
- Inorganic clay of low to medium plasticity, gravely clay,sandy
clay,silty clay,lean
ML - Inorganic silt and very fine sand, rock flour, silty or clayey fine
sand with slight plasticity
CH - Inorganic clay of high plasticity, fat clay.
MH - Inorganic silt, micaceous or diatomaceous fine sandy or silty soil,
elastic silt.
14
2:1
2.5:1
2.5:1
Table 3
Recommended Slopes for Small Zoned
Earth Fill Dams on Stable Foundation
1/
2/
3/
4/
From Design of Small Dams , U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

Minimum and maximum size of cores are shown in Figure 4.
Drawdown rate of 0.15m/day following prolonged storage at high reservoir level.
Definitions
CW - Well graded, gravel-sand mixture, little or no fine
GP - Poorly gravel, gravel-sand mixture, little or no fine.
SW - Well graded sand, gravely sand., little or no fine
SP - Poorly graded sand, gravely sand, little or no fine.
See Table 2 for definitions of core materials.
15
16
17
18
19
20
Therefore, equation 9 would become;

q = k ( dy/dx ) y
------------------------- 12
Expanding equation 12 and transposing terms;

-------------------------
13
Since the discharge passing through any vertical plane is the same;
at x = 0 (Figure 6), dy/dx = 1 and y = yo. Hence,
q = kyo
--------------------------
14
Equation 14 is applicable only to horizontal filters and could also be applied to other cases to get
approximate discharge.
2.5.4
Filter Design
Filter drain is required between the impervious core and outer shell of zoned dams and
on horizontal drainage blanket or toe drains of modified homogeneous dams to prevent migration of small
particles and to screen off fine materials that flow with seepage water.
To serve its purpose, the filter must satisfy the following requirements:
a.
b.
c.
Graduation must be such that the particles of soil are prevented from entering
the filter and clogging it.
Capacity of the filter must be such that it adequately handles total seepage
flow.
Permeability must be great enough to provide easy access of seepage water so
that uplift forces are reduced.
Multi-layer of filters although more effective must be avoided in general since these
are costly. If sufficient quantities of filter material are available at reasonable cost, it would bee more
economical to provide thick layers rather than process material to meet exact requirements for a thin filter
design.
The following limits are recommended to satisfy filter stability criteria to provide
ample increase in permeability between based material and filter.
a. D15 of filter =
D15 of material
5 to 40, provided that the filter does not contain more than
5% of material passing No. 200 sieve.
b. D15 of filter =
D85 of material
21
c. The grain size curve of the filter should be roughly parallel to that of the base material.
D15 is the size at which 15 percent of the total; soil particles are smaller. The percentage is
by weight as determined by mechanical analysis.
D85 size is that at which 85 percent of the soil particles are smaller.
If more than one filter layer is required, the same criteria are followed. The finer filter is
considered as base material for selection of the gradation of coarse material.
The design and sizing of the filter drain is done using Darcys equation ( see Equation 9 ),
transformed to a more convenient form of application,
( for horizontal drain )
Where; Q = design seepage value equivalent to 5-10 times estimated
embankment seepage
k = average permeability of filter material
t = thickness of drain; L = length of Drain
w = width of drain (perpendicular to flow)
The design and sizing of other type of drain (e.g., toe drain, chimney drain etc.)
can be done in a similar manner.
2.6
Embankment Slope Protection

2.6.1 Upstream Slope
For a well protected reservoir, i.e., a condition where the upper reaches of the basin
is shielded by a high mountain barriers, only plain gravel would be necessary to protect the upstream face
of the dam.
For unprotected reservoirs, the upstream slope of the dam should be protected against
the destructive effect of wave action. Usual types of surface protection include rock, concrete pavement.
Concrete pavement should be considered only in extreme cases since it is too expensive.
22
The size of concrete cube may be estimated from formula,

W=
--------------------------------------- 15
Hw = 0.032
Where
+ 0.763 0.271
--------------------- 16
W = weightof concrete, tons

Hw = wave height, m.
F = effective reservoir fetch, km.
V = wind velocity, km/hr.
Sr = specific gravity of concrete
Sw = specific gravity of water
p = 70 for dumped riprap
a = angle of face slope from horizontal
Where rock or stone or riprap is abundant near the site then use of these materials should
be of first priority. The size of rock or stone required may be estimated directly from the formula:
Dm = 2.23 C Hw
Where :
-----------------------------------------------
17
dm = riprap diameter, m
W = unit weight of water, ton/m3
G = unit weight of stone, ton/m3
S = slope of embankment
Hw = wave height, equation 16
C = riprap factor (0.54 for hand-placed and 0.80 for dumped)
2.6.2 Downstream Slope

For a zoned dams where the downstream outer shell consists of rock or cobbles, no special
treatment of the slope necessary.
For homogeneous / modified homogeneous dams, the downstream slope should be
protected against wind and impact of rainfall by a layer of cobbles, by sodding or by interceptor canals.
Unsightly gullies develop at the contact between the embankment and the abutments.
These should be controlled by providing a gutter must be made of grouted rock or cobbles.
23
3.0
SPILLWAY
3.1 General
A spillway is the safety valve of an earth dam. Its main function is to release surplus or
flood water which cannot be contained within the active storage space of the reservoir. Adequate capacity
of the spillway is of primary importance especially for an earthfill dam which is likely to be destroyed if
overtopped.
In addition to providing sufficient capacity, the spillway must be hydraulically and
structurally adequate. It must be located so that spillway discharge will not have the chance to erode or
undermine the downstream toe of the dam. The bounding surfaces at critical sections must be protected
with concrete lining or erosion resistant material to withstand the high scouring velocity created by the
drop from the reservoir to the tailwater level.
3.2 Spillway Type Alignment
It is advisable to concentrate on the side channel or chute type of spillway s much as
geologic conditions will allow. One exception however is the use of a trickle spillway in combination
with a grassed discharge channel. Further discussion on this latter type of combination will be present5ed
in later sub-sections.
The side channel and chute types have marked advantages over the closed and buried
types, i.e., siphon, culvert and drop inlet such as:
a. Simplicity, facility and ease of construction
b. Readily accessible for inspection and emergency repair.
c. Lesser possibility of being clogged with debris. Between the side channel and chute
type, the former is hydraulically less efficient but it is more adaptable were low
surcharge head is required by adopting a long overflow crest. Both types require a
discharge channel cut along abutment hillside leading to the same stream below the
dam. For economy, the shortest possible reach to the same or to some other natural
waterway downstream should be selected for alignment of the discharge channel.
In other instances, a saddle on either the left or right side of the proposed dam offers a
good possibility for a chute spillway. The alignment may lead to an adjacent drainage way or to the same
stream below the dam. Unless volume excavation is excessive or excavation is too difficult, the possibility
of having the spillway pass through the saddle should be considered in the design.
3.3 Spillway Hydraulics
The side channel and chute spillway have three main components in common namely; the
control section, discharge channel and the terminal section.
24
3.3.1 Control Section

a. Side Channel Spillway The control section may consist of a concrete ogee weir or
sill. Hydraulic analysis of the control section is treated in detail in Design of Small
Dams published by the US Bureau of Reclamation.
b. Chute Spillway - The control may consist of an ogee or harp-crested weir or just a
flat approach which may be lined or not depending on approach velocity or structural
requirements. For economy, simplicity and ease of construction use of the flat
approach control should be the first priority over the weir type. Hydraulic design of
the former is simple and straight forward.
3.3.2 Discharge Channel
a. Slope The slope of the discharge channel should approximate the general slope of
the existing ground to entail lesser excavation. Multiple slopes, however, should be
minimized or avoided. As far as practicable, a single sloped straight channel should
be adopted for hydraulic efficiency structural stability.
b. Channel Shape and Lining The cross sectional shape of the channel may be
trapezoidal, rectangular, or a combination of both. It may be unlined grassed,
riprapped or concrete line depending on channel velocity.
c. Permissible Velocity Shown in Table 4 are permissible velocities for cohesive
soils which may be used as the basis of design for unlined channels. Permissible
velocities for different types of grass lining are shown in Table 5. It should be noted
however that most of the grass types listed in Table 5 are not found locally. These
therefore should be use only as basis of comparison with similar types of grass found
locally.
d. Hydraulics For unlined, grasslined and riprapped discharge channels,
determination of the flow depth and other elements along the discharge channel shall
be based on the Mannings Formula:
Mannings Formula:
-------------------------------Where:
V = velocity, mps
R = hydraulic radius, m
S = channel slope
n = channel roughness coefficient
25
18
Another convenient form of the Mannings formula is;

--------------------------------------Where:
Q = discharge, m3/ s
A = cross sectional area of flow
For A = bd = md2
P = b + 2d
R = A/P
19
m2 + 1
-----------------------------------------
20
-----------------------------------------
21
-----------------------------------------
22
Equation 19 could be expanded and rearranged resulting into a form convenient for trial
and error solution such as,
-----------------------
Where:
b = channel bed width, m

d = flow depth, m
m = channel side slope
26
23
Table 4
Maximum Permissible Velocities
and the Corresponding Unit Tractive Force
Material
Fine sand, colloidal

Sandy loam, non-colloidal
Silt loam, non-colloidal
Alluvial silt, non-colloidal
Ordinary firm loam
Volcanic ash
Stiff clay, very colloidal
Alluvial silts, colloidal
Shales & hard pans
Fine gravel
Graded loam to cobbles
when non-colloidal
Graded silts to cobbles
when colloidal
Coarse gravel, nonColloidal
Cobble and shingle
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.020
0.030
Clear
Water
Unit
V
Tractive
(feet per Force
second)
1.50
0.027
1.75
0.037
2.00
0.048
2.00
0.048
2.50
0.075
2.50
0.075
3.75
0.26
3.75
0.26
6.00
0.67
2.50
0.075
3.75
0.38
Water Transporting Colloidal Silts

V
(feet per
second)
2.50
2.50
3.00
3.50
3.50
3.50
5.00
5.00
6.00
5.00
5.00
Unit Tractive
Force
0.075
0.075
0.11
1.15
0.15
0.15
0.46
0.46
0.67
0.32
0.66
0.030
4.00
0.43
5.50
0.80
0.025
4.00
0.30
6.00
0.67
0.035
5.00
0.91
5.50
1.10
27
Table 5
Permissible Velocities
For Grassed Channels
1/ From U.S. Conservation Service. Values apply to average uniform stands of cover.
Velocities exceeding 5 fps are to be used only where good covers and proper maintenance can be
obtained.
2/ Not to be used on slopes steeper than 5%
3/ Used on mild slopes or as temporary cover until permanent covers are established.
28
For concrete line discharge channels where the flow is supercritical, the Energy, Manning and
Continuity Equations shall be used.
Referring to Figure 10.
Z + dc + hvc = d1 + hv1 + hf1
----------------------------------------
24
Dc = critical depth computed by trial and error from the formula,

( bdc + mdc2 )3 = Q2
b + 2md
g
----------------------------------------
24a
hvc =
Qo2______
[( bdc + mdc2 ) 2 2g]
----------------------------------------
24b
hv1 =
Qo2______
[( bdc + md12 ) 2 2g]
----------------------------------------
24c
----------------------------------------
24d
hf1 = ( SA + SB ) L
2
SA = ( Qn )2 ( b + 2dc M2 + 1
(bdc + mdc2 )10/3
)4/3
----------------------------
24e
SB = ( Qn )2 ( b + 2d1 M2 + 1
(bdc + md12 )10/3
)4/3
----------------------------
24f
Equation 24 involves a trial solution in d1 until both sides become equal.

e. Channel Freeboard Freeboard along the discharge channel shall be computed from
the formula,
Fc = 2.0 + 0.025 V
Where:
-------------------------------
25
Fc = freeboard, ft.
V = average velocity of the channel reach, fps
D = average depth of flow within the reach, ft.
29
30
3.3.3 Terminal Section

For unlined and grassed discharge channels, the terminal structure should be as simple as
possible. This may be consist of a concrete sill at downstream end of the channel and a dumped riprap
from the sill to a distance downstream equal to the channel width.
For riprapped and concrete lined channels, the terminal structure may consist of an
unsubmerged deflector bucket as shown in Figure 11 or a hydraulic jump type basin. Examples of the
latter are shown in Figures 12 to 14.
a. Unsubmerged Deflector Bucket This type of terminal structure works on the
principle of a projectile. Flow from the deflector leaves the structure as an upturned
jet and falls some distance downstream from the structure. This is the simplest and
cheapest to construct when the discharge reach consists of hard rock or non-erodible
material.
The path of the jet is described by the basic equation,
Y = x tan A ______x2________
0.36 cos2 ( d + hv )
Where:
--------------------------------
26
A = exit angle of the bucket lip

d = depth of flow at the bucket. This could
Be determined from Equation 24
hv = velocity head
The horizontal range of the jet is computed by the formula,

X = 1.8 sin2 A ( d + hv )
---------------------------------
26a
Hydraulic design considerations areas follows:

1. The exit angle must not greater than 30
2. The bucket radius should be long enough to maintain a smooth and concentric
flow. Minimum bucket radius should not be less than 5d.
31
32
33
34
35
b. USBR Hydraulic Jump Type Basin As the name suggests, this type of terminal structure dissipates
the flow energy by forming a hydraulic jump. There are three types in use by the USBR as
shown in Figure 11, 12 to 14, selection of type is based primarily on the Froude Number, F
in which:
F=
-------------------------- 27
Where:
v1 = velocity at entrance to the basin

D1 = depth of flow at entrance to the basin
For the determination of jump depth d2, the nomograph shown in Figure 15 would be
useful and convenient. Basin length, L is determined from the L/d2 versus F curve accompanying each
figure in Figure 9 to 11. Other basin dimensions figures.
c. Freeboard For the USBR basins, the following empirical expression provides ample
freeboard allowance:
Fb = 0.1 (v1 + d2)
Where:
-----------------------------
v1 = velocity of entrance to the basin

d2 = flow depth at basin as determined from Figure 12
d. Outlined of Computation for USBR Basin

Shown in Table 6 is an outline form of USBR Basin computations.
36
28
Table 6
Outline of USBR Computation
1. Qo (routed flow)
2. dn ( use Mannings Formula)
=
=
________________ m3/s
________________ m
=
=
=
________________ m
________m,______ ft
______cms/m_____ cfs/ft
=
=
________________
________________
For b = __________ ( spillway width ), n = __________

m = _________
, So = _________
3. T.W.S. Elev. (Natural ground at end of basin)
4. HT = M.W.S. Elev. T.W.S. Elev.
5. q = Qo
b
6. C/H
7.
C/H < 1 = >
= 0; 1 C/H 5
C/H > 5 = >
= 0.20
= 0.10
37
Table 6 continued . . .
8. d2 ( see Figure 15 )
9. V2 = Qo
bd2
=
=
________ft,__________ m
____________________ mps
10. d1 =
____________________ m
11. V1 = Qo
bd1
____________________ mps
12. F1 = V1
____________________
13. Type of Basin (select from Figure 9 to 11)
____________________
14. L/d2 (see nomograph for corresponding type

of basin in 13)
____________________
15. L
____________________ m
16. Chute Freeboard = 2.0 + 0.025 V
________ft,__________ m
____________________ m
V = V1
2
= _____________ fps
d = ( dc + d1 ) = __________ ft
2
17. Basin Freeboard = 0.1 (V1 + d2)
38
39
3.4
Structural Requirements
For the chute type discharge channel and hydraulic jump type energy dissipator, the crosssection is a combination of a rectangular and trapezoidal shape shown in Figure 16. Self-supporting
retain walls of the gravity or concrete cantilever type would be required from the vertical section.
Design of a gravity type retaining wall is done by considering its safety against sliding and
overturning. The procedure of design is simple and straight forward.
For the concrete cantilever type, use of Table 7 would greatly simplify computations.
40
Table 7
Cantilever Retaining Wall Parameters
Bar # Spacing
E- Bars
F- Bars
ft
in
ft-in
in
ft-in
# - in
# - in
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
8
8
8
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
14
15
16
17
19
21
24
26
28
31
12
15
18
1 11
22
25
28
2 11
32
35
38
3 11
42
44
4 10
54
5 10
64
6 10
73
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
0-6
0-8
0 - 10
0-9
1-0
12
15
18
1 11
22
23
24
26
27
2 11
33
35
38
40
4-2
4 21
4 21
4 16
4 20
4 13
4 10
5 10
6 12
7 12
8 12
8 12
8 11
9 13
9 11
9 10
98
97
96
95
95
3 - 18
3 - 18
3 - 18
3 - 18
3 - 18
3 12
3 12
4 14
4 12
4 10
4 12
4 10
49
5 10
6 - 11
41
6 11
69
6-9
42
4.0 OUTLET WORKS

4.1 General
The outlet system serves to regulate the release of water impounded behind the dam at such
rate as may be dictated by downstream requirements.
Outlet works are generally classified into the following:
a. According to Purpose
One which empties directly into a river is called a river outlet, one which discharges into a
canal is called a canal outlet and one which discharges into a closed pipe system is a
pressure pipe outlet.
b. According to a Physical and Structural Arrangement
An outlet works may be described as an open channel or closed conduit waterway, closed
conduit in out-and-cover or tunnel.
c. According to Hydraulic Operation
An outlet works may be described as gated or ungated, whether it flows under pressure or
as a free flow waterway.
4.2 Specific Type and Physical Arrangement
For the Rainfed Water Impounding Component, it is advisable to adapt an outlet work system
classified as a canal outlet with closed conduit waterway under pressure and gated at the downstream end.
The system consists of a concrete intake provided with trashrack for protection against debris, a steel
pressure pipe waterway and an outlet provided with gate valve and energy dissipator.
The advisability of this system is based on its favorable performance as observed in similar
projects which are now in operation. Additionally, this type of outlet works has the advantage of
simplicity and facility to construct. It is also comparable in cost, if not more economical than other types.
The physical arrangement of the outlet works system described above is shown in Figure 17.
The methodology of design for this system is treated in ensuing subsections.
43
4.3 Outlet Hydraulics

The hydraulics of outlet works involves either one or both of two conditions of flow; open
channel flow and full conduit flow. Analysis of flow for outlet works is based on the principle of steady
non-uniform. Full pipe flow is based on pressure flow which involves the analysis of hydraulics losses to
determine the net heads available to produce the required discharges. For the particular system described
in subsection 3.4.2, the latter type flow analysis will be described within the following subsections.
4.3.1 Selection of Design Discharge Head Combination
The most critical would be a large discharge under low head. This combination could be
obtained from the results of reservoir operation studies.
4.3.2 Sizing of Discharge Pipe
From the physical arrangement of the outlet works system in Figure 14, the discharge pipe
would flow under pressure. The analysis of slow would therefore proceed in sequence as shown in Table
8.
44
45
Table 8
Outline of Discharge Pipe Computations
From the Reservoir Operation Studies, select a critical Demand Qd Head (h)
combination. A critical combination would be a large under low head.
1. Qd
2. Head, h
--------------------------------------------- = ______________ m3 /s
--------------------------------------------- = ______________ m
3. Preliminary Pipe Diameter, dp =
4. Trail Pipe Dia., dt ------------------------------------- =
______________ m
_______________ m
( Try next larger size than dp )

5. Vt = ____Qd_______
( d t2 / 4 )
------------------------------------------------------
6. Total Minor Losses, hm =
a+b+c+d
_______________ mps
_______________ m
Consider losses due to trashrack, bend, entrance and gate valve.

a. Trashrack Loss = _Kt Vn2
2g
Kt = 1.45
------------------------ =
_______________
------------------------- =
_______________
an = net trashrack area ----------------------------- = _______________

ag = gross area of rack ----------------------------- = _______________
Vn = velocity through net trashrack -------------- = _______________
46
Table 8 continued . . .
b. Entrance Loss = Ke Vt2 ------------------------ = ________________
2g
--------------------------------- = ________________
Ke
( see Table 33, page 472, Design of Small Dams, USBR)
c. Bend Loss = Kb corr x Vt2 ----------------------- = ________________
2g
------------------------- = ________________
Kb 90
( see Fig. 311a, page 475, Design of Small Dams USBR )
Correction Factor for Kb 90 -------------- = ________________
( see Fig. 311a, page 475, Design of Small Dams USBR )
Kb corr = Kb 90 x Correction Factor -------
_________________
Kv V2 ----------------------------2g
_________________
d. Valve Loss =
Kv (For gate valve, select, select below)

Fully open
open
open
open
=
=
=
=
0.19
1.15
5.60
24.00
7. Friction Loss, hf = fL
---------------- =
_________________ m
L ( total length of pipe ) ------------------------ = __________________ m

dt --------------------------------------------------- = ________ft, ________ m
f = 185 n2 --------------------------------------- = __________________
( dt )1/3
8. Total Head Loss, ht = hm + hf -----------------9. Net Head, hn = h ht ---------------------------10. Net velocity, Vn =
-------------------2
11. Qt = Vn dt -----------------------------------4
12. Qt Qd ; if not, repeat nos. 4 to 11
13. Final Pipe Diameter, df ----------------------( After successive trials)
47
= __________________ m
= __________________ m
= __________________ mps
= __________________m3/s
=
___________________ m
Generally, sizing of the discharge pipe involves the solution of Energy of Bernoulli Equation.
Losses incurred along the pipeline are determined and these are subtracted from the total head obtain the
net head. Actual velocity is then computed based from the net head. The cross sectional area of the pipe
multiplied by the actual velocity would yield the actual pipe discharge. This discharge, compared to the
irrigation demand would indicate whether the assumed pipe diameter is adequate to handle the demand.
4.3.3
Sizing of Impact Type Dissipator
This device, as shown in Figure 18, is limited to a maximum capacity of approximately 50

feet per second. It can be used at the terminal of an open chute or a closed conduit structure.
Dissipation is accomplished by the impact of the incoming jet on the vertical baffle and by
eddies formed by the deflected jet after it strikes the baffle. For better performance, the bottom of the
baffle must be at the same level as the invert of the upstream channel or pipe.
Sizing of the device would proceed in sequence as shown in Table 9.
4.4. Structural Design Considerations
For the concrete structural components of the outlet works system described above, only a
minimum of temperature reinforcement is required.
Joints of the steel discharge pipe must be water tight to prevent leakage into the surrounding
embankment. This would require couplings that remain watertight after movement or settlement of the
pipe.
Methods of bedding and backfilling should be such as to insure against unequal settlement
along the pipe length and to the secure the most possible distribution of load on the foundation. Extreme
care should be taken to secure tight contact between the fill and the conduit surface to prevent seepage
and insure lateral restraint on the structure.
48
49
Table 9
Outline of Impact Stilling Basin Computation
1. Hydraulic Head, H
_________________ m
2. Pipe Diameter, dt
_________________ m
3. Equivalent Square Opening, ds =
_________________ m2
4. Velocity, Vs =
_________________ mps
5. Froude No, F = Vs
_________________
6. Basin Width, W = 2.85 ds F 0.58
_________________ m
H = NWS Elev. Elev. C
7. Other Basin Dimensions

H = W = ______________ m
a = W = ______________ m
b= 1/6 W = _____________ m
c= 3/8 W = _____________ m
L = 4/3 W = _____________ m
50
5.0 IRRIGATION WORKS

5.1 General
The irrigation works component shall consist of a network of open canal laterals and drainage
ditches provided with the necessary structures to control the distribution of irrigation water design of
canals shall be done on the basis of the NIA criteria and other applicable criteria which shall be discussed
in the following subsections.
5.2 Canal Layout and Profile
There are three possible types of open irrigation canal layout. These are illustrated in Figure
19.
In laying out canals, the designer should have an overall view of the topographic map and
determine beforehand where the canals should pass. Routes passing along steep slopes should be avoided
as much as possible for larger canals to minimize or eliminate costly structures.
For feasibility study purposes, ground profiles along canal routes may be taken from
topographic maps. This is done by taking elevation of contours that cross the canal alignment and plotting
such elevation against distance on suitable cross section paper.
5.3 Canal Hydraulics
5.3.1 Side Slopes
Earth canals for irrigation and drainage purposes re generally trapezoidal in shape with
side slope determined from experience and stability studies of the bank material. Usually, a side slope of
1.5:1 is found adequate for most earth materials. This slope however, be steepend if soil conditions so
warrant. For rock or hardpan materials, a side slope of 1/3:1 or 1/2:1 may be used. Materials that are
initially hard but subsequently would became unstable of their property of being easily pulverized or
disintegrated after exposure to the elements should have flatter side slopes which may be 1:1 and provide
with the concrete lining if necessary.
51
5.3.2 Permissible Velocity

Normally, small canals ( which are expected for the Rainfed Project ) have a minimum
permissible velocity of 0.30 per meter.
The ideal condition is to design the canal for a velocity which will be neither too fast to
cause scouring nor too slow to cause silting. As guide, the following Kennedy Formula would be useful;
Vs = cd0.64
---------------------------------29
Where :
Vs
d
c
= velocity for non-silt and non-scour, sediment

laden water, fps.
= depth of flow, ft.
= coefficient for various soil conditions as follows:
c
Soil condition
Fine, light, sandy
Coarse, light, sandy
Sandy, loamy
Coarse, silt, hard
0.84
0.92
1.01
1.09
For clear water

Vs = cd
-----------------------------------
30
5.3.3 Applicable Formula for Sizing of Canal

For simplicity, Mannings formula shall be used in sizing the canals. This was given in
Equation 18 which is repeated hereunder:
V = _1 R2/3 S1/2
-----------------------------------
18
( bd + md2 ) 5/3
( b + 2d m2 + 1) 2/3
= __n_ ----------------------------------S
23
For convenient computations.

Values of the Mannings Roughness Coeffivcient, n are 0.025 to 0.03 for earthined canals
and 0.015 to 0.018 for concrete lined.
52
5.3.4 Freeboard
The canal freeboard generally used by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation is approximately
the water depth during low flow stage plus 0.30 meter with a maximum of 2.00 meters. The established
freeboard criteria of the NIA is 40% of the water depth with a minimum of 0.30 meter. The USBR criteria
seems excessive for the larger flow depth. It is more reasonable therefore to adopt a freeboard based on
the best ranges of both as follows:
a. For flow depth from 0.18 to 1.99 m:
Fb = 0.40 d (minimum = 0.30)
----------------------------------
31
b.For flow depth = 2.00 m and greater:

Fb = 0.25 + 0.30 (minimum = 2.00 m) ---------------------------
32
5.4 Design of Canal Structures

Conveyance structures are designed on hydraulics and structural requirements. Hydraulic
design refers to the proper sizing of the structures and the provision of adequate head
Allowance for flow, while structural design refers to the provision of adequate wall thickness and steel
reinforcements to the structure to enable it to sustain the imposed loads. A number of criteria for design of
canal structures have already been formulated by the NIA, and have been the basis of all other design
criteria formulated by other agencies.
Appendix I present hydraulics and structural design criteria formulated by Technosphere or the
irrigation of the Lower Agusan Development Project (LADP). A major portion has been adopted from
NIA design criteria. The same criteria can be used in the design of irrigation canal structures for the
Rainfed Project.
Irrigation canal structures for the Rainfed Water Impounding Component are relatively small
compared to those of major irrigation projects such as those undertaken by the NIA.
Structural requirement are therefore simple. Required thickness for walls are normally 0.10m
with a minimum steel reinforcement as required for temperature reinforcement only.
53
54
APPENDIX I
GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR CANAL STRUCTURES
1.0
Hydraulics
1.1 Head Losses
All conveyance structures should be designed and checked against all possible head losses.
The more common head losses are due to friction, transitions, bends, trash racks and changes in water
section or velocity.
1.1.1
Friction Loss: For box or barrel typed structures, the friction loss can be calculated
by the formula hy = SL;
Where:
For pipes, the friction loss may be calculated by the formula:

hf = fL x v2
D
2g
where Darcys f can be obtained

from graph, on page 50 using
n = 0.015 for Reinforced Concrete.
55
1.1.2
Transition Loss: Transition loss can be estimated by using the formula:

Ht = C v22 v12
2g
The value of the coefficient C can

be obtained from the tabulation below.
Type of Open Transition to Closed

Conduit
Inlet
Outlet
Stream lined warp to rectangular opening

Straight warp to rectangular opening
Straight warp with bottom corner fillets
to pipe opening
Broken back to rectangular opening
Broken back to pipe opening
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.1
0.2
Closed Transition
Square or rectangular to round (maximum
angle with centerline = 7 degrees
1.1.3
Bend Loss: Bend loss in closed conduit can be calculated from the formula:
Hb = Kb v2
2g
The coefficient, Kb, can be obtained from the graph on pages 51 to 52 for any value of
deflection angle.
1.1.4
Trashrack Loss: Trashrack losses may be estimated as dollows:

loss in feet
Velocity through rack (fps)

1.0
1.5
2.0
0.10
0.30
0.50
More accurate values may be obtained from Diagram on page 35.

Freeboard : In lined and earth canals, the minimum freeboard shall be 20% but not
less than 6 inches.
56
1.2 Inlet and Outlet Transitions of Structures

1.2.1 Transitions are generally used at the inlet and outlet of structures and where changes
occur in water section. An accelerating water velocity usually occurs in inlet transitions and a decelerating
velocity in inlet transitions. The most common type of open transitions to closed conduits are the
streamlined warp, straight warp, and broken-back. Because the construction of the warped transition will
require a very thick consistency of the concrete during placing and therefore its consolidation cannot be
attained, the adoption of the broken-back transition is preferred.
1.2.2 Inlet transition for minimum hydraulic loss and smooth operation should have a
submerge or seal of 1.5 (hvp hvc) or 8 cms. minimum measured between the upstream water surface of
the inlet transition and the opening in the transition headwall.
hvp = velocity at barrel inlet
hvc = velocity at canal just at plane of inlet cut-off wall.
Outlet transition should have no submergence of the opening in the headwall. If
submergence exceeds 1/6 of depth of opening at the outlet, the hydraulic loss should be computed on the
basis of sudden enlargement rather than as an outlet transition.
1.2.3 Open transitions to multiple closed will involve some additional hydraulic loss.
Average friction loss should be added for large transitions, but maybe neglected for small transitions. The
slope of the floor on a broken-back outlet transition should be 6:1 or flatter.
1.2.4
Length of Transition
Inlet = 3.5 times depth of the normal water level
Outlet = 4.5 times depth of normal water level
When the velocity inside the barrel exceeds twice the velocity of canal at outlet,
provide scour protection works (riprap on gravel blanket) just after the broken-back transition with a
length equal to 2.5 times the depth of water in the canal.
1.2.5 Cut-off-walls of Transitions
Depth : At inlet C1 = times the depth of normal water level (in multiples of 10 but not
less than 60cm., not greater than, 120cm.)
Minimum concrete thickness of cut-off-walls;
13 to 15 cm. for 60 and 80 cm. In depth
15 to 20 cm. For deeper C.O.W
57
1.2.6 Minimum freeboards at transition cut-offs for siphon, tunnel and similar structures.
Normal Water Depth at Cut-Off
Minimum Freeboard
0 to 4 cm.
41 to 60 cm.
61 to 150 cm.
151 to 210 cm.
211 to 270 cm.
15cm.
23 cm.
30 cm.
38 cm.
46 cm.
For small structures such as transitions connecting to 0.46m. pipe and smaller, top of
transition walls may be level. For larger structures, the freeboard at the transition head wall should be
greater than at the cut-off. The earth bank freeboard should be increased 50 percent (30-cm. Maximum)
adjacent to siphons, wasteways and checks without overflow. The increased freeboard to extend away the
structure at a minimum distance of 15 meters.
1.3 Sizing of Canal Structure (Barrel or Pipe)
1.3.1 Maximum allowable velocity inside barrel
Large Siphons : Vs = 3.00 m/sec.
Small Siphons : Vs = 3 Vc for small canal (but use minimum velocity
of 1.20 m/sec. To prevent silting.
Check Structures: Vs = 1.00 m/sec. (with stop planks)
= 1.50 m/sec. (gated)
Elevated Flumes: Vs = 2.00 m/sec. But should not approach critical
Velocity at structure irregularities
1.3.2 Submerged Barrel Section
Design barrel for available head by utilizing the actual hydraulic losses due to transitions,
friction, bends and other losses. In case no head is available, 5cms. head may be used only after
examination of the profile.
58
59
60
61
62
63
1.3.3 Prelminary Approximation of Barrel Size

All gate openings shall be predetermined by using formula:
Q = CA (2gh)1/2
and then check by using hydraulic losses;
Where:
C = 0.75 or see submerged tubes coefficient appropriate

values on page 54
Q = discharge through opening in cu.m./sec.
A = area of opening in sq.m.
h = available head in meters.
2.0 Structural Design for Canal Structures

2.1
Loadings
Knowing the nature and functions of canal structures, temporary, permanent and unusual loading
conditions exist. The structures are subjected to changing effects such as foundation reactions,
temperature stresses, exposure conditions and varying earth hydrostatic loading.
2.1.1 Dead Loads
Commonly used dead load weights for canal structures are as follows:
Loads
Weight ( kg/m3)
Water
Dry Earth
Compacted Wet Earth
Compacted Saturated Earth
Submerged Earth
Plain Concrete
Reinforced Concrete
Steel
1,000
1500 to 1600*
1800 to 1900*
2100 to 2200*
1100 to 1200*
2,300
2,400
7,850
* For impervious backfill, adopt lower values and for backfill containing sand and gravel, use higher
values. Compaction is assumed at optimum moisture content. For lesser compaction, use lower values.
64
2.1.2
Lateral Earth Pressure
The horizontal pressure of dry earth is usually about 480 kg/m2 per meter of depth and that
saturated earth is about 1400 kg/m2 per meter of depth. Lateral earth pressure can be calculated using
Rankines Formula:
Rankines Formula
Where:
= unit weight of earth in kg/m3

= angle of internal friction
= angle of surcharge
2.1.3 Live Load on Operating Platforms

Operating platforms for radial gates shall be designed for the rated capacity of the hoist acting
on either cable, in addition to the weight of the radial gate hoists and equipments.
500 kg/m2
750 kg/m2
Operating platforms without stoplogs

Operating platform with stoplogs
65
2.1.4 Super-imposed Load Pipes

This includes weight of the earth and/or water on the structure. Concentrated wheel loads
transmitted through the earth cover to pipe structures shall be taken as uniform loads converted to
equivalent earth cover for various heights of earth cover over the top of the pipe with MS 18 wheel loads
(As per AASHTO) as given below:
Height of Earth
Cover
(m)
0.6*
0.9**
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.4
Total Equivalent Earth Cover for Wheels Loads

(m)
MS 13.5 Loading
MS 18 Loading
3.60
2.30
2.10
2.25
2.45
2.65
2.90
4.60
2.80
2.40
2.50
2.65
2.80
3.05
* Minimum earth cover for standard concrete pipes for thresher crossings
** Minimum earth cover for standard concrete pipes for road crossings.
For earth cover less than 0.60 m., special provisions such as concrete encasement of pipe or slab
covers, etc. are made. Wheel load effect is negligible when the cover is more than 2.4 m.
Wheel load impact factors used for earth covers less than 0.9 meter are as follows:
(a) 10% for earth covers from 0.6 to 0.90m.,
(b) 20% for earth covers from 0.3 to 0.6m and
(c) 30%if the earth cover is less than 0.30m.
2.1.5 Hydrostatic Pressure
A fluid pressure of 1000 kg/m2 per meter of depth is caused by water on any structural member
required to retain water all the time, or under some ephemeral conditions of loadings. The horizontal force
due to water pressure can be represented by a triangular load whose resultant is at two-thirds of the
distance from the water surface to the base of the section under consideration.
66
2.1.6 Uplift Pressure

`Uplift pressure, which may cause by the water percolating under or long the sides of hydraulic
structures, reduces the effective weight of the structure. The total uplift pressure acting on the structures is
calculated as follows:
U1 = Woh1
U2 = Woh2
Where: U = total uplift

pressure, (t/m)
U1 = uplift pressure
at left side, (t/m)
U2 = uplift pressure
at right side(t/m)
Wo = unit weight of
water (t/m2)
L = bottom width of
structure
2.1.7 Forces Due to Water Current
For cross drainage works, effect of flowing water is some significance especially there are angular
flows. For design purposes, flow is assumed at 20 to direction of pier, computing pressure on the pier by
formula:
P = 78 V2
Where:
P = intensity of pressure in kg/m2

V = component of velocity (normal to the pier) in m/sec. and taken as twice
the maximum mean velocity component. Intensity is taken as zero at the
bottom of pier and maximum at the free surface of water.
For in line structures where velocities of flow through canal are low, effect of flowing water is
negligible.
67
2.1.8 Wind Load

Wind loads on small irrigation structures are not included in the structural and stability analysis.
For major bridges and elevated canal structures, wind should be considered.
2.1.9 Seismic Forces
Additional earth and water pressure imparted to small canal structures are not included in the
design considerations. Temporary stress caused by seismic loads is minor since the earth, water5 and
concrete masses are small.
For major structures like bridges, elevated flumes and long overchutes, earthquake forces shall be
considered in the structural and stability analysis. In the design of such structures, codes published by the
Department of Public Works and Highways shall be followed.
2.2
Loading Combinations
In actual practice, all the forces and loads explained above do not act simultaneously on the
structure. There can be similar loading combinations, imposing varying degrees of stresses in the
structures.
The following guidelines for loading combinations shall be followed;
2.3
a.
Design shall be based on the most adverse combination of probable load

conditions, but should include only those loads having a reasonable probability of
simultaneous occurrence.
b.
Earthquake forces should not be considered to occur simultaneously with design

flood of maximum wind forces.
c.
Permissible stresses may be exceeded up to a maximum limit of 33.33% when

stress due to earthquake or wind are combined with those due to dead and live loads.
Stability Analysis
For a structure to be stable, the following test criteria shall be satisfied.
a. The structures as a whole should be safe against sliding and overturning.
b. Unit stress in the material of a structure and pressure on the foundation shall not exceed
permissible limits.
68
2.3.1 Safety Against Sliding

Any structure subjected to differential lateral pressure must be able to resist the tendency to slide.
Resistance to sliding is developed by shearing strength along the contract surface of the structure base and
the foundation material itself.
For sliding analysis of small structures, shearing strength developed by the cohesion is omitted but
that developed by mechanical friction at the base and foundation interface shall be considered. The facto
of safety against sliding shall be as follows:
Factor of Safety, (FS)
Vertical Forces x tan 1.5 (under normal

Horizontal Force
conditions)
1.2 (with earthquake)
Different Values of tan:

Concrete to soil (direct contact),
Concrete to rock,
Concrete to soil
(with sand and gravel bedding),
Where:
tan = tan (2/3)

tan = 0.6
tan = 0.6 min.
= angle of internal friction of soil.
2.3.2 Safety Against Overturning

A structure is considered safe against overturning if the sum of the stabilizing moments exceeds
the sum of the overturning moments acting on it.
The resultant of all forces acting on the structures should fall within the middle third of the
structure base and if earthquake is considered, it should fall within the middle two-thirds of the structure
base. This location of resultant force also provides a more uniform bearing pressure on the foundation.
2.3.3 Safety Against Percolation
To prevent piping of foundation materials from beneath or adjacent standardized canal structures,
sufficient cut-off and structural lengths which shall allow a percolation factor of 2.5 or more should be
provided.
Lanes weighted-creep method is commonly used for percolation path studies related to canal
structures. Lanes weighted-creep ratio is equal to the weighted-creep length divided by the effective
head. The former is the sum of: (a) vertical path along the structure (steeper than 45), (b) one-third of the
horizontal path distance along the structure (flatter than 45), or two times any percolation path distance
that shortcuts
69
through the soil. Effective head is the difference in water surface elevations at the beginning of path and
point of relief.
Lanes recommended weighted-creep ratios are:
Materials
Ratio
Very fine sand or silt

Fine sand
Medium sand
Coarse sand
Fine gravel
Medium gravel sand
Coarse gravel including cobbles
Boulders with some cobbles
And gravel
Soft clay
Medium clay
Hard clay
Very hard clay or hard pan
8.5 : 1
7.0 : 1
6.0 : 1
5.0 : 1
4.0 : 1
3.5 : 1
3.0 : 1
2.5 : 1
3.0 : 1
2.0 : 1
1.8 : 1
1.6 : 1
For pipe structures, if the computed weighted- creep ratio is less than that recommended, collars
should be provided.
70
2.3.4
Safety Against Foundation Failure

a. Maximum vertical pressure of foundation material near the toe shall not exceed the
allowable bearing pressure of soil.
b. Values of allowable bearing pressure in final design calculations shall be as follows.
Normal Bearing
Pressure (kg/cm2)
MATERIAL
Normal
With
Condition Earthquake
Monoaxial
Strength
hard w/o cracks

or w/ few cracks
and uniform
10.0
15.0
100
hard w/ cracks
6.0
9.0
100
soft
3.0
4.5
100
GRAVEL : dense
Not dense
6.0
3.0
9.0
4.5
SAND
: dense
medium
3.0
2.0
4.5
3.0
30 ~ 50
*
15 ~30
CLAY
2.0
1.0
0.5
3.0
1.5
0.75
15 ~30
8 ~ 15
4 ~8
2.0 ~ 4.0
1.0 ~ 2.0
0.5 ~ 1.0
ROCK :
Very hard
hard
Medium
Where: N = standard penetration value

*=
If N is less than 15, soil is not suitable for foundation.
71
2.4
Structural Considerations
2.4.1
Permissible Stresses for Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced concrete design for all canal structures may be done by the working stress
method based on concrete strength (fc) of 210 kg/cm2 and reinforcement with specific yield strength (fy)
of 2800 kg/cm2.
The allowable stresses for design of canal structures are as follows:
Compressive stress in concrete
(fc)
----------------------Tensile stress in steel
Reinforcement (fs) ----------------------Shear stress (V)
85.0 kg/cm2
1,270.0 kg/cm2
-----------------------
4.0 kg/cm2
The allowable Bond Stress,u for #10 bars or smaller shall be computed with the formula:
Where:
2.4.2
2.4.2.1
= nominal bar diameter in (mm)

fc; is in kg/cm2
Modulus of Elasticity
The modulus of elasticity, Ec , for concrete may be taken as 15,200 fc( kg/cm2 ).
Fc (kg/cm2)
Modulus of Elasticity
Ec (kg/cm2)
2.04 x 105
2.20 x 105
2.35 x 105
180
210
240
2.4.2.2
For non-prestressed steel reinforcement, the modulus of elasticity,Es may

Be taken as 2.1 x 106 (kg/cm2).
2.4.2.3
The modular ratio of elasticity (n) shall be computed as :
72
2.5
2.5.1
Detailing of Concrete and Reinforcement

Minimum Wall Thickness
Cantilever concrete wall shall have a minimum thickness of 8 cms. per meter height up to
2.5 m. height, subject to a minimum of 12.5 cms. For walls more than 2.5 m. height, base thickness
shall be 20 cms. plus 6 cms. Per meter height in excess of 2.5 m. No wall with two layers reinforcement
shall be less than 17 cm. thick.
2.5.2
Minimum Temperature Reinforcement
The following rules may be used to determine the cross sectional area of temperature or
nominal reinforcement required. The percentage indicated are based upon the cross section of the area
(excluding fillets) of the concrete to be reinforced where the thickness of the section exceeds 38 cm, a
thickness of 38 cm should be used in determining the temperature reinforcement.
a. Temperature reinforcement shall not be less than 10 mm at 30 cm in
exposed faces for single layer reinforcement nor less than 10 mm at
in the unexposed face.
45 cm
b. Single layer reinforcement

1. Reinforcement lining 10 cm. and less in thickness with
discontinuous wire
fabric reinforcement and weakened planes at 3.70m to 4.60m centers, p = .001 or
.10%
2. Slabs and linings not exposed to freezing temperature or direct sun with joints not
exceeding 9m, p = .0025 or .25%
3. Slabs and linings exposed to freezing temperature or direct sun with joints not
exceeding 9m, p = .003 or .30%
4. Slabs and lining as above with joints exceeding 9m.
Category 2 above
Category 3 above
p = .0035 or .35%
p = .40%
c. Double Layer Reinforcement

1. Face adjacent to earth with joints not exceeding 9m, p = .001
or .10%
2.
Face not adjacent to earth not exposed to freezing temperature or direct sun and
with joints exceeding 9m, p = .0015 or .15%
3.
Face not adjacent to earth but exposed to freezing temperature or direct sun and
with joints not exceeding 9m, p = .002 or .20%
74
75

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MANUAL FOR AGROHYDROLOGY

ESTIMATION OF RUN-OFF and DERIVATION OF INFLOW

Establishment of Project Data

FIELD WATER BALANCE COMPUTATION

Establishment of Cropping Pattern and Cropping Calendar

3. ESTIMATION OF 10-DAY RESERVOIR INFLOW

Estimation of 10-Day Inflow for Region I, II, & IV

Philippine Water Resources Region

Soil Groups for Estimation of Watershed Index W.

Antecedent Moisture Condition for Estimation

Values of Watershed Index W.

Adjustment of Watershed Index W for Antecedent Moisture

Recommended Retention Rate for Hydrologic Soil Groups

T/Tp versus q/qp for Dimensionless Hydrograph

Percolation for Different Soil Types

S W H C of Different Soil Textural Class

Regional Run-off Coefficient and % Monthly Baseflow

Rearrangement of Rainfall Increments

Water Management Scheme and Crop Depending Variables

Crop Depending Variables for Field Water balance

Crop Depending Variables for Field Water balance

Crop Depending Variables for Field Water balance

Crop Depending Variables for Field Water balance

AGROHYDROLOGIC STUDIES AND ANALYSES

Estimation of Run-off and Derivation of Inflow Hydrograph (25 yrs.)

ESTIMATION OF RUN-OFF AND DERIVATION OF INFLOW

Establishment of the Project Data

Drainage Area, A, in sq. km.

Estimation of Basin Lag Time, TL and time of Concentration TC using

Compute the time to peak, Tp using

Compute for rainfall Depth P for different duration D, utilizing equation:

Obtain rainfall increments Pi and rearranged them according to three maximization

Peak P1 at middle time position, i = n/2

For the rearranged rainfall pattern considered,

TABLE 1 Regression Coefficients if the Rainfall intensity, f (mm/hr) Duration, t (hr)

Soil Groups for Estimation of Watershed Index W

Description of Soil Characteristics

Soils having very low runoff potential,

Antecedent Moisture Conditions for Estimation of Watershed Index W

Antecedent Moisture Condition

Rain in pervious 5 days

less than 0.5 in.

Values of Watershed Index W

Land Use or Cover

Adjustment of Watershed index W for Antecedent moisture Condition

Corresponding Value of W for:

Recommended Retention Rate for Hydrologic Soil Group (USBR)

Hydrologic Soil Group

Retention Rate, inches/hour

-Compute the ordinate of Synthetic Unit hydrograph as follows:

T/Tp versus q/qp for dimensionless hydrograph

FIELD WATER BALANCE COMPUTATION

Compute the mean of 10 day rainfall for all decades

Compute the standard deviation of 10 day rainfall for decades

SK = standard deviation of 10 day rainfall in decade K

Compute the coefficient of variation of 10 day rainfall for all decades K = 1, 2, 3,

Compute the standard normal deviation corresponding to an axceedance probability, p of 80 %, tp,

Compute the frequency factor for all decades K 1, 2, 3. . . . 36

Compute the 10 day rainfall at 80% dependability for all decades

Where: RK = 10 day rainfall at 80% dependability

Tabulate the results as follows:

Mean 80% dep or 10 day rainfall

Percolation For Different Soil Types

Crop in the Field