What is Strength???

Is it power???
If YES then
What is the power of materials???
In Material Terms
Ability to withstand stress without failure is
STRENGTH
FACT:- The limit of the strength of a material can be
measured ONLY when it undergo FAILURE

Classification
Matter is classified as solid and fluid.
The study of solid involves study of rigid and

deformable bodies.
Study of rigid bodies include statics &

dynamics (which you have already studied).

Study of deformable bodies is basically given

the name Strength of materials or Mechanics

of materials.

What is Mechanics?
Mechanics of any substance is the complete

behavior of that substance under any

circumstances.
So when we talk Mechanics of materials or

Strength of material, we mean

A branch of mechanics that studies the

internal effects of stress and strain in a solid

body that is subjected to an external loading.

Why do we need Strength of Materials:

Course Overview
Detailed Study of the Following topics

Concept of stress
Concept of strain
Mechanical properties of materials
Axial load
Torsion
Shear Force &
Bending

Grading Policy
Students
Evaluation by

Due

Division of
Grades

Home works

Every week

10%

Laboratory works

Every week

15%

5th Week & 13th Week

10%

Project

15th Week

5%

Midterm Exam

8th week

20%

As scheduled by the
registrar

40%

Quizzes

Final Exam

My Goals for Course

That each one of you develop an intuition for the

fundamental principles of Strength of Materials

That you leave this course saying,

This course makes sense.

That we have an fruitful semester learning together

Review of main principles of Statics

Surface Forces. Surface forces are
caused by the direct contact of one body
with the surface of another. If this area
is small in comparison with the total
surface area of the body, then the
surface force can be idealized as a single
concentrated force, which is applied
to a point on the body. For example, the
force of the ground on the wheels of a
bicycle can be considered as a
concentrated force.

Review of main principles of Statics

If the surface loading is applied along a
narrow strip of area, the loading can be
idealized as a linear distributed load,
w(s). Here the loading is measured as
having an intensity of force/length
along the strip and is represented
graphically by a series of arrows along
the line s. The resultant force of w(s)
is equivalent to the area under the
distributed loading curve, and this
resultant acts through the centroid
C or geometric center of this area.

Review of main principles of Statics

Body Forces. A body force is developed
when one body exerts a force on
another body without direct physical
contact between the bodies. Examples
include the effects caused by the earths
gravitation or its electromagnetic
field. Although body forces affect each
of the particles composing the body,
these forces are normally represented
by a single concentrated force acting
on the body. In the case of gravitation,
this force is called the weight of the
body and acts through the bodys center
of gravity.

Review of main principles of Statics

Support Reactions. The surface forces that
develop at the supports or points of contact
between bodies are called reactions. As a
general rule, if the support prevents
translation in a given direction, then a
force must be developed on the member in
that direction. Likewise, if rotation is
prevented, a couple moment must be
exerted on the member.

Review of main principles of Statics

Review of main principles of Statics

For Coplanar
Forces

Review of main principles of Statics

Internal Resultant Loadings

Review of main principles of Statics

Types of Internal Resultant Loadings

Review of main principles of Statics

Types of Internal Resultant Loadings

Review of main principles of Statics

Coplanar Loadings

Review of main principles of Statics

Example 1.1

Homework:Try solving the problem

using segment AC

Example 1.2

Example 1.2

Example 1.2

Example 1.3

Example 1.3
Finding pin reaction at A

Determining IRL at point E

Homework Problem

Objectives of the Lecture

Understand the concept of Stress
Study the types of stress
Mathematical representation of stress

Study Normal Stresses in detail

Able to solve problems associated with normal stresses

Stress
It is defined as the intensity of the internal force acting
on a specific plane (area) passing through a point within
the material assuming
the material to be continuous, that is, to consist of a
continuum or uniform distribution of matter having
no voids.
Also, the material must be cohesive, meaning that all
portions of it are connected together, without having
breaks, cracks, or separations.

Stress
Stress is similar to pressure except for the fact that
1. Stress is something that is felt internally within the
material body whereas the pressure is something
which is applied externally on the material.
2. Stress is internal while pressure is external as it is
clear by the statement Please dont put too much
pressure on me, I am already under stress
There are two kinds of stresses i.e.
The Normal Stress
&

The Shear Stress

Stress

Stress

Stress
Type

Directions
Formula
Required (n)

Comp.
required
in Cart.
Coord.

Example

Scalar

3 = 30 = 1

Mass (kg)

Vector

3 = 31 = 3

Force as
Fx, Fy & Fz

Tensor

3 = 32 = 9

Stress as

Stress

Stress

When the load P is

applied to the bar
through the centroid of
its cross-sectional area,
then the bar will deform
uniformly throughout
the central region of its
length, provided the
material of the bar is
both homogeneous
and isotropic.

As a sign convention, P
will be positive if it
causes tension in the
member, and negative if
it causes compression.

Example

The largest loading

is in region BC

Example

Example

Solving we get,

Homework Problem

Homework Problem

Homework Problem
ANSWERS

Objectives of the Lecture

Understand the concept of Shear Stress
Study the types of Shear stress
Mathematical representation of Shear stress

Develop shear stress equilibrium

Able to solve problems associated with Shear stresses

Average Shear Stress

Single Shear

Double Shear

Shear Stress Equilibrium

The section plane is subjected to
shear stress .

Applying force equilibrium.

Similarly,

Shear Stress Equilibrium

The section plane is subjected to
shear stress .

Applying moment equilibrium.

So that,

Shear Stress Equilibrium

In other words, all four shear

stresses must have equal

magnitude and be directed
either toward or away from
each other at opposite edges of
the element.
This is referred to as the

complementary property of shear,

and under the conditions shown
in Figure, the material is
subjected to pure shear.

Example

Example

For Plane a-a

For Plane b-b

Example

Homework Prob

Homework Prob

Homework Prob

Objectives of the Lecture

Describe concept of Allowable Stress
Study the Applications of Allowable Stress
Solve Problems related to Allowable Stress

Describe the Concept of Strain

Study Different types of Strain
Able to solve problems associated with Strain

Allowable Stress
The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of
the failure load to the allowable load

If the member
is subjected to
normal load

If the member
is subjected to
shear load

Applications

Applications

Applications

Example

Example

Homework Prob.

Homework Prob.

Homework Prob.

Strain
Strain is a measure of deformation of a body

Deformation
Whenever a force is applied to a body, it will tend to
change the bodys shape and size. These changes are referred
to as deformation, and they may be either highly visible or
practically unnoticeable. Deformation of a body can also
occur when the temperature of the body is changed.

Types of Strain
1.Direct Strain
Normal Strain
Shear Strain

2. Lateral Strain

Normal Strain

Normal Strain
Sign Convention
Unit

Shear Strain

Shear Strain

Small Strain Analysis

Proof

Shear Strain
Sign Convention

Unit
Conversion
360 Degree
180 Degree
1 Degree
x Degree

=
=
=
=

2 Radians
Radians
/180 Radians
x(/180) Radians

Cartesian Strain Components

Example

Example

Homework Prob.

Homework Prob.

Homework Prob.

Objectives of the Lecture

Illustrate Tension & Compression Test
Study the Stress-Strain Diagram
Study Mechanical Properties of Materials

Able to solve problems related to Stress-Strain

Diagram

Mechanical Properties of Materials

In order to apply an axial
load with no bending of the
specimen, the ends are
usually seated into ball-andsocket joints. A testing
machine is then used to
stretch the specimen at a
very slow, constant rate
until it fails. The machine is
designed to read the load
required to maintain this
uniform stretching.

The Stress-Strain Diagram

A plot in which the vertical axis is the stress

and the horizontal axis is the strain, the
resulting curve is called a conventional
stressstrain diagram.

Homework:- Having so much difference between engineering and true

stress-strain Diagrams, why do we still use conventional Diagrams???

Modulus of Elasticity

The modulus of
elasticity is a
mechanical
property that
indicates the
stiffness of a
material.
Since strain is
dimensionless, E
will have the same
units as stress,
such as psi, ksi, or
pascals

Engineers often choose

ductile materials for design
because these materials are
capable of absorbing shock
or energy, and if they
become overloaded, they
will usually exhibit large
deformation before failing.

Brittle Materials. Materials that exhibit little or no yielding before

failure are referred to as brittle materials.

Concrete is classified as a brittle material, and it also has a low strength

capacity in tension. The characteristics of its stressstrain diagram depend
primarily on the mix of concrete (water, sand, gravel, and cement) and the
time and temperature of curing. Its maximum compressive strength is almost
12.5 times greater than its tensile strength. For this reason, concrete is almost
always reinforced with steel bars or rods whenever it is designed to support
tensile loads.
It can generally be stated that most materials exhibit both ductile and brittle
behavior. For example, steel has brittle behavior when it contains a high
carbon content, and it is ductile when the carbon content is reduced. Also, at
low temperatures materials become harder and more brittle, whereas when
the temperature rises they become softer and more ductile.

The new stressstrain

diagram, now has a
higher yield point a
consequence of strainhardening. In other words,
the material now has a
greater elastic region;
however, it has less
ductility, a smaller plastic
region, than when it was
in its original state.

Strain Energy

Example

Example

Homework Prob.

Answers

Homework Prob.

Homework Prob.

Objectives of the Lecture

Describe concept of Poissons Ratio
Solve Problems related to Poissons Ratio
Study the Shear Stress-Strain Diagram

Able to solve problems associated with Shear Stress-

Strain Diagram
Describe concepts of Creep & Fatigue

Poissons Ratio

It has a numerical value that is

unique for a particular material
that is both homogeneous and
isotropic

Homework Prob.
A cylindrical bar, made up of a special material,
has a diameter of 40 mm and a length of 50 cm.
When this bar is subjected to a tensile loading of
100 N, it causes the bar to elongate. As a result
of elongation, the new length of the bar is 55 cm.
Determine the Poissons ratio for this material?

How much strain is required in the bar, if the bar

is required to have a radius of 15 mm.

Example

Homework Prob.

Shear Stress-Strain Diagram

Modulus of Rigidity
(Modulus of Elasticity)
for Normal Stress-Strain
(Modulus of Rigidity)
for Shear Stress-Strain

Relation between E, G & v

Example

Example

Creep & Fatigue

When a material has to support a load for a very long period of
time, it may continue to deform until a sudden fracture occurs or
its usefulness is impaired. This time-dependent permanent
deformation is known as creep. In general, the creep strength will
decrease for higher temperatures or for higher applied stresses
When a metal is subjected to repeated cycles of stress or strain, it
causes its structure to break down, ultimately leading to fracture.
This behavior is called fatigue. In order to specify a safe strength
for a metallic material under repeated loading, it is necessary to
determine a limit below which no evidence of failure can be
detected after applying a load for a specified number of cycles. This
limiting stress is called the endurance or fatigue limit.

Homework Prob.

Objectives of the Lecture

Describe concept of Axial Loads
Define the Saint-Venants Principle
Study the Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded

Member
Able to solve problems associated with Elastic
Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member

Axial Load
An axial load is the kind of loading that occurs when

the load acts along the axis of an object.

An Axial load that tends to elongate an object is known
as tensile load.
An Axial load that tends to compress an object is
known as compressive load.

Saint-Venants Principle
This principle states that the
stress and strain produced at
points in a body sufficiently
removed from the region of
load application will be the
same as the stress and strain
produced by any applied
loadings that have the same
statically equivalent resultant,
and are applied to the body
within the same region.

Saint-Venants Principle

Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member

Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member

Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member

Example

Example

Example

Example

Homework Prob.

Homework Prob.

Objectives of the Lecture

Describe concept of Principle of Superposition
Define Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded

Members
Able to solve problems associated with Statically
Indeterminate Axially Loaded Members
Study the Thermal Stresses.
Able to solve problems associated with Thermal
Stresses.

Principle of Superposition

The following two conditions must be satisfied if the principle

of superposition is to be applied.
The loading must be linearly related to the stress or
displacement that is to be determined.
The loading must not significantly change the
original geometry or configuration of the member.

Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Members

Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Members

Example

Example

Homework Prob.

Homework Prob.

Thermal Stresses

Example

Example

Homework Prob.

Objectives of the Lecture

Describe concept of Torsion
Formulate torsion for circular shafts
Define the concept of Polar Moment of Inertia

Able to solve problems associated with the concept of

torsion.

Torsional Deformation of a Circular Shaft

Torque is a moment that tends to twist a member about
its longitudinal axis. Its effect is of primary concern in
the design of axles or drive shafts used in vehicles and
machinery.

Torsional Deformation of a Circular Shaft

we can assume that if the angle of twist is small, the

length of the shaft and its radius will remain unchanged

Torsion Formulation

=
Here
S =
=
=

Torsion Formulation

Torsion Formulation

Torsion Formulation

Torsion Formulation
At outer boundary with
radius equal to c, shear
stress will be maximum.

Using the above two equations, we can

derive the following relation

Polar Moment of Inertia (J)

Polar moment of area is a quantity used to predict an

object's ability to resist torsion, in objects (or segments

of objects) with an invariant circular cross section and
no significant warping or out-of-plane deformation.
It is used to calculate the angular displacement of an
object subjected to a torque.
The larger the polar moment of area, the less the beam
will twist, when subjected to a given torque.
The polar moment of area cannot be used to analyze
shafts with non-circular cross-sections.

The SI unit for polar moment of area, like the area

moment of inertia, is metre to the fourth power (m4).

Polar Moment of Inertia for a Solid Shaft

Polar Moment of Inertia for Tubular Shaft

Homework:- Prove that for a
tubular shaft, the polar
moment of inertia is as follows.

Sign Convention:-

Example

Example

Example

Section a-a

Homework Prob.

Homework Prob.

Homework Prob.

Objectives of the Lecture

Describe concept of Power Transmission
Able to solve problems associated with Power

Transmission
Define Angle of twist
Formulate angle of twist
Able to solve problems associated with the concept of
angle of twist.

Power Transmission

Units of Power Transmission

Calculations for a Machinery

Note:-

Example

Example

Homework Prob.

Angle of Twist

Formulating Angle of Twist

Formulating Angle of Twist

Note the similarity in equations between

Axially loaded and torque applied members

Torsion Testing Machine

Formulating Angle of Twist

Note the similarity between Axially

loaded and torque applied members

Sign Convention

Example

Subscript Notation

Example

Homework Prob.

Homework Prob.

Objectives of the Lecture

Describe concept of Bending
Define Beams and its types
Describe concept of Shear & Moment Diagrams

Study the base case solutions

Able to solve problems associated with the base case

solution Single Concentrated Load

Able to solve problems associated with the base case
solution Single Moment

Bending of Beams

Bending (also known as flexure)

characterizes the behavior of a
slender structural element
subjected to an external load
applied perpendicularly to a
longitudinal axis of the element.

Beams & its types

Members that are slender and support loadings that are applied
perpendicular to their longitudinal axis are called beams. In general,
beams are long, straight bars having a constant cross-sectional area.
Often they are classified as to how they are supported. For example, a
simply supported beam is pinned at one end and roller supported at the
other, a cantilevered beam is fixed at one end and free at the
other, and an overhanging beam has one or both of its ends freely
extended over the supports.

Shear & Moment Diagrams

Shear & Moment Diagrams

Shear & Moment Diagrams

Beam Sign Conventions

The positive directions are as follows:

the distributed load acts downward on the

beam;

the internal shear force causes a clockwise

rotation of the beam segment on which it acts;

and the internal moment causes compression

in the top fibers of the segment such that it
bends the segment so that it holds water.
Loadings that are opposite to these are
considered negative.

Base Case Solutions

We have a total of four base cases for analyzing the shear
force and bending moment on beams. These base cases are as
follows:1. Single Concentrated load
2. Single Moment
3. Uniformly Distributed Load
4. Uniformly Varying Load
Other than the base cases, there could be a number of
complex cases that are a combination of various bases cases.

Example Single Concentrated Load

The table must contain all action points

X

Eq.

Eq.

P/2

L/4

P/2

PL/8

L/2

P/2 & -P/2

1&3

PL/4

2&4

3L/4

-P/2

PL/8

-P/2

S.F.D.

B.M.D.

Shear Force
Diagram

Bending
Moment
Diagram

Example Single Moment

(1)

(3)

(2)
(4)

The table must contain all action points

X

Eq.

Eq.

-Mo/L

L/4

-Mo/L

-Mo/4

L/2

-Mo/L

1&3

-Mo/2 & Mo/2

2&4

3L/4

-Mo/L

Mo/4

-Mo/L

S.F.D.

B.M.D.

Shear Force
Diagram

Bending
Moment
Diagram

Objectives of the Lecture

Study the base case solutions
Able to solve problems associated with the base case

solution Uniformly Distributed Load

Able to solve problems associated with the base case
solution Uniformly Varying Load
Able to solve problems associated with the Complex
cases

Example Uniformly Distributed Load

Also determine the position of zero shear and evaluate
maximum bending moment on the beam.

The table must contain all action points

X

Eq.

Eq.

wL/2

L/2

wL/8

-wL/2

S.F.D.

B.M.D.

Shear Force
Diagram

Bending
Moment
Diagram

Example Uniformly Varying Load

The table must contain all action points

X

Eq.

Eq.

wL/2

-wL/3

L/2

3wL/8

-5wL/48

S.F.D.

B.M.D.

Shear Force
Diagram

Bending
Moment
Diagram

Example Complex Case

Also determine the position of zero shear and evaluate
maximum bending moment on the beam.

The table must contain all action points

X

Eq.

Eq.

L/2

S.F.D.

B.M.D.

Shear Force
Diagram

Bending
Moment
Diagram

Example Complex Case

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

The table must contain all action points

X

Eq.

Eq.

2.5

1&3

2&4

7.5

10

S.F.D.

B.M.D.

Shear Force
Diagram

Bending
Moment
Diagram

Objectives of the Lecture

Study Bending Deformation of a Straight Member
Formulate Flexural Formula
Perform Calculation for Moment of Inertia

Solve Problems relative to Flexural Formula

Bending Deformation of a Straight Member

Bending Deformation of a Straight Member

Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending Formula)

Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending Formula)

Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending Formula)

Interpreting the Normal Strain Distribution

Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending Formula)

Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending Formula)

Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending Formula)

Interpreting the Normal Stress Distribution

Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending Formula)

Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending Formula)

Formulating Flexural Formula (Bending Formula)

Interpreting the Flexural Formula

Calculation for Moment of Inertia

Calculation for Moment of Inertia

Example

Also draw the stress distribution

across the cross-section of this beam

Example

Locating Neutral Axis

Calculating Moment of Inertia

Calculating Internal Moment

Example