Final Year Thesis (New)

80573CF1
CECOS UNIVERSITY OF I.T. AND EMERGING SCIENCES,

PESHAWAR
PAKISTAN
PROJECT NO: CE-2007-11-05
AUTOMATION OF COLUMN INTERACTION DIAGRAMS

AQIL SHAHAB
ABDUR REHMAN
FASIH AHMED KHAN
MALIK SALMAN SHAFIQ
MUHAMMAD USMAN KHAN
Certificate of Approval
This is to certify that the work contained in this thesis entitled
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTION DIAGRAM OF

COLUMN USING VISUAL BASIC
Was carried out by
AQIL SHAHAB
ABDUR REHMAN
FASIH AHMED KHAN
MALIK SALMAN SHAFIQ
MUHAMMAD USMAN KHAN
Under my supervision and that in my opinion, it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, for
the degree of B.Sc. Civil Engineering from CECOS University of I.T and Emerging Sciences.
Peshawar, Pakistan.
Supervised By:
Engr. Iftikhar Mahmood

Chairman,
Department of Civil Engineering
Acknowledgements
All praise and thanks for ALLAH ALMIGHTY the most gracious and merciful, real bless
of the universe, whom I never hear Nay whenever I knocked as his door, who gave me the
ability to contribute the drop of awareness and cognition from the existing ocean of
knowledge of wisdom . I offer my countless salutations upon the HOLY PROPHET
MUHAMMAD (peace be upon him) the entire source of guidance for humanity as whole
forever.
I feel joy and happiness to express my cordial gratitude and deepest sense of thankfulness, to
my honorable advisor Engr. Iftikhar Mahmood, Department of Civil Engineering, CECOS
University of Engineering and Information Technology, Peshawar, for his find help, technical
advice and suggestion during the conduction of Project. It was impossible for me to complete
this final year project without his sincere guidance, timely checkup of this programming
during the course of study.
Countless thanks are extended to Assistant Professor Mr. Attiq-Ur-Rehman, CECOS
University of Engineering and Information Technology, Peshawar, for his wise guidance,
sympathetic attitude and his during the entire period.
I express my heartly emotions and gratitude to all my classmates (CU-513A) for their full
cooperation, prayers and care throughout the session.
I express my gratitude and profound admiration to my affectionate and beloved brothers and
sisters for their prayers love and care throughout my life.
No words exist in the world to pay tribute to my mother and my father for giving tons of love,
prayers, pursuit for higher ideas of life and confidence to face the ups and downs of my life.
ABSTRACT
To check the design of the column for the specific demand, we teamed up to produce our
indigenous Visual Basic program to innovate the development of interaction diagram. The
purpose and object of this programming is to eliminate human error, improving
accuracy in calculations, expediting the design process and making it user friendly. We
developed a program for two types of arrangements i.e. two face arrangement and four face
arrangements. In two face arrangement reinforcements are provided any at two faces of the
tied column where as in four face arrangement the reinforcement are provided at all the faces
of the tied column. The program calculates the following points:
i.
Point representing capacity of column when concentrically loaded
ii.
Point representing capacity of column for balance failure condition
iii.
Point in compression controlled region for which c > cb
iv.
Point in tension controlled region for net tensile strain (t) = 0.005 and = 0.90
(c= 0.003)
v.
Point on the capacity curve for which t >> 0.005 and c = 0.003
The above mentioned five points as well as the demand (that the column have to support) are
automatically plotted on the graph and the interaction diagram for the required column design
is obtained. The demand is shown as a dot in the interaction diagram if the demand lies inside
the boundary of the curve obtained then the column design is sufficient to take the demand or
else if the demand lies outside the boundary of the curve obtained then the design of the
column is insufficient to take the particular demand.
LIST OF ABBRIVATIONS
a
Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, in.
ab
Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block at balanced condition, in.
Ag
Gross area of column, in2
As
Area of reinforcement at tension side, in2
As
Area of reinforcement at compression side, in2
Ast
Total area of reinforcement in column cross section, in 2
Column width dimension, in.
Distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, in.
cb
Distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis at balanced condition
Cc
Compression force in equivalent concrete block.
Cs
Compression force in tension-side reinforcement, if any.
Cs
Compression force in compression-side reinforcement.
Distance from extreme comp. fiber to centroid of tension side reinforcement
Clear Cover
Es
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, psi.
fc
Specified compressive strength of concrete, psi.
fy
Specified tensile strength of reinforcement, psi.
fs
Stress in tension-side reinforcement at strain s , ksi.
fs
Stress in compression-side reinforcement at strain 's , ksi.
Overall column depth, in.
Mb
Nominal bending moment at balanced condition.
Mn
Nominal bending moment at any point.
Po
Nominal axial load strength at zero eccentricity.
Pb
Nominal axial force at balanced condition.
Pn
Nominal axial load strength at any point.
Tension force in tension-side reinforcement.
Factor as defined by ACI 10.2.7.3.
Strain in tension-side reinforcement at calculated stress fs
's
Strain in compression-side reinforcement at calculated stress fs
Yield strain of reinforcement.
Strength reduction factor.
CONTENTS
PART-I INTRODUCTION TO COLUMNS
1. Introduction
1.1. TYPES of REINFORCED COLUMNS

1.2. TYPES OF COLUMN IN TERM OF THEIR STRENGTHS
1.3. Buckling
1.4. The Nature of Buckling

1.4.1. CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD, Pcr
1.4.2. Load Summation on a Column Section for Design

1.4.3. Failure
PART-II INTRODUCTION TO INTERACTION DIAGRAM
PART-III INTRODUCTION TO VISUAL BASIC

6. Visual Basic
6.1. Introduction
6.2. The Development Environment
6.2.1. The project explorer window
6.2.2. Properties Window
6.2.3. The Default Layout
6.2.4. Understanding the tool box.
6.2.5. Opening a new visual basic file & Inserting Source code
6.2.6. Opening an existing Visual Basic project
6.2.7. Running and viewing the project in detail
6.2.8. Making your first *.exe!?
6.2.9. Saving your visual basic project.
PART-IV MANUAL GUIDE

8. User Manual
PART-V APPENDIX
Solved Examples
Part-I
INTRODUCTION TO
COLUMN
1. INTRODUCTION:
A column or pillar in architecture and Structural Engineering is a vertical structural element
that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural
elements below. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be
designed to resist lateral forces. Other compression members are often termed "columns"
because
of
the
similar
stress
conditions.
Columns
are
frequently
used
to
support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture,
"column" refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative
features. A column might also be a decorative element not needed for structural purposes;
many columns are "engaged with", that is to say form part of a wall. Columns are defined as
the members that carry loads chiefly in compression. Usually column carry bending
moments as well, about one or both axes of the cross section, and the bending action may
produce tensile forces over a part of the cross section. Even in such case, columns are
generally referred as to compression members, because the compression forces dominate
their behavior. In addition to the most common type of compression member, i.e., vertical
elements in structure, compression members include arch ribs, rigid frame members
inclined or otherwise, compression elements in trusses, shells, or portion thereof that carry
axial compression, and other forms.
1.1. HISTORY:
All significant Iron Age civilizations of the Near East and Mediterranean made
some
use
of
columns.In Ancient
Egyptian
architecture as
early
as
2600BCthearchitect Imhotep made use of stone columns whose surface was carved
to reflect the organic form of bundled reeds; in later Egyptian architecture faceted
cylinders were also common.
Some of the most elaborate columns in the ancient world were those of the Persians,
especially the massive stone columns erected in Persepolis. They included doublebull structures in their capitals. The Hall of Hundred Columns at Persepolis,
measuring 70 70 metres, was built by the Achaemenid king Darius I (524486
BC). Many of the ancient Persian columns are standing, some being more than 30
meters tall.[citation needed]
The Egyptians, Persians and other civilizations mostly used columns for the
practical purpose of holding up the roof inside a building, preferring outside walls to
be decorated with reliefs or painting, but the Ancient Greeks, followed by the
Romans, loved to use them on the outside as well, and the extensive use of columns
on the interior and exterior of buildings is one of the most characteristic features of
classical architecture, in buildings like the Parthenon. The Greeks developed
the classical orders of architecture, which are most easily distinguished by the form
of the column and its various elements. Their Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders
were expanded by the Romans to include the Tuscan and Composite orders
(see below).
Columns, or at least large structural exterior ones, became much less significant in
the architecture of the Middle Ages, and the classical forms were abandoned in
both Byzantine architecture and the Romanesque and Gothic architecture or Europe
in favour of more flexible forms, with capitals often using various types of foliage
decoration, and in the West scenes with figures carved in relief. Renaissance
architecture was keen to revive the classical vocabulary and styles, and the informed
use and variation of the classical orders remained fundamental to the training of
architects throughout Baroque, Rococo and Neo-classical architecture.
1.2. TYPES OF REINFORCED COLUMNS:

Three types of reinforced concrete compression members are in use:
1.2.1. Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties.

1.2.2. Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and continuous spirals.
1.2.3. Composite Compression members; reinforced longitudinally with structural

steel shapes, pipes, or tubing, with or without additional longitudinal bars,
and various types of lateral reinforcement.
1.3. TYPES OF COLUMN IN TERM OF THEIR STRENGTHS:

Columns may be divided into two broad categories:
1.3.1. Short column, for which the strength is governed by the strength of the
material and the geometry of the cross section
Or
A column is said to be short when its length is such that lateral buckling
need not be considered. Most of concrete columns fall into this category.
1.3.2. Slender columns, for which the strength may be sufficiently reduced by the
lateral deflections
Or
When the length of the column is such that buckling need to be considered,
then column is referred to as slender column. It is recognized that as the
length increases, the usable strength of a given cross section is decreased

because of buckling problem.
1.4. BUCKLING:
Buckling is a mode of failure generally resulting from structural instability due to
compressive action on the structural member or element involved.
Examples:
Overloaded metal building columns
Compressive members in bridges
Roof trusses
Hull of submarine
1.4.1. The Nature of Buckling:

Definition:
Buckling can be defined as the sudden large deformation of structure due to a

slight increase of an existing load under which the structure had exhibited
little, if any, deformation before the load was increased.
1.4.2. CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD, Pcr:

The critical buckling load (Euler Buckling) for a long column is given by
Pcr= 2EI/L2
Where
E= modulus of elasticity of the material
I=moment of inertia of the cross section
L=length of column
Load Summation on a Column Section for Design
1.5.Strength of Reinforced Concrete Columns:

If a compression member is loaded parallel to its axis by a load P without
eccentricity, the load P theoretically induces a uniform compressive stress over the
cross-sectional area.
If the compressive load is applied a small distance e away from the longitudinal axis,
however, there is a tendency for the column to bend due to the moment M=Pe.
1.5.1. Centric Axial Loading In A Plane Of Symmetry:

When the line of action of the axial load P passes through the centriod of the
cross section, it can be assumed that the distribution of normal stress is
uniform throughout the section. Such loading is said to be concentric, as
shown in Fig
1.5.2. Eccentric Axial Loading In A Plane Of Symmetry:

When the line of action of the concentrated load P dose not pass through the
centroid of the cross section, the distribution of the normal stress is no longer
uniform. Such loading is said to eccentric, as shown in fig.
The stress due to eccentric loading on a beam cross section is given by:
fX = P/A My/I
1.5.3. Columns loaded with small eccentricities:

The concrete column that is loaded with compressive axial load P at zero
eccentricity is probably nonexistent and even the axial/small eccentricity
combination is relatively rare.
Nevertheless, the case of columns that are loaded with compressive axial loads
a small eccentricity e is considered first. In this case we define the situation in
which the induced small moments are of little significance.
1.6. ACI Code Requirements for Column:

For Columns as for all members designed according to the ACI Code adequte safety
margins are established by applying load factor to the service load and strength reduction
factor to the nominal strength. Thus for Column the following are the basic safety criteria;
Pn Pu
Mn Mu
1.6.1. Tied Column:

Pn = [0.85 fc(Ag-Ast) + fyAst]
=0.65
1.6.2. Spiral Column:

= 0.70
1.6.3. Limits on Percentage of Reinforcement:

The ratio of longitudinal steel area Ast to gross concrete section Ag is the range
from 0.001 to 0.008, according to ACI Code 10.9.1. The lower limit is
necessary to ensure resistance to bending moments not accounted for in the
analysis and reduce the effect of creep and shrinkage of the concrete under
sustained compression. Ratios higher than 0.008 not only are uneconomical,
but also would cause difficulty owing to congestion of the reinforcement,
particularly where the steel must be spliced, and most columns are designed
with ratios below 0.004.
1.6.4. Minimum Number of Bars:

According to ACI 10.9.2 a minimum of four longitudinal bars is required
when the bars are enclosed by spaced rectangular or circular ties, and a
minimum of six bars must be used when the longitudinal bars are enclosed by
a continuous spiral.
Part-II
INTRODUCTION TO
INTERACTION DIAGRAM
2. INTRODUCTION:
The load capacity of a reinforced concrete column subjected to both flexural and axial
loading can be assessed from an interaction diagram; such a diagram shows the
relationship between the axial load capacity and moment capacity of a reinforced concrete
column prior to yielding of the longitudinal reinforcement. If the moment and axial load
capacity of a reinforced concrete column is evaluated for different tensile yield strains, an
interaction diagram can be plotted.
The design of RC columns is more difficult than the design of RC beams. In practice the
longitudinal steel in an RC column is usually chosen with the aid of an interaction
diagram. An interaction diagram is a graphical summary of the ultimate bending capacity
of a range of RC columns with different dimensions and areas of longitudinal
reinforcement.
The column strength interaction diagram is a curve plot of points; where each point has
two ordinates. The first ordinate is bending moment strength and the second is the
corresponding axial force. Both ordinates are linked with eccentricity. The shape of the
curve, or the strength interaction diagram, can be defined by finding the major five points.
Concrete column is one of the most interesting members in concrete structural design
application. A structural design of a concrete column is quite complicated procedures.
Evaluation, however, of a given column section and reinforcement is straightforward
process. This is due to the fact that pure axial compression is rarely the case in column
analysis. Some value of moment is always there due to end restraint, or accidental
eccentricity due to out of alignment. ACI established the minimum eccentricity on a
concrete column, regardless of the structural analysis proposed for the column, which is
defined as the maximum axial compression load that a column can be designed for.
2.1.Development of Interaction diagram:

Interaction diagram can he developed by calculation of certain points as follows.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Point in tension controlled region for net tensile strain (t) = 0.005 and
= 0.90 (c= 0.003)
v.
(a) Pure bending:
This point represents that of a beam in bending. Note that the presence of a small
axial force will generally increase the moment capacity of a beam.
(b) Balance point
This is the point where the concrete reaches its ultimate strain at the same time the
tension reinforcement yields. For combinations of N and M that fall below the
balance point, the failure mode is ductile with the reinforcement yielding before the
concrete fails in compression. Otherwise the failure mode is brittle: the concrete
crushes without yielding of the tension reinforcement. Unfortunately the failure
mode in a column cannot be controlled by reinforcement quantities as it can in
beams.
(c) Pure axial compression
At this point, the column is subjected to an axial force only with M = 0. The
capacity of the section is equal to Nuz . Note that the tension reinforcement yields
in compression for this case.
(d) Zero strain in the tension reinforcement
Moving from point (b) to point (c) it can be seen that the neutral axis increases from
xbal to infinity as N increases. The strain in the tension reinforcement changes from
yielding in tension to yielding in compression, passing through zero at point (d).
Moving from points (d) to (c) the neutral axis will fall outside the section and the
strain distribution will eventually change from triangular to uniform.
Between points (b) and (c) an increase in axial load N will lead to a smaller moment
capacity M at failure. Conversely, below the balance point an increase in N
increases will increase the moment capacity of the section.
(e) Yielding of the compression reinforcement
As the axial force N increases and the neutral axis x increases, the strain in
compression reinforcement will often change from elastic to yielding. This will
clearly be influenced by the strength of the reinforcement and its position within the
section. This point will typically correspond to a change in slope of the interaction
diagram as shown at point (e)
2.2.DESIGN CONCEPTS
Typically columns are vertical members with large length to depth (L/D) ratios
subject to predominantly compressive loads although some columns may be
subjected to significant bending. The strength of a column cross-section can be
determined from the geometry of the cross-section, the constitutive relationships of

the concrete and steel and a consideration of equilibrium and strain compatibility.
This strength is usually expressed in the form a load-moment strength interaction
diagram which plots the locus of Mu and Nu values where Mu is the ultimate
strength in bending at a cross-section of an eccentrically loaded compression
member, Nu is the corresponding ultimate strength in compression at the same
cross-section of the eccentrically loaded compression member, is the strength
reduction factor to account for variability in geometric and material properties, and
e is the eccentricity of loading at the cross-section where e = M*/N* . A typical
load-momentinteraction diagram is shown in Figure
When the design loads (typically 1.2dead load +1.6live load) are applied to a
structure, bending moments M* and axial forces N* are generated at every crosssection of each column. For the design of a column to be considered adequate
(safe), the combination of action effects (M*, N*) must be less than the combination
of design strengths (Mu, Nu) at every cross-section along the length of the
column. This process is indicated in Figure Usually there is one critical cross-
section for any individual column and often this can be determined by simple
observation of the action effects.
The design of columns is generally governed by ultimate strength requirements,
resulting in the use of ultimate strength design methods. However, serviceability
must also be considered, in particular the long term effects such as creep and
shrinkage.
Part-III
INTRODUCTION TO
VISUAL BASIC
3. INTRODUCTION:
What is VB? Visual Basic (VB) is an event driven programming language & associated
development environment created by Microsoft Corporation. In Business Programming, it
has one of the largest user bases. It is derived heavily from BASIC & enables rapid
application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to
databases using DAO, RDO, or ADO, & creation of Active X controls & objects. A
Programmer can put together an application using the components provided with Visual
Basic itself.
3.1. FEATURES OF VISUAL BASIC:

Visual Basic is considered as 4th Generation Language (4GL) with the following
Powerful features.
GUI Interfaces.
Event Handling
Object Oriented features
Error handling
Structured Programming
3.2. THE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT:

Learning the ins & outs of the Development Environment before you learn Visual
basic is somewhat like learning for a test you must know where all the functions
belong & what their purpose is. First we will start with labeling the development
environment.
The below diagram shows the development environment with all the important
points labeled. Many of Visual Basic functions work similar to Microsoft Word e.g.
the Tool Bar & the tool box is similar to other products on the markets which work
off a single click & drag the width of the object required. The Tool Box contains
the control you placed on the form window. All of the controls appear on the Tool
box controls on the above picture never run out of controls as soon as you place one
on the form another await you on the Tool box ready to be placed as needed.
3.3.THE PROJECT EXPLORER WINDOW:

The Project Explorer Window gives you a tree-structured view of all the files
inserted into the application. You can expand these & collapse branches of the views
to get more or less detail (Project explorer).
The Project Explorer Window
displays forms, modules or other separators which are supported by the Visual Basic
like classes & Advance Modules. If you want to select a form on its own simply
double click on the project explorer window for a more detailed look. And it will
display it where the Default form is located.
3.4.PROPERTIES WINDOW:
Some programmer prefers the Categorized view of the properties window. By

defaulting, the properties window displays its properties alphabetically (with the
expansion of the name value) when you click on the Categorized button the window
changes to left picture.
3.5.THE DEFAULT LAYOUT

When we start Visual Basic, we are provided with a VB project is a collection of the
following modules & files.
The global module (that contains declaration & procedures)

The form module (that contains the graphic elements of the VB application
along with the instruction)

The General module (that generally contains general-purpose instructions
not pertaining anything graphic on-screen)

The class module (that contains the defining characteristics of the class,
including its properties & methods)

The resource files (that allows you to collect all of the texts & bitmaps for an
application in one place)
On start up, Visual Basic will display the following windows.
The Blank Form window

The Project window
The Properties window
It also includes a Toolbox that consist all the controls essential for developing a VB
Application. Controls are tools such as boxes, buttons, labels & other objects draw
on a form to get input or display output. They also add visual appeal.
3.6.UNDERSTANDING THE TOOL BOX:

You may have noticed that when
you click on different controls the
properties
window
changes
slightly this is due to different

controls having different functions.
Therefore more options are needed
for example if you had a picture
then you want to show an image.
But if you wanted to open an
internet connection you would
have to fill in the remote host &
other such settings. When you use
the command (
) you will find a
new set of properties come up the

following
will
provide
description & property.
3.7.OPENING AN EXISTING VISUAL BASIC PROJECT:

Microsoft has included some freebies with visual basic to show its capabilities &
functions. Dismantling or modifying these sample projects is a good way to
understand what is happening at runtime. These can be located at your default
directory/SAMPLES.
To open these projects choose Open Project from the File menu. Then Double
click on the samples folder to open the directory then Double click on any project to
load it.
3.8.OPENING A NEW VISUAL BASIC FILE & INSERTING SOURCE

CODE:
From looking at the examples it time to make your application. Choose New
Project from the File menu. Use the blank form 1 to design a simple interface for
an estate agents data base, have some text boxes from name & other details. Insert
some controls & make it look professional. Text boxes can be used to store their
names & other details, make sure you put a picture box in for a picture of the house
Now insert the following source code for your application.
Private sub Form_Load ()
Picture1.Picture=Load
Picture(C:\Programfiles\VB\Graphics\Icons\Misc\MISC42.ICO)
End Sub
3.9.RUNNING & VIEWING PROJECT IN DETAIL:

Once an application is loaded it can be run by click on the
icon from the
toolbars, to pause press

& to terminate use
Once a project is loaded, the name the form (s) that it contains is displayed in the
project window. To view a form in design mode, select the form required by clicking
with the mouse to highlight its name, then clicking other view from button
In this example the project has been loaded and the maillist.frm has been selected for
viewing. This Ms Example project used 6 forms and! Module.
In Design mode, when the form is viewed, the code attained to any screen object
may be inspected by double clicking on that object. The screen shots below show the
interface
of the MsMail example (/samples/Comtool/VBMail/MaiLLST.FRM)
to view the code for this
form select from the project window item.
Private Sub Setup Option Form(BasePic As Control)

BasePic.Top = 0
Base Pic.Left = 0
Base Pic.Visible = True
Base Pic.enabled = True
OKBt.Top = BasePic.Height + 120
Me.width = Base pic. Width + 120
Me.Heigh = OkBt.Top + OkBt.Height + 495
End Sub
3.10. Making your first *. exe!?

To make an executable from a project choose Make project.exe from the File
menu. Then click once on the Make project.exe choose a default location to store
your executable, you can also change some advanced options by clicking on the
options. Tag before saving your exe.
The above image will be displayed in the comments value type some comments
company name etc The Title tag represents the caption you will see if you press
Control + Alt + Del. And the icon that will be available on the execute icon. As you
can see it is quite simple to understand. All the comments, data and name appear
when you click on the compiled (execute) exe and click properties.
3.11. SAVING YOUR VISUALS BASIC PROJECT:

Save your work to disk. Use the Windows Explorer or any desktop windows to
check that all files have been saved. There should be one Visual Basic Project
(.VBP) file and separate Form (.FRM) and Module (.BAS) files for each form and
module used in the current project.
Part-IV
MANUAL GUIDE
4. User Manual
Step #1
After installation of software in computer, click on its icon in Programme Files of Start
Menu for activation of software.
START
Programme Files
Run
Step#2
Upon activaiton of Software an introductory page will appear as per the formate shown in
the picture below. For running of Programme click NEXT button, however, for
termination of Programme Click EXIT button.
Step #3
After entering in the programme by clicking on NEXT button of first page, futher
options appear on computer screne for inputs from programme user, in accordance to the
formate shown in figure below.
For producing Interaction Diagram for Two Face Column, please click on the Image of
Two Face Column X-Section Whereas for Solving data of Four Face Column for
getting results for produciton of Interaction Diagram, Please Click on the Image of
Four Face Column X-Section .
On this page options of EXIT and BACK have also been provided for Users to
either Terminate Programme or Go back to Previous Window by clicking on one of the
above mentioned options.
Step #4
By clicking on desired case of Column Design (Two Face or Four Face Column), another
window will appear wherein, by entering values of Desired Column Section, Material
Properties, Design Load and Moment and thereafter, by clicking on RUN button
results for the Following Five Points shall be calculated;
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Point in tension controlled region for net tensile strain (t) = 0.005 and
= 0.90 (c= 0.003)
v.
After getting values of above mentioned Five Points, Click on INTERACTION

DIAGRAM Button for Interaction Diagram of your desired Column Section. To get
print out of the data entered and values calculated Please Click on PRINT Button. To
repeat analysis/calculaiton for a different Column section with different Properties and
Demand, Click on CLEAR Button and repeat the whole procedure.
Step#5
As explained in Step 4, that by Clicking on INTERACTION DIAGRAM Button, an
interaction diagram will popup in a new window in accordance to formate shown below
in the Figure.
The Interaction Diagram thus produced can be printed by Clicking on PRINT Button
or can be save as a picture in computer by Clicking on SAVE Button. To Exit
Interaction Diagram Window, for fresh calculations Click on EXIT Button.
REFERENCES
ACI Code
Adobe Photoshop CS5
Griver, Yair Alan and Michael Gellis, 2007, Visual Basic -6, ISBN: 0782126928
Holzner Steven, Visual Basic 6.0 black book, paragly press, ISBN: 1576102831
Nelson.A.H, 1986, Design of concrete structures 12th edition, McGraw Hill Series,
ISBN: 0230500714
Punmia. B. C, Reinforced Concrete Structures, ISBN: 8131805972
Various Authors, Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 Deluxe Learning Edition, Microsoft ebook Wright peter, beginning visual basics 6.0, wrox press, ISBN: 1861001053
www.Wikipedia.org
www.mdsn.microsoft.com
www.vbtutor.net
www.vbexplorer.com
http://rudranevatia.com/seebook/man5.html
http://www.cs.unc.edu/~stotts/145/CRC/Interactions.html
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03122003194010/unrestricted/20Chapter4-7.pdf
http://www.tcd.ie/civileng/Staff/Biswajit.Basu/3A2/3A2LEC16.pdf
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/4195838/Interaction-Diagram-of-the-Columns-Theinteraction-diagram-of
http://www.scribd.com/doc/37200047/Reinforced-Concrete-Design-ColumnInteraction-Diagram
http://www.roman-colosseum.info/roman-architecture/roman-columns.htm
Part-V
APPENDIX
EXAMPLE#1:
For a 12 square column reinforced with 4#6 bars, develop the design
interaction diagram. The material strength are fc=3 ksi and fy= 40 ksi. Also
check the adequacy of the column for following demand.
Pu=145 kip ; Mu= 40 kip-ft
Solution:
Design Interaction diagram will be developed by plotting 5 points which are as follows.
Point 1: Point Representing Capacity of Column When Concentrically Loaded:
The corresponds to c = and eccentricity e = 0 can be calculated as

= 0.65 [0.853(144-1.76) + (401.76)]
= 281.52 kip
Point 2: Point Representing Balance Failure:
The neutral axis for the balanced failure condition is easily calculated from
c
= d [u/(u+y)]
With u equal to 0.003 and y = fy/E = 40/ 29000 = 0.001379

cb
= d [u/(u+y)] = 9.75 [0.003/(0.003+0.001379)] = 6.68
Given Stress-block depth;

ab
= 1cb= 0.85 6.68 = 5.67
Ast = 4 0.44 = 1.76 in2, therefore As = 0.88 in2

For Balanced failure condition, fs = fy
fs1 = 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000[(6.68 2.25)/6.68]= 57.69 ksi > f y
use fy= 40 ksi
fs2 = 0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(9.75 6.68)/6.68]= 40 ksi = fy

Therefore,
Pn = [0.85 fcab + Asfs1 - Asfs2]
=0.65 [0.8535.6712 + 0.8840 - 0.8840]
=112.77 kip
Mb = [0.425fcab(h a) + As{(h/2)- d} (fs1+fs2)]
=0.65 [0.8535.6712(12 5.67) + 0.88{(12/2) 2.25}(40+40)]
=528.54 in-kip = 44.05 ft-kip
Point3: Point in Compression Controlled Region For Which C > Cb:
Assuming c = 8
ab
= 1cb= 0.85 8 = 6.8

fs1
= 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000[(8 2.25)/8]= 62.53 ksi > fy use fy= 40 ksi
fs2
= 0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(9.75 8)/8]= 19.03 ksi < fy
Therefore,
=0.65 [0.8536.812 + 0.8840 + 0.8819.03]
=147.24 kip
Mb = [0.425fcab (h a) + As {(h/2) - d} (fs1+fs2)]
=0.65 [0.8536.812(12 6.8) + 0.88 {(12/2) 2.25}(40+19.03)]
=478.27 in-kip = 39.85 ft-kip
Point 4: Point in Tension Controlled Region For Which t= 0.005 ,=0.90:

For t= 0.005
c
= d [u/(u+y)]
cb
= d [u/(u+y)] = 9.75 [0.003/(0.003+0.005)] = 3.66

ab
= 1cb= 0.85 3.66 = 3.11
Ast
= 4 0.44 = 1.76 in2, therefore As = 0.88 in2
fs1
= 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000[(3.66 2.25)/3.66]= 33.51 ksi < fy
fs2
=0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(9.75 3.66)/3.66]= 144.76 ksi > f y
use fy= 40 ksi

Therefore,
=0.90 [0.8533.1112 + 0.8833.51 + 0.8840]
=80.50 kip
=0.90 [0.8533.1112(12 3.11) + 0.88{(12/2) 2.25}(33.51+40)]
=599 in-kip = 49.91 ft-kip
Point 5: Point On Capacity Curve For Which t>> 0.005 :
Let t=2 0.005 =0.01

c
= d [u/(u+y)]
cb
= d [u/(u+y)] = 9.75 [0.003/(0.003+0.01)] = 2.25

ab
= 1cb= 0.85 2.25 = 1.91

fs1
= 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000[(2.25 2.25)/2.25]= 0 ksi < fy
fs2
=0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(9.75 2.25)/2.25]= 290 ksi > fy use fy= 40 ksi
Therefore,
=0.90 [0.8531.1912 + 0.880 + 0.8840]
=20.90 kip
=0.90 [0.8531.1912(12 1.19) + 0.88{(12/2) 2.25}(0+40)]
=384.16 in-kip = 32.01 ft-kip
ACI Design Interaction Curve Of a Square Column With 4#6 bars (fc=3
ksi and fy=40 ksi)
EXAMPLE#2:
Solution:

= 0.65 [0.853(196-2.64) + (402.64)]
= 389.37 kip
The neutral axis for the balanced failure condition is easily calculated from
c
= d [u/(u+y)]

cb
= d [u/(u+y)] = 11.75 [0.003/(0.003+0.001379)] = 8.05

ab
= 1cb= 0.85 8.05 = 6.84

fs1
= 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000[(8.05 2.25)/8.05]= 62.68 ksi > f y
use fy= 40 ksi
fs2 = 0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(11.75 8.05)/8.05]= 40 ksi = fy

Therefore,
=0.65 [0.8536.8414 + 1.3240 - 1.3240]
=158.72 kip
=0.65 [0.8536.8414(14 6.84) + 0.88{(14/2) 2.25}(40+40)]
=895.43 in-kip = 74.62 ft-kip
Assuming c = 11.75
ab
= 1cb= 0.85 11.75 = 9.98
Ast
fs1
= 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000[(11.75 2.25)/11.75] =70.34ksi>f y
use fy= 40 ksi

fs2
= 0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(11.75 11.75)/11.75]= 0 ksi < fy
Therefore,
=0.65 [0.8539.9814 + 1.3240 - 1.320]
=265.90 kip
Mb = [0.425fcab (h a) + As {(h/2) - d} (fs1+fs2)]
=0.65 [0.8539.9814(14 9.98) + 1.32 {(14/2) 2.25}(40+0)]
=628.56 in-kip = 52.38 ft-kip
For t= 0.005
c
= d [u/(u+y)]
cb
= d [u/(u+y)] = 11.75 [0.003/(0.003+0.005)] = 4.40

ab = 1cb= 0.85 4.406 = 3.74
fs1 = 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000[(4.40 2.25)/4.40] = 42.51 ksi > f y
use fy= 40 ksi
fs2 =0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(11.75 4.4)/4.4]= 144.32 ksi > fy use fy= 40 ksi
Therefore,
=0.90 [0.8533.7414 + 1.3240 - 1.3240]
=120.16 kip
=0.90 [0.42533.7414(14 3.74) + 1.32{(14/2) 2.25}(40+40)]
=1067.89 in-kip = 88.99 ft-kip
Let t=2 0.005 =0.01

c
= d [u/(u+y)]
cb
= d [u/(u+y)] = 11.75 [0.003/(0.003+0.01)] = 2.71

ab
= 1cb= 0.85 2.71 = 2.30
Ast
fs1
= 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000[(2.71 2.25)/2.71]= 14.76 ksi < fy
use fs1 = 14.76 ksi

fs2
=0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(11.75 2.71)/2.71] = 290.21 ksi > f y
use fy = 40 ksi
Therefore,
=0.90 [0.8532.3014 + 1.3214.76 - 1.3240]
=43.91 kip
=0.90 [0.42532.3014(14 2.30) +1.32{(14/2) -2.25}(14.76+40)]
=741.31 in-kip = 61.77 ft-kip
ksi and fy=40 ksi)
EXAMPLE#3:(Four Faces)
Solution:

= 0.65 [0.855(256-6.28) + (506.28)]
= 893.95 kips
= d [u/(u+y)]

cb = d [u/(u+y)] = 13.625 [0.003/(0.003+0.00172)] = 8.65
ab = 1cb= 0.80 8.66 = 6.92
Ast = 8 0.79 = 6.32 in2, therefore As1 = 2.37 in2, As2= 2.37 in2 , As3= 20.785=1.58 in2
fs1 = 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000[(8.66 2.378)/8.66]= 63.14 ksi > fy
use fy= 50 ksi
fs2 = 0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(13.625 8.66)/8.66]= 50 ksi

fs3 = 0.003E [(c h/2)/c]= 0.003 29000[(8.66-8)/8.66]=6.63
Therefore,
Pn = [0.85 fcab + As1fs1 + As3fs3- Asfs2]
=0.65 [(0.8556.92816)+(2.37 50) + (1.58 50) (2.376.63) ]
=312.64 kip
Mb = [0.85fcab (h/2 a/2) + As{(h/2)- d} (fs1+fs2)]
=0.65 [0.8556.928 16 (8 3.46) + 0.88{(16/2) 2.375}(50+50)]
=2249.86 in-kip = 187.48 ft-kip
Assuming c = 13.625
ab = 1cb= 0.80 13.625 = 10.9
Ast = 8 0.785 = 6.28 in2, therefore As1 = 2.355 in2, As2= 2.355 in2 , As3= 20.785=1.57 in2
fs1 = 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000 [(13.625 2.378)/13.625]= 71.814 ksi > fy
fs2 = 0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(13.625 13.625)/13.625]= 0ksi
fs3 = 0.003E [(c h/2)/c]= 0.003 29000[(13.625-16/2)/13.625]=35.91ksi
Therefore,
Pn = [0.85 fcab + Asfs1 + As3fs3- Asfs2]
= 0.65 [0.85510.916 +(2.37 50) + (1.57 35.9) (2.370) ]
=594.95 kip
Mb = [0.85fcab(h/2 a/2) + As{(h/2)- d} (fs1+fs2)]
=0.65 [0.85510.9 16 (8 5.455) + 2.37{(16/2) 2.375}(50+0)]
=1659.034 in-kip = 138.25 ft-kip

For t= 0.005
c
= d [u/(u+y)]
cb
= d [u/(u+y)] = 13.625 [0.003/(0.003+0.005)] = 5.10

ab
= 1cb= 0.80 5.10 = 4.08
fs1 = 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000[(5.10 2.378)/2.10]= 46.485ksi < fy

fs2 = 0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(13.625 5.10)/5.10]= 145ksi > fy use use 50ksi
fs3 = 0.003E [(c h/2)/c]= 0.003 29000[(5.10-16/2)/5.10]= - 49.47ksi
Therefore,
Pn = [0.85 fcab + Asfs1 + Asfs3- Asfs2]
=0.9 [(0.8555.1016) +(2.37 46.485) + (1.58 -49.47) (2.3750) ]
=173.315 kip
=0.9 [0.8555.10 16 (16/2 5.10/2) + 2.37{(16/2) 2.375}(46.485+50)]
=2641.188 in-kip = 220.099 ft-kip
Let t=2 0.005 =0.01

c
= d [u/(u+y)]
cb = d [u/(u+y)] = 13.625 [0.003/(0.003+0.01)] = 3.14

ab = 1cb= 0.80 3.14 = 2.51
fs1 = 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000[(3.14 2.378)/3.14]= 21.11ksi

fs2 = 0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(13.625 3.14)/3.14]= 290 ksi > fy
fs3 = 0.003E [(c h/2)/c]= 0.003 29000[(3.14-16/2)/3.14]= - 134.65ksi use use -50ksi
Therefore,
=0.90 [(0.8552.5116)+(2.3721.11) + (1.57-50) (2.3150)]
=22.42 kip
=0.90 [0.42552.5116(8 1.07) +2.37{(16/2) -2.375}(21.11+50)]
=1887.78 in-kip = 157.315 ft-kip
ksi and fy=50 ksi)
EXAMPLE#4:(Four Faces)
Solution:

= 0.65 [0.855(144-4.74) + (504.74)]
= 538.75 kips

= d [u/(u+y)]

cb
= d [u/(u+y)] = 9.625 [0.003/(0.003+0.00172)] = 6.11

ab
= 1cb= 0.80 6.11 = 4.88
Ast = 6 0.79 = 4.74 in2, therefore As1 = 1.58 in2, As2= 1.58 in2 , As3=1.58 in2
fs1 = 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000[(6.11 2.375)/6.11]= 53.18 ksi > fy
fs2 = 0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(9.625 6.11)/6.11]= 50 ksi
fs3 = 0.003E [(c h/2)/c]= 0.003 29000[(6.11-6)/6.11]=1.56 ksi
Therefore,
Pn = [0.85 fcab + As1fs1 + As3fs3- Asfs2]

=0.65 [(0.8554.8812)+(1.58 50) + (1.58 1.56) (1.5850) ]
=163.37 kip
Mb = [0.85fcab (h/2 a/2) + As{(h/2)- d} (fs1+fs2)]
=0.65 [0.8554.88 12 (6 2.44) + 1.58{(12/2) 2.375}(50+50)]
=948.19 in-kip = 79.01 ft-kip
Assuming c = 9.625
ab = 1cb= 0.80 13.625 = 7.7
fs1 = 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000 [(9.625 2.375)/9.625]= 65.53 ksi > fy
fs2 = 0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(9.625 9.625)/9.625]= 0ksi
fs3 = 0.003E [(c h/2)/c]= 0.003 29000[(9.625-12/2)/9.625]=32.76ksi
Therefore,
Pn = [0.85 fcab + Asfs1 + As3fs3- Asfs2]
= 0.65 [0.8557.712 +(1.58 50) + (1.58 32.76) (1.580) ]
=340.24 kip
=0.65 [0.8557.7 12 (6 3.85) + 1.58{(12/2) 2.375}(50+0)]
=734.94 in-kip = 61.24 ft-kip
For t= 0.005
c
= d [u/(u+y)]
cb = d [u/(u+y)] = 9.625 [0.003/(0.003+0.005)] = 3.60

ab = 1cb= 0.80 3.60 = 2.88
fs1 = 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000[(3.60 2.375)/3.60]= 29.60ksi
fs2 = 0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(9.625 3.60)/3.60]= 145ksi > fy use use 50ksi
fs3 = 0.003E [(c h/2)/c]= 0.003 29000[(3.60-12/2)/3.60]= - 58.ksi fy use use -50ksi
Therefore,
=0.9 [(0.8552.8812) +(1.58 29.60) + (1.58 -50) (1.5850) ]
=32.08 kip
=0.9 [0.8552.88 12 (12/2 2.88/2) + 1.58{(12/2) 2.375}(29.60+50)]
=1013.11 in-kip = 84.42 ft-kip
Let t=2 0.005 =0.01

c
= d [u/(u+y)]
cb
= d [u/(u+y)] = 9.625 [0.003/(0.003+0.01)] = 2.22

ab
= 1cb= 0.80 2.22 = 1.77
fs1 = 0.003E [(c - d)/c] =0.003 29000[(2.22 2.375)/2.22]= -6.07ksi

fs2 = 0.003E [(d - c)/c] =0.003 29000[(9.625 2.22)/2.22]= 290 ksi > fy use use 50ksi
fs3 = 0.003E [(c h/2)/c]= 0.003 29000[(2.22-12/2)/2.22]= - 148.13ksi use use -50ksi
Therefore,

=0.90 [(0.8551.7712)+(1.58-6.07) + (1.58-50) (1.5850)]
=-69.58 kip
=0.90 [0.42551.7712(12 1.77) +1.58{(12/2) -2.375}(-6.07+50)]
=642.00 in-kip = 53.50 ft-kip
ksi and fy=50 ksi)

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80573CF1

CECOS UNIVERSITY OF I.T. AND EMERGING SCIENCES,

PROJECT NO: CE-2007-11-05

AUTOMATION OF COLUMN INTERACTION DIAGRAMS

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTION DIAGRAM OF

Engr. Iftikhar Mahmood

Point representing capacity of column when concentrically loaded

Point representing capacity of column for balance failure condition

Point in compression controlled region for which c > cb

Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, in.

Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block at balanced condition, in.

Gross area of column, in2

Area of reinforcement at tension side, in2

Area of reinforcement at compression side, in2

Total area of reinforcement in column cross section, in 2

Column width dimension, in.

Distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, in.

Distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis at balanced condition

Compression force in equivalent concrete block.

Compression force in tension-side reinforcement, if any.

Compression force in compression-side reinforcement.

Distance from extreme comp. fiber to centroid of tension side reinforcement

Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, psi.

Specified compressive strength of concrete, psi.

Specified tensile strength of reinforcement, psi.

Stress in tension-side reinforcement at strain s , ksi.

Stress in compression-side reinforcement at strain 's , ksi.

Overall column depth, in.

Nominal bending moment at balanced condition.

Nominal bending moment at any point.

Nominal axial load strength at zero eccentricity.

Nominal axial force at balanced condition.

Nominal axial load strength at any point.

Tension force in tension-side reinforcement.

Factor as defined by ACI 10.2.7.3.

Strain in tension-side reinforcement at calculated stress fs

Strain in compression-side reinforcement at calculated stress fs

Yield strain of reinforcement.

Strength reduction factor.

1.1. TYPES of REINFORCED COLUMNS

1.4. The Nature of Buckling

1.4.2. Load Summation on a Column Section for Design

PART-II INTRODUCTION TO INTERACTION DIAGRAM

PART-III INTRODUCTION TO VISUAL BASIC

PART-IV MANUAL GUIDE

1.2. TYPES OF REINFORCED COLUMNS:

1.2.1. Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties.

1.2.3. Composite Compression members; reinforced longitudinally with structural

1.3. TYPES OF COLUMN IN TERM OF THEIR STRENGTHS:

length increases, the usable strength of a given cross section is decreased

Overloaded metal building columns

Compressive members in bridges

1.4.1. The Nature of Buckling:

Buckling can be defined as the sudden large deformation of structure due to a

1.4.2. CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD, Pcr:

Load Summation on a Column Section for Design

1.5.Strength of Reinforced Concrete Columns:

1.5.1. Centric Axial Loading In A Plane Of Symmetry:

1.5.2. Eccentric Axial Loading In A Plane Of Symmetry:

1.5.3. Columns loaded with small eccentricities:

1.6. ACI Code Requirements for Column:

1.6.1. Tied Column:

1.6.2. Spiral Column: