1.

Transformer cooling methods

a.

Dry type transforms:

a)

Self-air cooled Transformer(up to 3 MVA):

The transformed is allowed to cool natural conventional air flow surrounding it through heat
radiation.
b)

Forced Air Cooled Transformer (Up to 15 MVA):

Forced air cooled Transformer

The air is circulated through the winding of transformer by means of blower. This
arrangement is housed in metal box with proper insulation between windings. The blowers
will blow the air through the windings and hence hot air is gained cooled by the outside
natural conventional air.

Oil immersed type Transformer:

b.

in this type the transformer winding and core are immersed in the mineral oil which has
good electrical insulating property to block the current flow through the oil and high thermal
conductivity prosperity for efficient heat removal from the windings and core.

Advantages of oil Transformer:

1.

Oil is a good electrical insulator

2.

Oil has good thermal conductivity to absorb the heat

Disadvantages of oil in Transformer

1.

Oil is a fire hazard and con not be used in indoor transformers.

2.

Oil leak in the tank or in handling leads to pollution of the environment.

3.

Moisture in the oil should be continuously monitored and removed which reduces the
electrical insulating property of oil.

a)

Oil-Immersed Self cooled Transformer:

Oil-Immersed Self cooled

In this type the transformer windings and core are cooled by the mineral oil. The heated oil
circulated through radiator by national convention and hence cooled by the surrounding air.
This type is normally used for distribution type transformer with low ratings.
b) Oil-Immersed forced air cooled Transformer

oil immersed forced air cooling transformer

In this type the transformer is cooled by the oil which in turn cooled by the forced air in
radiator. A bank of coolers or blowers is situated in the transformer radiator which forces the
air through the cooling fins. The hot oil enters in these cooling fins by the natural convention
and cooled oil again flows through the windings. This cooling method is used normally large
transmission transformers situated outdoors, in power plants and in power stations.
c)

Oil-Immersed water cooled Transformer

Forced Water Cooled Transformer

This type of cooling is used for very large transformers with very high power rating above
500 MVA. In this the Transformer is cooled by oil which then passes through the oil-water
heat exchangers. Two 100 % oil pumps are placed to circulate the hot oil through the two
heat exchangers. The heat oil dissipates the heat to the water and again flows through the
windings and core. The service water is used for cooling. We can operate the transformer
with one cooler but if two fails then we have to trip the transformer.

Oil Natural Air forced (ONAF) Cooling of

Transformer:
The word forced signifies that, air is forcefully applied to the transformer. High speed fans
are provided with this type of cooling system. In larger rated oil immersed transformers,
natural air and oil cooling is not sufficient. So, additional air force is applied to the radiator by
means of those fans and this method provides quicker heat dissipation of the transformers
as compared to natural oil and air cooling. All fans are automatically controlled, whenever
the temperature of the transformer goes beyond the safe limit than all the fans are switched
ON. But here the oil circulation process made by natural convection, that is no oil pumps are
provided for this type of cooling. This method provides better performance than natural oil
and air cooling, but there is an additional cost due to the fans.

Oil forced Air forced (OfAf) Cooling of

Transformer:
Actually, for very large rated oil immersed transformers, heat generated is quite high.
Therefore, some special cooling techniques are applied in order to provide sufficient heat
dissipation. In Oil forced Air forced cooling system, both oil and air are circulated at high
speed by some additional configuration. High speed fans are connected to provide additional
air flow of high velocity and oil pumps are provided to circulate the oil at high velocity. So, hot
oil is circulated inside the main transformer tank at larger velocity, so the rate of cooling is
further increased. Therefore, in oil forced air forced cooling system; both the oil and air are
forcefully applied to achieve more fast cooling process.

Oil Directed Air forced Cooling of Transformer:

This is the updated version of Oil forced Air forced cooling method. Here the Oil and Air both
are applied forcefully, but the hot oil follows a specific route for flowing. Convection channels
are made closer to the winding of the transformer and the transformer oil is passed through
those channels. In this way, superior heat dissipation is occurred.

2. Transformer oil Characteristics

3. Types of bushing
a. Relatively High Voltages
b. Very high voltages
- Types of Bushings High-voltage bushings for use on
transformers and breakers are made in several principal
types, as follows:
A. Composite Bushing.- A bushing in which insulation
consists of two or more coaxial layers of different insulating
materials.
B. Compound-Filled Bushing.- A bushing in which the space
between the major insulation (or conductor where no major
insulation is used) and the inside surface of a protective
weather casing (usually porcelain) is filled with a compound
having insulating properties.
C. Condenser Bushing.- A bushing in which cylindrical
conducting layers are arranged coaxially with the conductor
within the insulating material. The length and diameter of the
cylinders are designed to control the distribution of the
electric field in and over the outer surface of the bushing.
Condenser bushings may be one of several types:
1. Resin-bonded paper insulation; 2. Oil-impregnated
paper insulation; or 3. Other.
D. Dry or Unfilled Type Bushing.- Consists of porcelain tube
with no filler in the space between the shell and conductor.
These are usually rated 25 kV and below.
E. Oil-Filled Bushing.- A bushing in which the space between
the major insulation (or the conductor where no major
insulation is used) and the inside surface of a protective
weather casing (usually porcelain) is filled with insulating oil.
F. Oil Immersed Bushing.- A bushing composed of a system
of major insulations totally immersed in a bath of insulating
oil.
G. Oil-Impregnated PaperInsulated Bushing.- A bushing in
which the internal structure is made of cellulose material
impregnated with oil.

H. Resin-Bonded, PaperInsulated Bushing.- A bushing in which

the major insulation is provided by cellulose material bonded
with resin.
I. Solid (Ceramic) Bushing.- A bushing in which the major
insulation Is provided by a ceramic or analogous material.
c. Low voltages-